CHAPTER XI

.

A. CORNELIUS CELSUS—HIS MERITS—CICERO MEDICORUM—SCRIBONIUS LARGUS DESIGNATIANUS—POMPONIUS MELA—L. JUNIUS MODERATUS COLUMELLA—S. JULIUS FRONTINUS—DECLINE OF TASTE IN THE SILVER AGE—FOREIGN INFLUENCE ON ROMAN LITERATURE—CONCLUSION.

Such were the principal writers who adorned and illustrated the literature of the silver age: it remains only to speak briefly of those whose works, although of minor interest, must not be passed over without notice.

AURELIUS CORNELIUS CELSUS.

Celsus was the author of many works on various subjects, of which one, in eight books, on Medicine, is now extant. The place of his birth and the age at which he flourished are unknown, but he probably lived in the reign of Tiberius. He was a man of comprehensive, almost encyclopædic knowledge, and wrote on philosophy, rhetoric, agriculture, and even strategy. It has been doubted whether he ever practised medicine, or was only theoretically acquainted with the subject; but the independence of his views, the practical as well as the scientific nature of his instructions, are inconsistent with any hypothesis except that he had himself patiently watched the phenomena of morbid action and experimented upon its treatment. Above all, his knowledge of surgery, and his clear exposition of surgical operations, necessarily imply that practical experience and reality of knowledge which never could have been acquired from books.

If we compare the masterly handling of the subject by Celsus with the history of medicine by Pliny,[1368] it is easy to distinguish the man of practical and experimental science from the collector and transcriber of others’ views. His manual of medicine embraces the following subjects: Diet,[1369] Pathology,[1370] Therapeutics,[1371] Surgery;[1372] and without entering into its peculiar merits, a task which could only be performed satisfactorily by a professional writer, the highest testimony is borne to its merits by the fact of its being used as a text-book even in the present advanced state of medical science.

The study of medicine has a tendency to predispose the mind for general scientific investigations in other departments not immediately connected with it. Hence the medical profession has numbered amongst its members many men of general scientific attainments; and Celsus was an example of this versatility. The taste of the age in which he lived turned his attention also to polite literature; and to this may be ascribed the Augustan purity of his style, which gained for him the appellation of “Cicero Medicorum.”

SCRIBONIUS LARGUS DESIGNATIANUS.

The “Cicero of physicians” was followed by Scribonius, an obsequious court physician, in the reign of Claudius. He was the author of several works, one of which, a large collection of prescriptions, is extant. In the language of impious flattery, he calls the imbecile emperor a god. He is said to have accompanied him in his expedition to Britain.

POMPONIUS MELA.

Pomponius Mela may be considered as the representative of the Roman geographers. He was a native of Tingentera, a town in Spain, and lived in the reign of Claudius. His treatise is entitled, “De Situ Orbis, Libri iii.” It is systematic and learned. The stores of information derived from the Greek geographers are interspersed with entertaining myths and lively descriptions. The knowledge, however, contained in it is all taken from books: it is an epitome of former treatises, and is not enriched by the discoveries of more recent travellers. The simplicity of the style, and the almost Augustan purity of the Latinity, prevent even so bare a skeleton and list of facts from being dry and uninteresting.

L. JUNIUS MODERATUS COLUMELLA.

The didactic work of Columella gives, in smooth and fluent, though somewhat too diffuse, a style, the fullest and completest information on practical agriculture amongst the Romans, in the first century of the Christian era. Pliny is the only classical author who mentions him; but he refers to him as a competent authority. Columella himself informs us that he was born at Gades (Cadiz,[1373]) and resided at Rome,[1374] but had travelled in Syria and Cilicia.[1375] It is generally supposed that he died and was buried at Tarentum.

His work, “_De Re Rusticâ_,” is divided into twelve books. It treats of all subjects connected with the choice and management of a farm,[1376] the arrangement of farm buildings,[1377] the propagation and rearing of stock,[1378] the cultivation of fruit trees,[1379] and household economy.[1380] A calendar is attached to the eleventh book, pointing out the cosmical risings and settings of the constellations, which marked the successive seasons for various labours and other practical points of rustic astronomy. The tenth book, the subject of which is horticulture, is in hexameters. It never rises quite to the height of poetry: it is rather metrical prose, characterized, like the rest of his work, by fluency, and also expressed in correct versification. The reason which he gives for this variation from his plan is, that it is intended as supplementary to the Georgics of Virgil, and that in so doing he is following the great poet’s own recommendations. In his preface to his friend Silvinus he thus expresses his intention:—“Postulatio tua pervicit ut poeticis numeris explerem Georgici carminis omissas partes, quas tamen et ipse Virgilius significaverat posteris se memorandas relinquere.”

SEXTUS JULIUS FRONTINUS.

Sex. Jul. Frontinus deserves a place amongst Roman classical writers as the author of two works, both of which are still extant. The first, entitled, “Stratagematicon, Libri iv.,” was a treatise on military tactics. The form in which he has enunciated his doctrines is that of precepts and anecdotes of celebrated military commanders. In this way the necessary preparations for a battle, the stratagems resorted to in fighting, the rules for conducting sieges, and the means of maintaining discipline in an army, are explained and illustrated in a straight-forward and soldier-like style.

As the object which he had in view in adducing his anecdotes is scientific illustration rather than historic truth, he is not very

## particular as to the sources from which his examples are derived. It is

interesting, however, to the antiquarian, if not of practical utility to the tactician, as displaying the theory and practice of ancient warfare. This subject had in early times been treated of by Cato and Cincius, and afterwards by Hyginus in a treatise on Field Fortification (_de Castrametatione_,) and also in the epitome of Vegetius.

His other work, which has descended to modern times in a perfect state, is a descriptive architectural treatise, in two books, on those wonderful monuments of Roman art, the aqueducts. But besides these, fragments remain of other works, which assign Frontinus an important place in the estimation of the student of Roman history. These are treatises on surveying, and the laws and customs relating to landed property. They were partly of a scientific, partly of a jurisprudential character, and are to be found amongst the works of the _Agri-mensores_, or _Rei Agrariæ Scriptores_. The difficulty and obscurity of everything connected with Roman agrarian institutions is well known; and every fragment relating to them is valuable, because of the probability of its throwing light upon so important a subject. Niebuhr[1381] saw their value, and pronounced that “the fragments of Frontinus were the only work amongst the _Agri-mensores_ which can be counted a part of classical literature, or which was composed with any legal knowledge.” These fragments, therefore, may be taken as a favourable specimen of this class of writers, amongst whom were Siculus Flaccus, Argenius Urbicus, and Hyginus (Grammaticus.)

Of the life of Frontinus himself very few facts are known. He was city prætor in the reign of Vespasian,[1382] and succeeded Cerealis as governor of Britain. He made a successful campaign against the Silures[1383] (S. Wales,) and was succeeded by Agricola, A. D. 78. He was subsequently _curator aquarum_,[1384] an office which probably suggested the composition of his practical manual on aqueducts. He also had a seat in the college of augurs, in which, after his death,[1385] he was succeeded by the younger Pliny.

With this third epoch a history of Roman classical literature comes to a close. In the silver age taste had gradually but surely declined; and although the Roman language and literature shone forth for a time with classic radiance in the writings of Persius, Juvenal, Quintilian, Tacitus, and the Plinies, nothing could arrest its fall. In vain emperors endeavoured to encourage learning by pecuniary rewards and salaried professorships: it languished together with the death of constitutional freedom, the extinction of patriotism, and the decay of the national spirit. Poetry had become declamation. History had degenerated either into fulsome panegyric, or the fleshless skeletons of epitomes; and at length Romans seemed to disdain the use of their native tongue—that tongue which laborious pains had brought to such a height of polish and perfection, and wrote in Greek, as they had in the infancy of the national literature, when Latin was too rude and imperfect to imbody the ideas which they had derived from their Greek instructors.

The Emperor Hadrian resided long at Athens, and became imbued with a taste and admiration for Greek; and thus the literature of Rome became Hellenized. From this epoch the term Classical can no longer be applied to it, for it did not retain its purity. To Greek influence succeeded the still more corrupting one of foreign nations. Even with the death of Nerva the uninterrupted succession of emperors of Roman or Italian birth ceased. Trajan himself was a Spaniard; and after him not only barbarians of every European race, but even Orientals and Africans were invested with the imperial purple. The empire also over which they ruled was an unwieldy mass of heterogeneous materials. The literary influence of the capital was not felt in the distant portions of the Roman dominions. Schools were established in the very heart of nations just emerging from barbarism—at Burdegala (Bourdeaux,) Lugdunum (Lyons,) and Augusta Trevirorum (Treves;) and, although the blessings of civilization and intellectual culture were thus distributed far and wide, still literary taste, as it filtered through the minds of foreigners, became corrupted, and the language of the imperial city, exposed to the infectious contact of barbarous idioms, lost its purity.[1386]

The Latin authors of this period were numerous, and many of them were Christians; but few had taste to appreciate and imitate the literature of the Augustan age. The brightest stars which illuminated the darkness were A. Gellius, L. Apuleius, T. Petronius Arbiter, the learned author of the Saturnalia; the Christian ethical philosopher, L. Cœlius Lactantius; and that poet, in whom the graceful imagination of classical antiquity seems to have revived, the flattering and courtly Claudian.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

────────┬────────┬──────────────────────────┬────────────────────────── B. C. │A. U. C.│ LITERARY CHRONOLOGY. │ CIVIL CHRONOLOGY. ────────┼────────┼──────────────────────────┼────────────────────────── │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ FIRST ERA. │ │ │ │ 753–510│ 1–244│Chant of the Arvalian │Regal period. │ │ Brotherhood; Saturnian │ │ │ measure; Salian hymn; │ │ │ Pontifical annals; Libri│ │ │ Lintei. │ 449│ 305│Laws of the Twelve Tables;│The Decemvirs deposed. │ │ the so-called Leges │ │ │ Regiæ. │ 390│ 364│ - - - │Rome taken by Gauls. 364│ 390│Stage-players sent for │The year following the │ │ from Etruria. │ death of Camillus. 326–304│ 428–450│The Tiburtine inscription │Second Samnite War. │ │ - │ 280│ 474│Appius Claudius Cæcus; Ti.│The year following the │ │ Coruncanius. │ arrival of Pyrrhus. 264│ 490│ - - - │Commencement of first │ │ │ Punic war. 260│ 494│The Columna Rostrata; │Fifth year of the first │ │ epitaphs on the Scipios.│ Punic war. 241│ 513│ - - - │CONCLUSION OF THE FIRST │ │ │ PUNIC WAR. 240│ 514│Livius Andronicus. │ 239│ 515│Birth of Ennius. │ 235│ 519│Cnæus Nævius flourished. │The Temple of Janus closed │ │ │ for the second time. 227│ 527│Birth of Plautus; funeral │ │ │ oration of Q. Metellus. │ 219│ 535│Q. Fabius Pictor; L. │ │ │ Cincius Alimentus; birth│ │ │ of Pacuvius │ 204│ 550│Ennius brought to Rome; │ │ │ Corn. Cethegus; P. │ │ │ Licinius Crassus. │ 201│ 553│Speech of Fabius │Conclusion of second Punic │ │ Cunctator; Sextus Ælius │ war. │ │ Catus. │ 195│ 559│M. Porcius Cato consul; │ │ │ Licinius Tegula. │ 186│ 568│Senatus-consultum │The year following the │ │ respecting the │ condemnation of L. │ │ Bacchanals. │ Scipio. 184│ 570│Cæcilius Statius │Censorship of M. Porcius │ │ flourished; he died │ Cato. │ │ A. U. C. 586; death of │ │ │ Plautus. │ 183│ 571│ - - - │Deaths of Hannibal and │ │ │ Scipio Africanus. 181│ 573│The (so-called) books of │ │ │ Numa found. │ 179│ 575│ - - - │Accession of Perseus. 170│ 584│Attius born. │ 168│ 586│ - - - │Defeat of Perseus at │ │ │ Pydna. 166│ 588│Terence exhibits the │ │ │ Andrian; Sp. Carvilius; │ │ │ C. Sulpicius Gallus; │ │ │ Lavinius Luscius; T. │ │ │ Manlius Torquatus. │ 155│ 599│The three Attic │ │ │ philosophers visit Rome;│ │ │ C. Acilius Glabrio; │ │ │ Crates Mallotes. │ 154│ 600│M. Pacuvius; Scipio │ │ │ Æmilianus; Lælius. │ 150│ 604│L. Afranius; S. Sulpicius │ │ │ Galba. │ 148│ 606│Birth of C. Lucilius; │Second year of the third │ │ Cassius Hemina; A. │ Punic war. │ │ Postumius Albinus │ 146│ 608│ - - - │End of third Punic war; │ │ │ Carthage and Corinth │ │ │ taken. 138│ 616│L. Attius flourished; Q. │Dec. Jun. Brutus consul. │ │ F. M. Servilianus; C. │ │ │ Fannius; Vennonius; C. │ │ │ Sempronius │ 133│ 621│M. Junius Brutus; P. │Murder of Tib. Gracchus; │ │ Mucius Scævola; L. │ Numantia taken. │ │ Cælius Antipater; Cn. S.│ │ │ and A. Gellii; L. │ │ │ Calpurnius Piso Frugi; │ │ │ Papirius Carbo; Lepidus │ │ │ Porcina; Ælius Tubero. │ 129│ 625│ - - - │Death of Scipio Æmilianus; │ │ │ æt. 56. 123│ 631│C. Sempronius Gracchus; │ │ │ Sextus Turpilius; C. │ │ │ Lucilius flourished; │ │ │ Lævius; (?) C. Junius │ │ │ Gracchanus; M. Julius │ │ │ Pennus. │ 119│ 635│L. Licinius Crassus │ │ │ accuses Carbo; M. │ │ │ Antonius (born B. C. │ │ │ 144.) │ 113│ 641│ - - - │War begun with the Cimbri. 111│ 643│ - - - │First year of Jugurthine │ │ │ war. 109│ 645│Publius Sempronius │ │ │ Asellio; M. Æmilius │ │ │ Scaurus; P. Rutilius │ │ │ Rufus; Q. Lutatius │ │ │ Catulus. │ 106│ 648│Birth of Cicero │Birth of Cn. Pompeius. 100│ 654│L. Ælius Stilo │Birth of Julius Cæsar. 95│ 659│Cotta; the Sulpicii; │ │ │ Hortensius; Q. Mucius │ │ │ Scævola; Lucretius born.│ 91│ 663│Death of the orator │ │ │ Crassus. │ 90│ 664│C. Licinius Macer; Q. │Commencement of the Social │ │ Claudius Quadrigarius; │ war. │ │ Q. Valerius Antias; L. │ │ │ Lucullus; Sulla; Plotius│ │ │ Gallus. │ 87│ 667│M. Antonius killed; │Massacres by Cinna and │ │ Catullus born. │ Marius. 86│ 668│Birth of Sallust │Death of Marius. 84│ 670│Attius probably died about│ │ │ this time, and Latin │ │ │ acting tragedy │ │ │ disappeared; L. │ │ │ Cornelius Sisenna. │ 82│ 672│Births of Varro Atacinus │Sulla’s proscription. │ │ and Licinius Calvus │ │ │ Valerius Cato. │ 78│ 676│Commencement of Sallust’s │Death of Sulla. │ │ history. │ 76│ 678│Birth of Asinius Pollio. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ SECOND ERA. │ │ │ │ 74│ 680│Roman prose literature │Third Mithridatic war │ │ arrived at its greatest │ began. │ │ perfection; Cicero │ │ │ twenty-two years of age.│ 72│ 682│ - - - │Murder of Sertorius. 71│ 683│ - - - │Defeat of Spartacus. 70│ 684│Cicero accuses Verres; │ │ │ Virgil born. │ 67│ 687│C. Aquilius Gallus; C. │Pompey, entrusted with the │ │ Juventius; Sext. │ war against the Pirates. │ │ Papirius; L. Lucilius │ │ │ Balbus. │ 65│ 689│Birth of Horace │First Catilinarian │ │ │ conspiracy. 63│ 691│Pomponius Atticus; M. │Consulship of Cicero; │ │ Terentius Varro │ birth of Augustus; │ │ Reatinus; L. Lueceius; │ Jerusalem taken by │ │ Nigidius Figulus; │ Pompey. │ │ Orbilius came to Rome in│ │ │ the fiftieth year of his│ │ │ age (Suet. de Ill. Gram.│ │ │ 9;) Q. Cornificius. │ 61│ 693│Oration for Archias │Acquittal of Clodius. 60│ 694│ - - - │First triumvirate. 59│ 695│Birth of T. Livius. │ 55│ 699│ - - - │Cæsar’s first invasion of │ │ │ Britain. 54│ 700│Julius Cæsar; Lucretius │Cæsar’s second invasion of │ │ Carus; C. Val. Catullus;│ Britain. │ │ Æsopus; Q. Roscius; │ │ │ Licinius Calvus; Helvius│ │ │ Cinna; Ticida; │ │ │ Bibaculus; Varro │ │ │ Atacinus; Cornelius │ │ │ Nepos; A. Hirtius; C. │ │ │ Oppius; S. Sulpicius │ │ │ Rufus. │ 52│ 702│Death of Lucretius. │ 49│ 705│D. Laberius; C. Matius; P.│J. Cæsar appointed │ │ Syrus. │ Dictator. 48│ 706│ - - - │Battle of Pharsalia; │ │ │ murder of Pompey. 46│ 708│ - - - │Cæsar reforms the │ │ │ calendar. 44│ 710│C. Sallustius Crispus; │Murder of Julius Cæsar. │ │ Atteius Philologus; │ │ │ Asinius Pollio. │ 43│ 711│Death of Cicero; Valgius │Second triumvirate formed. │ │ Rufus; birth of Ovid; │ │ │ death of Laberius. │ 42│ 712│Horace at Philippi. │ 40│ 714│ - - - │Treaty of Brundisium. 34│ 720│Death of Sallust. │ 32│ 722│Death of Atticus. │War declared against │ │ │ Antony. 31│ 723│Virgilius Maro (born B. C.│Battle of Actium. │ │ 70;) Mæcenas; Horatius │ │ │ Flaccus; L. Varius; │ │ │ Albius Tibullus; │ │ │ Cornelius Gallus; │ │ │ Plotius Tucca; │ │ │ Bathyllus; Pylades; │ │ │ Trogus Pompeius. │ 29│ 725│ - - - │The three triumphs of │ │ │ Octavius; temple of │ │ │ Janus closed. 28│ 726│Palatine library founded; │ │ │ death of Varro. │ 27│ 727│ - - - │Octavius receives the │ │ │ title of Augustus. 25│ 729│J. Hyginus; S. Aurelius │ │ │ Propertius; Æmilius │ │ │ Macer; Ovidius Naso; │ │ │ Gratius Faliscus; Pedo │ │ │ Albinovanus; A. Sabinus;│ │ │ T. Livius; Ateius │ │ │ Capito; Vitruvius; Q. │ │ │ Cæcilius Epirota. │ 19│ 735│Death of Virgil. │ 18│ 734│Death of Tibullus. │ 17│ 737│Carmen seculare of │Ludi sæculares. Porcius │ │ Horatius; │ Latro. 15│ 739│ - - - │Tiberius and Drusus │ │ │ conquer the Vindelici. 9│ 745│History of Livy │ │ │ terminates. │ 8│ 746│Death of Horace │The month Sextilis named │ │ │ Augustus. 4│ 750│ - - - │BIRTH OF OUR LORD JESUS │ │ │ CHRIST. │ │ │ A. D.│ │ │ 4│ 758│Death of Asinius Pollio. │ 9│ 763│Exile of Ovid │Defeat of Quintilius │ │ │ Varus. 14│ 767│ - - - │Death of Augustus. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │THIRD ERA. │ │ │ │ 16│ 769│T. Phædrus │Sejanus the imperial │ │ │ favourite. 18│ 771│C. Asinius Gallus; deaths │ │ │ of Ovid and Livy; │ │ │ Valerius Maximus. │ 23│ 776│Birth of C. Plinius │Murder of Drusus. │ │ Secundus. │ 25│ 778│Birth of Silius Italicus; │ │ │ death of Cremutius │ │ │ Cordus; M. Annæus │ │ │ Seneca; A. Cornelius │ │ │ Celsus; Arellius Fuscus;│ │ │ Valerius Maximus. │ 30│ 783│Velleius Paterculus writes│ │ │ his history. │ 31│ 784│ - - - │Fall of Sejanus. 34│ 787│A. Persius Flaccus born. │ 37│ 790│ - - - │Death of Tiberius. 40│ 793│Lucan brought to Rome. │ 41│ 794│Exile of Seneca │Caligula assassinated; │ │ │ Claudius emperor. 43│ 796│Birth of Martial; │Expedition of Claudius to │ │ Pomponius Mela; L. │ Britain. │ │ Junius Columella; │ │ │ Remmius Fannius Palæmon.│ 49│ 802│Recall of Seneca. │ 54│ 807│L. Annæus Seneca; M. │Accession of Nero. │ │ Annæus Lucanus; │ │ │ Cornutus; Persius; │ │ │ Cæsius Bassus; C. Silius│ │ │ Italicus; Q. Curtius │ │ │ Rufus. │ 59│ 812│ - - - │Murder of Agrippina. 61│ 814│Pliny the Younger born │Boadicea conquered by │ │ │ Suetonius Paullinus. 62│ 815│Death of Persius. │ 65│ 818│Deaths of Seneca and │ │ │ Lucan. │ 66│ 819│Martial came to Rome. │ 69│ 822│ - - - │Accession of Vespasian. 70│ 823│Saleius Bassus; C. │Jerusalem taken by Titus. │ │ Valerius Flaccus. │ 74│ 827│The dialogue _De │ │ │ Oratoribus_ supposed to │ │ │ have been written. │ 77│ 830│C. Plinius Secundus Major │ │ │ flourished. │ 78│ 831│ - - - │Agricola Governor of │ │ │ Britain. 79│ 832│Death of Pliny the Elder │Destruction of Herculaneum │ │ │ and Pompeii. 80│ 833│ - - - │The Coliseum built. 81│ 834│ - - - │Accession of Domitian. 90│ 843│M. F. Quintilianus; the │ │ │ Philosophers expelled by│ │ │ Domitian; Papinius │ │ │ Statius; Martialis. │ 93│ 846│ - - - │Death of Agricola. 96│ 849│ - - - │Assassination of Domitian. 98│ 851│C. Cornelius Tacitus; C. │Accession of Trajan. │ │ Plinius Minor; Julius │ │ │ Frontinus; Suetonius │ │ │ Tranquillus; Annæus │ │ │ Florus; Julius │ │ │ Obsequens; D. Junius │ │ │ Juvenalis. │ 104│ 857│Pliny’s letter respecting │ │ │ the Christians. │ 117│ 870│ - - - │Accession of Hadrian. 138│ 891│S. Pomponius; Gaius │Accession of Antoninus │ │ │ Pius. 161│ 914│L. Appuleius; Minucius │Accession of M. Aurelius. │ │ Felix; Tertullian. │ ────────┴────────┴──────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────

THE END.

-----

Footnote 1:

B. C. 210; A. U. C. 514.

Footnote 2:

A. D. 138; A. U. C. 891.

Footnote 3:

See Forster’s Essay on Greek Quantity, c. vi.

Footnote 4:

Pol. Hist. iii. 22; see Donaldson’s Varron.

Footnote 5:

Plin. N. H. iii. 14.

Footnote 6:

See Thucyd. ii. 6.

Footnote 7:

Lib. v. 33.

Footnote 8:

Müller, Etrusk. iv. 7, 8.

Footnote 9:

See authorities quoted by Dennis, Cities of Etruria, i. xxiv.

Footnote 10:

Lib. i. 94.

Footnote 11:

Tac. Ann. iv. 55.

Footnote 12:

Lib. i. p. 22, 24.

Footnote 13:

Lib. i. 93.

Footnote 14:

Cistell. II. iii. 20.

Footnote 15:

A Cyclopean or Pelasgian wall, built of polygonal stones, without mortar, exists so far north as Düsternbrook, near Kiel, in Schleswig-Holstein.

Footnote 16:

Ueber die Tyr. Pel. in Etr. Leips. 1842.

Footnote 17:

Varronianus, i. sec. 10.

Footnote 18:

Heyne, Exc. Virg. Æn. iii.

Footnote 19:

The religion of Rome furnishes many other traces of Etruscan influence:—_ex. gr._, the ceremonies of the augurs and haruspices were Etruscan, and the lituus, or augur’s staff, may be seen on old Etruscan monuments. The Tuscan Fortune, Nortia, the etymology of whose name (ne-verto) coincides with that of the Greek Ἀτροπος (the unchangeable,) had the nails, the emblem of necessity, as her device; and hence the consul marked the commencement of the year by driving a nail.

The Roman Hymen, the god of marriage, was Talassius; a fact which illustrates one of the incidents in the tradition which Livy (book i. c. ix.) adopts respecting the rape of the Sabine virgins.

The name Talassius was evidently derived from the Tuscan name Thalna, or Talana, by which was designated the Juno Pronuba of the Romans, and the Ἡρη τελειά of the Greeks.

Footnote 20:

Owing to the existence of the Pelasgian element in Latin, as well as in Greek, an affinity can be traced between these languages and the Sanscrit in no fewer than 339 Greek and 319 Latin words.

Footnote 21:

See Donaldson’s Varron., c. iii.

Footnote 22:

Leps. de Tab. Eug., p. 86.

Footnote 23:

B. C. 354.

Footnote 24:

Varronianus, c. iii.

Footnote 25:

See Grotefend, Rud. Ling. Umbr. Hanov. 1835; and Lassen. Beitrage zur Eug. Tafeln. Rhein. Mus. 1833.

Footnote 26:

Liv. vii. 11.

Footnote 27:

A. U. C. 361; B. C. 393.

Footnote 28:

Liv. x. 20.

Footnote 29:

Lect. on Rom. Hist. l. xxxiii.

Footnote 30:

A. U. C. 664; B. C. 90.

Footnote 31:

Pp. 86–89.

Footnote 32:

Micali, Tav. cxx.

Footnote 33:

Orellii Inscr. 1384.

Footnote 34:

Cities of Etruria, i. p. 225.

Footnote 35:

See Etrusc. Alphabet. Lanzi, Saggio di L. E. i. 208.

Footnote 36:

Herod. i. 167.

Footnote 37:

Virg. Æn. viii. 597.

Footnote 38:

Dennis, ii. 44.

Footnote 39:

Ibid. ii. 53.

Footnote 40:

Ibid. ii. 55.

Footnote 41:

Varron., p. 127.

Footnote 42:

Etrusk. i. p. 451.

Footnote 43:

Schoell. Hist. de Lit. Rom. i. p. 42; Orell. Insc. 2270.

Footnote 44:

Circ. A. D. 218.

Footnote 45:

De L. L. vii. 26, 27, or vi. 1–3.

Footnote 46:

Varronianus, vi. 4.

Footnote 47:

See _ex. gr._ Liv. i. 26.

Footnote 48:

S. V. V. Plorare, Occisum, Pellices, Parricidi, Quæstores, &c.

Footnote 49:

Lib. i. 26

Footnote 50:

H. N. xxxii. 2.

Footnote 51:

Ch. vi.

Footnote 52:

Dionys. x. 57.

Footnote 53:

Liv. iii. 54, A. D.

Footnote 54:

Nieb. R. H. iii. 264.

Footnote 55:

A. U. C. 428–50, Arnold; 423–44, Niebuhr.

Footnote 56:

Page 499.

Footnote 57:

Rom. Hist.

Footnote 58:

Varron. vi. 20.

Footnote 59:

Orell. No. 550.

Footnote 60:

Ibid. No. 552. Meyer’s Anth. Nos. 1, 2; where see also No. 5.

Footnote 61:

B. C. 259.

Footnote 62:

Orellius, No. 549.

Footnote 63:

Liv. xlii. 20.

Footnote 64:

Tac. Ann. ii. 49.

Footnote 65:

A. U. C. 568; B. C. 186.

Footnote 66:

Livy, xxxix. 18.

Footnote 67:

Schoell, i. 52.

Footnote 68:

Ver. 276.

Footnote 69:

Lib. vi. 3, 47.

Footnote 70:

See Bythner’s Lyra Prophet.

Footnote 71:

See epitaph on L. C. Scipio.

Footnote 72:

See Bant. Table.

Footnote 73:

Elem. Doc. Met. iii. 9.

Footnote 74:

P. 212.

Footnote 75:

Ep. Phal. xi.

Footnote 76:

The term _axamenta_ is derived from the old Latin word _axo_, to name.

Footnote 77:

Lib. i. 26.

Footnote 78:

Pro Rab. 4, 13.

Footnote 79:

Brutus, xix.

Footnote 80:

Liv. xxv. 12.

Footnote 81:

Liv. v. 16.

Footnote 82:

Elem. Doc. Metr. iii. 9.

Footnote 83:

Lays of Rome, Preface, p. 19.

Footnote 84:

Alterno terram quatiunt pede.—_Hor. Od._

Footnote 85:

See Meyer, Anthol. Lat. 207, 212.

Footnote 86:

Gray’s Works, ii. 30–54.

Footnote 87:

A. U. C. 513; B. C. 241.

Footnote 88:

B. C. 240; A. U. C. 514.

Footnote 89:

B. C. 81; A. U. C. 673.

Footnote 90:

A. D. 14.

Footnote 91:

A. D. 138.

Footnote 92:

Brut. 19; Tusc. Dis. i. 2; iv. 2.

Footnote 93:

Lib. ix. 36.

Footnote 94:

De Rep. i. 20.

Footnote 95:

Lib. iv. 7, 13, 20.

Footnote 96:

In Virg. Æn. i. 372. See also Cic. Or. ii. 12; and Quinct, Ins. Or. x. 2, 7.

Footnote 97:

Cic. Brut. 16.

Footnote 98:

Hor. Ep. II. i. 139, &c.

Footnote 99:

Sermon. i. 4, 6.

Footnote 100:

Virg. Georg. II. 385; Tibull. II. i. 55; Catull. 61, 27.

Footnote 101:

Sub voc.

Footnote 102:

Bernhardy’s Grundriss, 379; Diomedes, Gr. iii. 487; Val. Max. ii. 4; Festus v. person. fab.

Footnote 103:

Now St. Arpino.

Footnote 104:

Cic. Ep. ad Pap.

Footnote 105:

Juv. Sat. iii. 172.

Footnote 106:

V. Schlegel, lect. viii.

Footnote 107:

B. C. 364; A. U. C. 390.

Footnote 108:

Livy, vii. 2.

Footnote 109:

Lect. R. H. lxx.

Footnote 110:

Lib. xxvii. 34: xxiv. 20.

Footnote 111:

Liv. i. 9, 35.

Footnote 112:

Ibid. i. 35.

Footnote 113:

Elem. Doctr. Metr. iii. 9.

Footnote 114:

71.

Footnote 115:

Ep. II. i. 69.

Footnote 116:

Liv. vii. 2.

Footnote 117:

Brut. 72.

Footnote 118:

B. C. 240.

Footnote 119:

Noct. Att. See also Quinct. I. O. x. 2, 7.

Footnote 120:

See Bothe, Poetæ Scen. Roman. Trag.

Footnote 121:

For the slight differences between a Greek and Roman theatre, the reader is referred to Smith’s Dictionary of Antiquities, _sub voce_.

Footnote 122:

Ep. ad Fam. vii. 1.

Footnote 123:

Roman critics divide comedy into _Comœdia Palliata_, in which the characters, and therefore the costume, were Greek; and _Togata_, in which they were Roman. Comœdia Togata was again subdivided into Trabeata, or genteel comedy, and Tabernaria, or low comedy. The Fabulæ Prætextatæ were historical plays, like those of Shakspeare.

Footnote 124:

Klussman, Frag. Næv.

Footnote 125:

Cic. Cat. 14.

Footnote 126:

Noct. Att. i. 24; xvii. 21.

Footnote 127:

A. U. C. 519.

Footnote 128:

A. U. C. 550; B. C. 204.

Footnote 129:

B. C. 367.

Footnote 130:

B. C. 300.

Footnote 131:

B. C. 312.

Footnote 132:

Cic. Verres, i. 10.

Footnote 133:

See Arnold’s Rome, l. 289.

Footnote 134:

Miles Glorios. II., ii. 56.

Footnote 135:

A. Gell. iii. 3.

Footnote 136:

B. C. 204. See Cic. Brut. 15.

Footnote 137:

Ep. ii. 153; Brutus, 19.

Footnote 138:

Pierron, Hist. de la R. 42.

Footnote 139:

Lib. i. 198.

Footnote 140:

Cic. Brut. 19; Macr. vi. 2.

Footnote 141:

Brutus, 76.

Footnote 142:

Meyer’s Anthol. Lat.

Footnote 143:

Meyer’s Anthol. Lat.

Footnote 144:

II. Epist. i. 49.

Footnote 145:

Horace, 1 Serm. iv. 10.

Footnote 146:

A. U. C. 515.

Footnote 147:

Claudian, xxiii. 7.

Footnote 148:

Silius It.

Footnote 149:

B. C. 204.

Footnote 150:

B. C. 198.

Footnote 151:

B. C. 189.

Footnote 152:

Meyer, Anthol. Vet. Rom. No. 19.

Footnote 153:

Meyer, No. 16.

Footnote 154:

Smith’s Dict. of Biograph. s. v. Ennius.

Footnote 155:

Ep. ii. 50.

Footnote 156:

Meyer, Anthol. 515–585.

Footnote 157:

Cic. Brut. 76.

Footnote 158:

Andromache.

Footnote 159:

A. Gellius.

Footnote 160:

Pierron, Rom. Lit. p. 74.

Footnote 161:

B. C. 280.

Footnote 162:

B. C. 214.

Footnote 163:

De Nat. Deor. i. 42.

Footnote 164:

See Lecture vii. of A. W. V. Schlegel.

Footnote 165:

Ep. ad Pison. 202.

Footnote 166:

From Tzur, ‏צוֹר‎.

Footnote 167:

Colman illustrates the preface to his translation of Terence with an engraving from a bas-relief in the Farnese Palace, in which these flutes are introduced. The original represents a scene in the Andria, and contains Simo, Davus, Chremes, and Dromo, with a knotted cord.

Footnote 168:

I. O. ii. 10.

Footnote 169:

Donatus says, “Diverbia (_the dialogues_) histriones pronuntiabant; cantica (_the soliloquies_) vero temperabantur modis non a poetâ sed a perito artis musicæ factis.”

Footnote 170:

Cic. de Orat. iii. 45.

Footnote 171:

Ibid. 41.

Footnote 172:

Phorm. Prol. 18; Ecl. iii. 96.

Footnote 173:

A. U. C. 527; B. C. 227.

Footnote 174:

A. U. C. 570; B. C. 184. See Cic. Brut. 15.

Footnote 175:

Lect. lxx.

Footnote 176:

A. Gell. iii. 3.

Footnote 177:

See Smith’s Biog. Dict. s. v.

Footnote 178:

Lect. on Rom. Hist. lxx.

Footnote 179:

Quint. x. 1, 99.

Footnote 180:

De Off. i. 29.

Footnote 181:

Lib. i. 24.

Footnote 182:

Quint. x. 1, 90.

Footnote 183:

Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 58.

Footnote 184:

Bacch. ii. 2.

Footnote 185:

The plot of the Phasma of Menander is as follows:—A woman who has married a second husband has a daughter concealed in the next house, with whom she has secret interviews by means of a communication through the party-wall. In order the better to carry on her clandestine plan, she pretends that she has intercourse with a supernatural being, who visits her in answer to her invocations. Her step-son by accident sees the maiden, and is at first awe-struck, thinking that he had beheld a goddess; but, discovering the truth, he is captivated with her beauty. A happy marriage, with the consent of all parties, concludes the play.

Footnote 186:

De Sen. 50.

Footnote 187:

## Act v. scene i.

Footnote 188:

See Plaut. Ed. Var. pp. 1320 and 2095.

Footnote 189:

See Prol. 18.

Footnote 190:

See act iv. scene ii.

Footnote 191:

De Opt. Gen. Dic. i.

Footnote 192:

Noct. Att. ii. 33.

Footnote 193:

Varro.

Footnote 194:

Horace.

Footnote 195:

Varro.

Footnote 196:

De Opt. Gen. Orat. i.

Footnote 197:

Brut. 258.

Footnote 198:

Lib. vii. 3.

Footnote 199:

Ep. ii. 1.

Footnote 200:

B. C. 193.

Footnote 201:

See Life of Ter. in Ed. Varior.

Footnote 202:

See Smith’s Dict. of Ant. s. v.

Footnote 203:

B. C. 166; A. U. C. 588.

Footnote 204:

Valerius Paterc.

Footnote 205:

Phorm. v. viii.

Footnote 206:

Andr. v. ii.

Footnote 207:

Eunuchus, v. iv.

Footnote 208:

Fr. Incert. 6.

Footnote 209:

Satis pol, &c., iv. 4, 1.

Footnote 210:

Hier. Chron. Ol. clv. 3.

Footnote 211:

B. C. 166.

Footnote 212:

De Orat. ii. 81.

Footnote 213:

## Act i. scene i.

Footnote 214:

## Act v. scene iii. 25.

Footnote 215:

A. U. C. 592; B. C. 167.

Footnote 216:

In Vita Ter.

Footnote 217:

## Act v. scene ix.

Footnote 218:

## Act ii. scene iii.

Footnote 219:

A. U. C. 590; B. C. 163.

Footnote 220:

Spect. No. 502.

Footnote 221:

Prol. 46.

Footnote 222:

Prol. 27.

Footnote 223:

A. U. C. 592; B. C. 161.

Footnote 224:

See Prol. i.

Footnote 225:

B. C. 165; A. U. C. 588.

Footnote 226:

See Prol. ii.

Footnote 227:

A. U. C. 593; B. C. 161.

Footnote 228:

Warton, in the Adventurer.

Footnote 229:

Cic. Brut. 167.

Footnote 230:

Quint. x. i. 100

Footnote 231:

Lib. xiv. 20.

Footnote 232:

Lib. i. 2.

Footnote 233:

Lib. iv. ii.

Footnote 234:

De Fin. ii. 4; Tusc. Dis. iv. 31.

Footnote 235:

Dict. Univ. s. v.

Footnote 236:

See Smith’s Dict. of Antiq. s. v.

Footnote 237:

See on this subject Lange, Vind. Trag. Rom. Leips. 1823.

Footnote 238:

Hor. Serm. i. 9, 23; Ep. Pis. 55; Mart. Ep. viii. 18.

Footnote 239:

Juv. Sat. x. 80.

Footnote 240:

Liv. xxii. 49.

Footnote 241:

Cic. Att. xvi. 2, 5.

Footnote 242:

Cic. Fam. x. 32.

Footnote 243:

See Cic. de Off. ii. 16; Plin. H. N. 36, 3, &c.

Footnote 244:

Arist. Poet.

Footnote 245:

Epist. II. i. 182.

Footnote 246:

Asinius Pollio is said by Seneca (Controv. iv. Præf.) to have introduced the practice of poets reading their works to a circle of friends.

Footnote 247:

Ecl. iii. 86.

Footnote 248:

Math. Hist. of Class. Lit.; Bernhardy, Grund. 366.

Footnote 249:

Hier. in Eus. Chron. Ol. 156, 3.

Footnote 250:

Cic. Brut. 64.

Footnote 251:

Plin. N. H. xxxv. 1, 4.

Footnote 252:

N. A. i. 24; Meyer, Anth. xxiv.

Footnote 253:

Cic. de Am. 7.

Footnote 254:

Pers. Sat. i. 77.

Footnote 255:

Hor. Ep. II. i. 55.

Footnote 256:

Ad Heren. iv. 4 and 11, 23.

Footnote 257:

Varro ap. Gel. vii. 14.

Footnote 258:

Cic. de Div. i. 14; Orat. iii. 39.

Footnote 259:

See Smith’s Dict.

Footnote 260:

De Pac. Dul. A. Steigl. Leips. 1826.

Footnote 261:

Pierron, p. 162.

Footnote 262:

Cic. de Am. vii.

Footnote 263:

Diom. iii.

Footnote 264:

Cic. Brut. 64.

Footnote 265:

Lib. iii. 7, 11.

Footnote 266:

Cic. Brut. 64; Gell. xiii. 2; Brut. 28.

Footnote 267:

Cic. de Leg. ii. 21; Pro Arch. ii.

Footnote 268:

Bernhardy, 367; Hor. Ep. II. i. 56; Quint, x. i. 97.

Footnote 269:

De Divin. i. 22; Bothe, Poet. Scen. fr. p. 191.

Footnote 270:

Bothe, p. 246.

Footnote 271:

Tusc. Disp. ii. 10; Bothe, p. 239.

Footnote 272:

Bothe, p. 238.

Footnote 273:

Ibid. p. 231.

Footnote 274:

Hor. Ep. II. i. 55.

Footnote 275:

See Nieb. Lect. 88.

Footnote 276:

B. C. 279.

Footnote 277:

The etymology of σίλλοι is unknown. Casaubon derived the word from σιλλαίνειν, to scoff. The probability, however, is that the substantive is the root of the verb. The invention of the _Silli_ has been ascribed by some to Xenophanes, the philosopher of Colophon. He was the author of a didactic poem, and his invectives were directed against the absurd and erroneous doctrines of his predecessors. Timon, a skeptical philosopher, who lived in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, was undoubtedly the author of Silli. Some of these are dialogues, in which one of the persons is Xenophanes, whence perhaps he was erroneously considered the inventor of this kind of poetry. All the Silli of Timon are epic parodies, and their subject a ludicrous and skeptical attack on philosophy of every kind. Fragments of Silli are preserved by Diogenes, Lucilius, and Chrysostom.—Ad. Alex. Orat. See also Brunck’s Analecta, and Suidas _s. vv._ σιλλαίνειν, Τίμων.

Footnote 278:

Hor. Sat. i. 4, 10.

Footnote 279:

Cic. Tusc. i. 2.

Footnote 280:

Aurelius Victor states (De Vit. Illust. xlvii.) that Cato took lessons in Greek from Ennius.

Footnote 281:

Juv. Sat. i. 20.

Footnote 282:

Hieron. Chron. Euseb.

Footnote 283:

In defence of the chronology of Lucilius’ life, see Smith’s Dictionary of Biography, _s. v._ Lucilius.

Footnote 284:

Vell. Paterc. ii. 9.

Footnote 285:

See Sat. I. iv.; I. x.; I. i. 29, &c.

Footnote 286:

De Orat. ii. 6; De Fin. i. 3.

Footnote 287:

Inst. Or. x. i.

Footnote 288:

Inst. Div. vi. 5.

Footnote 289:

Hor. Sat. I. x. 46.

Footnote 290:

Nieb. Lect. lxxxviii.

Footnote 291:

Lib. ii. 24; xix. 9.

Footnote 292:

See Nieb. Lect. lxxix. and Schol. in Cic. Orell. ii. p. 283.

Footnote 293:

Suet. de Clar. Rhet. iii.

Footnote 294:

The fragments of the ancient Roman historians have been collected by Augustus Krause, and published at Berlin in 1833.

Footnote 295:

De Orat. ii. 12.

Footnote 296:

Pro Arch. x.

Footnote 297:

Dion. xvi. 6; Nieb. H. R. iii. 356.

Footnote 298:

Lib. i. 44, 45; ii. 40; viii. 30, &c.

Footnote 299:

Lib. xxii. 7.

Footnote 300:

Pol. i. 14.

Footnote 301:

Lect. R. H. iii. xxvi.

Footnote 302:

Lib. ii. 12.

Footnote 303:

Liv. xxii. 7.

Footnote 304:

Lib. xxiii. ii.; B. C. 216; A. U. C. 538.

Footnote 305:

A. U. C. 544; B. C. 210.

Footnote 306:

Liv. xxvi. 23.

Footnote 307:

Ibid. 28.

Footnote 308:

Ibid. xxvii. 29.

Footnote 309:

Ibid. xxi. 31.

Footnote 310:

Dionys. i. 6.

Footnote 311:

Liv. vii. 3.

Footnote 312:

See, on this subject, Lachmann de Font. Hist. Ti. Liv.

Footnote 313:

See Dr. Smith’s Dict. of Antiq. _s. v._

Footnote 314:

N. A. vii. 14.

Footnote 315:

Lib. xxv. 39; xxxv. 14.

Footnote 316:

A. U. C. 586; B. C. 168.

Footnote 317:

A. U. C. 599; B. C. 155.

Footnote 318:

Cic. de Orat. ii. 37; Quint. xii. 1.

Footnote 319:

Suet. de Gram. Ill. 2.

Footnote 320:

De Senec. 4.

Footnote 321:

Liv. xxxiv.

Footnote 322:

B. C. 171.

Footnote 323:

Plin. H. N. vii. 31.

Footnote 324:

A. U. C. 605.

Footnote 325:

Livy (xxxix. 40) and Niebuhr (Lect. lxix.) state that Cato died at the age of ninety; Cicero (Brut. 15, 20, 23) and Pliny, at the age of eighty-five.

Footnote 326:

Valerius Maximus relates the following anecdote of the respect in which this virtuous Roman was held by his countrymen:—At the Floralia, the people were accustomed to call for the exhibition of dances, accompanied with acts of great indecency. Cato on one of these occasions happened to be present, and the spectators were ashamed to make their usual demand until he had left the theatre. Martial also alludes to this anecdote in one of his epigrams.

Footnote 327:

Hor. Od. ii. i.

Footnote 328:

Plut. Life of Cato.

Footnote 329:

Cicero tells us (De Orat. ii. 64) that, when censor, he degraded L. Nasica for an unseasonable jest.

Footnote 330:

Lib. xxxix. 40.

Footnote 331:

About A. U. C. 600.

Footnote 332:

Cato, iii.

Footnote 333:

See frag. of book iv. Krause.

Footnote 334:

C. Nepos in Vita.

Footnote 335:

Lib. v. Krause, p. 114.

Footnote 336:

Lib. i. 12.

Footnote 337:

The hocus-pocus of Cato resembles Latin about as nearly as did the gibberish of the Spanish witches in the days of witch-finding. “In nomine Patricâ Aragueaco Petrica agora agora valentia jouando goure gaito goustra.”

Footnote 338:

Meyer, Frag. Rom. Orat.

Footnote 339:

See, _ex. gr._ Liv. xxxix. 40.

Footnote 340:

Brutus.

Footnote 341:

Lect. R. H. lxix.

Footnote 342:

Brut.

Footnote 343:

Gell. xi. 8.

Footnote 344:

Serv. Æn. ix. 70.

Footnote 345:

Macrob. ii. 16.

Footnote 346:

A. U. C. 608.

Footnote 347:

A. U. C. 608.

Footnote 348:

Cic. de Leg. ii. 2; Brut. 26.

Footnote 349:

Cic. Brut. 25.

Footnote 350:

Ibid. 26.

Footnote 351:

Gell. ii. 13.

Footnote 352:

See Nieb. Lect. V. on Rom. Lit.

Footnote 353:

Brut. 21.

Footnote 354:

B. C. 133.

Footnote 355:

Liv. i. 55.

Footnote 356:

Lib. xi. 14.

Footnote 357:

Athenæus, iv. 168.

Footnote 358:

Brut. 35.

Footnote 359:

See Cic. de Leg. i. 2; Brut. 67.

Footnote 360:

Lect. iii. xliv.

Footnote 361:

Numa, c. i. See Niebuhr, Lect. III. xli.

Footnote 362:

A. U. C. 678.

Footnote 363:

A. U. C. 691.

Footnote 364:

Lib. xxx. 19.

Footnote 365:

There is one instance to the contrary, (Liv. xxxviii. 23,) in which Quadrigarius makes the number of the slain 40,000, Antias only 10,000.

Footnote 366:

Plut. Romulus, 14.

Footnote 367:

Liv. xxvi. 49.

Footnote 368:

Lib. xxxii. 6.

Footnote 369:

Lib. xxxiii. 10.

Footnote 370:

Lib. xxxiii. 30.

Footnote 371:

De Clar. Rhet. 3.

Footnote 372:

Brut. 64 and 88.

Footnote 373:

Jug. 95.

Footnote 374:

Gell. vi. 3, 4.

Footnote 375:

Appius Claudius Cæcus was also author of a moral poem on Pythagorean principles, which was extant in the time of Cicero, (Brutus, 16.)

Footnote 376:

B. C. 280.

Footnote 377:

About B. C. 221.

Footnote 378:

Lib. xxxv. 8; xl. 46.

Footnote 379:

H. N. vii. 43, 44.

Footnote 380:

Brut. 14, 19, de Sen.

Footnote 381:

Cic. Cat. 4, 12; de Sen. 4; Brut. 14, 18.

Footnote 382:

Noct. Attic. iv. 18.

Footnote 383:

Brut. 21.

Footnote 384:

Meyer, Orat. Rom. Fragm.

Footnote 385:

B. C. 149; A. U. C. 605.

Footnote 386:

A. U. C. 580.

Footnote 387:

A. U. C. 622.

Footnote 388:

De Orat. 153.

Footnote 389:

Sallust. Cat. 25.

Footnote 390:

Orat. iii. 56.

Footnote 391:

Brut. 33.

Footnote 392:

Ibid. 36.

Footnote 393:

Pro Rosc. 25; pro Arch. 60; in. Verr. iv. 59.

Footnote 394:

Orat. II. i.

Footnote 395:

Pro Cluent. 50.

Footnote 396:

De Orat. ii. 48.

Footnote 397:

B. C. 122.

Footnote 398:

De Orat. i. 52; Brut. 43.

Footnote 399:

B. C. 95.

Footnote 400:

B. C. 92.

Footnote 401:

B. C. 161; A. U. C. 593.

Footnote 402:

A. Gell. xv. ii.

Footnote 403:

De Cl. Or. 143, 145.

Footnote 404:

Pro Cluent. 51.

Footnote 405:

De Orat. ii. 54.

Footnote 406:

Cic. de Or. ii. 65; Plin. H. N. xxxv. 4.

Footnote 407:

Macrobius, Sat.

Footnote 408:

See Brutus, _passim_.

Footnote 409:

Brutus, 158.

Footnote 410:

De Fam. iv. 5.

Footnote 411:

Cic. Philip. ix. 5.

Footnote 412:

Brut. xcii.

Footnote 413:

Ad Att. vi. 6.

Footnote 414:

Ad Fam. viii. 2.

Footnote 415:

Smith’s Dict. of Antiq. _s. v._

Footnote 416:

Brut. 95.

Footnote 417:

Quint. xii.; ch. x.; Brut. Orat. ad Br. in many places.

Footnote 418:

A. Gell. i. 5.

Footnote 419:

A. Gell. i. 5.

Footnote 420:

Cic. Muræn. 8, 19; Off. ii. 19, 65.

Footnote 421:

Hor. Od. II. i. 13.

Footnote 422:

Cic. pro Muræn.

Footnote 423:

Inst. Or. xii. 7.

Footnote 424:

De Orat. 44.

Footnote 425:

De Leg. ii. 23.

Footnote 426:

A. U. C. 552.

Footnote 427:

Lib. xxx. 1.

Footnote 428:

De Or. i. 45.

Footnote 429:

Dig. I. ii. 39.

Footnote 430:

De Or. ii. 55.

Footnote 431:

Lib. xvi. 5; Dig. L. 16, 157.

Footnote 432:

B. C. 24, 25.

Footnote 433:

De Lat. Lin. iv. 2; iv. 10; v. 7.

Footnote 434:

H. N. vii. 1.

Footnote 435:

De Orat. iii. 21.

Footnote 436:

Cornelius Nepos ait litteratos quidem vulgo appellari eos qui aliquid diligenter et acute scienterque possint aut dicere aut scribere.

Footnote 437:

Sueton. de Illust. Gram.

Footnote 438:

Lect. R. H. cvi.

Footnote 439:

Plin. H. N. v. 72.

Footnote 440:

Cic. pro Sen.

Footnote 441:

Schlegel Lect. viii.; Müller’s Dor. iv. 7, 5.

Footnote 442:

Diog. Laert. iii. 18.

Footnote 443:

Xen. Hell. i. 23.

Footnote 444:

Müller’s Dorians, Trans. ii. 374.

Footnote 445:

Or. Tr. ii. 515.

Footnote 446:

Cic. pro Rab. 12; de Orat. ii. 59. See also fragm. of Syrus’ Mimes.

Footnote 447:

Bothe, Po. Sc. Lat. fragm. vol. v.

Footnote 448:

Sat. i. x. 6. See also Sen. Controv., and Nieb. H. R. ii. p. 169.

Footnote 449:

Hieron. Eus. Chron.

Footnote 450:

Pl. Ep. vi. 21.

Footnote 451:

A. Gell. xv. 25.

Footnote 452:

Suet. Cæs. 52.

Footnote 453:

Cic. ad Fam. x. 28.

Footnote 454:

Pl. H. N. xii. 2, 6.

Footnote 455:

Tac. An. xii. 60.

Footnote 456:

Ad Fam. vii. 15.

Footnote 457:

Ibid. xi. 28.

Footnote 458:

Ad Fam. xii. 18.

Footnote 459:

Sen. Controv. vii. 3; Ep. 8, 94, 108.

Footnote 460:

Pl. H. N. viii. 51.

Footnote 461:

_S. v._ Ὀρχησίς.

Footnote 462:

Hist. Rom. i.

Footnote 463:

Pl. Ep. vii. 24.

Footnote 464:

Juv. vi. 65.

Footnote 465:

Tac. Ann. i. 77.

Footnote 466:

Suet. Ner. 16, 26.

Footnote 467:

Juv. i. 35; vi. 44.

Footnote 468:

Lib. ix. 29; xi. 13.

Footnote 469:

Suet. Ner. 54.

Footnote 470:

Lib. i. 925; iv. 1.

Footnote 471:

Lib. i. 831; iii. 261.

Footnote 472:

Clint. F. H.

Footnote 473:

Hier. Chron.

Footnote 474:

The criticism of Cicero is unjust:—“Lucretii poemata ita sunt non multis luminibus ingenii multæ tamen artis.”—Ep. ad Qu. fratr. ii. 11.

Footnote 475:

See A. Gell. Noct. Att. i. 21.

Footnote 476:

Lib. ii. 352.

Footnote 477:

Lib. v. 166.

Footnote 478:

Lib. vi. 378.

Footnote 479:

Lib. v. 1197.

Footnote 480:

Lib. vi. 75.

Footnote 481:

Lib. v. 83, 1163.

Footnote 482:

Lib. v. 1202.

Footnote 483:

Lib. i. 81.

Footnote 484:

Lib. i. 71, 147.

Footnote 485:

See Ritter, iv. p. 89.

Footnote 486:

Lib. v. 525.

Footnote 487:

Lib. iii. 265, 413.

Footnote 488:

Lib. iii. 302.

Footnote 489:

Lib. iv. 1072.

Footnote 490:

Lib. v. 1012.

Footnote 491:

De Fin. ii. 22.

Footnote 492:

Lib. v. 1152.

Footnote 493:

Lib. iii. 988.

Footnote 494:

Lib. ii. 7.

Footnote 495:

Diog. La. x. 3.

Footnote 496:

Sen. de Benef. iv. 19.

Footnote 497:

Diog. La. x.

Footnote 498:

Georg. ii. 490.

Footnote 499:

Georg. iii. 478.

Footnote 500:

Plin. xxxvii. 6.

Footnote 501:

Suet. v. Jul. 73.

Footnote 502:

See Carm. cxvi.

Footnote 503:

Anthol. 208.

Footnote 504:

Apuleius.

Footnote 505:

Carm. li.

Footnote 506:

Od. IV. iii. 23.

Footnote 507:

Od. III. xx. 13.

Footnote 508:

Lect. cvi.

Footnote 509:

Lib. v. 132, 166.

Footnote 510:

Cic. Brut. 82; ad Fam. xv. 21; Dial. de Or. 18; Quint. xi. 115.

Footnote 511:

Cat. liv.

Footnote 512:

Sat. I. x. 16.

Footnote 513:

Cat. Carm. X. xcv.

Footnote 514:

Ecl. 9.

Footnote 515:

Suet. de Ill. Gram. 2–9.

Footnote 516:

Wernsdorf, Po. Lat. Mi.

Footnote 517:

H. N. xxv. 2.

Footnote 518:

Od. ii. 9; Sat. I. x.

Footnote 519:

Wernsdorf.

Footnote 520:

Sat. II. v. 41.

Footnote 521:

Hieron. in Euseb. Chron.

Footnote 522:

See Meyer’s Anthol. Lat.

Footnote 523:

Ibid. 77, 78.

Footnote 524:

Lib. x. i. 87.

Footnote 525:

Hor. Sat. I. x. 46.

Footnote 526:

Anthol. 77, 78.

Footnote 527:

See, on this subject, Niebuhr’s Lectures on Roman History, cvi.

Footnote 528:

Mart. Ep. xii. 68.

Footnote 529:

See Quint. de Inst. Or.

Footnote 530:

Servius.

Footnote 531:

Scalig. in Euseb. Chron.

Footnote 532:

B. C. 55.

Footnote 533:

See v. 7.

Footnote 534:

Ecl. ix. 18.

Footnote 535:

B. C. 40.

Footnote 536:

B. C. 38.

Footnote 537:

Alexander, an Italian abbot, states, on the evidence of two spurious verses, that he was governor of Naples and Calabria.

Footnote 538:

Ep. viii. 56.

Footnote 539:

Carm. xv. 12.

Footnote 540:

Hor. Sat. I. v. 49.

Footnote 541:

Carm. i. 3.

Footnote 542:

There has been much discussion respecting the precise place of his burial. (See Cramer’s Anc. It. ii. 174.) Addison, in opposition to the popular belief, thought it almost certain that it stood on that side of the town which looks towards Vesuvius. (Remarks on Italy, p. 164; sec. ed.)

Footnote 543:

Meyer, Anthol. 95.

Footnote 544:

Dial. de Caus. Corrup. El. 13.

Footnote 545:

Hor. Sat. I. v. 41.

Footnote 546:

Macrob. Saturn. I. _sub fine_.

Footnote 547:

Plin. N. H. vii. 30.

Footnote 548:

See Meyer’s Anthol. 85–111.

Footnote 549:

A litle noursling of the humid ayre, A gnat unto the sleepie shepheard went; And, marking where his ey-lids twinckling rare Shewd the two pearles, which sight unto him lent, Through their thin coverings appearing fayre, His litle needle there infixing deep, Warnd him awake, from death himselfe to keep. _Spenser._

Footnote 550:

Faery Queene, book iii. c. ii. 3. See Dunlop, iii.

Footnote 551:

Spenser, adopting the incorrect orthography and etymology of Petrarch, writes the word Æglogue, and derives it from αἴγων λόγοι—tales of goats or goatherds.

Footnote 552:

Sat. I. x. 44.

Footnote 553:

Id. x. and xxi.

Footnote 554:

In Euseb. Chron.

Footnote 555:

B. C. 39.

Footnote 556:

Præl. de Sacr. Po. He. xxi. p. 289.

Footnote 557:

Orat. ad Sanctos, 19, 20; apud Euseb.

Footnote 558:

In 1 Cor. ii.

Footnote 559:

Adv. Jor. lib. i.

Footnote 560:

Contra Faust, i. 13, 2.

Footnote 561:

Orat. Paræn.

Footnote 562:

See notes to Pope’s Messiah.

Footnote 563:

Decl. and Fall. c. xx. vol. iii. p. 269.

Footnote 564:

A. Gell. N. A. xvii. 10.

Footnote 565:

Misc. Works, vol. i.

Footnote 566:

G. iv. 560–564.

Footnote 567:

G. ii. 171.

Footnote 568:

See Dunlop, H. of R. L. iii. _s. v._ Virg.

Footnote 569:

B. C. 27.

Footnote 570:

Æn. ii. 567–589.

Footnote 571:

Ibid. vi. 511.

Footnote 572:

Æn. viii. 626.

Footnote 573:

Ibid. i.

Footnote 574:

## Book v.

Footnote 575:

Macrob. Saturn. v. 13.

Footnote 576:

Saturn. vi. 1, 2, 3.

Footnote 577:

Compare De Nat. Rer. ii. 24; vi. 136, 1143–1224; with Georg. ii. 461, 467, &c.; iii. 478, 505, 509, &c.

Footnote 578:

Iliad, Ζ. 506; Æn. xi. 492.

Footnote 579:

Spence’s Anecdotes.

Footnote 580:

See, on this subject, Dunlop’s Hist. iii. 151.

Footnote 581:

See Clarke’s Homer, Il. iii. 363, note.

Footnote 582:

H. N. xxxv. 10.

Footnote 583:

Lect. cvi. on R. H.

Footnote 584:

Introd. Lect. iv.

Footnote 585:

Serv. ad Æn. i. 98; ii. 797; iii. 10.

Footnote 586:

Meyer, Anthol. 85, 93, &c.

Footnote 587:

Od. IV. iii. 23.

Footnote 588:

De Off. i. 42.

Footnote 589:

Sat. I. vi. 86.

Footnote 590:

Ibid. I. vi. 71.

Footnote 591:

Od. III. xxx. 10.

Footnote 592:

Ibid. IV. ix. 2.

Footnote 593:

Od. III. iv. 9.

Footnote 594:

Sat. I. vi. 71.

Footnote 595:

See _ex. gr._ Ep. II. 41; Od. III. vi. 37; Sat. II. ii. 112.

Footnote 596:

Ep. II. i. 70.

Footnote 597:

Ibid. ii. 41.

Footnote 598:

Sat. I. vi. 76.

Footnote 599:

Sat. I. vi.

Footnote 600:

Ibid. vi.

Footnote 601:

Ibid. iv. 103.

Footnote 602:

Ep. II. ii. 43.

Footnote 603:

Sat. I. vi.

Footnote 604:

Od. II. vii.

Footnote 605:

Ep. II. ii. 49.

Footnote 606:

Suet. in Vita.

Footnote 607:

Ep. II. xiv. 17.

Footnote 608:

Sat. I. vi. 114.

Footnote 609:

Ep. II. ii. 51.

Footnote 610:

Sat. I. vi.

Footnote 611:

B. C. 41.

Footnote 612:

Sat. I. v. 39.

Footnote 613:

Ibid. vi. 55.

Footnote 614:

Sat. I. v.

Footnote 615:

According to Bentley, he composed them in the twenty-sixth, twenty-seventh, and twenty-eighth years of his age; according to Clinton, in the twenty-fifth, twenty-sixth, and twenty-seventh.

Footnote 616:

_Ex. gr._ viii. xi. xii.

Footnote 617:

See Od. I. 16, 22.

Footnote 618:

Sat. II. vi. 1.

Footnote 619:

Ibid. 8.

Footnote 620:

Ibid. 10.

Footnote 621:

Ibid. vi. 33.

Footnote 622:

Ibid. 38.

Footnote 623:

Ibid. 47.

Footnote 624:

Ep. I. 18.

Footnote 625:

Sat. II. vi. 62.

Footnote 626:

Ibid. vi. 61.

Footnote 627:

Ibid. iii. 11.

Footnote 628:

Ep. I. iv. 15; xx. 24; Suet. V. H.

Footnote 629:

Ep. I. xiv.; Od. I. xvii.

Footnote 630:

Sat. II. vi. 65.

Footnote 631:

Od. III. 4.

Footnote 632:

Sat. II. i. 45.

Footnote 633:

Clinton, Fasti: B. C. 35, 34, 33.

Footnote 634:

Sat. II. vi.

Footnote 635:

B. C. 31.

Footnote 636:

_Ex. gr._ ix. xvi.

Footnote 637:

See Ep. VII. ix.

Footnote 638:

B. C. 29.

Footnote 639:

Clinton, F. H.

Footnote 640:

Lib. iii. 30.

Footnote 641:

Lib. iii. 29.

Footnote 642:

Ep. I. i. 1–10.

Footnote 643:

See Vit. Hor. Suet.

Footnote 644:

Ep. I. xx.

Footnote 645:

Suet. Ep. Aug. in Vita.

Footnote 646:

Ep. I. vii. 26; 3.

Footnote 647:

Ep. I. xx.

Footnote 648:

Od. II. iv. 22.

Footnote 649:

This feud continued until the time of Persius. (See Sat I. 141, and Gifford’s note.)

Footnote 650:

See De Chaupy, Eustace, Milman, &c.

Footnote 651:

Od. III. 13.

Footnote 652:

Découverte de la Maison d’Horace, tom. iii. p. 364.

Footnote 653:

Illust. to Childe Harold, p. 42.

Footnote 654:

Hist. of Rom. Lit. iii. 213.

Footnote 655:

Od. I. vii. 29.

Footnote 656:

See Milman’s Hor. p. 97.

Footnote 657:

Ep. I. xvi. 5. See also Eustace’s Class. Tour.

Footnote 658:

Ep. I. xviii. 105.

Footnote 659:

Ep. I. xiv. 2.

Footnote 660:

Ep. I. xiv. 23.

Footnote 661:

See also Pope’s imitation of this passage, Essay on Satire, part iii.

Footnote 662:

See Persius, Sat. I. 114.

Footnote 663:

Sat. I. 8.

Footnote 664:

Ibid. 9.

Footnote 665:

Ibid. v.

Footnote 666:

Sat. II. vi.

Footnote 667:

Sat. I. vi.

Footnote 668:

Ibid. vii.

Footnote 669:

Sat. II. iv.

Footnote 670:

Sat. I. 1.

Footnote 671:

Ibid. 2.

Footnote 672:

Ibid. 3.

Footnote 673:

See Prof. Anthon’s Horace, Donaldson’s Pindar, &c.

Footnote 674:

Meyer, Anthol. Rom. 114, 115.

Footnote 675:

Hom. Od. I. i.

Footnote 676:

Od. IV. ii.

Footnote 677:

Lib. lii. 14, &c.

Footnote 678:

B. C. 40

Footnote 679:

Tac. Ann. vi. ii.

Footnote 680:

B. C. 31.

Footnote 681:

Annal. iii. 30.

Footnote 682:

Hor. Sat. i. 8, 7.

Footnote 683:

Mart. viii. 56.

Footnote 684:

Plin. vii. 51; Hor. C. ii. 17.

Footnote 685:

Sen. de Prov. iii. 9.

Footnote 686:

Suet. 26.

Footnote 687:

Lib. ix. 4, 28.

Footnote 688:

The three passages quoted by Quintilian show a wanton awkwardness in arrangement almost inconceivable:—

Sole et Aurora rubent plurima Inter sacra movit aqua fraxinos: Ne exequias quidem unus inter miserrimos Viderem meas.

The last of these he considers especially offensive, because he seems to be trifling with a melancholy subject.

Footnote 689:

Sen. Ep. 114.

Footnote 690:

Tac. Ann. i. 54.

Footnote 691:

Epp. iv. 14; vii. 4.

Footnote 692:

Sat. I. x.; Od. ii. 9.

Footnote 693:

Weichert, Poet. Lat. Rell.

Footnote 694:

Lib. iii. i. 18.

Footnote 695:

Ep. xli. i.

Footnote 696:

H. N. xxv. 2.

Footnote 697:

Tib. Op. iv. i. 180.

Footnote 698:

Sat. I. x. 44.

Footnote 699:

Ep. i. 16. See Schol.

Footnote 700:

Meyer’s Anthol.

Footnote 701:

Ecl. vi. 64.

Footnote 702:

Cic. ad Fam. x. 32.

Footnote 703:

Dion Cass. liii. 23.

Footnote 704:

Trist. iv. 10, 5.

Footnote 705:

Lib. x. i. 93; i. 5, 8.

Footnote 706:

See Hor. Od. i. 33; Ep. i. 4.

Footnote 707:

El. i.

Footnote 708:

El. i. and iv.

Footnote 709:

El. i.

Footnote 710:

Nieb. Lect. cvii.

Footnote 711:

Amorum iii. 9.

Footnote 712:

Od. iv. 1, 3, 4, 13; Ep. i. 7, 27, 14, 33.

Footnote 713:

Sat. I. ii.

Footnote 714:

Sat. II. viii.

Footnote 715:

Apol. p. 279.

Footnote 716:

Lect. on R. H. 107.

Footnote 717:

Meyer’s Anthol. Vet. Lat. Ep. No. 122.

Footnote 718:

B. C. 45; A. U. C. 709.

Footnote 719:

Schol. in Propert.

Footnote 720:

Clinton.

Footnote 721:

Niebuhr.

Footnote 722:

Trist. iv. 10, 45.

Footnote 723:

Prop. IV. i. 128, and ii. 25.

Footnote 724:

Ibid. IV. i.

Footnote 725:

Ibid. II. xiv. 15–18.

Footnote 726:

Ibid. I. 1, 2; x. ii. 16.

Footnote 727:

Ibid. I. ii. 27.

Footnote 728:

Ibid. II. iii. 17.

Footnote 729:

Prop. IV. i. 63.

Footnote 730:

Inst. Orat. x. 1.

Footnote 731:

Trist. IV. x. 33.

Footnote 732:

Trist. iv. 10.

Footnote 733:

See Cic. Brut. 446.

Footnote 734:

Metam. xiii.

Footnote 735:

Controv. ii. 10.

Footnote 736:

See distinction between these in ch. viii.

Footnote 737:

Amor. II. xi. 10.

Footnote 738:

Ep. ex Ponto, ii. 10.

Footnote 739:

Trist. IV. x. 100.

Footnote 740:

Ibid. IV. x. 90, and III. i. 52.

Footnote 741:

Ibid. I. ii. 107.

Footnote 742:

Ibid. iv. 10, 101; Ep. ex Pont. p. ii. vii.

Footnote 743:

See Class. Museum, iv. 13.

Footnote 744:

Hist. Abreg. de la Lit. Rom.

Footnote 745:

Trist. III. i. 65.

Footnote 746:

Ex Ponto, IV. ix. 82.

Footnote 747:

Trist. I. iii.

Footnote 748:

Ibid. V. ii.

Footnote 749:

Ex Pont. IV. ix. 97.

Footnote 750:

See II. xviii. 19.

Footnote 751:

Rem. Am. 43.

Footnote 752:

Trist. i. vi. 30.

Footnote 753:

Metam. ii. i.

Footnote 754:

Ibid. i. 89.

Footnote 755:

Ibid. iv. 55.

Footnote 756:

Ibid. viii. 628.

Footnote 757:

Ibid. iii. 407.

Footnote 758:

Ibid. xi. 592.

Footnote 759:

Ibid. viii. 152.

Footnote 760:

Ibid. vii. 661.

Footnote 761:

Ibid. vii. 11.

Footnote 762:

Trist. ii. v. 549.

Footnote 763:

Hor. Od. I. 33.

Footnote 764:

Lib. iii. 7.

Footnote 765:

Ar. Am. iii. 205.

Footnote 766:

Plin. H. N. xxxii. 54.

Footnote 767:

In. Or. x. 98.

Footnote 768:

Ep. ex Pont. iv. 16, 33.

Footnote 769:

See Bernhardy, Gr. 440.

Footnote 770:

Bern. 409.

Footnote 771:

Quint. x. 1.

Footnote 772:

Ibid. iv. 16, 6.

Footnote 773:

Ep. ii. 77.

Footnote 774:

Ann. ii. 23; Suasor. I.

Footnote 775:

Ex Pont. iv. 16, 13.

Footnote 776:

Amor. ii. 18, 27.

Footnote 777:

Bernhardy, 451.

Footnote 778:

Ep. ex Pont. iv. 16, 13.

Footnote 779:

Smith’s Dict. Glaser im Rhein. Mus. N. F. i. 437.

Footnote 780:

Lib. i. 798–897; iv. 763.

Footnote 781:

Hor. Od. I. xxxi.

Footnote 782:

Cicero, notwithstanding his opposite politics, admired Marius, to whom he was distantly related, and thought it an honour to have been born near Arpinum. He quotes a saying of Pompey’s (Cic. de Leg. ii. 3,) that Arpinum had produced two citizens who had preserved Italy. Valerius Maximus thinks that Arpinum, in this respect, enjoyed a singular privilege:—Conspicuæ felicitatis Arpinum unicum, sive litterarum gloriosissimum contemptorem, sive abundantissimum fontem intueri velis.

Footnote 783:

De Orat. ii. 1.

Footnote 784:

Brut. 56.

Footnote 785:

Meyer, Anthol. Rom. 66.

Footnote 786:

B. C. 89.

Footnote 787:

Pro Quint. B. C. 81.

Footnote 788:

B. C. 79.

Footnote 789:

De Fin. 5, 1.

Footnote 790:

B. C. 77.

Footnote 791:

B. C. 76; æt. 31.

Footnote 792:

T. Q. v. 3.

Footnote 793:

B. C. 74.

Footnote 794:

B. C. 69.

Footnote 795:

In Pis. iii.; ad Fam. v. 2.

Footnote 796:

B. C. 61.

Footnote 797:

B. C. 58.

Footnote 798:

Ad Att. x. 4.

Footnote 799:

Ad Fam. x. iv. 4; ad Att. iii. 13.

Footnote 800:

Pro Planco, 26.

Footnote 801:

In Pis. xxii.; Post red. xv.

Footnote 802:

B. C. 53.

Footnote 803:

Att. ii. 5.

Footnote 804:

Niebuhr.

Footnote 805:

See Letters to Att. _passim_.

Footnote 806:

B. C. 46.

Footnote 807:

B. C. 43.

Footnote 808:

He wrote during that year the _De Officiis_, _De Divinatione_, _De Fato_, _Topica_, and the lost treatise _De Gloria_, besides a vast number of Letters.

Footnote 809:

Pro Muræna, 3.

Footnote 810:

_De Leg._, introduction.

Footnote 811:

Poverty and barrenness were most probably instrumental in producing the diffuseness and exuberance of the Asiatic and Rhodian schools. Their literature and philosophy were deficient in matter, and they sought to hide this defect by the external ornaments of language. For a long time Athens, strong in her pure classic taste, successfully resisted this influence; and in the time of Cicero the tastes of the two schools were in direct opposition. But the flowers of rhetoric are captivating: another generation saw the supremacy of rhetoric at Rome; and the days of Petronius Arbiter (Satyr. book ii.) witnessed the migration of Asiatic taste to Athens.

Footnote 812:

Cicero tells us (de Orat. i. 57, 58) that Galba, Antony, and Sulpicius were ignorant of jurisprudence; that the chief requisites were elegance, wit, pathos, &c. For legal knowledge they trusted to jurisconsults. In the oration _pro Muræna_, even he himself sneers at a technical knowledge of law.

Footnote 813:

Delivered B. C. 81.

Footnote 814:

B. C. 80.

Footnote 815:

De Orat.

Footnote 816:

B. C. 70.

Footnote 817:

B. C. 69.

Footnote 818:

B. C. 66.

Footnote 819:

Belles Lettres, Lect. xxviii.

Footnote 820:

B. C. 61.

Footnote 821:

Schröter. Leips. 1818.

Footnote 822:

B. C. 56.

Footnote 823:

B. C. 55.

Footnote 824:

Born about B. C. 2.

Footnote 825:

B. C. 56.

Footnote 826:

Phil. ii.

Footnote 827:

Phil. i.; B. C. 44.

Footnote 828:

De Orat. i. 2.

Footnote 829:

For the arguments on this point see Smith’s Dict. i. 726.

Footnote 830:

B. C. 55, 46, 45.

Footnote 831:

B. C. 47.

Footnote 832:

B. C. 46.

Footnote 833:

B. C. 45.

Footnote 834:

Tusc. i. 3. See also ii. 2.

Footnote 835:

De Off. i. 1.

Footnote 836:

De Div. II. ii.

Footnote 837:

De Fin. iii. 2.

Footnote 838:

Epist. iv. 18.

Footnote 839:

Ibid. lviii.

Footnote 840:

_Ex. gr._ De Div. ii. 1; Brut. 93.

Footnote 841:

See also T. D. ii. 4; x. b. v. ii.

Footnote 842:

A. U. C. 592; Gell. N. A. xv. 2.

Footnote 843:

Cic. de Or. ii. 37.

Footnote 844:

Tusc. iv. 3.

Footnote 845:

Ritter, H. of Ph. vol. iv. xii. 2, note.

Footnote 846:

Tusc. iv. 3.

Footnote 847:

Ac. Post. I. 2.

Footnote 848:

De Rep. i. 18, 19.

Footnote 849:

De Off. i. 43.

Footnote 850:

De Off. i. 43.

Footnote 851:

De Fin. iv. 9.

Footnote 852:

Tusc. i. 27, 28.

Footnote 853:

De Leg. ii. 13.

Footnote 854:

De Sen. 21.

Footnote 855:

B. C. 45.

Footnote 856:

B. C. 54.

Footnote 857:

Lib. i. 26, 35, 45; ii. 23.

Footnote 858:

Ethics.

Footnote 859:

Lib. i. 27, 28; ii. 39.

Footnote 860:

Lib. i. 29, 35, 45.

Footnote 861:

See Tac. Annal. I.

Footnote 862:

See Meyer’s Anthol. 67.

Footnote 863:

Hor. Od. ii. 1.

Footnote 864:

Hieron. in Eus. Ch.

Footnote 865:

Catull. xii. 1.

Footnote 866:

B. C. 39.

Footnote 867:

Tac. Ann. i. 12.

Footnote 868:

Plin. Ep. vii. 4; Suet. Cl. 41.

Footnote 869:

Sat. I. x.; Carm. ii. 1.

Footnote 870:

Ecl. iii. 86; viii.

Footnote 871:

Dial. de Orat. 21.

Footnote 872:

Lib. x. i. 113.

Footnote 873:

Ad. Fam. x. 31, 32, 33.

Footnote 874:

Lect. R. H. cvi.

Footnote 875:

Plin. H. N. vii. 3; xxxv. 2.

Footnote 876:

See Exc. in Delph. Cic.

Footnote 877:

B. C. 116.

Footnote 878:

Cic. Brut. i. 56.

Footnote 879:

Cic. Acad. iii. 12.

Footnote 880:

Cic. Phil. ii. 18.

Footnote 881:

Cæs. B. G. i. 38; ii. 17.

Footnote 882:

Cic. ad Fam. ix. 13.

Footnote 883:

B. C. 43.

Footnote 884:

Plin. N. H. xxix. 4.

Footnote 885:

Quint. x. i. 95.

Footnote 886:

See Meyer’s Anthol. 78.

Footnote 887:

Meyer, Anthol. Rom. 34–51.

Footnote 888:

See ad Att. i. 3, 5, 10, 11, 14.

Footnote 889:

B. C. 60.

Footnote 890:

Ad Fam. v. 12; xv. 21, 6.

Footnote 891:

Ad Att. ix. 1.

Footnote 892:

Consul, B. C. 74.

Footnote 893:

Ad Att. i. 19.

Footnote 894:

Cio. pro Arch.

Footnote 895:

Cic. Brut. 62.

Footnote 896:

Ad Att. i. 19; Liv. iv. 23; x. 9.

Footnote 897:

Hieron. Chron. Euseb.

Footnote 898:

Præf. Epigr. i. 3.

Footnote 899:

Gell. xv. 28.

Footnote 900:

Cic. ad Att. xvi. 5.

Footnote 901:

Lib. xvii. 21, 3.

Footnote 902:

Lib. i. 3.

Footnote 903:

A. Gell. vii. 18; xxi. 8.

Footnote 904:

Ibid. xv. 28.

Footnote 905:

Lactant. Inst. Div. iii. 15.

Footnote 906:

C. Nep. Vit. Dion. 3.

Footnote 907:

B. C. 80.

Footnote 908:

Suet. Cæs. 4; Cic. Att. ii. 1.

Footnote 909:

Brut. 91.

Footnote 910:

B. C. 81.

Footnote 911:

B. C. 70.

Footnote 912:

B. C. 62.

Footnote 913:

Germ. 28.

Footnote 914:

Annal. xiii. 3.

Footnote 915:

Suet. v. Jul. 55.

Footnote 916:

See Macr. Sat. i. 16.

Footnote 917:

Ibid.

Footnote 918:

B. C. 46.

Footnote 919:

B. C. 61.

Footnote 920:

Suet. V. Jul. 44.

Footnote 921:

A. Gell. i. 22.

Footnote 922:

Merivale’s H. of R. ii. 422.

Footnote 923:

Suet. 44; Plin. H. N. vii. 31.

Footnote 924:

Cic. Brut. 72; Tac. Ann. xiii. 3; Quint. x. i. 114.

Footnote 925:

Meyer, Fr. Or. Rom. p. 404.

Footnote 926:

Nieb. Lect. R. H. xcv.

Footnote 927:

See Dodwell’s Dissert. in Cæs. Ed. Var.

Footnote 928:

The friendship which existed between these great men furnishes an anecdote (Suet. V. J. C. 72) characteristic of the most amiable feature in Cæsar’s character, his devoted and hearty attachment to those whom he loved. Once, when they were journeying together, they reached a cottage, in which only one room was to be procured; Oppius was ill, and Cæsar gave up the room to his sick friend, whilst he bivouacked in the open air.

Footnote 929:

Lect. R. H. xcv.

Footnote 930:

See Niebuhr, Lect. R. H.

Footnote 931:

Smith’s Dict. in loco.

Footnote 932:

Brut. 71, 72, 75.

Footnote 933:

Præf. to book viii.

Footnote 934:

Suet. 56.

Footnote 935:

Juv. vi. 338; Suet. 56; Gell. iv. 16; Cic. Div. ii. 9.

Footnote 936:

Ad Att. xii. 40, 41, 44, 45; xiii. 37, 40, 48, 50.

Footnote 937:

Cic. Brut. 72.

Footnote 938:

See Nieb. L. R. H. xcv.; Suet. 66; Cic. ad Fam. ix. 16.

Footnote 939:

Meyer’s Lat. Anthol. 68, 69, 70.

Footnote 940:

A. Gellius tells us (xvii. 9) that he was the author of Letters to Oppius, written in cipher, of which he gives the following interesting description:—“Erat conventum inter eos clandestinum de commutando situ literarum ut inscriptio quidem alia alius locum et nomen teneret sed in legendo locus cuique suus et potestas restitueretur.” Suetonius (Vit. Cæs. 56) describes in the same way the nature of the cipher which he used, and illustrates it by saying that he used to put _d_ for _a_, and so forth.

Footnote 941:

Matth. H. L.

Footnote 942:

Heind. on Hor. Sat. p. 40.

Footnote 943:

Dion. Cas. xi. 63.

Footnote 944:

Macrob. Saturn. ii. 9.

Footnote 945:

Dion. xliii. 9.

Footnote 946:

Jug. c. 30.

Footnote 947:

Cat. iv.

Footnote 948:

Bel. Cat. vii.

Footnote 949:

De Leg. i. 2; Brut. 64.

Footnote 950:

B. C. 66.

Footnote 951:

Lect. R. H. lxxxviii.

Footnote 952:

B. C. 63.

Footnote 953:

Cat. vii.

Footnote 954:

Quint. I. O. x. 1.

Footnote 955:

Ep. cxiv.

Footnote 956:

Justin, xliii. 5.

Footnote 957:

Born B. C. 378.

Footnote 958:

Ep. I. 62.

Footnote 959:

Tac. Ann. iv. 34.

Footnote 960:

Quint. x. i. 39.

Footnote 961:

Suet. V. Cl. 41.

Footnote 962:

Ep. II. 3.

Footnote 963:

Nisard, ii. 405.

Footnote 964:

Lib. xliii. 13.

Footnote 965:

B. C. 9.

Footnote 966:

See Smith’s Biog. ii. 791.

Footnote 967:

_Viz._, 136 and 137.

Footnote 968:

Sen. Suasor. 100.

Footnote 969:

Euseb. Chron.

Footnote 970:

Sen. Proem. to Controv. V.

Footnote 971:

Inst. Or. x. 1.

Footnote 972:

See Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 39, and Tac. Hist. iii. 72.

Footnote 973:

See i. 50; iv. 35; vi. 27.

Footnote 974:

Augustus, according to Tacitus, (Ann. iv. 3,) thought Livy so violent a Pompeian that he once forbade one of his grandsons to read his history.

Footnote 975:

Cic. Or. ii. 12; Quint. x. 2, 7; Serv. in Æn. i. 373.

Footnote 976:

See Arnold’s Hist. of Rome.

Footnote 977:

Lib. x. 38; iv. 7, 23.

Footnote 978:

Vesp. 8. See also Tac. Hist. iii. 71.

Footnote 979:

Or. i. 43.

Footnote 980:

Com. de Font. Hist. Liv.

Footnote 981:

_Vide_ Niebuhr (Lect. on Rom. Lit. vii.,) who takes the opposite view.

Footnote 982:

Lib. ii. 21; iv. 7; vi. 1.

Footnote 983:

Val. Max. i. 7; ad Att. xiii. 8.

Footnote 984:

V. Hann. 22. Cornelius Nepos says that the Alpis Graia derived its name from Hercules having passed by that route. Probably the real derivation of the epithet is the root of the German “Grau.”

Footnote 985:

Bell. Gall. i. 11.

Footnote 986:

R. L. Lect. viii.

Footnote 987:

Lib. ii. 56, 10.

Footnote 988:

Quint. x. i. 101.

Footnote 989:

Lib. x. i. 101.

Footnote 990:

Lib. viii. i. 1, 5, 56.

Footnote 991:

Provincialism is not an accurate term; for the worst Latin was spoken in Italy, whilst the only Latin spoken in the provinces or conquered dependencies was as polished as that of the capital.

Footnote 992:

Lect. R. L. viii.

Footnote 993:

Orell. Ins. Lat. 4145.

Footnote 994:

See Smith’s Dict. of Biogr. sub. v.

Footnote 995:

Lib. vi. Præf. and Vita Vitr. ed. Bipont.

Footnote 996:

Lib. vi. Præf. and Vita Vitr. ed. Bipont.

Footnote 997:

Lib. ii. 6.

Footnote 998:

Life and Trans. of Vitr. 1791.

Footnote 999:

See his Preface.

Footnote 1000:

Lib. i.

Footnote 1001:

Lib. ii.

Footnote 1002:

Lib. iii. and iv.

Footnote 1003:

Lib. v.

Footnote 1004:

Lib. vi.

Footnote 1005:

Lib. vii.

Footnote 1006:

Lib. viii.

Footnote 1007:

Lib. ix.

Footnote 1008:

Lib. x.

Footnote 1009:

See Philolog. Museum, vol. i. p. 536.

Footnote 1010:

Lib. v. i. 13.

Footnote 1011:

A. D. 14.

Footnote 1012:

Prol. lib. i.

Footnote 1013:

Prol. lib. iii.

Footnote 1014:

Lib. iii. 20.

Footnote 1015:

Cons. ad Polybium, 27.

Footnote 1016:

Prol. lib. iii.

Footnote 1017:

Lib. iii. 40.

Footnote 1018:

Lib. ii. 7.

Footnote 1019:

Lib. v. 4.

Footnote 1020:

Lib. i. 15.

Footnote 1021:

See Nisard, Etudes sur les Poëtes Latins, tom. i. 9.

Footnote 1022:

Dion. Cass. lviii. 19.

Footnote 1023:

Tac. Ann. vi. 38.

Footnote 1024:

Hæc Tiberius non mari, ut olim, divisus, neque per longinquos nuntios accipiebat, sed urbem juxta; eodem ut die, vel noctis interjectu, literis consulum rescriberet; quasi aspiciens undantem per domos sanguinem, aut manus carnificum.—_Tac. Ann._ vi. 39.

Footnote 1025:

Lib. i. 6.

Footnote 1026:

Suet. Vit. Claud. 27.

Footnote 1027:

A. D. 23.

Footnote 1028:

Tac. Ann. I. i.

Footnote 1029:

_Vide_ Suet. Vit. Calig. 27.

Footnote 1030:

Suet. Claud. 42.

Footnote 1031:

Lib. iv. 6.

Footnote 1032:

See lib. i. 2, 9; ii. 7, 8; iii. 6, 9.

Footnote 1033:

Ecl. viii. 10.

Footnote 1034:

Tac. Ann. xiv. 52.

Footnote 1035:

Inst. Or. ix. 2, 9.

Footnote 1036:

Annal. xiv.

Footnote 1037:

Epist. v.

Footnote 1038:

Lib. i. Ep. 6.

Footnote 1039:

Bernhardy, Grund. p. 373.

Footnote 1040:

A. D. 472.

Footnote 1041:

Nisard, Etudes, tom. i. 88, _et seq._

Footnote 1042:

Tac. Ann. xv. 63.

Footnote 1043:

See Nisard.

Footnote 1044:

lxxxvi.

Footnote 1045:

liv.

Footnote 1046:

v. 156.

Footnote 1047:

v. 393.

Footnote 1048:

Of the closeness with which Seneca imitated the Greek tragic poets, the two following passages will serve as specimens:—

Animam senilem mollis exsolvit sopor. _Œdip._ 788.

Σμικρὰ παλαιὰ σώματ’ εὐνάζει ῥοπή.

Quis eluet me Tanais. _Hippolyt._ 715.

Οἴμαι γαρ οὐτ’ ἂν Ἴστρον, οὔτε Φᾶσιν ἂν νίψαι καθαρμῷ.... _Œd. Tyr._ 1227.

Footnote 1049:

Juv. vi. 451; vii. 219.

Footnote 1050:

Suet. Pers. Vit.

Footnote 1051:

De Illust. Gram. 23.

Footnote 1052:

Ruperti in Juv. vii.

Footnote 1053:

Sat. iii. 44.

Footnote 1054:

Quint. I. O. ii. 7; x. 5.

Footnote 1055:

Quintilian (I. O. x. 96) pronounces the lyric poetry of Bassus inferior only to that of Horace; but only two lines of his poems are extant. He was destroyed by the same eruption in which Pliny the elder perished.

Footnote 1056:

Tac. Ann. xvi. 21.

Footnote 1057:

Sat. i. 12.

Footnote 1058:

Lib. x. 1.

Footnote 1059:

Trans. of Juv. and Pers. vol. i. p. lxvii. Introd.

Footnote 1060:

See Spect. No. 207.

Footnote 1061:

Sat. ii. 71.

Footnote 1062:

Sat. iii. 98.

Footnote 1063:

De Civ. Dei, v.

Footnote 1064:

Sat. iii. 35.

Footnote 1065:

See especially ver. 61.

Footnote 1066:

See this argument quoted by Gifford, ii. xlvii., from H. Frere, v. 14.

Footnote 1067:

Sat. v. 14.

Footnote 1068:

Sat. I. vi. 5.

Footnote 1069:

Ibid. i. 118.

Footnote 1070:

A. P. 102.

Footnote 1071:

Sat. i. 91.

Footnote 1072:

Ibid. II. vii. 87.

Footnote 1073:

Ibid. i. 65.

Footnote 1074:

Sat. II. vi. 10.

Footnote 1075:

Ibid. ii. 10.

Footnote 1076:

Ep. II. ii. 4.

Footnote 1077:

Sat. iv. 12.

Footnote 1078:

Ep. II. i. 80.

Footnote 1079:

Sat. v. 10, 3.

Footnote 1080:

Ibid. vii. 82.

Footnote 1081:

Sat. i. 2–13.

Footnote 1082:

Ibid. iii. 9.

Footnote 1083:

Ibid. vii. 90, 91.

Footnote 1084:

Ibid. iii. 319.

Footnote 1085:

Sat. iii. 137, 148.

Footnote 1086:

Sat. ii. 1.

Footnote 1087:

Ibid. i. and v.

Footnote 1088:

Ibid. ii.

Footnote 1089:

Tac. Ann. xv. 38. See also Juv. S. ii.

Footnote 1090:

Sat. vi.

Footnote 1091:

Nisard, vol. i. 461.

Footnote 1092:

Sat. vii.

Footnote 1093:

Sat. x. _sub fin._

Footnote 1094:

Ibid. iii. and x.

Footnote 1095:

Ibid. x. 56–67.

Footnote 1096:

The authorities from which we derive our knowledge of the inner life and social habits and affections of the Romans are:—(1.) Ancient monuments. (2.) Cicero’s speeches and letters; Horace and the elegiac poets. (3.) The later classic poets, such as Juvenal, Martial, Statius. (4.) Gellius, Petronius, Seneca, Suetonius, the two Plinys. (5.) The grammarians. (6.) Greek authors, such as Plutarch, Lucian, Athenæus, &c. See, on this subject, Bekker’s Gallus—Preface.

Footnote 1097:

Ch. viii. v. 12.

Footnote 1098:

Suet. V. Neron. 12.

Footnote 1099:

Tac. Ann. xv. 49.

Footnote 1100:

Tac. Ann. xv. 48.

Footnote 1101:

Ibid. 57.

Footnote 1102:

Ibid. iii. 635, or v. 811.

Footnote 1103:

Ep. i. 61.

Footnote 1104:

x. i. 90.

Footnote 1105:

Lib. iii.

Footnote 1106:

_E. g._ v. 165.

Footnote 1107:

Lib. vii. 63.

Footnote 1108:

See also iv. 14; vi. 64; viii. 66; ix. 86; xi. 49–51.

Footnote 1109:

Strabo, Geog. v. 167.

Footnote 1110:

See notes to Plin. Ep. ed. Var.

Footnote 1111:

Mart. Ep. viii. 66.

Footnote 1112:

Suet. v. Octav. 101.

Footnote 1113:

Ep. iii. 7.

Footnote 1114:

Nero and Vitellius.

Footnote 1115:

Introd. Lect. on R. H. viii.

Footnote 1116:

Lib. i. 62, 77.

Footnote 1117:

Inst. Orat. x. i. 90.

Footnote 1118:

A. D. 39.

Footnote 1119:

Silv. v. iii.

Footnote 1120:

A. D. 86.

Footnote 1121:

Juv. vii. 82.

Footnote 1122:

Silv. iv. 2.

Footnote 1123:

Lib. vii. 82.

Footnote 1124:

_Vide_ Vita Gyraldi, Dial. iv. de Poet. Lat.

Footnote 1125:

Lib. I. i. 3, 5.

Footnote 1126:

Lib. ii. 2.

Footnote 1127:

Ibid. ii. 7.

Footnote 1128:

Ibid. i. 2.

Footnote 1129:

Ibid. ii. 6; iii. 3.

Footnote 1130:

Silv. ii. 5.

Footnote 1131:

Ibid. 3.

Footnote 1132:

Ibid. 4.

Footnote 1133:

Ibid. iii. 4.

Footnote 1134:

Silv. J. 6; iv. 9.

Footnote 1135:

Lib. i. 6; ii. 7; iv. 3, 9.

Footnote 1136:

Ibid. iv. 5.

Footnote 1137:

Ibid. 7.

Footnote 1138:

See Epig. vi. 21.

Footnote 1139:

I. O. x. 3.

Footnote 1140:

See a passage from Nero’s Troica, in Meyer’s Anthol.

Footnote 1141:

Nevertheless, Aratus enjoyed a large share of popularity. Cæsar and Cicero translated his works; Virgil and Manilius borrowed from them; Ovid and Maximus Tyrius compared him with Homer; and St. Paul was acquainted with his Phenomena, and quotes from it (Acts xvii. 28.) There is an English translation of his works by Dr. Lamb.

Footnote 1142:

Lib. iv. i. 2; x. i. 19.

Footnote 1143:

See Meyer’s Anthol.

Footnote 1144:

Anthol. 52, 80, 81–84.

Footnote 1145:

Lib. ix. 13; v. 33; iv. 65; v. 25, is something like an acrostic.

Footnote 1146:

Lib. ix. Ep. 74.

Footnote 1147:

_Vide_ Nisard, Etudes, i. 335.

Footnote 1148:

Lib. i. 50.

Footnote 1149:

Lib. xii. 18.

Footnote 1150:

Lib. x. 103.

Footnote 1151:

Ibid.

Footnote 1152:

Plin. iii. 3.

Footnote 1153:

Lib. iii. 94.

Footnote 1154:

Lib. x. 24.

Footnote 1155:

A. D. 65.

Footnote 1156:

Lib. iii. 94.

Footnote 1157:

Lib. v. 13.

Footnote 1158:

Lib. iii. 94.

Footnote 1159:

Nisard, 337.

Footnote 1160:

Lib. vii. 36.

Footnote 1161:

Lib. i. 77.

Footnote 1162:

Lib. vii. 16.

Footnote 1163:

Lib. vii. 35.

Footnote 1164:

Lib. xii. 31.

Footnote 1165:

A. D. 100.

Footnote 1166:

Lib. xii. 31.

Footnote 1167:

Lib. xii. 21.

Footnote 1168:

Lib. iii. 20, 21.

Footnote 1169:

Præf. ad lib. xii.

Footnote 1170:

Lib. x. 65.

Footnote 1171:

There are two readings of the line to which allusion is here made, viz.:—

Nobis filia fortius loquetur,

and

Non nobis lea fortius loquetur.

The latter is the one adopted.

Footnote 1172:

Lib. i. 5.

Footnote 1173:

For example, lib. iii. 48.

Footnote 1174:

Lib. vii. 88.

Footnote 1175:

Lib. vii. 89.

Footnote 1176:

Lib. i. 12; vii. 30.

Footnote 1177:

Lib. i. 1.

Footnote 1178:

Lib. x. 100; i. 54; iv. 46.

Footnote 1179:

Martial generally condemns suicide; for instance, “Fortiter ille facit qui miser esse potest,” and “Hunc volo laudari, qui sine morte potest.” But, see epigram on death of Otho (Lib. vi. 32.)

Footnote 1180:

Suasor. vii.

Footnote 1181:

A. D. 25; Tac. Ann. iv. 34.

Footnote 1182:

Suet. Calig. 16.

Footnote 1183:

A. D. 31.

Footnote 1184:

A. D. 30.

Footnote 1185:

Lib. ii. 6, 8.

Footnote 1186:

A. D. 98.

Footnote 1187:

Plin. Ep. vii. 20.

Footnote 1188:

Plin. Ep. ii. 1.

Footnote 1189:

Ep. II. xi.

Footnote 1190:

A. D. 117.

Footnote 1191:

Lect. R. H. cxix.

Footnote 1192:

Agric. 4.

Footnote 1193:

Cap. iii.

Footnote 1194:

Cap. ix., xxxix., xl., xliii.

Footnote 1195:

Cap. iv.

Footnote 1196:

Cap. vii.

Footnote 1197:

Cap. xi.

Footnote 1198:

Cap. xiii.

Footnote 1199:

Cap. xviii., xix.

Footnote 1200:

Cap. xxi.

Footnote 1201:

Cap. xxiv.

Footnote 1202:

Cap. xxiii.

Footnote 1203:

Cap. xxii.

Footnote 1204:

Cap. xxii.

Footnote 1205:

Cap. xxv.

Footnote 1206:

Cap. xi.

Footnote 1207:

From cap. xxviii.

Footnote 1208:

Cap. xl.

Footnote 1209:

Cap. xlv.

Footnote 1210:

Cap. xlvi.

Footnote 1211:

A. D. 69.

Footnote 1212:

A. D. 96.

Footnote 1213:

Hist i. 1.

Footnote 1214:

A. D. 117.

Footnote 1215:

Hist. i. 4.

Footnote 1216:

Hist. v. 2.

Footnote 1217:

Ibid. iii.

Footnote 1218:

Ibid. v.

Footnote 1219:

Ibid. ix.

Footnote 1220:

B. C. 62.

Footnote 1221:

Ann. iv. 71.

Footnote 1222:

A. D. 14.

Footnote 1223:

A. D. 68.

Footnote 1224:

Life of Agricola.

Footnote 1225:

Vit. Agric. ii.

Footnote 1226:

Agric. 42.

Footnote 1227:

Ann. xiv. 12.

Footnote 1228:

See A. Krause de Font. et Auctor. Suet.

Footnote 1229:

Cap. 57.

Footnote 1230:

Ep. I. 18.

Footnote 1231:

See _e. g._ Cæs. 81; Aug. 6, 94; Tib. 14, 74; Calig. 5, 57, &c.

Footnote 1232:

See Ep. III. 8.

Footnote 1233:

Ep. X. 95.

Footnote 1234:

Spart. L. of Had. c. ii.

Footnote 1235:

_S. v._ Τράγκυλλος.

Footnote 1236:

Lect. R. H. cxvi. note.

Footnote 1237:

De Suet. Fontibus. Berl. 1831.

Footnote 1238:

Ann. ii. 61.

Footnote 1239:

Cal. 19; Nero, 29; Tit. 3.

Footnote 1240:

Lib. cxvi.

Footnote 1241:

## Book iv. 20.

Footnote 1242:

## Book x. 9.

Footnote 1243:

Lect. R. H. cxxviii.

Footnote 1244:

See Bernhardy, Grundriss, 550.

Footnote 1245:

Anthol. Lat. ii. 97, Burm. or 212 Meyer. Titze ed. Flor. Prag. 1819.

Footnote 1246:

Ep. i. 3; ii. 2.

Footnote 1247:

Matth. 284.

Footnote 1248:

Præf. ad Controv. i. 67.

Footnote 1249:

A. D. 41.

Footnote 1250:

Tac. Ann. xii. 8.

Footnote 1251:

Ibid. xiii. 2.

Footnote 1252:

Quint. viii. 5, 18.

Footnote 1253:

Ibid. xiii. 42.

Footnote 1254:

A. D. 58.

Footnote 1255:

Quint. xiv. 53.

Footnote 1256:

Ibid. xv. 60.

Footnote 1257:

Ad. 65.

Footnote 1258:

Ep. 108.

Footnote 1259:

Ann. xiii.; xiv. 2.

Footnote 1260:

Lib. lxi. 10.

Footnote 1261:

Ep. 94, 95.

Footnote 1262:

Ep. 45.

Footnote 1263:

See _ex. gr._ Ep. 88, 106.

Footnote 1264:

See L. vii. c. 30.

Footnote 1265:

Anon. Life.

Footnote 1266:

Suet. Vit.; Hieron. Eus. Chron.

Footnote 1267:

Matth. H. of L. _s. v._

Footnote 1268:

Ep. iii. 5.

Footnote 1269:

See Præf. to N. H.

Footnote 1270:

A. D. 79.

Footnote 1271:

Ep. iv. 43.

Footnote 1272:

Ep. vi. 16, 20.

Footnote 1273:

Ep. vi. 20.

Footnote 1274:

See Proem. 17.

Footnote 1275:

Proem. 16, 17.

Footnote 1276:

See book ii.

Footnote 1277:

## Book ii.

Footnote 1278:

Books iii.-vi.

Footnote 1279:

Books vii.-xi.

Footnote 1280:

## Book vii. 4.

Footnote 1281:

## Book viii. 30.

Footnote 1282:

## Book viii. 30.

Footnote 1283:

## Book viii. 31.

Footnote 1284:

## Book viii. 33.

Footnote 1285:

Books xii.-xxvii.

Footnote 1286:

Books xxviii.-xxxii.

Footnote 1287:

Biogr. Un. art. Plin.

Footnote 1288:

Ep. vi. 20.

Footnote 1289:

Ep. ii. 1.

Footnote 1290:

Ep. vi. 6.

Footnote 1291:

Sen. Suasor. I.

Footnote 1292:

Ep. vii. 4.

Footnote 1293:

Ep. v. 8.

Footnote 1294:

Ep. iv. 13.

Footnote 1295:

Ep. i. 8.

Footnote 1296:

A. D. 100.

Footnote 1297:

Ep. x. 97 and 98.

Footnote 1298:

Ep. v. ii.

Footnote 1299:

Lib. x.

Footnote 1300:

Ep. viii. 5.

Footnote 1301:

Ep. v. i.

Footnote 1302:

Ep. vi. 20.

Footnote 1303:

A. D. 40.

Footnote 1304:

Auson. Profess. i. 7.

Footnote 1305:

Inst. Or. i. 138.

Footnote 1306:

I. O. iv. Proem.

Footnote 1307:

Pl. Ep. ii. 14.*

Footnote 1308:

Sat. vii. 197. Another professor of rhetoric, Ausonius, was also elevated to the consulship by the Emperor Gratian, A. D. 379.

Footnote 1309:

Suet. Vesp. 18.

Footnote 1310:

Juv. vii. 186.

Footnote 1311:

Ep. vi. 32.

Footnote 1312:

I. O. vi. Proem.

Footnote 1313:

Epig. i. 62.

Footnote 1314:

Epig. ii. 90.

Footnote 1315:

I. O. Proem. iv.

Footnote 1316:

I. O. Proem. I.

Footnote 1317:

Lib. i. i.

Footnote 1318:

Cap. ii.

Footnote 1319:

Cap. i.

Footnote 1320:

Lib. i. _passim_.

Footnote 1321:

Cap. iii.

Footnote 1322:

Cap. vi.

Footnote 1323:

Cap. vii.

Footnote 1324:

Cap. v.

Footnote 1325:

Cap. viii.

Footnote 1326:

Cap. xi.

Footnote 1327:

Cap. x.

Footnote 1328:

Lib. ii. i.

Footnote 1329:

Cap. iii.

Footnote 1330:

Cap. ii.

Footnote 1331:

Cap. iv. and v.

Footnote 1332:

Cap. xiii. _ad fin._

Footnote 1333:

Lib. i. ii.

Footnote 1334:

Cap. iii. _ad fin._

Footnote 1335:

Lib. iv. i.

Footnote 1336:

Cap. ii.

Footnote 1337:

Cap. iii. iv.

Footnote 1338:

Cap. v.

Footnote 1339:

Lib. v. i.-xiv.

Footnote 1340:

Cap. i.

Footnote 1341:

Cap. ii.

Footnote 1342:

Cap. iii.

Footnote 1343:

Cap. ii.

Footnote 1344:

Cap. iii.

Footnote 1345:

Cap. vi.

Footnote 1346:

Cap. iv.

Footnote 1347:

Lib. ix. i. ii. iii.

Footnote 1348:

Lib. x. i.

Footnote 1349:

Lib. x. ii.

Footnote 1350:

Lib. x. i. and lib. xii. x. xi.

Footnote 1351:

Lib. iii. iv.

Footnote 1352:

Cap. v.

Footnote 1353:

Cap. vi.

Footnote 1354:

Cap. vii.

Footnote 1355:

Lib. xi. i.

Footnote 1356:

Cap. ii. iii.

Footnote 1357:

_Vide_ Proem.

Footnote 1358:

Cap. i.

Footnote 1359:

Cap. i.

Footnote 1360:

Cap. ii.

Footnote 1361:

Lib. iv.

Footnote 1362:

Lib. iii.

Footnote 1363:

Cap. vi.

Footnote 1364:

Cap. vii.

Footnote 1365:

Cap. viii. ix.

Footnote 1366:

Suet. v. Ti.

Footnote 1367:

Lib. viii. 6.

Footnote 1368:

H. N. xxix.

Footnote 1369:

Cap. i. ii.

Footnote 1370:

Cap. iii. iv.

Footnote 1371:

Cap. v. vi.

Footnote 1372:

Cap. vii. viii.

Footnote 1373:

Lib. x. 185.

Footnote 1374:

Præf. 20.

Footnote 1375:

Lib. ii. 10.

Footnote 1376:

Lib. ii.

Footnote 1377:

Lib. i.

Footnote 1378:

Lib. vi. vii. viii. ix.

Footnote 1379:

Lib. iii. iv. v.

Footnote 1380:

Lib. xii.

Footnote 1381:

See Smith’s Dict. of Antiq. _s. v._

Footnote 1382:

A. D. 70.

Footnote 1383:

Tac. Agric.

Footnote 1384:

De Ag. I.

Footnote 1385:

About A. D. 106.

Footnote 1386:

Macrobius.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. The