Part 7

_Justin_, in his 18th book, tells us: _A rege Ascaloniorum expugnati Sidonii navibus appulsi Tyron urbem ante annum * * Trojanæ cladis condiderunt_ And _Strabo_, [89] that _Aradus was built by the men who fled from _Zidon__. Hence [90] _Isaiah_ calls _Tyre_ _the daughter of _Zidon_, the inhabitants of the Isle whom the Merchants of _Zidon_ have replenished_: and [91] _Solomon_ in the beginning of his Reign calls the People of _Tyre_ _Zidonians_. _My Servants_, saith he, in a Message to _Hiram_ King of _Tyre_, _shall be with thy Servants, and unto thee will I give hire for thy Servants according to all that thou desirest: for thou knowest that there is not among us any that can skill to hew timber like the _Zidonians__. The new Inhabitants of _Tyre_ had not yet lost the name of _Zidonians_, nor had the old Inhabitants, if there were any considerable number of them, gained the reputation of the new ones for skill in hewing of timber, as they would have done had navigation been long in use at _Tyre_. The Artificers who came from _Zidon_ were not dead, and the flight of the _Zidonians_ was in the Reign of _David_, and by consequence in the beginning of the Reign of _Abibalus_ the father of _Hiram_, and the first King of _Tyre_ mentioned in History. _David_ in the twelfth year of his Reign conquered _Edom_, as above, and made some of the _Edomites_, and chiefly the Merchants and Seamen, fly from the _Red Sea_ to the _Philistims_ upon the _Mediterranean_, where they fortified _Azoth_. For [92] _Stephanus_ tells us: Ταυτην εκτισεν ‛εις των επανελθοντων απ' Ερυθρας θαλασσης Φευγαδων: _One of the Fugitives from the Red Sea built_ Azoth: that is, a Prince of _Edom_, who fled from _David_, fortified _Azoth_ for the _Philistims_ against him. The _Philistims_ were now grown very strong, by the access of the _Edomites_ and Shepherds, and by their assistance invaded and took _Zidon_, that being a town very convenient for the Merchants who fled from the _Red Sea_: and then did the _Zidonians_ fly by Sea to _Tyre_ and _Aradus_, and to other havens in _Asia Minor_, _Greece_, and _Libya_, with which, by means of their trade, they had been acquainted before; the great wars and victories of _David_ their enemy, prompting them to fly by Sea: for [93] they went with a great multitude, not to seek _Europa_ as was pretended, but to seek new Seats, and therefore fled from their enemies: and when some of them fled under _Cadmus_ and his brothers to _Cilicia_, _Asia minor_, and _Greece_; others fled under other Commanders to seek new Seats in _Libya_, and there built many walled towns, as _Nonnus_ [94] affirms: and their leader was also there called _Cadmus_, which word signifies an eastern man, and his wife was called _Sithonis_ a _Zidonian_. Many from those Cities went afterwards with the great _Bacchus_ in his Armies: and by these things, the taking of _Zidon_, and the flight of the _Zidonians_ under _Abibalus_, _Cadmus_, _Cilix_, _Thasus_, _Membliarius_, _Atymnus_, and other Captains, to _Tyre_, _Aradus_, _Cilicia_, _Rhodes_, _Caria_, _Bithynia_, _Phrygia_, _Calliste_, _Thasus_, _Samothrace_, _Crete_, _Greece_ and _Libya_, and the building of _Tyre_ and _Thebes_, and beginning of the Reigns of _Abibalus_ and _Cadmus_ over those Cities, are fixed upon the fifteenth or sixteenth year of _David_'s Reign, or thereabout. By means of these Colonies of _Phœnicians_, the people of _Caria_ learnt sea-affairs, in such small vessels with oars as were then in use, and began to frequent the _Greek Seas_, and people some of the Islands therein, before the Reign of _Minos_: for _Cadmus_, in coming to _Greece_, arrived first at _Rhodes_, an Island upon the borders of _Caria_, and left there a Colony of _Phœnicians_, who sacrificed men to _Saturn_, and the _Telchines_ being repulsed by _Phoroneus_, retired from _Argos_ to _Rhodes_ with _Phorbas_, who purged the Island from Serpents; and _Triopas_, the son of _Phorbas_, carried a Colony from _Rhodes_ to _Caria_, and there possessed himself of a promontory, thence called _Triopium_: and by this and such like Colonies _Caria_ was furnished with Shipping and Seamen, and called [95] _Phœnice_. _Strabo_ and _Herodotus_ [96] tell us, that the _Cares_ were called _Leleges_, and became subject to _Minos_, and lived first in the Islands of the _Greek Seas_, and went thence into _Caria_, a country possest before by some of the _Leleges_ and _Pelasgi_: whence it's probable that when _Lelex_ and _Pelasgus_ came first into _Greece_ to seek new Seats, they left part of their Colonies in _Caria_ and the neighbouring Islands.

The _Zidonians_ being still possessed of the trade of the _Mediterranean_, as far westward as _Greece_ and _Libya_, and the trade of the _Red Sea_ being richer; the _Tyrians_ traded on the _Red Sea_ in conjunction with _Solomon_ and the Kings of _Judah_, 'till after the _Trojan_ war; and so also did the Merchants of _Aradus_, _Arvad_, or _Arpad_: for in the _Persian Gulph_ [97] were two Islands called _Tyre_ and _Aradus_, which had Temples like the _Phœnician_; and therefore the _Tyrians_ and _Aradians_ sailed thither, and beyond, to the Coasts of _India_, while the _Zidonians_ frequented the _Mediterranean_: and hence it is that _Homer_ celebrates _Zidon_, and makes no mention of _Tyre_. But at length, [98] in the Reign of _Jehoram_ King of _Judah_, _Edom_ revolted from the Dominion of _Judah_, and made themselves a King; and the trade of _Judah_ and _Tyre_ upon the _Red Sea_ being thereby interrupted, the _Tyrians_ built ships for merchandise upon the _Mediterranean_, and began there to make long Voyages to places not yet frequented by the _Zidonians_; some of them going to the coasts of _Afric_ beyond the _Syrtes_, and building _Adrymetum_, _Carthage_, _Leptis_, _Utica_, and _Capsa_; and others going to the Coasts of _Spain_, and building _Carteia_, _Gades_ and _Tartessus_; and others going further to the _Fortunate Islands_, and to _Britain_ and _Thule_. _Jehoram_ Reigned eight years, and the two last years was sick in his bowels, and before that sickness _Edom_ revolted, because of _Jehoram_'s wicked Reign: if we place that revolt about the middle of the first six years, it will fall upon the fifth year of _Pygmalion_ King of _Tyre_, and so was about twelve or fifteen years after the taking of _Troy_: and then, by reason of this revolt, the _Tyrians_ retired from the _Red Sea_, and began long Voyages upon the _Mediterranean_; for in the seventh year of _Pygmalion_, his Sister _Dido_ sailed to the Coast of _Afric_ beyond the _Syrtes_, and there built _Carthage_. This retiring of the _Tyrians_ from the _Red Sea_ to make long Voyages on the _Mediterranean_, together with the flight of the _Edomites_ from _David_ to the _Philistims_, gave occasion to the tradition both of the ancient _Persians_, and of the _Phœnicians_ themselves, that the _Phœnicians_ came originally from the _Red Sea_ to the coasts of the _Mediterranean_, and presently undertook long Voyages, as _Herodotus_ [99] relates: for _Herodotus_, in the beginning of his first book, relates that the _Phœnicians_ coming from the _Red Sea_ to the _Mediterranean_, and beginning to make long Voyages with _Egyptian_ and _Assyrian_ wares, among other places came to _Argos_, and having sold their wares, seized and carried away into _Egypt_ some of the _Grecian_ women who came to buy them; and amongst those women was _Io_ the daughter of _Inachus_. The _Phœnicians_ therefore came from the _Red Sea_, in the days of _Io_ and her brother _Phoroneus_ King of _Argos_, and by consequence at that time when _David_ conquered the _Edomites_, and made them fly every way from the _Red Sea_; some into _Egypt_ with their young King, and others to the _Philistims_ their next neighbours and the enemies of _David_. And this flight gave occasion to the _Philistims_ to call many places _Erythra_, in memory of their being _Erythreans_ or _Edomites_, and of their coming from the _Erythrean_ Sea; for _Erythra_ was the name of a City in _Ionia_, of another in _Libya_, of another in _Locris_, of another in _Bœotia_, of another in _Cyprus_, of another in _Ætolia_, of another in _Asia_ near _Chius_; and _Erythia Acra_ was a promontory in _Libya_, and _Erythræum_ a promontory in _Crete_, and _Erythros_ a place near _Tybur_, and _Erythini_ a City or Country in _Paphlagonia_: and the name _Erythea_ or _Erythræ_ was given to the Island _Gades_, peopled by _Phœnicians_. So _Solinus_, [100] _In capite Bæticæ insula a continenti septingentis passibus memoratur quam Tyrii a rubro mari profecti Erytheam, Pœni sua lingua Gadir, id est sepem nominarunt._ And _Pliny_, [101] concerning a little Island near it; _Erythia dicta est quoniam Tyrii Aborigines eorum, orti ab Erythræo mari ferebantur._ Among the _Phœnicians_ who came with _Cadmus_ into _Greece_, there were [102] _Arabians_, and [103] _Erythreans_ or Inhabitants of the _Red Sea_, that is _Edomites_; and in _Thrace_ there settled a People who were circumcised and called _Odomantes_, that is, as some think, _Edomites_. _Edom_, _Erythra_ and _Phœnicia_ are names of the same signification, the words denoting a red colour: which makes it probable that the _Erythreans_ who fled from _David_, settled in great numbers in _Phœnicia_, that is, in all the Sea-coasts of _Syria_ from _Egypt_ to _Zidon_; and by calling themselves _Phœnicians_ in the language of _Syria_, instead of _Erythreans_, gave the name of _Phœnicia_ to all that Sea-coast, and to that only. So _Strabo_: [104] ‛Οι μεν γαρ και τους Φοινικας, και τους Σιδονιους τους καθ' ‛ημας αποικους ειναι των εν τωι Ωκεανωι φασι, προστιθεντες και δια τι Φοινικες εκαλουντο, ‛οτι και ‛η θαλαττα ερυθρα. _Alii referunt Phœnices & Sidonios nostros esse colonos eorum qui sunt in Oceano, addentes illos ideo vocari Phœnices _[puniceos]_ quod mare rubrum sit._

_Strabo_ [105] mentioning the first men who left the Sea-coasts, and ventured out into the deep, and undertook long Voyages, names _Bacchus_, _Hercules_, _Jason_, _Ulysses_ and _Menelaus_; and saith that the Dominion of _Minos_ over the Sea was celebrated, and the Navigation of the _Phœnicians_ who went beyond the Pillars of _Hercules_, and built Cities there, and in the middle of the Sea-coasts of _Afric_, presently after the war of _Troy_. These _Phœnicians_ [106] were the _Tyrians_, who at that time built _Carthage_ in _Afric_, and _Carteia_ in _Spain_, and _Gades_ in the Island of that name without the _Straights_; and gave the name of _Hercules_ to their chief Leader, because of his labours and success, and that of _Heraclea_ to the city _Carteia_ which he built. So _Strabo_: [107] Εκπλεουσιν ουν εκ της ‛ημετερας θαλαττης εις την εξω, δεξιον εστι τουτο· και προς αυτο Καλπη [Καρτηια] [108] πολις εν τετταρακοντα σταδιοις αξιολογος και παλαια, ναυσταθμον ποτε γενομενη των Ιβηρων· ενιοι δε και Ηρακλεους κτισμα λεγουσιν αυτην, ‛ων εστι και Τιμοσθενης· ‛ος Φησι και Ηρακλειαν ονομαζεσθαι το παλαιον· δεικνυσθαι τε μεγαν περιβολον, και νεωσοικους. _Mons Calpe ad dextram est e nostro mari foras navigantibus, & ad quadraginta inde stadia urbs Carteia vetusta ac memorabilis, olim statio navibus Hispanorum. Hanc ab Hercule quidam conditam aiunt, inter quos est Timosthenes, qui eam antiquitus Heracleam fuisse appellatam refert, ostendique adhuc magnum murorum circuitum & navalia._ This _Hercules_, in memory of his building and Reigning over the City _Carteia_, they called also _Melcartus_, the King of _Carteia_. _Bochart_ [109] writes, that _Carteia_ was at first called _Melcarteia_, from its founder _Melcartus_, and by an _Aphæresis_, _Carteia_; and that _Melcartus_ signifies _Melec Kartha_, the King of the city, that is, saith he, of the city _Tyre_: but considering that no ancient Author tells us, that _Carteia_ was ever called _Melcarteia_, or that _Melcartus_ was King of _Tyre_; I had rather say that _Melcartus_, or _Melecartus_, had his name from being the Founder and Governor or Prince of the city _Carteia_. Under _Melcartus_ the _Tyrians_ sailed as far as _Tartessus_ or _Tarshish_, a place in the Western part of _Spain_, between the two mouths of the river _Bœtis_, and there they [110] met with much silver, which they purchased for trifles: they sailed also as far as _Britain_ before the death of _Melcartus_; for [111] _Pliny_ tells us, _Plumbum ex Cassiteride insula primus apportavit Midacritus_: And _Bochart_ [112] observes that _Midacritus_ is a _Greek_ name corruptly written for _Melcartus_; _Britain_ being unknown to the _Greeks_ long after it was discovered by the _Phœnicians_. After the death of _Melcartus_, they [113] built a Temple to him in the Island _Gades_, and adorned it with the sculptures of the labours of _Hercules_, and of his _Hydra_, and the Horses to whom he threw _Diomedes_, King of the _Bistones_ in _Thrace_, to be devoured. In this Temple was the golden Belt of _Teucer_, and the golden Olive of _Pygmalion_ bearing _Smaragdine_ fruit: and by these consecrated gifts of _Teucer_ and _Pygmalion_, you may know that it was built in their days. _Pomponius_ derives it from the times of the _Trojan_ war; for _Teucer_, seven years after that war, according to the Marbles, arrived at _Cyprus_, being banished from home by his father _Telamon_, and there built _Salamis_: and he and his Posterity Reigned there 'till _Evagoras_, the last of them, was conquered by the _Persians_, in the twelfth year of _Artaxerxes Mnemon_. Certainly this _Tyrian Hercules_ could be no older than the _Trojan_ war, because the _Tyrians_ did not begin to navigate the _Mediterranean_ 'till after that war: for _Homer_ and _Hesiod_ knew nothing of this navigation, and the _Tyrian Hercules_ went to the coasts of _Spain_, and was buried in _Gades_: so _Arnobius_ [114]; _Tyrius Hercules sepultus in finibus Hispaniæ_: and _Mela_, speaking of the Temple of _Hercules_ in _Gades_, saith, _Cur sanctum sit ossa ejus ibi sepulta efficiunt_. _Carthage_ [115] paid tenths to this _Hercules_, and sent their payments yearly to _Tyre_: and thence it's probable that this _Hercules_ went to the coast of _Afric_, as well as to that of _Spain_, and by his discoveries prepared the way to _Dido_: _Orosius_ [116] and others tell us that he built _Capsa_ there. _Josephus_ tells of an earlier _Hercules_, to whom _Hiram_ built a Temple at _Tyre_: and perhaps there might be also an earlier _Hercules_ of _Tyre_, who set on foot their trade on the _Red Sea_ in the days of _David_ or _Solomon_.

_Tatian_, in his book against the _Greeks_, relates, that amongst the _Phœnicians_ flourished three ancient Historians, _Theodotus_, _Hysicrates_ and _Mochus_, _who all of them delivered in their histories, translated into _Greek_ by _Latus_, under which of the Kings happened the rapture of _Europa_; the voyage of _Menelaus_ into _Phœnicia_; and the league and friendship between _Solomon_ and _Hiram_, when _Hiram_ gave his daughter to _Solomon_, and furnished him with timber for building the Temple: and that the same is affirmed by _Menander_ of _Pergamus__. _Josephus_ [117] lets us know that the Annals of the _Tyrians_, from the days of _Abibalus_ and _Hiram_, Kings of _Tyre_, were extant in his days; and that _Menander_ of _Pergamus_ translated them into _Greek_, and that _Hiram_'s friendship to _Solomon_, and assistance in building the Temple, was mentioned in them; and that the Temple was founded in the eleventh year of _Hiram_: and by the testimony of _Menander_ and the ancient _Phœnician_ historians, the rapture of _Europa_, and by consequence the coming of her brother _Cadmus_ into _Greece_, happened within the time of the Reigns of the Kings of _Tyre_ delivered in these histories; and therefore not before the Reign of _Abibalus_, the first of them, nor before the Reign of King _David_ his contemporary. The voyage of _Menelaus_ might be after the destruction of _Troy_. _Solomon_ therefore Reigned in the times between the raptures of _Europa_ and _Helena_, and _Europa_ and her brother _Cadmus_ flourished in the days or _David_. _Minos_, the son of _Europa_, flourished in the Reign of _Solomon_, and part of the Reign of _Rehoboam_: and the children of _Minos_, namely _Androgeus_ his eldest son, _Deucalion_ his youngest son and one of the _Argonauts_, _Ariadne_ the mistress of _Theseus_ and _Bacchus_, and _Phædra_ the wife of _Theseus_; flourished in the latter end of _Solomon_, and in the Reigns of _Rehoboam_, _Abijah_ and _Asa_: and _Idomeneus_, the grandson of _Minos_, was at the war of _Troy_: and _Hiram_ succeeded his father _Abibalus_, in the three and twentieth year of _David_: and _Abibalus_ might found the Kingdom of _Tyre_ about sixteen or eighteen years before, when _Zidon_ was taken by the _Philistims_; and the _Zidonians_ fled from thence, under the conduct of _Cadmus_ and other commanders, to seek new seats. Thus by the Annals of _Tyre_, and the ancient _Phœnician_ Historians who followed them, _Abibalus_, _Alymnus_, _Cadmus_, and _Europa_ fled from _Zidon_ about the sixteenth year of _David_'s Reign: and the _Argonautic_ Expedition being later by about three Generations, will be about three hundred years later than where the _Greeks_ have placed it.

After Navigation in long ships with sails, and one order of oars, had been propagated from _Egypt_ to _Phœnicia_ and _Greece_, and thereby the _Zidonians_ had extended their trade to _Greece_, and carried it on about an hundred and fifty years; and then the _Tyrians_ being driven from the _Red Sea_ by the _Edomites_, had begun a new trade on the _Mediterranean_ with _Spain_, _Afric_, _Britain_, and other remote nations; they carried it on about an hundred and sixty years; and then the _Corinthians_ began to improve Navigation, by building bigger ships with three orders of oars, called _Triremes_. For [118] _Thucydides_ tells us that the _Corinthians_ were the first of the _Greeks_ who built such ships, and that a ship-carpenter of _Corinth_ went thence to _Samos_, about 300 years before the end of the _Peloponnesian_ war, and built also four ships for the _Samians_; and that 260 years before the end of that war, that is, about the 29th Olympiad, there was a fight at sea between the _Corinthians_ and the _Corcyreans_ which was the oldest sea-fight mentioned in history. _Thucydides_ tells us further, that the first colony which the _Greeks_ sent into _Sicily_, came from _Chalcis_ in _Eubœa_, under the conduct of _Thucles_, and built _Naxus_; and the next year _Archias_ came from _Corinth_ with a colony, and built _Syracuse_; and that _Lamis_ came about the same time into _Sicily_, with a colony from _Megara_ in _Achaia_, and lived first at _Trotilum_, and then at _Leontini_, and died at _Thapsus_ near _Syracuse_; and that after his death, this colony was invited by _Hyblo_ to _Megara_ in _Sicily_, and lived there 245 years, and was then expelled by _Gelo_ King of _Sicily_. Now _Gelo_ flourished about 78 years before the end of the _Peloponnesian_ war: count backwards the 78 and the 245 years, and about 12 years more for the Reign of _Lamis_ in _Sicily_, and the reckoning will place the building of _Syracuse_ about 335 years before the end of the _Peloponnesian_ war, or in the tenth Olympiad; and about that time _Eusebius_ and others place it: but it might be twenty or thirty years later, the antiquities of those days having been raised more or less by the _Greeks_. From the colonies henceforward sent into _Italy_ and _Sicily_ came the name of _Græcia magna_.

_Thucydides_ [119] tells us further, that the _Greeks_ began to come into _Sicily_ almost three hundred years after the _Siculi_ had invaded that Island with an army out of _Italy_: suppose it 280 years after, and the building of _Syracuse_ 310 years before the end of the _Peloponnesian_ war; and that invasion of _Sicily_ by the _Siculi_ will be 590 years before the end of that war, that is, in the 27th year of _Solomon_'s Reign, or thereabout. _Hellanicus_ [120] tells us, that it was in the third Generation before the _Trojan_ war; and in the 26th year of the Priesthood of _Alcinoe_, Priestess of _Juno Argiva_: and _Philistius_ of _Syracuse_, that it was 80 years before the _Trojan_ war: whence it follows that the _Trojan_ war and _Argonautic_ Expedition were later than the days of _Solomon_ and _Rehoboam_, and could not be much earlier than where we have placed them.

The Kingdom of _Macedon_ [121] was founded by _Caranus_ and _Perdiccas_, who being of the Race of _Temenus_ King of _Argos_, fled from _Argos_ in the Reign of _Phidon_ the brother of _Caranus_. _Temenus_ was one of the three brothers who led the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_, and shared the conquest among themselves: he obtained _Argos_; and after him, and his son _Cisus_, the Kingdom of _Argos_ became divided among the posterity of _Temenus_, until _Phidon_ reunited it, expelling his kindred. _Phidon_ grew potent, appointed weights and measures in _Peloponnesus_, and coined silver money; and removing the _Pisæans_ and _Eleans_, presided in the Olympic games; but was soon after subdued by the _Eleans_ and _Spartans_. _Herodotus_ [122] reckons that _Perdiccas_ was the first King of _Macedon_; later writers, as _Livy_, _Pausanias_ and _Suidas_, make _Caranus_ the first King: _Justin_ calls _Perdiccas_ the Sucessor of _Caranus_; and _Solinus_ saith that _Perdiccas_ succeeded _Caranus_; and was the first that obtained the name of King. It's probable that _Caranus_ and _Perdiccas_ were contemporaries, and fled about the same time from _Phidon_, and at first erected small principalities in _Macedonia_, which, after the death of _Caranus_, became one under _Perdiccas_. _Herodotus_ [123] tells us, that after _Perdiccas_ Reigned _Aræus_, or _Argæus_, _Philip_, _Æropus_, _Alcetas_, _Amyntas_, and _Alexander_, successively. _Alexander_ was contemporary to _Xerxes_ King of _Persia_, and died _An._ 4. Olymp. 79, and was succeeded by _Perdiccas_, and he by his son _Archelaus_: and _Thucydides_ [124] tells us that there were eight Kings of _Macedon_ before this _Archelaus_: now by reckoning above forty years a-piece to these Kings, Chronologers have made _Phidon_ and _Caranus_ older than the Olympiads; whereas if we should reckon their Reigns at about 18 or 20 years a-piece one with another, the first seven Reigns counted backwards from the death of this _Alexander_, will place the dominion of _Phidon_, and the beginning of the Kingdom of _Macedon_ under _Perdiccas_ and _Caranus_, upon the 46th or 47th Olympiad, or thereabout. It could scarce be earlier, because _Leocides_ the son of _Phidon_, and _Megacles_ the son of _Alcmæon_, at one and the same time courted _Agarista_, the daughter of _Clisthenes_ King of _Sicyon_, as _Herodotus_ [125] tells us; and the _Amphictyons_, by the advice of _Solon_, made _Alcmæon_, and _Clisthenes_, and _Eurolycus_ King of _Thessaly_, commanders of their army, in their war against _Cirrha_; and the _Cirrheans_ were conquered _An._ 2. Olymp. 47. according to the Marbles. _Phidon_ therefore and his brother _Caranus_ were contemporary to _Solon_, _Alcmæon_, _Clisthenes_, and _Eurolycus_, and flourished about the 48th and 49th Olympiads. They were also contemporary in their later days to _Crœsus_; for _Solon_ conversed with _Crœsus_, and _Alcmæon_ entertained and conducted the messengers whom _Crœsus_ sent to consult the Oracle at _Delphi_, _An._ 1. Olymp. 56. according to the Marbles, and was sent for by _Crœsus_, and rewarded with much riches.