M.

Macleay on analogical characters, 426. Madeira, plants of, 107. ----, beetles of, wingless, 135. ----, fossil land-shells of, 339. ----, birds of, 390. Magpie tame in Norway, 212. Maize, crossed, 270. Malay Archipelago compared with Europe, 300. ----, mammals of, 395. Malpighiaceæ, 417. Mammæ, rudimentary, 451. Mammals, fossil, in secondary formation, 304. ----, insular, 394. Man, origin of races of, 199. Manatee, rudimentary nails of, 454. Marsupials of Australia, 116. ----, fossil species of, 339. Martens, M., experiment on seeds, 360. Martin, Mr. W. C., on striped mules, 165. Matteucci on the electric organs of rays, 193. Matthiola, reciprocal crosses of, 258. Means of dispersal, 356. Melipona domestica, 225. Metamorphism of oldest rocks, 308. Mice destroying bees, 74. ----, acclimatisation of, 141. Migration, bears on first appearance of fossils, 297. Miller, Prof., on the cells of bees, 226. Mirabilis, crosses of, 258. Missel-thrush, 76. Misseltoe, complex relations of, 3. Mississippi, rate of deposition at mouth, 284. Mocking-thrush of the Galapagos, 402. Modification of species, how far applicable, 483. Moles, blind, 137. Mongrels, fertility and sterility of, 268. ---- and hybrids compared, 272. {498} Monkeys, fossil, 304. Monocanthus, 424. Mons, Van, on the origin of fruit-trees, 29. Moquin-Tandon on sea-side plants, 132. Morphology, 433. Mozart, musical powers of, 209. Mud, seeds in, 386. Mules, striped, 165. Müller, Dr. F., on Alpine Australian plants, 375. Murchison, Sir R., on the formations of Russia, 290. ----, on azoic formations, 308. ----, on extinction, 317. Mustela vison, 179. Myanthus, 424. Myrmecocystus, 239. Myrmica, eyes of, 240.

N.

Nails, rudimentary, 454. Natural history, future progress of, 485. ---- selection, 80. ---- system, 413. Naturalisation of forms distinct from the indigenous species, 115. ---- in New Zealand, 201. Nautilus, Silurian, 307. Nectar of plants, 92. Nectaries, how formed, 92. Nelumbium luteum, 387. Nests, variation in, 211. Neuter insects, 236. Newman, Mr., on humble-bees, 74. New Zealand, productions of, not perfect, 201. ----, naturalised products of, 337. ----, fossil birds of, 339. ----, glacial action in, 373. ----, crustaceans of, 376. ----, algæ of, 376. ----, number of plants of, 389. ----, flora of, 399. Nicotiana, crossed varieties of, 271. ----, certain species very sterile, 257. Noble, Mr., on fertility of Rhododendron, 252. Nodules, phosphatic, in azoic rocks, 308.

O.

Oak, varieties of, 50. Onites apelles, 135. Orchis, pollen of, 193. Organs of extreme perfection, 186. ----, electric, of fishes, 192. ---- of little importance, 194. ----, homologous, 434. ----, rudiments of, and nascent, 450. Ornithorhynchus, 107, 416. Ostrich not capable of flight, 134. ----, habit of laying eggs together, 218. ----, American, two species of, 349. Otter, habits of, how acquired, 179. Ouzel, water, 185. Owen, Prof., on birds not flying, 134. ----, on vegetative repetition, 149. ----, on variable length of arms in ourang-outang, 150. ----, on the swim-bladder of fishes, 191. ----, on electric organs, 192. ----, on fossil horse of La Plata, 319. ----, on relations of ruminants and pachyderms, 329. ----, on fossil birds of New Zealand, 339. ----, on succession of types, 339. ----, on affinities of the dugong, 414. ----, on homologous organs, 434. ----, on the metamorphosis of cephalopods and spiders, 442.

P.

Pacific Ocean, faunas of, 348. Paley on no organ formed to give pain, 201. Pallas on the fertility of the wild stocks of domestic animals, 254. Paraguay, cattle destroyed by flies, 72. Parasites, 217. Partridge, dirt on feet, 363. Parts greatly developed, variable, 150. ----, degrees of utility of, 201. Parus major, 184. Passiflora, 251. Peaches in United States, 85. Pear, grafts of, 262. {499} Pelargonium, flowers of, 145. ----, sterility of, 251. Pelvis of women, 144. Peloria, 145. Period, glacial, 365. Petrels, habits of, 184. Phasianus, fertility of hybrids, 253. Pheasant, young, wild, 216. Philippi on tertiary species in Sicily, 312. Pictet, Prof., on groups of species suddenly appearing, 302, 305. ----, on rate of organic change, 313. ----, on continuous succession of genera, 316. ----, on close alliance of fossils in consecutive formations, 335. ----, on embryological succession, 338. Pierce, Mr., on varieties of wolves, 91. Pigeons with feathered feet and skin between toes, 12. ----, breeds described, and origin of, 20. ----, breeds of, how produced, 39, 42. ----, tumbler, not being able to get out of egg, 87. ----, reverting to blue colour, 160. ----, instinct of tumbling, 214. ----, carriers, killed by hawks, 362. ----, young of, 445. Pistil, rudimentary, 451. Plants, poisonous, not affecting certain coloured animals, 12. ----, selection applied to, 32. ----, gradual improvement of, 37. ---- not improved in barbarous countries, 38. ---- destroyed by insects, 67. ----, in midst of range, have to struggle with other plants, 77. ----, nectar of, 92. ----, fleshy, on sea-shores, 132. ----, fresh-water, distribution of, 386. ----, low in scale, widely distributed, 406. Plumage, laws of change in sexes of birds, 89. Plums in the United States, 85. Pointer dog, origin of, 35. ----, habits of, 213. Poison not affecting certain coloured animals, 12. ----, similar effect of, on animals and plants, 484. Pollen of fir-trees, 203. Poole, Col., on striped hemionus, 163. Potamogeton, 387. Prestwich, Mr., on English and French eocene formations, 328. Primrose, 49. ----, sterility of, 247. Primula, varieties of, 49. Proteolepas, 148. Proteus, 139. Psychology, future progress of, 489.

Q.

Quagga, striped, 165. Quince, grafts of, 262.

R.

Rabbit, disposition of young, 215. Races, domestic, characters of, 16. Race-horses, Arab, 35. ----, English, 356. Ramond on plants of Pyrenees, 368. Ramsay, Prof., on thickness of the British formations, 284. ----, on faults, 285. Ratio of increase, 63. Rats, supplanting each other, 76. ----, acclimatisation of, 141. ----, blind in cave, 137. Rattle-snake, 201. Reason and instinct, 208. Recapitulation, general, 459. Reciprocity of crosses, 258. Record, geological, imperfect, 279. Rengger on flies destroying cattle, 72. Reproduction, rate of, 63. Resemblance to parents in mongrels and hybrids, 273. Reversion, law of inheritance, 14. ---- in pigeons to blue colour, 160. Rhododendron, sterility of, 251. Richard, Prof., on Aspicarpa, 417. Richardson, Sir J., on structure of squirrels, 180. ----, on fishes of the southern hemisphere, 376. Robinia, grafts of, 262. {500} Rodents, blind, 137. Rudimentary organs, 450. Rudiments important for classification, 416.

S.

Sagaret on grafts, 262. Salmons, males fighting, and hooked jaws of, 88. Salt-water, how far injurious to seeds, 358. Saurophagus sulphuratus, 183. Schiödte on blind insects, 138. Schlegel on snakes, 144. Sea-water, how far injurious to seeds, 358. Sebright, Sir J., on crossed animals, 20. ----, on selection of pigeons, 31. Sedgwick, Prof., on groups of species suddenly appearing, 302. Seedlings destroyed by insects, 67. Seeds, nutriment in, 77. ----, winged, 146. ----, power of resisting salt-water, 358. ---- in crops and intestines of birds, 361. ---- eaten by fish, 362, 387. ---- in mud, 386. ----, hooked, on islands, 392. Selection of domestic products, 29. ----, principle not of recent origin, 33. ----, unconscious, 34. ----, natural, 80. ----, sexual, 87. ----, natural, circumstances favourable to, 102. Sexes, relations of, 87. Sexual characters variable, 156. ---- selection, 87. Sheep, Merino, their selection, 31. ----, two sub-breeds unintentionally produced, 36. ----, mountain, varieties of, 76. Shells, colours of, 132. ----, littoral, seldom embedded, 288. ----, fresh-water, dispersal of, 385 ---- of Madeira, 391. ----, land, distribution of, 397. Silene, fertility of crosses, 257. Silliman, Prof., on blind rat, 137. Skulls of young mammals, 197, 436. Slave-making instinct, 219. Smith, Col. Hamilton, on striped horses, 164. ----, Mr. Fred., on slave-making ants, 219. ----, on neuter ants, 239. ----, Mr., of Jordan Hill, on the degradation of coast-rocks, 283. Snap-dragon, 161. Somerville, Lord, on selection of sheep, 31. Sorbus, grafts of, 262. Spaniel, King Charles's breed, 35. Species, polymorphic, 46. ----, common, variable, 53. ---- in large genera variable, 54. ----, groups of, suddenly appearing, 302, 307. ---- beneath Silurian formations, 307. ---- successively appearing, 312. ---- changing simultaneously throughout the world, 322. Spencer, Lord, on increase in size of cattle, 35. Sphex, parasitic, 218. Spiders, development of, 442. Spitz-dog crossed with fox, 268. Sports in plants, 9. Sprengel, C. C, on crossing, 98. ----, on ray-florets, 145. Squirrels, gradations in structure, 180. Staffordshire, heath, changes in, 71. Stag-beetles, fighting, 88. Sterility from changed conditions of life, 9. ---- of hybrids, 246. ---- ----, laws of, 255. ---- ----, causes of, 263. ---- from unfavourable conditions, 265. ---- of certain varieties, 269. St. Helena, productions of, 390. St. Hilaire, Aug., on classification, 418. St. John, Mr., on habits of cats, 91. Sting of bee, 202. Stocks, aboriginal, of domestic animals, 18. Strata, thickness of, in Britain, 284. Stripes on horses, 163. {501} Structure, degrees of utility of, 201. Struggle for existence, 60. Succession, geological, 312. Succession of types in same areas, 338. Swallow, one species supplanting another, 76. Swim-bladder, 190. System, natural, 413.

T.

Tail of giraffe, 195. ---- of aquatic animals, 196. ----, rudimentary, 454. Tarsi deficient, 135. Tausch on umbelliferous flowers, 146. Teeth and hair correlated, 144. ----, embryonic, traces of, in birds, 450. ----, rudimentary, in embryonic calf, 450, 480. Tegetmeier, Mr., on cells of bees, 228, 233. Temminck on distribution aiding classification, 419. Thouin on grafts, 262. Thrush, aquatic species of, 185. ----, mocking, of the Galapagos, 402. ----, young of, spotted, 439. ----, nest of, 243. Thuret, M., on crossed fuci, 258. Thwaites, Mr., on acclimatisation, 140. Tierra del Fuego, dogs of, 215. ----, plants of, 374, 378. Timber-drift, 360. Time, lapse of, 282. Titmouse, 184. Toads on islands, 393. Tobacco, crossed varieties of, 271. Tomes, Mr., on the distribution of bats, 395. Transitions in varieties rare, 172. Trees on islands belong to peculiar orders, 392. ---- with separated sexes, 99. Trifolium pratense, 73, 94. ---- incarnatum, 94. Trigonia, 321. Trilobites, 307. ----, sudden extinction of, 321. Troglodytes, 243. Tucutucu, blind, 137. Tumbler pigeons, habits of, hereditary, 214. ----, young of, 446. Turkey-cock, brush of hair on breast, 90. Turkey, naked skin on head, 197. ----, young, wild, 216. Turnip and cabbage, analogous variations of, 159. Type, unity of, 206. Types, succession of, in same areas, 339.

U.

Udders enlarged by use, 11. ----, rudimentary, 451. Ulex, young leaves of, 439. Umbelliferæ, outer and inner florets of, 144. Unity of type, 206. Use, effects of, under domestication, 11. ----, effects of, in a state of nature, 134. Utility, how far important in the construction of each part, 199.