Chapter 2
, of the Organic Decree of June 23 (1898) last, prescribes that the appointment of provisional representatives of Congress be given to persons who have been born or have resided in the provinces which they are to represent; taking into consideration the urgent necessity that said body enter upon its functions immediately, I hereby decree the following:--
"1. The following are appointed provisional Representatives ...
"2. A meeting of Congress is called for the 15th instant, to be held in the town of Malolos, province of Bulacán.
"3. The Secretary of the Interior shall take steps to notify the persons appointed and those elected by the popular commanders in the provinces already occupied by the Revolution, of the call as soon as possible.
"Giv ...."
(Attached hereto is the following, with the names written in Mabini's handwriting:)
"September, 1898.
"Provinces not subject to the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines.
Names Classes Albay Highest class 2. Salvador V. del Rosario and Felipe Buencamino Ilocos Norte do 2. José, Antonio Luna Ilocos Sur do 2. Ignacio Villamor, José Aleji Isabela de Luzón Third class 1. Aristón Bautista Sorsogón do 1. José Albert Cagayán do 1. Pablo Tecson
Abra Pol.-Mil. Govt. 1. Isidro Paredes Nueva Viscaya do 1. Enrique Mendiola Corregidor do Catanduanes do Batanes do Masbate and Ticao Pol.-Mil. 1. Alberto Barreto Comandancia Amburayan do Apayaos do Benguet do 1. Joaquín Luna Binatanga do Bontoc do 1. Fernando Canon Burias do Cayapa do Itaves do Lepanto do 1. León Apacible Príncipe do 1. Mariano Ocampo Quiangan do Tiagan do Cabugauan do Island of Cebú Pol.-Mil. Govt. 2. Cayetano Arellano and of highest Pardo de Tavera class Iloilo, Panay do 2. Gregorio Araneta and Melecio Figueroa Island of Leyte do 1. León Guerrero Negros Occidental do 1. José María de la Viña Island of Samar do Pablo Ocampo Antique, Island of Panay do 1. Hipólito Magsalin Cápiz Lowest class 1. Miguel Zaragoza Negros Oriental do 1. Aguedo Velarde Island of Bohol do 1. Juan Manday Gabriel Romblón Pol.-Mil. 1. Vicente González Maninang Comandancia Concepión do 1. Mariano V. del Rosario Zamboanga 1st Dist. 1. Pedro A. Paterno Pol.-Mil. Govt. Misamis 2d Dist. do 1. Maximino Paterno Surigao 3d Dist. do 1. Benito Valdés Davao 4th Dist. do 1. Telesforo Chuidian Cotabato 5th Dist. do 1. Enrique Mercaida Basilan 6th Dist. do 1. Juan Tuason
Lanao 7th Dist. do 1. Gonzalo Tuason Dapitan Pol.-Mil. 1. Gonzalo Tuason Comandancia Butúan do Barás is under Pol.-Mil. Govt. of Bahia Illana Levac is under Pol.-Mil. Comandancia of Cottabatto Matti Pol.-Mil. Comandancia Malabang. This Comandancia is under the Military Comandancia of Bahia Illana. Reina Regente. This Comandancia is under the Pol.-Mil. Govt. of Cottabato Bay of Sarangani Pol.-Mil. Comandancia and adjacent islands Tucuran Pol.-Mil. Govt. Island of Joló do 1. Benito Legarda Siassi Pol.-Mil. Com. Tataan do Bongao do Island of Paragua Pol.-Mil. Govt. 1. Felipe Calderón. Balabac do 1. Manuel Jérez Calamianes do 1. Manuel Genato Marianas Islands do Oriental Carolines do Camarines, North and South Don Tomás del Rosario and Don Cecilio Hilario
Exhibit 226, 76 MG, E, Extract from original in Spanish, A. L. S., P.I.R., 416. 1."
[381] P.I.R., 38. 3.
[382] The 1903 census returns are here used for each of the several peoples.
[383] P.I.R., 485. 1.
[384] P.I.R., 40. 1.
[385] P.I.R., 377. 13.
[386] _Ibid_., 472. 9.
[387] _Ibid_., 40. 8.
[388] _Ibid_., 849. See p. 143.
[389] A general term covering education, public works, agriculture and commerce.
[390] P.I.R., 512. A 5.
[391] P.I.R., 485. 5.
[392] Senate Document 138, Fifty-sixth Congress, First Session.
[393] P.I.R., Books B-6.
[394] P.I.R., 472. 8.
[395] "To the Military Chiefs of the towns mentioned in the margin
[there is nothing in the margin.--TR.]:--
"As there are still many soldiers paying no notice to the order forbidding the waste of cartridges, you are required to give a certain amount of ammunition to each soldier and to see every day if there is any cartridge missing, and if so, inquire into the reason. In order that this may be successfully carried out, I have deemed it proper to prescribe the punishment for such offence, of which you will inform the soldiers under your command, and post this circular in a prominent place. Said punishments are as follows:--
"_Art_. 1. A soldier found wasting ammunition shall be punished with 12 lashes; in case he commits the same offence again he shall be punished with 24 lashes; and on a further offence of like character by the same soldier, he shall be court-martialled and severely punished.
"_Art_. 2. A soldier who has been found short of even one cartridge out of the ammunition assigned to him, shall be punished with 12 lashes, provided that he has not previously been in any engagement.
"_Art_. 3. A soldier who has been found with no cartridges by reason of throwing them away during an engagement, shall be court-martialled, and severely punished.
"I most earnestly recommend you to carefully look after your soldiers and see that every one is complying with the foregoing order.
"This order should be transmitted from one town to another mentioned in the margin, and the last one should return it to this office with the information that the same has been received and complied with by all.
"May God guard you many years.
"_E. Aguinaldo_, Dictator.
"_Cavite_, June 17th, 1898."
--P.I.R., 1124. 2.
[396] "November 16, 1900.
(Stamp) "_Lacuna Brigade. Headquarters_.
"_Major Thomas Tagunton_: Advise all officers of this brigade that he who allows his soldiers to load their rifles without being before the enemy, shall be liable to capital punishment. If the soldiers intentionally or otherwise fire their pieces, whether in the air or at any determined or undetermined person, said soldiers and the officers to whose command they belong shall also be liable to the same punishment as above, without further proceedings, for the reason that we are almost in front of the enemy, and all the more if the shots take effect upon any of the soldiers or chiefs.
"Sergeants and corporals shall also take heed of the present warnings, as they will also be given the same punishment if they by abandoning their squads allow them to commit certain outrages.
"You will report receipt of and compliance with this order.
"God preserve you many years.
"General Headquarters, November 16, 1900.
(Signed) "_Lacuna_, General, Political-Military Governor and Chief of Operations."--P.I.R., 643. 1.
[397] Taylor, AJ. 85.
[398] "_Kabatúan_, Oct. 14th, 1899.
"_Edict_
"_Martín F. Delgado, General and Politico-Military Governor of the Province of Iloílo_.
"As a consequence of the frequent assaults and robberies committed by persons wearing military uniforms, and with the determination to correct, with a firm hand, such scandalous conduct, which, besides causing such deeds to be laid at the door of the military, also makes it easier for evil-doers to commit their misdeeds, I have, at the suggestion of the Councillor of Police, ordered the following:--
"1. From this date forward all private citizens are absolutely prohibited from wearing military uniforms.
"2. All authorities, both civil and military, under this Government, are obliged to see to the strict enforcements of this edict.
"3. All persons who, not being in the military service, are, after the publication of this edict, found wearing military uniforms, and who cannot show that they are in the military service, will be suspected as evil-doers and will be sent to this Government to be subjected to the corresponding corrective measures.
(Signed) " _Martín Delgado_,
"_Governor-General-President_."
--P.I.R., 881. 4.
[399] "On April 10, 1899, General Delgado wrote that, benignity having failed, rigorous methods would be used to enforce collections and that if the people did not pay--
"'I shall, with great pain, see myself under the necessity of withdrawing all my forces to the mountains and leaving them [the pueblos] to the fate which God will decide upon,' which of course meant that he would leave them to the mercy of the bandits who stood ready to descend upon them."--P.I.R., B., 4.
"This threat was not an idle one."--Taylor, 67 HS. E-L.
[400] "_Santa Cruz, Laguna_, July, 1899.
"_Hon. Sr. Emilio Aguinaldo_....
"There was a notorious bandit here who was the terror of the province with his gang; I had him arrested and shot and the robberies ceased. Murders were being committed; I had the murderers caught, shot one of them, and there were no more murders; officers of the reserve would consider themselves kings in their towns, they would shoot the local _presidentes_ and commit other unlawful acts; I disarmed them, and tried the most celebrated one, called Arcadio Castillo, alias Bancucane, who attempted to escape and was killed. With the death of these persons order has been completely reëstablished in this province. Several had rifles that were used only for robbery and after two or three trials all turned over their rifles, and the arming of the battalion was completed.
(Signed) "_Juan Cailles_."
--P.I.R., 7 & 8.
[401] "_Regional Revolutionary Government of the Visayas_.
"_Office of the President_.
"_Kabatúan_, March 16, 1899.
"_To the Honourable President of the Philippine Republic_,
"_Señor Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy_,
"_Most Distinguished President_:
"In order to avoid the distress which the knowledge of the abuses which are already unbearable, daily committed by the troops of Señor Diocno, will cause you, this government has hesitated to communicate them to you, but, as there is almost a reign of terror here, it feels that it must inform you of them in order to remedy them. The death of private individuals and assaults committed in the towns are daily reported as having been committed by the troops of General Diocno. Of the numerous companies of Señor Diocno, only two under the orders of General Araneta fight against the enemy, the remainder are the terror of the town and it is a week since Sr. Diocno went to Capiz without telling any one what he was going to do.
"In view of the facts pointed out, the soldiers of this General constituting a constant danger to the town, this government asks you to order General Diocno to turn over his rifles to us to kill Americans with and to enable the towns to recover their former tranquillity; this government asks this of you, relying upon the well-known justice with which you act and it wishes for you many years of life for our liberty and our independence.
"_Kabatúan_, March 16, 1899.
(Signed) "_Jovito Yusay_,
"_Temporary President._
(Signed) "_Francisco Soriano_,
"_General Secretary._"
--P.I.R., 52. 5.
[402] "Martin Delgado y Bermejo, lieutenant general and general in chief of the republican army of the Visayan Islands.
"_General Headquarters of Santa Barbara_,
"April 20, 1899.
"The existence of a state of war, and the trying circumstances through which the country is now passing have brought about a complete change in the order of nearly all the pueblos; and I have noticed with profound regret that sacking, robbery, sequestrations, and other crimes highly dishonourable to our noble cause, are of daily occurrence. With a view to preventing such conduct in the future, and in order to guarantee to the inhabitants of the military district under my command the most complete tranquillity, I hereby decree:
"1. That any person or persons who commit acts of brigandage, sequestration, incendiarism, rape, or other disturbances of a public nature calculated to excite the public, or which infringe individual or property rights, shall be severely punished in accordance with military law.
"2. That all offenders who present themselves to the Local or Military Authorities within the 30 days immediately following this date, and who turn over their arms and join our forces and help to fight other outlaws and to defend the nation, will be pardoned for the crimes they have committed.
"3. That when the period of 30 days above mentioned has passed, any person taken in the act of committing robbery, or who attempts to rob with an organized band of outlaws, or who steals, rapes, or performs acts of incendiarism, or any other criminal act, will be summarily condemned to death by a military tribunal.
"The Local Juntas of the various towns in conjunction with citizens of standing and the military authorities will organize a vigilance service to maintain public order and the authority of the law.
"_M. Delgado_."
--P.I.R., Books B 4.
[403] "February 13, 1899.
(In the margin: A stamp which says:) "Philippine Republic--Headquarters of operations of the provinces of Southern Luzón.
"It is with great regret that I have learned that robberies, assaults, kidnapping, and other crimes which are committed only by barbarous and savage tribes, are taking place in our towns, without taking into consideration that the purpose of the insurrection which has given origin to our social regeneration is true justice, for the reëstablishment of which the lives and property are being sacrificed of all who are proud of being called Filipinos. These acts are being committed without restriction by civilians as well as soldiers perhaps with the coöperation of their respective chiefs, to the shame of the authority vested in them and to the prejudice of the society to which they unworthily belong, and even to the integrity itself of the Republic. And in order that these barbarous and savage acts may disappear and that rigorous and exemplary punishment be meted out, I have deemed it proper to forward to you for general information the proclamation of these Headquarters of February 12th last, which is as follows":
(Signed) "_Mariano Trias_.
"_Lieutenant-General_.
"_To the Politico-Military Chief of Infanta_."--P.I.R., 896-9.
[404] "There does not seem to have been the faintest conception that there was any reason for not using the white flag to deceive people who were foolish enough to believe that Aguinaldo was going to adhere to the rules prescribed for its use. The writer in the early spring of 1899 once watched an insurgent party advance under a white flag upon an American line of trenches. When an officer and a bugler went forward to receive them they threw down the flag and immediately opened fire with the rifles which they were then seen to be dragging behind them."--_Taylor_, 48 HS.
[405] "Such ammunition was not effective unless fired from very close quarters, but even its possession made the guerrillas stronger than the people of the country and undoubtedly had much to do with securing their coöperation, not only as bolomen but also in the digging of the pits which were placed in the trails and also set about the towns. These were required to be constructed by the local authorities. In the bottom was set a sharp spike of bamboo, sometimes poisoned; and the pit was covered with leaves and soil upon a fragile framework; so that if a man stood upon it he would fall through upon the spike. Bows were set in the jungle with a string set across the trail so that any one stumbling over it would discharge a sharp bamboo shaft with a poisoned head. On September 18, 1900, Lukban congratulated the people of the town of Katubig upon the efficient use they had made of arrows with the heads dipped in 'dita,' a native poison. (P.I.R., 502. 8.)"
--_Taylor_, 83 HS.
[406] See also the chapter entitled "Murder as a Governmental Institution."
[407] See p. 313.
[408] The following newspaper supplement printed in Tagálog for the benefit of the common people, is typical of this class of literature, with which the country was kept flooded:
(Circular printed in Tagálog. P.I.R., 17-6. Supplement to _Heraldo Filipino_.
"Friday, 24th February, 1899.
"_Countrymen_:
"We must consider ourselves fortunate that the bad intentions of North America were found out early. If we had not found them out by this time we should have been entrapped. And we should thank God that they commenced the war.
"You ought to know by this time that these people can teach us nothing good. What we can learn from them is all evil. You must admit the truth of what they are reported to do to our brothers in Manila where they rob the houses when the dwellers in them are out or busy. Their evil inclinations prevail over them to such an extent that the houses most worthy of consideration are not safe. They are worse than the wild people who live in the woods, they have not the slightest idea of looking at things from the point of view of a man of honour nor have they the slightest respect for reason, for this does not control their actions in the least. Without the slightest attention to civility they rush into houses and if they find the people eating, without saying a word, they take what they want from the table, put it into their mouths and go as they came.
"If they find people sleeping or resting, taking the siesta, it makes no difference to them; they go into the most private parts of the house as though they were walking in the street.
"In the shops they take what pleases them and if the owner wants payment they threaten him with their rifles.
"One can hardly believe and my pen refuses to write all of the perversity, and evil and bad habits of these people.
"Their habits and manners are a disgrace to the country where they were born. In no history have such customs and manners been described even in that of the most ignorant people.
"They search women who pass, feeling all over their bodies, taking from them money and whatever else they carry and if they come on them in a lonely place they strip them naked after violating them and do not leave a rag on them.
"Are these those honest men of whom we have heard? Are these the people who were going to teach us good habits? Are these the people who were going to guide us? The race which does these things is the most hated one in the world, it is the race which commits most cruelties, it is the race which does not treat its mother with respect; in this race there is not the slightest idea of personal dignity, it is a race which does not know what honour is, which does not possess the slightest vestige of regard for good manners. Are these the people who are going to protect us? It is better for us to die at once than fall into the power of these unequalled malefactors.
"¡Down with the bad men!
"¡Kill the Americans!!
"¡Let the people of the United States be exterminated!!!
"¡Notice.--This sheet is distributed gratis."
[409] "A light upon the treatment of women by these people is given by the fact that after an American detachment had captured Lukban's papers and family on August 18, and came so close to taking him that he was able to recognize their guide, one of his correspondents wrote to him that to their surprise the women, who had fully expected to be abused, had been treated with respect and given a house to live in. (P.I.R., 1143.4.)"--_Taylor_, 84 HS.
[410] In a letter to General Ambrosio Moxica from ------ dated March 2, 1900, occurs the following:--
"The guerillas quartered in the neighbourhood must render mutual assistance and keep up communication, so as to get the news as to where the enemy comes or goes, and the time at which they will pass certain points, endeavouring also to arrange that all the guerilla bands should have regular couriers, with you or with general headquarters, giving advice daily of any occurrence and carrying correspondence. They must select trustworthy women to carry correspondence, charging them to hide the letters underneath their skirts, bearing in mind that the Americans do not search them; and in sending to the towns for arms or food, the orders must be sent by women and for small quantities, so as not to attract attention."--P.I.R., 2035. 3.
[411] Simeon Villa, who accompanied Aguinaldo on his long flight, kept a somewhat detailed account of events in the form of a diary.
[412] P.I.R., 869.
[413] _Ibid._
[414] P.I.R., 2035. 3.
[415] P.I.R., 886. 13.
[416] Exhibit 1233
(Original in Spanish. Contemporary copy. P.I.R., Books B. 4.)
"_General Headquarters, Santa Barbara_, Feb. 28th, 1899."
(Literal copy of telegram.)
"Casualties, Americans, on 6th, 2000 Colonels dead, one General; all churches converted into hospitals full American wounded; total American casualties 7000 confirmed by General Fullón just arrived from Malolos; says also Iloílo quiet and not taken.
"A true copy
"By order of Chief of Staff.
"_Juan Beloso_."
[417] (Supplement to the _Filipino Herald_.)
"Thursday, Feb. 23rd, 1899.--4 P.M.
"The Filipino Army occupies the suburbs of Manila.
"The three columns commanded by Generals Pío del Pilar and Licerio and Col. Hizon now occupy the suburbs of Sampaloc, San Miguel, San Sebastian, Binondo, San Nicholas and Tondo.
"The Cavite battalion has possession of the Cuartel de Meisic and our flag is now flying there.
"_Six Thousand Americans Besieged!!!_
"The American troops now in Caloocan and La Loma to the number of over six thousand are besieged by the columns commanded by Generals Luna, Llanera and García.
"_The Honourable President_
"This very moment the special train carrying the Honourable President has left for Caloocan.
"Viva the independent Philippines!!!
"Viva the unconquerable Philippine Army!!!
"Notice. This sheet is distributed gratis."--P.I.R., 70-6.
[418] (News.) The American General, MacArthur, with his entire staff, was taken prisoner by our troops in Northern Luzón. Another American general died on the 5th of January last in the North, who was seriously wounded in an ambush or fight. When shot he was a colonel, but on account of said fight he was promoted to the rank of a general, so that later when he died, he had the benefit of that rank."--P.I.R., 2035. 3.
[419] (Telegrams)
"_Washington_, January 15, 1900, 10 A.M.
"(Received, Cebú, January 16, 1900, 11 A.M.)
"Owing to a new disaster of the Union Army, MacKinley has tendered his resignation as President, Mr. Bryan succeeding him.
"Peace promulgated in the Philippines. Basis of the protectorate is being discussed.
"Philippine independence will be proclaimed February the 4th.
"Remark.--The basis of a protectorate has been published in English."
"_Manila_, January 20, 1900, 10 A.M.
"(Received at Cebú on the same day, at 11 A.M.)
"Otis' successor, John Waterly, of the democratic party, has just arrived. He brings with him papers and instructions in regard to proclamation of the Philippine Republic.
"It is believed that Rev. Martin, Bishop of Cebú, will be transferred to the Archbishopric of Manila, and Rev. Nozaleda to Spain."--P.I.R., Books B-10.
[420] P.I.R., 1193. 2.
[421] _Ibid.,_ 2025.
[422] Taylor, 47 HS.
[423] Beginning on page 730.
[424] Taylor, 36 GV, Exhibit 1017.
[425] Taylor, 28 HS.
[426] P.I.R., 1021.6.
[427] Unhusked rice.
[428] Village.
[429] 153, according to Blount himself.
[430] "Nor can the ultimate responsibility before the bar of history for the awful fact that, according to the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Atlas of the Philippines of 1899, the population of Batangas province was 312,192, and according to the American Census of the Philippines of 1903, it was 257,715, rest entirely on military shoulders."--Blount, pp. 383-384.
[431] Blount, p. 597.
[432] See Chapters XI and XII.
[433] Taylor, 13 KK, E.
[434] Taylor, 15 and 16 KK, E.
[435] "Pope" Isio was the last of a series of bandit leaders, claiming for themselves miraculous powers, who long infested the mountains of Negros.
[436] P.I.R., 970. 7.
[437] P.I.R., 1134-1.
[438] P.I.R., 17. 9.
[439] For the full text of these instructions, see appendix.
[440] "Mr. McKinley sent Mr. Taft out, in the spring preceding the election of 1900, to help General MacArthur run the war."--_Blount_. The Taft Commission was sent out, to 'aid' General MacArthur, as the Schurman Commission had 'aided' General Otis."--Blount.
[441] "In February, 1899, the dogs of war being already let loose, President McKinley had resumed his now wholly impossible Benevolent Assimilation programme, by sending out the Schurman Commission, which was the prototype of the Taft Commission, to yearningly explain our intentions to the insurgents, and to make clear to them how unqualifiedly benevolent those intentions were. The scheme was like trying to put salt on a bird's tail after you have flushed him."--Blount.
[442] P.I.R., 1300. 2.
[443] A brand of whiskey then much in use.
[444] For the text of this document see the Appendix, p. 977.
[445] In view of the alleged attitude of General Otis toward the work of the Commission, the following statement by him as to the effect of this proclamation is of interest:--
General Otis said: "It was unanimously decided to print, publish, post, and disseminate as much as possible among the inhabitants under insurgent domination this address, printing the same in the English, Spanish, and Tagálog languages. This was done, but scarcely had it been posted in Manila twenty-four hours before it was so torn and mutilated as to be unrecognizable. It suffered the same fate as the proclamation of January 4, set out in pages 113 and 114 of this report, but it produced a marked beneficial influence on the people, especially those outside our lines, as it carried with it a conviction of the United States' intentions, on account of the source from which it emanated, it being an expression from a committee of gentlemen especially appointed to proclaim the policy which the United States would pursue."
--_Taylor_, 90 AJ.
Taylor adds: "The commander of one of the regiments of sandatahan in Manila reported that he had forced the people of the city to destroy the proclamations issued by the commission (P.I.R., 73. 9). As he found this necessary, the action of the people could hardly have reflected their real feelings in the matter."
[446] Taylor, 96 AJ.
[447] _Ibid._
[448] Taylor, 97 AJ.
[449] Taylor, 97 AJ.
[450] _Ibid._
[451] Nominally they were named by Aguinaldo.
[452] Report of the Philippine Commission to the President, Vol. I, 1900, p. 9.
[453] Now chief justice of the Philippine Supreme Court.
[454] Blount, p. 235.
[455] Blount, p. 105.
[456] Report Philippine Commission, Vol. I, p. 183.
[457] P. 981.
[458] September 15, 1913.
[459] The building where the executive offices of the insular government have been located since the American occupation.
[460] Taylor, 18 HS.
[461] This name is applied to certain provinces organized under special acts because the majority of their inhabitants are non-Christians.
[462] Tayabas, Romblon, Masbate, Iloilo, Antique, Capiz, Cebú, Bohol, Occidental Negros, Oriental Negros, Leyte, Albay, Ambos, Camarines, Sorsogon, Marinduque, Batangas, Surigao, and Misamis.
[463] Obviously a misprint, perhaps, for "perusal of."
[464] Blount, p. 380.
[465] For further details see pp. 746; 753.
[466] A native surf boat.
[467] See Chapters XXI-XXIV.
[468] Chap. XV.
[469] Chap. XIV.
[470] Chap. XVI.
[471] Chap. XVII.
[472] Chap. XVIII.
[473] See Chapter XIX .
[474] Chap. XXX.
[475] Chap. XXX.
[476] Chap. XXXI.
[477] Chap. XXXII.
[478]