CHAPTER IX

SUMMARY

RELIGION

A study of the material presented shows that the Lenape believed in a Great Spirit, or Creator, whose goodness is acknowledged, who is thanked for past blessings and petitioned for their continuance, but who is not their only god. He is, however, the great chief of all, and dwells in the twelfth, or highest heaven. He created everything, either with his own hands or through agents sent by him, and all the powers of nature were assigned to their duties by his word. That these concepts are not new among the Lenape may be seen from the fact that most of the early writers who treat of this people have noticed such beliefs among them, which can be traced back as far as 1679.

This Great Spirit gave the four quarters of the earth and the winds that come from them to four powerful beings, or _manĭʹtowŭk_, namely, Our Grandfather where daylight begins, Our Grandmother where it is warm, Our Grandfather where the sun goes down, and Our Grandfather where it is winter. To the Sun and the Moon, regarded as persons and addressed as Elder Brothers by the Indians, he gave the duty of providing light, and to our Elder Brothers the Thunders, man-like beings with wings, the task of watering the crops, and of protecting the people against the Great Horned Serpents and other water monsters. To the Living Solid Face, or Mask Being, was given charge of all the wild animals; to the Corn Spirit, control over all vegetation, while Our Mother, the Earth, received the task of carrying and feeding the people.

Besides these powerful personages were many lesser ones, such as the Small People, the Doll Being, the Snow Boy, and the Great Bear. Certain localities, moreover, were the abode of supernatural beings, while animals and plants were thought to have spirits of their own. Besides these there were, of course, the countless spirits of the human dead who were still supposed to retain some influence in earthly affairs.

This, then, was the supernatural world which, to the mind of the Lenape, controlled all things—on which they must depend for health, for success in all their undertakings, even the daily task of deer-hunting or corn-raising. Benevolent beings must be pleased, and bad spirits combated and overcome, or at least placated.

There was, however, until very lately, no conception of a “devil” in the modern sense of the word.

The main channel of communication between the supernatural world and man was the dream or vision, obtained, as before described, by fasting and consequent purification in youth. Through the vision the young man obtained his guardian spirit or supernatural helper, who gave him some power or blessing that was his main dependence through life, his aid in time of trouble, the secret of his success. No wonder, then, that visions and helpers form the basis of Lenape belief and worship. Among the guardian spirits figured not only such great powers as the Sun and the Thunder Beings, the personified powers of nature, but the spirits representing various species of animals and birds, such as the Wolf or the Owl, of plants, as “Mother Corn,” as well as the Mask Being, and even the spirits of the dead which some Lenape claimed as helpers.

Those favored by such visions were considered the leading people of their community. They usually composed rythmic chants referring to their visions, and appropriate dance songs to go with them, to recite at the Annual Ceremony.

Belief in a soul or spirit surviving the death of the body formed an integral part of Lenape philosophy. The soul is supposed to linger for eleven days after death, and is addressed and offered food by the surviving relatives, sometimes in a formal “Feast of the Dead;” but on the twelfth day, they say, it leaves the earth and finally makes its way to the twelfth or highest heaven, the home of the Great Spirit, where it leads a happy life in a land where work and worry are unknown. Some persons are thought to have the power of communicating with the departed.

CEREMONIES

Most of the beliefs summarized above were found among the descendants of both Unami and Minsi; but when we consider their great religious ceremonies, we begin to note differences. While it is true that (1) in both cases these rites are based on the recital of the visions seen by the participants, combined with thanksgiving to the Great Spirit and his helpers for past blessings and prayers for their renewal, that (2) the New Fire ceremony figures in both, and that (3) they take place in a building of special form and decoration erected for the purpose, we note that among the Unami the ceremony is conducted only once a year, and is combined to a certain extent with the cult of the Mĭsiʹngʷ‛, or Mask Being, a magnified guardian spirit or personal helper; while the Minsi have in addition to that held in the fall, a spring ceremony also, cognate with the Iroquois “Thanks for the First Fruits,” or Strawberry Dance, and masked impersonators do not appear in the Minsi ceremonial house.

In the ceremonies of both Unami and Minsi, however, we note other similarities besides those first mentioned, such as the manner of prayer, the use of a drum made of a dried deerhide beaten with flat forked drumsticks each bearing a carved face, the fumigation and sweeping of the Big House, the restriction against women in their menses, and the use of twelve as a sacred number.

It therefore seems likely that the rites, in spite of the differences noted, probably have a common origin, and hence date back to a period before the separation of the Unami and the Minsi. Indeed we have an historical account which seems to refer to this kind of ceremony as early as 1683, while under date of 1779 there is a description of the rites practically as enacted as late as 1920.

MINOR CEREMONIES

Analyzing the minor ceremonies of Lenape origin we find the cults of two types: one founded on a beneficent spirit, a personal helper such as the Mask Being, whose relations are friendly with mankind; the other based on a discarded toy or pet, which makes trouble for its former owner unless propitiated by the ceremony in question.

A good example, in fact the only one we recorded, of the first type is the ceremony in honor of the Mĭsinghâliʹkŭn, or Mask Being, among the Unami, which, however, does not find its counterpart among the Minsi, who had a Society of Masks whose rites and functions were similar to those of the Iroquois “False Face Company.”

The second class embraces the cults of the Doll, Bear, and Otter, all of which must be propitiated periodically, under pain of sickness or death.

It will be observed that recitals of visions form a part of the Bear rites, and probably also of the Otter ceremony, all of which, taken into consideration with the preceding, gives rise to speculations concerning the basic form of Lenape ceremonies. Perhaps originally, everyone who had been blessed with a vision, held a periodic ceremony at which rites appropriate to his own guardian spirit were emphasized, but at which others so blessed could recite their own visions.

Of course ceremonies of extraneous origin, such as the Peyote rite, can not be classified with those of true Lenape origin; and there are others of which our accounts are so fragmentary that we can not place them, and still others, doubtless, that have disappeared entirely.

That such may have been the case is not remarkable—not nearly so extraordinary as the fact that the Lenape have retained so much of their ancient beliefs and practices after three centuries of contact with civilization.

NOTES

[1] Handbook of American Indians, _Bulletin 30, Bureau of American Ethnology_, part I, p. 386, Washington, 1907. Indian Population in the United States and Alaska, 1910, p. 73, Washington, 1915. Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs for 1913, Ottawa, 1913.

[2] Dankers, Jaspar, and Sluyter, Peter. Journal of a Voyage to New York in 1679-80. Translated from the original manuscript in Dutch for the Long Island Historical Society, pp. 266-267, Brooklyn, 1869.

[3] Penn, William. A Letter from William Penn, Proprietary and Governour of Pennsylvania in America to the Committee of the Free Society of Traders of that Province, Residing in London, p. 6, London, 1683.

[4] Holm, Thomas Campanius. Short description of the Province of New Sweden, now called Pennsylvania. _Mem. Hist. Soc. Pa._, vol. III, p. 139, Phila., 1834.

[5] David Zeisberger’s History of the Northern American Indians. Edited by Archer Butler Hulbert and William Nathaniel Schwarze. _Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly_, vol. XIX, nos. 1 and 2, p. 128, Columbus, 1910.

[6] Heckewelder, John. An Account of the History, Manners and Customs of the Indian Nations who once inhabited Pennsylvania and the neighboring States. _Transactions of the American Philosophical Society_, vol. I, p. 205, Phila., 1819.

[7] Waubuno, _Chief_ (John Wampum). The Traditions of the Delawares, as told by Chief Waubuno. London [n.d.]. This little pamphlet contains some original material on the Minsi and some purporting to apply to the Minsi, but copied from Peter Jones’ “History of the Ojebway Indians.”

[8] Brainerd, David. Memoirs of the Rev. David Brainerd, Missionary to the Indians ... chiefly taken from his own diary, by Rev. Jonathan Edwards, including his Journal, now ... incorporated with the rest of his diary ... by Sereno Edwards Dwight, pp. 344, 349, New Haven, 1822.

[9] Brinton, Daniel G. The Lenape and their Legends, p. 65 et seq., Phila., 1885.

[10] Loskiel, George Henry. History of the Mission of the United Brethren among the Indians in North America, p. 34, London, 1794. Zeisberger, op. cit., pp. 128-129. Heckewelder, op. cit., p. 205.

[11] Loskiel, op. cit.

[12] Zeisberger, op. cit., p. 130.

[13] Brainerd, op. cit., p. 238.

[14] Holm, op. cit., p. 139.

[15] Strachey, Wm. The Historie of Travaile into Virginia. _Hakluyt Soc. Pub._, vol. VI, p. 98, London, 1849.

[16] Brainerd, op. cit., p. 344.

[17] Loskiel, op. cit., p. 43.

[18] Brainerd, op. cit.

[19] Loskiel, op. cit.

[20] Ibid.

[21] Ibid.

[22] Zeisberger, op. cit., p. 147.

[23] Heckewelder, op. cit., p. 205.

[24] Loskiel, op. cit., p. 43.

[25] Jones, Rev. Peter. History of the Ojebway Indians, p. 83, London, 1861.

[26] Skinner, Alanson, and Schrabisch, Max. A Preliminary Report of the Archæological Survey of the State of New Jersey, _Bulletin 9 of the Geological Survey of New Jersey_, p. 32, Trenton, 1913.

[27] Skinner, Alanson. The Lenape Indians of Staten Island, _Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History_, vol. III, p. 21, New York, 1909. Idem. Two Lenape Stone Masks from Pennsylvania and New Jersey, _Indian Notes and Monographs_, 1920.

[28] Brainerd, op. cit., p. 237.

[29] Zeisberger, op. cit., p. 141.

[30] Ibid., op. cit., p. 139.

[31] Brainerd, John, quoted by Abbott in Idols of the Delaware Indians, _American Naturalist_, Oct. 1882.

[32] Jones, op. cit., pp. 87, 95.

[33] Brainerd, David, op. cit., p. 344.

[34] Penn, William, op. cit.

[35] Brainerd, David, op. cit., p. 238.

[36] Ibid., p. 346.

[37] Zeisberger, op. cit., pp. 133-134.

[38] Ibid., p. 131.

[39] A similar vision of a black and white duck was reported by the Lenape at the Grand River reserve in Ontario. See Harrington, M. R., Vestiges of Material Culture among the Canadian Delawares, _American Anthropologist_, n.s., vol. X, no. 3, p. 414, July-Sept., 1908.

[40] Brainerd, David, op. cit., p. 347.

[41] Zeisberger, op. cit., p. 132.

[42] Loskiel, op. cit., p. 40.

[43] Heckewelder, op. cit., p. 238 et seq.

[44] Adams, R. C. Notes on Delaware Indians, in _Report on Indians Taxed and Indians not Taxed_, U. S. Census 1890, p. 299.

[45] Zeisberger, op. cit., p. 138.

[46] Ibid. pp. 136, 137.

[47] Harrington, M. R. A Preliminary Sketch of Lenape Culture, American Anthropologist, vol. XV, no. 2, April-June, 1913.

[48] Adams, loc. cit.

[49] Zeisberger, op. cit., p. 138.

[50] Harrington, Canadian Delawares, pp. 414, 415. See note 39.

[51] Waubuno, op. cit., p. 27.

[52] Brainerd, David, op. cit., p. 237.

[53] Adams, loc. cit.

[54] Harrington, Canadian Delawares, p. 416.

[55] Ibid. p. 417.

[56] Marsh, Rev. Cutting. Documents Relating to the Stockbridge Mission, 1825-48, _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, vol. XV, pp. 164-165.

[57] Zeisberger, op. cit., p. 138.

[58] Adams, loc. cit.

[59] Ibid.

INDEX

_Aʹckas_ or attendants of Annual ceremony, duties of, 84-85, 87-88, 96-97, 103, 105, 107. See _Attendants_.

_Adams, R. C._, on Annual ceremony, 118-122; on Buffalo dance, 182-183; on dreams or visions, 80; on Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 154-156; on Skeleton dance, 183-184.

_Air_, mannitto of, 30. See _Thunder Beings_

_Alder_, dye from bark of, 141

_Alphabet_ used for Lenape words, 15-16

_Altar_ at Annual ceremony, 115

_America_, prophecy of whites’ coming to, 121

_American Anthropologist_, account of Minsi ceremony in, 138-143

_American Museum of Natural History_, Doll in collection of, 46, 168-169; Tefft collection in, 15, 38

_American tribes_, concept of Great Spirit among, 19-20

_Animals_, as guardian spirits, 49-50, 65, 70, 77, 80, 121, 195; ceremonies of, 171-183; spirits of, 118, 125, 194; thanks to, 134. See _Wild animals_

_Anima mundi_ compared with Great Spirit, 22

_Annual ceremony_, authorities on: Adams, 118-122; Indian comments, 111-115; Penn, 115-116; Zeisberger, 116-118; Bear ceremony resembling, 171; carved faces in, 31; chant of Pokiteʹhemun at, 67-69; chants of visions at, 66, 73-76, 195; compared with Minsi ceremony, 127-145; Four winds in ritual of, 26; native name for, 109; penalties of omitting, 113-116; rites of Mask in, 36, 146, 151; thanks given to Earth in, 29; Unami rites of, 81-111; variants of, 122-126; worship of Great Spirit in, 19; worship of Mask Being in, 35. See _Minsi_

_Anthony, Michael_, acknowledgment to, 14, 139

_Ants_ as guardian spirits, 78

_Arapaho_, Ghost dance of, 191

_Arrow_, ceremonial use of, at Peyote rite, 187-188; arrows of Thunder Beings, 29

_Ashes_, ceremonial removal of, 101, 131-132; prevention of disease by, 160

_Aⁿsiptaʹgŭn_ or paint-dish of bark, 105

_A‛ʹtcigamuʹLtiⁿ_, native name for Otter ceremony, 176. See _Otter ceremony_

_Attendants_, at Annual ceremony, 84-85, 87-88, 96-97, 103, 105-111, 117-118, 120; at Bear ceremony, 172-173; at Feast of first fruits, 144; at Minsi ceremony, 132-133, 137; at Otter ceremony, 179; at Peyote rite, 188. See _Aʹckas_

_Axe_, Tornado threatened with, 47

_Bad luck_, caused by neglect of rites, 113-116

_Bag_, full of snakes, 35, 153; mask worn in, 42; of Mask impersonator, 34; of tobacco offered: to bear, 172; to otter, 177

_Bark_, boiled for making dyes, 141; ceremonial bowls and spoons of, 131, 137; ceremonial paint-dish of, 105-106; first Big House of, 148; roof of Big House of, 83

_Beads_ of wampum, as invitation to dance, 142-143; payment in, 110-111, 135; used in Minsi ceremony, 141-143. See _Wampum_

_Beans_, offering of, 144; thanks to, 134; wampum string symbolizing, 141-142

_Bear_, abundance of, in Happy Hunting Ground, 58; ceremony of, 171-176, 199; fat of, burned, 117-118, 134; flesh of, offered to Corn Goddess, 44; hair of Mask Being like, 33; head of, fastened to mask of Mask impersonator, 34; provision of, for feast, 117

_Bearskin_, bag of Mask impersonator, 34, 155; cap of Mask impersonator, 42; coat of Mask impersonator, 41; dress of Mask impersonator, 56, 152-153; leggings of Mask impersonator, 34, 41; worn by members of Mask society, 159

“_Beautiful town_” or Heaven, 56-57. See _Happy Hunting Ground_

_Belief_: in Doll Being, 162-171; in dream or vision, 61-80; in Great Spirit, 18-24, 88-92, 192-193; in immortality, 52-60, 195-196; in supernatural beings, 17-51

_Bergen_, New Jersey, information from Indians at, 20

_Big-Deer_, Naniʹtis given up by, 170-171

_Big House_ or _Xiʹngwikan_, Annual ceremonies in, 35, 82-122; common to both tribes, 129-133, 196-197; construction of, 82-83, 119, 148-150; Elkhair on significance of, 113-115; Mask impersonator present in, 98-99; MuxhatoLʹzing in, 123; of Bear cult, 173; of Minsi, 127-145; origin of, 147-152; prayer in, 112-113; preparation of, for Ceremony, 85-87, 117; return of hunters to, 100-101; rites of Mask in, 151-152; seating of congregation in, 93; serving of meals in, 110; turtle rattles of, 181; visions recited in, 75-76. See _Annual ceremony_, _Meeting-house_

_Bilberries_, at Annual feast, 118; in Happy Hunting Ground, 58

_Birds_ as guardian spirits, 78, 80, 121, 195

_Black_, and red: carved faces painted with, 83, 119; Mask painted with, 33, 41, 150, 155; and white duck, as guardian spirit, 67, 140; hog, offering of, 173; symbolizing men, 140-141

_Blanket_, ceremonial waving of, 145; blankets spread over sweating-oven, 125

_Blessing_ granted by guardian spirits, 65-67, 77, 194-195

_Blood_, luminous ball of, 53-54

_Body_, luminous form of, 53-54

_Bones_, burning of, at Annual ceremony, 118

_Bowl_, and dice game of manĭʹtowŭk, 25-26; ceremonial, in Bear cult, 173-174; bowls, bark, in Minsi ceremony, 131, 137

_Bows and arrows_ of Thunder Beings, 29

_Box-tortoise rattle_ in Annual ceremony, 94-96, 118, 120. See _Rattles_

_Box-turtle rattle_ of Planting dance, 143. See _Rattles_

_Boys_, dreaming of, for power, 54; initiation of, 63-64, 78-80; pet of, 172; vision of Mask Being by, 147-152; visions of, 62-63, 72-75, 92, 140, 194-195

_Brainerd, David_, on animal spirits, 50; on Annual ceremony, 151-152; on carved faces in Big House, 42; on concept of soul, 56; on dream or vision, 77; on Evil Spirit, 25; on Four Directions, 27; on Great Spirit, 22-23; on impersonator of Mask Being, 41-42; on sun, 28

_Brainerd, John_, on idol image or Doll, 46-47

_Brass eyes_ of Miziʹnk, 158

“_Bringing in_” the meeting, 81, 92-94, 104, 122, 135, 174

_Brown, William_, acknowledgment to, 14

_Brush house_ of Bear cult, 173-174

_Buck_, chant referring to, 69; prayer to, 126; ridden by Mask Being, 33, 148; women’s share in, 106

_Buckskin_, skeleton wrapped in, 184

_Buffalo_, as guardian spirit, 78; dance of, 182-183

_Bunches of wampum_, symbolism of, 141-143

_Burial_, Wolf clan rites of, 183-184

_Burning_, of bones, 118; of cedar leaves, 105; of fat, 117-118, 134, 173-175; of hemlock-boughs, 133, 144-145; of hog’s head, 175; of moccasins, 47; of tobacco, 29, 98, 126, 151. See _Offering_

_Cactus_ called _peyote_, 186. See _Peyote rite_

_Caddo_, Peyote cult originating among, 185

_Canada_, Lenape now resident in, 13-14, 170. See _Ontario_

_Canoe_, coming of white men in, 121; over river to Spirit land, 54

_Cantico_, Penn’s term for ceremony, 115-116

_Cap_, bearskin, of Mask impersonator, 42

_Carved drumsticks_, in Annual ceremony, 101-103, 150; in Minsi ceremony, 130-131, 139-140, 197

_Carved faces_, on drumsticks, 101, 130-131, 197; on posts of Big House, 42-43, 83, 88, 106, 119, 148, 150; on posts of Minsi Big House, 129-130, 151; representing Keepers of the Heavens, 31. See _Mask_, _Masks_, _Mĭsiʹngʷ‛_

_Catfish_, James Wolf’s dream of, 72-73

_Cattle_, Mask Being guardian of, 35, 157

_Cayuga_, False Face company of, 161; long-house, thanksgiving of Lenape in, 139; Planting dance of, 143

_Cedar-leaves_, burning of, at Annual ceremony, 105

_Central post_, carved faces on, 83, 119, 151; ceremonial of: in Annual ceremony, 94, 106, 119-120; in Feast of first fruits, 144; in Minsi Big House, 129-130, 135; in MuxhatoLʹzing, 123

_Central West_, Peyote cult in, 185

_Ceremonies_, directed by guardian spirit, 65; extinction of, 63; in honor of dead, 55, 191, 195-196; minor, 198-199; of Big House, 75-76, 82; of Lenape, paintings of, 14; of Minsi Big House, 127-145; of Minsi to Mother Corn, 43; of Unami and Minsi, compared, 196-200; thanks given to Great Spirit in, 18, 145, 196. See _Annual ceremony_, _Ceremony_

_Ceremony_, of Bear, 171-176; of Buffalo, 182-183; of Doll Being, 46, 162-171; of First fruits, 144-145; of Mask Being, 35, 198-199; of Mask society, 37, 159-161; of Otter, 176-183; of Peyote, 185-191; of Skeleton dance, 183-184; of Thanksgiving, 139-143. See _Annual ceremony_, _Ceremonies_

_Chant_, at Otter ceremony, 180-181; of Pokiteʹhemun, 67-68; referring to Mask Being, 69; referring to visions, 66-74, 136, 174-175, 195; Unami examples of, 67-72. See _Singers_, _Singing_, _Visions_

_Charm_, opiʹna or blessing as, 65-66; charms: from Great Horned Serpents, 49; miniature masks as, 36, 42. See _Fetishes_

_Charts_ of Heaven drawn on deerskin, 57

_Chastity_ of boys, 62-63

_Chief_, of the gods, Great Spirit as, 19; hunter of Annual ceremony, 85, 97. See _Leader_

_Chief Waubuno_, description of Minsi ceremony by, 143-145; on Great Spirit, 21-22

_Children_, cared for by Mask Being, 34-35, 153, 155-156; Doll Being revealed to, 162-163; Little People hunted by, 49, 193; meeting of, with parents in Heaven, 53, 91; no longer piʹlsŭⁿ, 63, 112-114; part of, in Annual ceremony, 108-109; prayers for, 115. See _Boys_, _Girls_

_Cholera_ checked by False Face company, 161

_Christ_, tomb of, at Peyote rite, 186-187. See _Jesus Christ_

_Christianity_, concepts of, in Peyote rite, 186-190; idols given up for, 38; Naniʹtis given up for, 169; visions given up for, 72. See _Devil_, _Missionary_, _Whites_

_Clans_, see _Phratries_

_Clothing_ of Naniʹtis, 167. See _Costume_

_Coat_ of bearskins of Mask impersonator, 34, 41

_Colors_, dyes for, 141. See _Black_, _Red_

_Comet_, attributes of, 48-49

_Cones_, copper, adorning Miziʹnk, 158

_Confederacy_ of the Lenape, 13

_Conjurer_, information of, in regard to Great Spirit, 22-23

_Copper_ adorning Miziʹnk, 158

_Corn_, beans and vegetables, wampum string symbolizing, 141-142; called Lenape food, 70; in rattle of Mask impersonator, 42; offering of, 144; soul likened to, 59; spirit, duties of, 193; thanks for, 145; thanks to, 134. See _Mother Corn_

_Corn-bread_ at Minsi ceremony, 137

_Corn Goddess_, see _Mother Corn_

_Corn-mush_, see _Hominy_, _Säʹpan_

_Costume_, of impersonator: of Mask Being, 33-34, 41-42, 56, 152-153, 155, 158; of Otter, 177-182; of members of Mask society, 159; of Naniʹtis, 169-170; of Sun, 27; worn at Annual ceremony, 93; worn at Ghost dance, 191

_Cranes_ or singers of Annual ceremony, 85. See _Singers_

_Crayfish_, James Wolf’s dream of, 72-73

_Creator_, see _Great Spirit_

_Cripples_, injunction to help, 91-92

_Crooked nose_ of Miziʹnk, 158

_Crops_, prayer for, 44, 134; ruin of, 113; supernatural control of, 194; watered by Thunder Beings, 193

_Cross_, drumsticks marked with, 101; spirit road represented by line on, 187-188. See _Crucifix_

_Crow_ as guardian spirit, 69-70

_Crucifix_ at Peyote rite, 187

_Cult_, see _Ceremony_, _Ceremonies_

_Dance_, at Thanksgiving ceremony, 142-143; in honor of Great Spirit, 88; native terms for, 115-116; of Buffalo, 182-183; of Doll Being, 164-165; of First fruits, 128; of guardian spirits, 73; of Ghost, 190-191; of Mask impersonator in Big House, 42, 99; of Mĭsiʹngʷ‛, 152-156; of Skeleton, 183-184; of Weopĕʹlakis, 36; Planting, 143; Strawberry, 128, 197; dances connected with Mask society, 160. See _Dancing_

_Dance songs_ accompanying chants, 66. See _Chant_, _Singers_, _Singing_

_Dancing_, at Annual ceremony, 42, 95, 99, 103, 106, 115-116, 118-122; at Feast of first fruits, 145; at Minsi ceremony, 135-136, 140; in ceremonies of Naniʹtis, 168, 171; in Happy Hunting Ground, 56, 58. See _Dance_

_Dankers, Jaspar_, and _Sluyter, Peter_, on Great Spirit, 20

_Day_, clothing the Great Man, 23; god of, 28. See _Great Spirit_

_Dead_, beliefs concerning, 52-60; ceremonies in honor of, 55, 191; dance in honor of, 183-184; food offered to, 52, 195-196; food taken by, 71; going west, 132; spirits of, as guardians, 71-72, 194-195. See _Ghosts_, _Immortality_

_Death_, propitiation to prevent, 199

_Deer_, abundance of, in Happy Hunting Ground, 58; ceremonial hunting of, 97-101; for Annual ceremony, 117; for Doll dance, 163-164, 168-169; for Feast of first fruits, 144; for Minsi ceremony, 132; herded by Mask Being, 33, 148, 150, 156

_Deer-hoofs_ adorning Miziʹnk, 158

_Deerskin_, charts of Heaven drawn on, 57; clothing Sun, 27; drum at Annual ceremony, 85, 94-95, 100, 106, 115-116, 120; drum at Buffalo dance, 182-183; drum at Doll dance, 165; drum at Minsi ceremonies, 130, 135, 139; drum at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 154-155; drum at Peyote rite, 188; giving away of, at Annual ceremony, 108-109; stuffed with grass, 123; suspended from pole, 144; taken by hunters, 108; worn by members of Mask society, 159

_Delaware_, Lenape first encountered in, by whites, 13

_Devil_, a Christian concept, 24-25, 57, 194. See _Evil Spirit_

_Devil dance_, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance so called by whites, 156

_Dewey_, Oklahoma, Big House near, 82

_Dictionary_, Indian, Zeisberger, author, 43

_Disease_, caused by neglect of rites, 116; ceremony of expelling, 37; cured by Mask Being, 159, 161; cured by Pabookowaih, 168-169; prevention of, by ashes, 160. See _Sickness_

_Dish_ of bark used in Annual ceremony, 105-106

_Doe_ offered to Naniʹtis, 168-169

_Dogs_, forbidden in Big House, 121; prevented from eating bones, 118

_Doll Being_, belief in, 45-47, 162-163, 193, 199; Unami dance of, 163-166. See _Naniʹtis_

_Dolls_, see _Fetishes_

_Dream helper_, see _Guardian spirit_

_Dreams_, see _Visions_

_Drink_, ceremonial, at Bear cult, 175-176; of Minsi ceremonies, 128, 134

_Drum_, at Annual ceremony, 85, 95-94, 100, 103, 106, 115-116, 120, 197; at Buffalo dance, 182-183; at Doll dance, 165, 168; at Feast of first fruits, 144; at Ghost dance, 191; at Minsi ceremony, 130, 135, 139-140, 197; at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 154-155; at Peyote rite, 188-189

_Drummers_, at Annual ceremony, 95, 100, 110, 150; at Doll dance, 165

_Drumsticks_, at Annual ceremony, 101-103, 106, 150; at Minsi ceremony, 130-131, 139, 197; at Peyote rite, 188

_Duck_ as guardian spirit, 67-69, 140

_Dyes_ for red and black, 141

_Eagle-feathers_, fan of, 188

_Earth_, concept of, 28-29; created by Great Spirit, 18, 21; duties of, 193; thanksgiving to, 89-90; wampum string symbolizing, 141-142

_Earthquake_ caused by abandoning rites, 149, 151

_East_, ceremonial significance of, 74, 83, 85, 98, 100-101, 108-109, 119, 121-122, 131, 137, 144-145, 149, 155, 182, 186-187; Grandfather at, 26; home of Great Spirit in, 109; thanksgiving to, 89

_Elauʹnato_ or Comet, attributes of, 48-49

_Elder brother_, title, of moon, 28, 193; of sun, 28, 193; of Thunder Beings, 29, 193

_Elements_, as guardian spirits, 77; worship of, 29-31. See _Thunder Beings_

_Elkhair, Chief Charley_, acknowledgment to, 14; Annual ceremony explained by, 112-115; myth of Mask related by, 146-152; speaker of Annual ceremony, 85; speech of, at Annual ceremony, 87-92

_Elkire_, see _Elkhair_

_Emetics_, purification by, 57, 79; visions induced by, 64

_Endalŭn towiʹyŭn_, title of Four Directions, 26

_English settlements_ on Susquehanna, 41

_Europeans_, concept of Devil introduced by, 25, 57, 194. See _Christianity_, _Whites_

_Evil_, exclusion of, from Heaven, 53, 56-59

_Evil Spirit_, native concept of, 24-25

_Evil spirits_, driving out of, 133, 145, 188; ghosts as, 59; Giant Bear one of, 49; Great Horned Serpents as, 29, 49, 193; placation of, 194; Tornado one of, 47-48

_E-ye-he-ye-ĕ_, cry concluding chant, 136

_Faces_, carved: by children on sticks, 162; in Big House, 31, 42, 83, 88, 119, 148, 150; in Minsi Big House, 129-130, 151; on drumsticks, 101, 150, 197; on Minsi drumsticks, 130-131; ceremonial painting of, 105-106; painted by sun, 76; painted, of Mask Being, 33, 41-42, 150, 155; painted, of sun, 27. See _Mask_, _Masks_

_Fairies_, Little People like, 49

_Fall_, Annual ceremony celebrated in, 81, 116, 119-120; ceremony of Naniʹtis in, 171; Thanksgiving in, 139

_False Face Company_ of Iroquois, 198-199; compared with Minsi mask, 161

_Family_, keepers of: Bear, 172; Doll, 163-164; Mask, 33-35, 151; Naniʹtis, 166-171; Otter, 177-182; sacrifice by, 116-117

_Fans_, eagle-feather, at Peyote rite, 188; turkey-wing, ceremonial sweeping with, 133

_Fasting_, visions induced by, 60, 64, 79, 194

_Fat_, drinking of, 176; thrown on fire, 117-118, 134, 173-175

_Feast_, at Annual ceremony, 85, 96-97, 107, 109; at Bear ceremony, 173-176; at Buffalo dance, 182; at Doll dance, 166-167; at Minsi ceremony, 137; at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 152-156; at Peyote rite, 190; ceremonial, Zeisberger on, 116-118; of the Dead, 195-196; of First fruits, 144-145; of hunters, 97-98, 100-101; of Machtuzin, 126; of Otter ceremony, 177, 179, 182; to Naniʹtis, 169, 171

_Feasting_ in Happy Hunting Ground, 56

_Feathers_, adorning Miziʹnk, 158; fan of, 188; Peyote placed on, 187; red, worn by sun, 27

_Feeding_, of dead, 52, 71; of Naniʹtis, 167; of Otter, 179, 182

_Female deities_: Doll Being, 46, 162-171; Earth, 28, 89-90, 193; Grandmother at the South, 26; Great Spirit, 20; Mother Corn, 43-44, 70, 195

_Festival_ of Machtuzin, 125-126. See _Ceremonies_, _Ceremony_

_Fetishes_ or dolls, 45-46, 162. See _Charm_, _Doll Being_

_Fire_, ceremonial making of: at Annual ceremony, 85-88, 101, 132-133, 196; at Buffalo dance, 182; at Otter ceremony, 179; ceremonial use of: at Annual ceremony, 98-100, 105, 107, 117-121, 134, 160; at Bear cult, 173-175; at Doll dance, 165-166; at Feast of first fruits, 144-145; at Otter ceremony, 180-181; at Peyote rite, 187, 189; festival in honor of, 125-126; gift of Great Spirit, 18; tobacco offered to, 126

_Fire-drill_ used in Annual ceremony, 86. See _Pump-drill_

_Fire-maker_ of the manĭʹtos, 101. See _Pump-drill_

_First fruits_, offering of, 115, 144-145, 197. See _Strawberry dance_

_Fish_ as guardian spirit, 72-73, 78

_Flint_, and steel, ceremonial fire-making with, 179; fire springing from, 18

_Flying Wolf_, vision of, 73-76

_Food_, ceremonial purity of, 62-63; distribution of, at Annual ceremony, 121; hunters provided with, 97; offered to dead, 52, 195-196; procured by dead, 71. See _Feast_

_Foot-log_ across river to Spirit land, 54

_Forest_, boys driven into, for vision, 63-64

_Forks_ on drumsticks, 130, 141

_Four_, attendants: at Annual ceremony, 118; in Minsi ceremony, 132; drumsticks in Minsi ceremony, 139; musicians in Minsi ceremony, 140

_Four Directions_ or Four Winds, manĭʹtowŭk of, 25-27, 29, 88, 112-113, 193; prayers to, 51. See _Winds_

_Four Powers_, Brainerd on, 22. See _Four Directions_

_Fouts_, see _Fox_

_Fox, Julius_, acknowledgment to, 14; explanation of Annual ceremony by, 111-113

_Fox, Minnie_, acknowledgment to, 14

_Fruits_, prayer for, 113. See _First fruits_

_Full moon_, Annual ceremony held in, 119-120; Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance in, 152

_Future_, controlled by guardian spirit, 62; foretold by visions, 61-62, 79-80, 121; prayers for, 115. See _Immortality_

_Game_, Mask Being guardian of, 150

_Gaʹmuing_, native name for Annual ceremony, 109. See _Annual ceremony_

_General thanksgiving_, see _Thanksgiving_

_Genii_ of places, 51

_Ghost dance_, rites of, 190-191

_Ghosts_, as guardian spirits, 54; bewitchment by, 59

_Giant Bear_, an evil manĭʹto, 49. See _Great Bear_

_Gicelĕmû‛ʹkaong_ or Great Spirit, 88. See _Great Spirit_

_Gickonĭkiʹzho_ or _Gĭckokwiʹta_, Unami name of sun, 27. See _Sun_

_Girls_, sacred otter of, 176-179; vision of Doll Being by, 162-163

_Gitctlaʹkan_ or Thanksgiving ceremony, 139-143

_God of day_, 28. See _Sun_

_God of light_, 23-24. See _Great Spirit_

_Goodness_, attribute of Great Spirit, 17, 23-24; definition of, 58; reward of, 53, 56, 58, 90-92

_Gourd rattle_ at Peyote rite, 188

_Grandfather_, at the East, 26; at the North, 26, 48; at the West, 26; title of: Four Directions, 193; Mask, 112; Tornado, 47; Fire, 125

_Grandmother_, at the South, 26; Pabothʹkwe, Great Spirit of the Shawnee, 20; title of Doll Being, 164; title of one of Four Directions, 193

_Grandparents_ at the Four Directions, 26-27

_Grand River_, Ontario, drumsticks collected at, 130-131; Mask collected at, 158, 160-161; Naniʹtis collected at, 168; version of Minsi ceremony at, 138-143; worship of Corn Goddess at, 43

_Grass_, deerskin stuffed with, 123; drum stuffed with, 154, 165; strewn for seating guests, 117

_Grasshoppers_, plague of, 113

“_Graven image_” of Mask Being, 33. See _Mask_, _Mĭsiʹngʷ‛_

_Grease_, annointing with, in Annual ceremony, 105-106

_Great Bear_, a lesser manĭʹto, 49, 193

_Great Father_, see _Great Spirit_

_Great Horned Serpents_, evil manĭʹtowŭk, 49; protection against, 29, 193

_Great Man_, attributes of, 23. See _Great Spirit_

_Great Spirit_ or _Gicelĕmû‛ʹkaong_, concept of, 18-24, 88-92, 192-193; early writers on, 20-24; goodness of, 23-24; guardian spirit sent by, 80, 121; home of, in east, 109; home of, in Twelfth Heaven, 19, 31, 52-53, 196; masks the messengers of, 31, 88, 112-113; Minsi concept of, 127-128, 133-134; prayer to, 18, 31, 88-90, 112-113, 136-138, 196; relation of Mask Being to, 32-33; remote from individual, 62; thanks to, at Annual ceremony, 18, 120, 138, 196; thanks to, at Feast of first fruits, 145; thanks to, in Peyote rite, 190; Thunder Beings ministers of, 29; wampum given by, 122; wampum string symbolizing, 141-142; worship of, at Annual ceremony, 118. See _Pa‛ʹtŭmawas_

_Guardian spirit_, animals as, 49-50, 70, 77, 80; ants as, 78; birds as, 78, 80; buffalo as, 78; chants explanatory of, 66; courage derived from, 78-79; crows as, 69-70; dead as, 54, 71-72; ducks as, 67-69, 140; elements as, 77; fish as, 78; given by Great Spirit, 80, 121; given in visions, 65-66, 194-195; Mask Being as, 69, 151, 197; moon as, 78; Mother Corn as, 70; owl as, 78; periodic ceremonies of, 199; prayer to, in sweathouse, 123-124; serpent as, 78; sun as, 76, 78; supernatural helpers as, 61-63; Thunder Being as, 74-75; title of Mother Corn, 43; vision of, 174-175. See _Thunder Beings_, _Visions_

_Ha-a-a_, variant of prayer-cry, 108. See _Ho-o-o_

_Hair_, of Mask Being, 33, 158; of Sun, 27; of Tornado, 47

_Halfmoon_, Sun spirit guardian of, 76

_Hank, Eunice_, Naniʹtis given up by, 169

_Happy Hunting Ground_ or Land of Spirits, 20-21, 52-59, 88, 90-92. See _Heaven_

_Head_, bear’s, ceremonial offering of, 173-175; of family, duties of, 117; heads: annointed with red paint, 105; carved on drumsticks, 101, 139-140, 150, 197; dropping of, by Comet, 48-49; stone, of Mask Being, 40-41

_Health_, Bear cult preserving, 172; fetishes preserving, 45-46; Otter cult preserving, 177-179; god of, 168; Mask restoring, 34, 36-37, 156-157, 159, 161; Naniʹtis guardian of, 163-164, 166-171; prayer for, 134; supernatural control of, 194. See _Sickness_

_Heaven_, concept of, 20-21, 52-59; duration of journey to, 88; Milky Way to, 58; Peyote road to, 187; sweeping way to, 88, 107; visited by preachers, 57; visited during visions, 189-191. See _Happy Hunting Ground_

_Heavens_, keepers of, 31; return of Pa‛ʹtŭmawas to, 127-128. See _Happy Hunting Ground_, _Twelfth heaven_

_Heckewelder, John_, on dreams or visions, 78-80; on Great Spirit, 21; on Thunder Beings, 30; on Unala‛ʹtko, 124

_Hell_, extraneous concept of, 57

_Hemlock-boughs_, ceremonial burning of, 133, 144-145

_Herb_, passed at Peyote rite, 188-189; herbs: prayers in gathering, 26, 51; thanks to, 134

_Heye Museum_, see _Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation_

_Hill_, home of Mask Being, 158

_Hog_, feast of, at Otter ceremony, 176-179; offering of, 173-175

_Hoⁿ-hoⁿ-hoⁿ_ or cry of Mask Being, 149, 153

_Holm, Thomas Campanius_, on Evil Spirit, 25; on Great Spirit, 21

_Hominy_, at Buffalo dance, 182; at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 153-154; offered to Doll Being, 163-164, 166; offered to Mask Being, 150; preparation of, for Annual ceremony, 85, 96-97

_Ho-o-o_, a prayer-cry, at Annual ceremony, 95, 97, 99-100, 103-104, 106-108, 136-138; at Bear ceremony, 175; origin of, 112-113

_Horses_, Mask Being guardian of, 35, 157; tobacco offered to recover, 35

_Hu-hu-hu_, cry at Bear ceremony, 174-175

_Hu-hu-hu-hu_, cry at Otter ceremony, 181

_Human heads_ carved on drumsticks, 101, 139-140, 150, 197

_Human skeleton dance_, see _Skeleton dance_

_Hunt_ for Naniʹtis, 171

_Hunter_ at Doll dance, 164

_Hunters_, Buffalo dance of, 182-183; of Annual ceremony, 97-101, 108, 110, 117; of Minsi ceremony, 132, 137; of MuxhatoLʹzing, 123

_Hunting_, help of impersonator of Mask Being in, 158; in Happy Hunting Ground, 56; prayer before, 134, 137; supernatural control of, 62, 194; tobacco offered before, 35, 157

_Hweisk-queem_, Minsi term for corn, 144. See _Corn_

_Idol_ or _Mĕsinkʹ_, 43. See _Mask_, _Mask Being_, _Mĭsiʹngʷ‛_

_Illegitimacy_ disregarded in family rites, 116

_Images_ possessing life, 45-47. See _Doll Being_, _Fetishes_

_Immortality_, belief in, 20-21, 52-60, 195-196

_Impersonator_, of Mask Being, 34-36, 41-42, 45, 56, 98-99, 138, 150, 152-159; of Otter, 177-182

_Indian corn_, see _Corn_

_Indian dictionary_, Zeisberger, author, 43

_Indians_, comments of, on Annual ceremony, 111-115; United States Census report on, cited, 80

_Initiation_ of boys, 63-64; Heckewelder on, 78-80. See _Boys_, _Visions_

_Iroquois_, ceremonial fire-drills of, 86; masks of, compared with Minsi, 36, 138, 160-161, 198-199; Planting dance of, 143; primitive skirt among, 169; Strawberry dance of, 128, 197

_Jesus Christ_, Naniʹtis given up for, 170; road of, 187. See _Christianity_, _Peyote rite_

_Jones, Peter_, on Nahneetis, the Guardian of Health, 46, 168-169; on Minsi masks, 37-38, 158

_Journal of a voyage to New York in 1679-1680_, Dankers and Sluyter, authors, 20

_June_, Minsi Big House ceremony in, 128

_Kacheh Munitto_, see _Kaunzhe Pah-tum-owans_

_Kansas_, celebration of Annual ceremony in, 122-124; Lenape now resident in, 13

_Kaʹpyŭ‛hŭm_, native name of Isaac Monture, 14, 161

_Kaunzhe Pah-tum-owans_ or _Kacheh Munitto_, ancient Minsi name of Great Spirit, 22. See _Great Spirit_

_Keeper of Mask_, general duties of, 34-36, 151; notification of dance by, 152; stray stock returned through, 157

_Keepers of Four Directions_, see _Four Directions_

_Keepers of the Heavens_, 31. See _Carved faces_, _Four Directions_

_Kĕ‛ʹtanĭtoʹwĕt_, ancient Minsi name of Great Spirit, 19, 127. See _Great Spirit_

_Kickeron_ or _Kickerom_, recorded name of Great Spirit in New Jersey, 20

_Kĭʹnĭkä_ or _Kĭʹntika_, native terms for dance, 115-116

_Kiowa_, Ghost dance of, 191

_Kiʹzho_ or _Kiʹzhox_, Minsi name of sun, 27. See _Sun_

_Kokŭlŭpoʹw‛ʹe_, native name of Chief Charley _Elkhair_, 14. See _Elkhair_

_Kunuⁿʹxäs_, native term for otter-skin, 179. See _Otter ceremony_

_Kwi_, or whoop, concluding dance, 136

_Lakes_, home of Great Horned Serpents, 49

_Lameness_ caused by ghosts, 59. See _Cripples_

_Land of Spirits_ or _Tschipeghacki_, 58. See _Happy Hunting Ground_, _Heaven_

_Leader_, of Annual ceremony, 81-82, 92-94, 117, 120; of Bear cult, 174-175; of Doll dance, 165; of Feast of first fruits, 145; of Minsi ceremony, 133-134; of Peyote rite, 188-190; leaders, favored with visions, 195

_Leaves_, strewn for seating guests, 131

_Legend_, of Annual ceremony, 111-112; of Comet, 48-49; of coming of whites, 121-122; of Mother Corn, 43. See _Myth_

_Leggings_ of Mask impersonator, 34, 41

_Lesser manĭʹtowŭk_: animal spirits, 49-50; Bear, 172-176; Comet, 48-49; Doll, 45-47, 162-171; Earth, 28, 89-90; Great Bear, 49, 193; Great Horned Serpents, 29, 49, 193; Keepers of the Heavens, 31; Mask Being, 32-43, 146-161; ministers of Great Spirit, 18, 21, 193-194; Moon, 28; Mother Corn, 43-44; of Four Directions, 25-27; Otter, 50, 176-182; Snow boy, 48; Sun, 27-28; Thunder Beings, 29-31; Tornado, 47-48

_Light_, Brinton on concept of, 23-24

_Lightning_, Flying Wolf’s love of, 75-76; prayer to avert, 30

_Little Caney river_, Oklahoma, Big House on banks of, 82

_Little People_ hunted for by children, 49, 193

_Living Mask_, see _Mask_, _Mask Being_

_Living Solid Face_, see _Mask_, _Mask Being_

_Logan family_, mask delivered up by, 38

_Logs_, Big House built of, 82; foot-log to Spirit Land, 54; seats for _Mĭsiʹngʷ‛_ dance, 153

_Loskiel, George Henry_, on dreams or visions, 78; on earth, 29; on Four Directions, 27; on Great Spirit, 25; on moon, 28; on sun, 28; on twelve gods, 31

_Machtuzin_, festival in honor of fire, 125-126. See _MuxhatoLʹzing_

_Maize_, see _Corn_

_Manĭʹtowŭk_ or spirits, belief in, 17-44; offerings to, 144-145; thanksgiving to, in Annual ceremony, 89-90. See _Great Spirit_, _Lesser manĭʹtowŭk_

_Mannittōs_, Heckewelder on, 21. See _Lesser manĭʹtowŭk_

_Maple_, dye from bark of, 141

_Marble-like object_ given to Pokiteʹhemun by guardian spirit, 67

_Marsh, Cutting_, account of Naniʹtis by, 169-171

_Mask_, absent from Bear ceremony, 171; annointing of, 105-106; as guardian spirit, 151; called Weopĕʹlakis, 35-36; carved faces of, in Big House, 42, 83, 88, 148, 150; healing power of, 34, 37, 156-157, 159, 161; keeper of, 34-36, 151-152, 157; painting of, 33-34, 41, 150, 155; society of Minsi, 36-37, 138, 159-161, 198-199; Unami myth of, 146-152. See _Mask Being_, _Masks_, _Mĭsiʹngʷ‛_

_Mask Being_ or _Mĭsinghâliʹkŭn_, as guardian spirit, 195; ceremonies of, 197; cult of, 32-43, 198; deer herded by, 33, 99; diseases cured by, 34-35, 156-157, 159, 161; general duties of, 193; impersonator of, 34-36, 41-42, 45, 56, 98-99, 138, 150, 152-159; masks the symbol of, 33, 42, 45, 83, 88, 99, 148, 150; myth of, 147-152; relation of Keepers of Heavens to, 31; vision concerning, 69. See _Mask_, _Masks_, _Mĭsiʹngʷ‛_

_Masks_, of stone, found in New Jersey and vicinity, 38-41; painting of, 83, 119; prayer-cry carried by, 31, 112-113; representing Keepers of the Heavens, 31; symbols of Mask Being, 33, 42, 45, 83, 88, 99, 148, 150. See _Mask_, _Mask Being_, _Mĭsiʹngʷ‛_

_Master of Ceremonies_, see _Leader_

_May_, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance in, 152

_Meals_ served by aʹckas, 110-111, 118

_Medicine_, from tooth of Great Bear, 49; prayer to Four Directions in making, 26

_Medicine-man_, see _Shaman_

_Mediumship_, belief in, 54-55, 196

_Meeting-house_ of Mask society, 159

_Men_, black symbolizing, 140-141; drumsticks representing, 101, 130-131

_Menses_, women in, taboo, 62-63, 88, 133, 197

_Mĕsinkʹ_ or idol, 43. See _Mask_, _Mask Being_, _Mĭsiʹngʷ‛_

_Messengers_ of Great Spirit, 31, 88. See _Four Directions_

_Messingq_, Adams on dance of, 155-156. See _Mask_, _Mask Being_, _Mĭsiʹngʷ‛_

_Me Zeengk_, name given by Peter Jones to Miziʹnk, 38. See _Miziʹnk_

_Milky Way_, the road to Heaven, 58

_Miniature masks_ or charms, 36, 42-43

_Minsi_ or _Muncey_, a tribe of the Lenape, 13; archaic heaven of, 54; belief of, in Great Spirit, 19, 127, 133-134; belief of, in plant spirits, 51; Big House of, 128-132; Mask impersonator absent from, 138; carved faces in, 129-130, 151; ceremonies of, compared with Unami, 127-145, 196-200; ceremonies of, to Mother Corn, 43; chants of, referring to visions, 72-77; Doll Being of, 45-47, 162, 166-171; Feast of first fruits of, 144-145; guardian spirits of, 72-77; kĭʹntika or dance of, 116; Mask of, 36-38, 158-161; Mask society of, 138, 159-161, 198-199; mediumship among, 54-55; proportion of, in Lenape, 124-125; Thanksgiving ceremony of, 138-143

_Mĭsiʹngʷ‛_, dance of, 152-156. See _Mask_, _Minsi mask_

_Mĭsinghâliʹkŭn_, Unami name for Mask Being, 32. See _Mask Being_

_Mĭsingkĭʹnĭkä_, Unami name for Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 152. See _Mĭsiʹngʷ‛_

_Missionary_ teaching, concept of Great Spirit not due to, 19-20. See _Christianity_

_Miziʹnk_, Minsi form of Mĭsiʹngʷ‛, 158. See _Mask society_, _Minsi mask_

_Mizinkhâliʹkŭn_, Minsi form of Mĭsinghâliʹkŭn, 36. See _Mask Being_

_Mizinkĭʹntĭka_ or dance of Mask society, 159

_Mkäähiʹgŭn_, Minsi term for painted sticks, 140. See _Sticks_

_Moccasins_, burned to deflect Tornado, 47; made for Naniʹtis, 167; made of ceremonial deerskins, 108

_Monture, Chief Nellis_, acknowledgment to, 14

_Monture, Isaac_, acknowledgment to, 14; Minsi mask bought from, 161

_Moon_, or mound, at Peyote rite, 186-187; or Piskeʹwenikiʹzho: as guardian spirit, 78; concept of, 28; duties of, 193; wailing to, 145; wampum string symbolizing, 141-142. See _Full moon_

_Moral code_, at Annual ceremony, 58, 90-92; at Feast of first fruits, 144; at Minsi Annual ceremony, 133-134, 137; at Peyote rite, 186-190

_Mortar_ made of mud, 85

_Mortar_, peyote crushed in, 188

_Mother_, title of earth, 28, 89-90, 193; title of Naniʹtis, 170-171

_Mother Corn_, as guardian spirit, 70, 195; attributes of, 43-44, 51

_Mound_, ceremonial, in Peyote rite, 186-187

_Mountains_, home of Mask Being, 33, 147; home of Thunder Beings, 30

_Moxhomsaʹ Eliosiʹgak_ or Grandfather at the West, 26

_Moxhomsaʹ Lowaneʹyŭng‛_ or Grandfather at the North, 26

_Moxhomsaʹ Wähänjioʹpŭng‛_ or Grandfather at the East, 26

_Mud_, ceremonial mortar made of, 85

“_Muncey devil idol_” or mask, 38. See _Mask_

_“Muncey John” Henry_, Sun spirit guardian of, 76

_Munceytown_, Ontario, drowning near, 55; masks of, 158; Minsi ceremony at, 127-138

_Munsey_, see _Minsi_

_Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation_, masks in, 36; paraphernalia of Otter ceremony in, 176; researches of, 15

_Music_, see _Drum_, _Singers_, _Singing_

_Musselshells_ used as spoons at feast, 97

_MuxhatoLʹzing_ form of Annual ceremony, 123-124. See _Machtuzin_

_Myth_, of Bear ceremony, 172; of Doll Being, 162-163; of Minsi Annual ceremony, 127-128; of Otter, 176-179; of Thunder, 30. See _Legend_

_Nahneetis, the Guardian of Health_, Peter Jones on, 168-169. See _Naniʹtis_

_Naniʹtis_, account of, by Rev. Cutting Marsh, 169-171; ceremonies of, 166-171; feeding of, 167-168; in E. T. Tefft collection, 168-169; Minsi term for Doll Being, 45-47, 162. See _Doll Being_

_Na‛nkŭmaʹoxa_, native name of Michael Anthony, 139, 140. See _Anthony, Michael_

_Nanticoke_, proportion of, in Lenape, 124-125; Skeleton dance of, 183-184

_Nature_, how regarded, 17, 23. See _Great Spirit_, _Lesser manĭʹtowŭk_, _Offering_, _Prayer_

_Nee-shaw-neechk-togho-quanoo-maun_ or _Ween-da-much-teen_, Minsi term for Feast of first fruits, 145

_New fire_, ceremony of, 196; making of, 101. See _Fire_

_New Jersey_, early writers on Lenape in, 20; Lenape first encountered in, by whites, 13; Lenape stone masks found in, 38-41

_New York_, Lenape first encountered in, by whites, 13

_’Ngammuin_, or feast, described by Zeisberger, 109. See _Annual ceremony_

_Niagara gorge_, home of Thunders, 30

_Nicholas, Joe_, Mask delivered up by, 38

_Night sun_, see _Moon_

_No‛ʹoma Cawaneʹyŭng‛_ or Grandmother at the South, 26

_North_, ceremonial significance of, 93, 103, 108, 119, 147; manĭʹtowŭk of, 25-26; thanksgiving to, 89

_North American_ tribes, belief in visions among, 61

_October_, Annual ceremony held in, 81, 119-120

_O‛ʹdas_, Unami term for Doll Being, 46, 162. See _Doll Being_

_O‛ʹdas-kĭʹnĭkä_, Unami term for Doll dance, 163. See _Doll Being_

_Offering_, of bear’s fat, 117-118, 134; of bear’s flesh to Corn Goddess, 44; of deer to Doll Being, 163; of doe to Naniʹtis, 168-169; of first fruits, 115, 144-145; of food to dead, 52, 195-196; of hog to Otter, 173; of hominy to Doll Being, 163-164, 166; of hominy to Mask Being, 150; of moccasins to avert tornado, 47; of tobacco: on behalf of hunters, 98-99; to Bear, 172; to fire, 126; to Four Directions, 26; to Mask, 34, 35, 151, 157; to Mask impersonator, 153, 156; to Otter, 177; to Thunder Beings, 29; of wampum to deer, 123; offerings: at Annual ceremony, 117-118; to genii, 51; to guardian spirit, 62; to Mask, 43; to Naniʹtis, 45-46; to Snow boy, 48. See _Propitiation_, _Sacrifice_

_Officers_ of Annual ceremony, 84-85; payment of, 110-111, 121

_Ohio_, Lenape stone masks found in, 38-41

_Oklahoma_, ancestry of Lenape now in, 124-125; Annual ceremony celebrated in, 81-111, 119-122, 130, 138; Lenape now resident in, 13; primitive skirts worn in, 169; worship of Corn Goddess in, 43

_One‛ʹtko_ or _Nanticoke_, 183. See _Nanticoke_

_Ontario_, Canada, Lenape now resident in, 13; mediumship reported in, 55; Minsi ceremonies in, 43, 127-145. See _Grand River_, _Munceytown_

_Oⁿ-oⁿ-oⁿ_, prayer-cry of Mask society, 159

_Opiʹna_ or blessing granted by guardian spirits, 65-66. See _Blessing_

_Orientation_, as to fire, 101, 119-120; at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 155; in offerings, 98; in Peyote rite, 186-187; in praying, 100, 108, 109, 122, 137; in visions, 74, 147, 149; of carved faces, 83; of ceremonial cooking, 85, 182, 187; of entrance and exit, 119, 131-132, 144-145; of heaven, 54, 56; of rattles, 103, 120; of seating, 93, 119, 131; of thanksgiving, 89. See _East_, _North_, _South_, _West_

_Origin_, of Bear ceremony, 172; of Mask, 33, 146-152; of Minsi Annual ceremony, 127-138; of Naniʹtis, 166-167; of Otter ceremony, 176-179; of Peyote rite, 185, 199

_Otter_, ceremony of, 176-183, 199; power from, 50

_Otter-skin_, regalia of, 177-182

_Our Mother_, title of Earth, 28

_Owl_ as guardian spirit, 78, 195

_Pabookowaih_, god of health, 168-169

_Pabothʹkwe_, Great Spirit of the Shawnee, 20

_Paint_, on carved faces, 83, 119; on drumsticks, symbolism of, 140, 141; on face of Mask Being, 33, 41, 150, 155; on face of Muncey John, 76; on face of Sun, 27; on sticks used in Minsi ceremony, 131, 139-141. See _Black_, _Red_

_Paint-dish_ of bark in Annual ceremony, 105-106

_Paintings_ by Ernest Spybuck, 14

_Pakŭⁿdiʹgŭn_ or carved drumsticks, 101. See _Drumsticks_

_Pantheon_ of the Lenape, 17-44. See _Great Spirit_, _Lesser manĭʹtowŭk_, _Manĭʹtowŭk_

_Papasokwi‛ʹlŭn_, Unami name for Bear ceremony, 171. See _Bear ceremony_

_Paradise_, see _Happy Hunting Ground_

_Parents_, kindness to, rewarded, 57; meeting with, in Heaven, 53, 91

_Partridges_, Thunders in form of, 30

_Pa‛ʹtŭmawas_, Minsi name for Great Spirit, 19, 127; Minsi worship of, 133-134. See _Great Spirit_

_Payment_ of officers and attendants at ceremonies, 97, 99, 104, 106-111, 118, 121, 152-154, 164, 172-173, 179. See _Wampum_

_Peacemaker_, Mask Being so considered, 156

_Pebbles_ in tortoise-shell rattle, 118, 120

_Penn, William_, on Annual ceremony, 115-116; on concept of soul, 56; on Great Spirit, 20-21

_Pennsylvania_, Annual ceremony in, 130; Lenape first encountered in, by whites, 13; Lenape stone masks found in, 38-41

_Petaʹnĭhink_, native name of Julius Fox, 14. See _Fox, Julius_

_Pethakoweʹyuk_ or Thunder Beings, 29. See _Thunder Beings_

_Pets_, cult of, 198; spirits of, 172, 176

_Peyote_, rite, 185-196, 199; road, 187, 189-190

_Pheasant, Monroe_, acknowledgment to, 14

_Phratries_ or totemic groups: prayers of, 104; rituals among, 81-82, 108-109, 119-120; Turkey, in Bear cult, 175; Wolf: Bear cult of, 172; Skeleton dance of, 183-184

“_Picking berries_” or wampum, 100

_Pileʹswak_ or _Pileʹsoak_, Minsi name of Thunder Beings, 30. See _Thunder Beings_

_PileʹswaL pewaʹlatcil_ or in league with Thunders, 76

_Piʹlsŭⁿ_ or pure, otter, 176-177; visions vouchsafed to, 62-63, 112-114

_Piskeʹwenikiʹzho_ or night sun, 28. See _Moon_

_Placation_ of spirits, 194. See _Offering_, _Prayer_

_Places_, genii of, 51

_Plants_, as guardian spirits, 195; spirits of, 17, 51, 118, 125, 194; wampum string symbolizing, 141-142

_Poisons_, fare of wicked, 58-59

_Pokiteʹhemun_ or George Wilson, vision of, 67-69

_Poles_, deer hung on, 100-101, 164; deerskin hung on, 129-130, 144; in Fire festival, 125; in Minsi Big House, 131, 140; meat hung on, 173; representing twelve manĭʹtowŭk, 125; used in Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 155; venison hung on, 121. See _Four Directions_, _Posts_

_Pontifical garb_ of impersonator of Mask Being, 41. See _Costume_

_Poor_, deerskins given to, 108-109

_Posts_, of Big House, carved faces on, 31, 42, 83, 106, 119, 148; of Minsi Big House, 129-130. See _Central post_, _Poles_, _Sticks_

_Potatoes_, offering of, 144

_Power_, derived from guardian spirit, 50, 66, 78-79; from vision, 54, 140, 147-148, 175, 194-195. See _Blessing_

_Powŭniʹgŭn_ or deerskin drum, 94-95. See _Drum_

_Prayer_, at conclusion of Annual ceremony, 106-109, 122, 197; at Minsi ceremony, 133-134, 136-138, 197; at Thanksgiving ceremony, 142; carried by Masks, 112; for hunters, 99-100; of Bear ceremony, 174; of phratry, 104; to buck, 126; to Corn Goddess, 43-44; to Doll Being, 164-165; to Earth, 29; to Four Directions, 26; to Great Spirit, 18, 31, 88-90, 196; to guardian spirits, 62, 124; to Mask, on behalf of hunters, 98; to Mask Being, 149; to Thunder Beings, 29-30; to Tornado, 47; universal benefit of, 113-115; while gathering herbs, 26, 51. See _Prayer-cry_

_Prayer-cry_, at Minsi ceremony, 136-137; carried by Masks, 31, 88, 112-113; of women, 175. See _Ho-o-o_

_Prayer-meeting_ of the ducks, 67

_Prayer-men_ at Annual ceremony, 99-100, 104

_Prayer sticks_ or _ma‛tehiʹgun_ at Annual ceremony, 103; annointing of, 106

_Preachers_, native, reported by Zeisberger, 57

_Prince of Darkness_, 25. See _Evil Spirit_

_Prophecy_ of coming of white men, 121. See _Future_, _Visions_

_Propitiation_ to prevent misfortune, 199. See _Offering_, _Prayer_

_Pump-drill_, ceremonial fire made with, 86, 101; in Minsi ceremony, 131-132

_Pumpkins_, offering of, 144

_Purification_, by emetics, 57, 64, 79; by sacrifice, 144-145; by smoke, 105, 133, 144-145, 197; by stripes, 58; necessary to vision, 194. See _Piʹlsŭⁿ_

_Purple_ and white beads, 141

_Pw‛awaheʹgŭn_, Minsi term for drum, 140. See _Drum_

_Pw‛awaheʹgŭnŭk_, Minsi term for drumsticks, 140. See _Drumsticks_

_Rain_, charms for bringing, 49; caused by Thunder, 89; wampum string symbolizing, 141-142

_Rattles_, of box-tortoise shell: at Annual ceremony, 92, 94-96, 103-104, 106, 118, 120; at Bear ceremony, 174-175; at Feast of first fruits, 145; at Minsi ceremony, 131, 135-136; at Otter ceremony, 180-181; at Planting dance, 143; at Thanksgiving ceremony, 143; of gourd, at Peyote rite, 188; of Mask impersonator, 34, 38, 42, 150, 155, 159

_Red_, and black, faces painted with, in Big House, 83, 119; and black, Mask painted with, 33, 41, 150, 155; ceremonial painting with, 105-106; feathers in Sun’s hair, 27; symbolizing women, 140-141

_Red alder_, bark of, used as dye, 141

_Religion_, see _Belief_

_Road-man_ or speaker of Peyote rite, 188

_Road to heaven_, in Peyote rite, 187, 189-190; Milky Way, 58; sweeping of, 88, 107

_Rocks_, home of Mask Being, 36-37, 158

_River_, dividing earth from Spirit country, 54; James Wolf’s dream of, 72-73

_Rivers_, home of Great Horned Serpents, 49

_Sacrifice_, by family, 116-118; cleansing by, from sin, 144-145. See _Offering_

_Sand_, tracks of Little People in, 49

_Säʹpan_ or mush, repast of, at Annual ceremony, 96

_Sarcoxie, John_, Annual ceremony conducted by, 122-124

_Seating_, at Annual ceremony, 93, 117, 119; at Doll dance, 164; at Minsi ceremony, 131; at Peyote rite, 188

_Secondine_, guardian spirits of, 71-72

_Seneca_, Planting dance of, 143

_Serpent_ as guardian spirit, 78

_Sexiʹkiminsi_, Minsi name of soft maple, 42

_Shaman_, originator of Naniʹtis cult, 166-167

_Shawnee_, concept of Great Spirit among, 20; Ernest Spybuck, a native, 14

_Shooting_ by hunters, 100, 117

_Shooting star_, see _Comet_

_Sickness_, caused: by ghosts, 59; by loss of bear, 172; by neglect of rites, 171; by otter, 177-179; cured: by Mask Being, 34-35, 156-157; by Naniʹtis, 166-167; propitiation to prevent, 199. See _Disease_

_Silver brooches_ worn by Naniʹtis, 170

_Sin_, cleansing from, by sacrifice, 144-145. See _Evil_

_Singers_, at Annual ceremony, 85, 94-96, 100, 115, 118, 120; at Bear cult, 175; at Buffalo dance, 182-183; at Doll dance, 164; at Feast of first fruits, 144; at Minsi ceremony, 130; at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 154-155; at Skeleton dance, 184. See _Chant_

_Singing_, at festival of Machtuzin, 126; at Ghost dance, 191; at Peyote rite, 189; at Otter ceremony, 180-181; in Happy Hunting Ground, 58; of vision: at Annual ceremony, 95-96; in Big House, 148; in Minsi ceremony, 140. See _Chant_

_Sister Corn_, see _Mother Corn_

_Six months_, purification at end of, 144-145

_Six Nations’ reserve_, Thanksgiving ceremony on, 139-143

_Skeleton dance_, rites of, 183-184

_Skirt_, primitive, 169

_Sky_, wampum string symbolizing, 141-142

_Sluyter, Peter_, and _Dankers, Jaspar_, on Great Spirit, 20

_Smoke_, purification by, 105, 133, 144-145, 197

_Smoking_, at Annual ceremony, 95-96

_Snakes_, bag full of, 35, 153

_Snow Boy_, attributes of, 48, 193

_Society_ of mask owners, 37. See _Mask_

_Soft maple_, bark of, used as dye, 141

_Son of God_, concept of, 57. See _Jesus Christ_

_Songs_, see _Chant_, _Singers_, _Singing_

_Sorrow_ inducing visions, 64-65

_Souls_, immortality of, 52-60, 195-196; nature of, 90; of animals, 50; transmigration of, 59

_South_, ceremonial significance of, 93, 108, 119-120, 122, 147; manĭʹtowŭk of, 25-26; significance of, in vision, 74; thanksgiving to, 89

_Southeast_, ceremonial significance of, 120

_Southward_, the direction of Heaven, 54, 56

_Southwest_, Heaven of Minsi located in, 54

_Speaker_, at Annual ceremony, 85, 87-92, 98, 107-108, 110, 120; at Doll dance, 164-165; at Minsi ceremony, 133-134; at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 153-154; at Peyote rite, 188; at Thanksgiving ceremony, 141-142

_Speech_, at Annual ceremony, 87-92, 98; at Doll dance, 164; at Feast of first fruits, 145; at Minsi ceremony, 133-134

_Spirit_, of corn, 43; of light, 23-24; of otter, 50, 176; of peyote, 187, 189-190; of sun as guardian, 76; within earth, 28-29

_Spirit road_, see _Peyote road_

_Spirits_, animal, as guardians, 49-50; land of, 52-54; lesser, 194; of animals, 118, 125; of dead, as guardians, 71-72; of plants, 17, 51, 118, 125; of stones, 17, 51; wampum string symbolizing, 141-142; wigwams of, 54. See _Guardian spirit_, _Lesser manĭʹtowŭk_, _Souls_

_Spoons_, of bark in Minsi ceremony, 131, 137; musselshells as, 97

_Spring_, ceremony of Mask Being in, 35; Minsi ceremony in, 128, 197; Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance in, 152-156; thanksgiving in, 89, 139; thunder in, 29

_Spring dance_ of Weopĕʹlakis, 36. See _Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance_

_Spring Flying Things_, see _Thunder Beings_

_Spybuck, Ernest_, acknowledgment to, 14

_Squashes_, offering of, 144; thanks to, 134

_Staff_ at Peyote rite, 187, 189

_Stamp_ or _Stomp dance_, 119. See _Annual ceremony_

_Stars_, wampum string symbolizing, 141-142

_Steam_ carrying prayers, 124

_Stick_, of Mask impersonator, 34, 150, 155; sticks: as invitations to ceremony, 132; at Peyote rite, 187; beating by, 58; carried by Pa‛ʹtŭmawas, 127-128; transformed into fetishes, 162; used in Minsi ceremony, 131, 139-141

_Stockbridge Mission_, documents of, 170

_Stockings_, bearskin, of Mask impersonator, 41. See _Leggings_

_Stone masks_ found in New Jersey and vicinity, 38-41

_Stones_, spirits of, 17, 51

_Strachey, William_, on concept of Four Winds, 26-27

_Strawberries_, ceremonial drink of, 134; in Happy Hunting Ground, 58; Minsi ceremony in time of, 128

_Strawberry dance_ of Iroquois, 128, 197

_Streams and waters_, wampum string symbolizing, 141-142

_Strings of wampum_, symbolism of, 141-142

_Stripes_, purification by, 58

_Sumach sticks_, carried by Pa‛ʹtŭmawas, 127-128; in Minsi ceremony, 131

_Sun_ or _Gĭckokwiʹta_, as guardian spirit, 76, 78, 195; Brainerd on concept of, 22; concept of, 27-28; duties of, 193; Peyote road toward, 187, 190; salutation of, 190; souls in, 59; turning toward west, 132; wampum string symbolizing, 141-142

_Supernatural helpers_ or guardian spirits, 61-63. See _Guardian spirit_

_Supreme Being_, see _Great Spirit_

_Survival_ of the soul, see _Immortality_

_Susquehanna river_, rites of Annual ceremony on, 152; rites of Mask Being on, 41-42

_Sweathouse_, described by Zeisberger, 125-126; of MuxhatoLʹzing, 123-124

_Sweating-oven_, see _Sweathouse_

_Sweeping_, ceremonial, of Big House, 87-88, 107, 120, 133, 197; around fires, 121

_Taboos_ prescribed to be piʹlsŭⁿ, 62-63

_Taleʹgunŭk_ or singers at Annual ceremony, 85. See _Singers_

_Taxoʹxi cowŭniʹgŭn_ or tortoise-shell rattle, 94. See _Rattles_

_Tayenoʹxwan_, native name of Chief James Wolf, 14. See _Wolf, Chief James_

_Tefft, E. T._, ethnological collection of, 15; Naniʹtis in, 168-169; Minsi mask in, 38

_Temple_, see _Big House_

_Thames river_, Ontario, locating a body in, 55

_Thanksgiving_, at Minsi ceremony, 134; carved heads symbolic of, 140; Minsi ceremonies of, 115, 139-145, 197; to Great Spirit at ceremonies, 18, 120, 138, 145, 190, 196; to manĭʹtowŭk, 89-90; to Mĭsiʹngʷ‛, 152-156; to Mother Corn, 43

_Thirteen_ ceremonial wampum strings, 141-142

_Three_, bands of thunders, 30; days, women interdicted during, 120; phratries, rituals of, 119-120; tribes of Lenape, 13

_Thunder and rain_, wampum string symbolizing, 141-142

_Thunder Beings_ or _Pethakoweʹyuk_, as guardian spirits, 74-75, 195; attributes of, 29-31, 193; thanksgiving to, 89

_Thunders-in-league-with_ or _PilesʹwaL pewaʹlatcil_, 76

_Timothy, Chief Nellis F._, account of Minsi Annual ceremony by, 127-138; acknowledgment to, 14; on Mask society, 159

_Tipi_, use of, in Peyote rite, 186, 188

_Tobacco_, ceremonial begging of, 160; offered: on behalf of hunters, 98-99; to bear, 172; to fire, 126; to Four Directions, 26; to impersonator of Mask Being, 153, 156; to Mask, 34, 35, 151, 157; to otter, 177; to Thunder Beings, 29; to Tornado, 47; smoked at Annual ceremony, 95-96

_Tomapemihiʹlat_, native name of Chief Nellis F. Timothy, 14. See _Timothy_, _Chief Nellis F._

_Tomb_ of Christ at Peyote rite, 186-187

_Tooth_ of Great Bear, medicine made from, 49

_Tornado_, attributes of, 47-48

_Tortoise-shell rattle_, at Annual ceremony, 94-96, 118, 120; at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 155; of Mask impersonator, 42. See _Rattles_

_Totemic groups_, see _Phratries_

_Toys_, cult of, 198. See _Doll Being_, _Fetishes_

_Transmigration_ of souls, 59

_Trees_, Mask Being akin to, 112; gift of the Great Spirit, 18; shattered by Thunder Beings, 29; thanks to, 134

_Tschipeghacki_ or Land of Spirits, 58. See _Happy Hunting Ground_

_Tuⁿdaʹi wäheⁿʹji manĭʹtowŭk_ or fire-maker of the manĭʹtos, 101

_Turkey phratry_ at Annual ceremony, 82, 104, 119; part of, in Bear cult, 175

_Turkey-wings_, Big House swept with, 87, 120, 133

_Turtle phratry_, leader of Annual ceremony, 82, 104, 119-120

_Turtle-rattles_, at Annual ceremony, 92, 94-96, 103-104, 118, 120; at Feast of first fruits, 145; at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 155; at Otter ceremony, 180-181; at Thanksgiving ceremony, 143; in ceremonies of Mask society, 159; in Bear cult, 174-175; in Minsi ceremony, 131, 135-136; of Mask impersonator, 34, 38, 150, 155, 159. See _Rattles_

_Twelfth_, day, soul reaches heaven, 196; heaven, home of Great Spirit, 19, 31, 52, 107, 112, 192, 196; night in Annual ceremony, 105-106; prayer-cry reaching Great Spirit, 136-138; stick, dropping of, by Pa‛ʹtŭmawas, 127-128

_Twelve_, benefactors, Corn Goddess among, 43; carved faces, 83, 88, 106, 112; celebrants, 125-126; ceremonial sweepings, 107; ceremonial use of, 197; concluding prayers, 106-107; days, before burial, 184; days, duration of ceremonies, 82, 119-120, 128; days, ghosts linger near earth, 52, 54; days, period of boys’ fast, 64; deer at Feast of first fruits, 144; deer for Minsi ceremony, 132; emetics, as purification, 57; gods or masks, 31; heavens, 31; in Fire festival, 125-126; members of Mask society, 159; months, duration of earthquake, 149; nights, duration of Annual ceremony, 88, 107; offerings of tobacco, 98; pipes, in Fire festival, 126; prayer-cries, 97, 104, 136; prayersticks at Annual ceremony, 103; repetitions of dance, 154, 165; repetitions of prayer, 19, 108-109, 136-138; sticks, penance of beating by, 58; sticks used in Minsi ceremony, 131; stones, altar laid on, 115; stones in sweating-oven, 125; sumach sticks of Pa‛ʹtŭmawas, 127-128; sweepings of ceremonial fire, 88; years, age of initiation for boys, 63; years before reaching Heaven, 88

_Unalachtigo_, see _Unala‛ʹtko_

_Unala‛ʹtko_, a Lenape tribe, now merged, 13; proportion of, in Lenape, 124-125

_Unami_, a Lenape tribe now mainly resident in Oklahoma, 13; ceremonies of, compared with Minsi, 196-200; chants of, referring to vision, 67-72; cult of Mask Being among, 32-43, 146-158, 198; Doll Being of, 45-47, 162-166; form of Annual ceremony, 81-111; proportion of, in Lenape, 124-125

_United States Census_ report on Indians, cited, 80

_Vegetables_, offering of, 144; wampum string symbolizing, 141-142

_Vegetation_ controlled by Corn spirit, 193

_Venison_, feast of, at Doll dance, 166; feast of, at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 155; feast of, at Minsi ceremony, 137; provision of, for Annual ceremony, 85, 121; women’s share in, 106

_Virginia_, concept of Four Directions in, 26-27

_Visions_, Adams on, 80; as prophecies, 121; Brainerd on, 77; chanting of, at Otter ceremony, 181; communication by, with Spirit world, 59-63, 194-195; decline of, 112-113; fortuitous, 64-65; Heaven visited in, 189-191; Heckewelder on, 78-80; induced by peyote, 186, 188-190; initiation of boys to induce, 63-64, 92; leaders blessed with, 132; Loskiel on, 78; Minsi examples of, 72-77; of Doll Being, 162-163; power given by, 54; recital of: at Annual ceremony, 95-96, 118, 121, 196; at Feast of first fruits, 145; at Minsi ceremony, 135-136, 139-140; at MuxhatoLʹzing, 123-124; at various rites, 148, 199; referring to Skeleton dance, 184; Unami examples of, 67-72; Zeisberger on, 77-78. See _Chant_, _Guardian spirit_

_Vomiting_, 176. See _Emetics_

_Wampum_, adorning leader at Otter ceremony, 174; buried, at Feast of first fruits, 144; given by Great Spirit, 122; given to vision teller, 135; giving of, at Annual ceremony, 109; offered to deer, 123; owners of rattles paid in, at Annual ceremony, 104; payment in, at Doll dance, 164; payment of attendants in, at Annual ceremony, 106-109, 118, 121, 172-173, 179; payment of impersonator in, 152-154; payment of officers in, at Annual ceremony, 97, 99-100, 110-111, 121; symbolic use of, 141-143; valuation of, 111

_Wampum, John_, see _Chief Waubuno_

_War_, comet a presage of, 48-49; success in, due to guardian spirit, 62

_Washita river_, Oklahoma, Caddo on, 185; Ghost dance from region of, 190-191

_W‛aʹtekan_ or Minsi Big House, 128. See _Minsi Big House_

_Water-drum_, at Ghost dance, 191; at Peyote rite, 188

_Water monsters_, see _Great Horned Serpents_

_Waters_, gift of Great Spirit, 18

_Ween-da-much-teen_, see _Nee-shaw-neechk-togho-quanoo-maun_

_Wemĕĕleʹxkwĕ_, native name of Minnie Fox, 14. See _Fox, Minnie_

_Weopĕʹlakis_, name for mask of Unami, 35-36. See _Mask_

_West_, ceremonial significance of, 83, 85, 93, 98, 100, 101, 121-122, 131-132, 137, 145, 155, 182, 187; Grandfather at, 26; thanksgiving to, 89

_Whiskey_ introduced by the whites, 24

_White_, and black duck as guardian spirit, 67, 140; and purple beads, 141; buckskin, skeleton wrapped in, 184

_Whites_, devil and whiskey introduced by, 24; fairies and elves of, 49; Lenape children reared like, 63, 112-113; Lenape first encountered by, 13; religious concepts derived from, 57; vision or dream regarding, 121

_Whoop_, concluding dance, 136; in recital of vision, 95

“_Wife_,” corn spoken of as, 44

_Wigwams_ of the spirits, 54

_Wild_, animals: Mask Being guardian of, 33, 99, 193; wampum string symbolizing, 141-142; things, Powers Above guardians of, 177

_Wilson_, Ghost dance introduced by, 190-191

_Wilson, George_, see _Pokiteʹhemun_

_Wilson, John_, Peyote cult introduced by, 185

_Wind_, prayer-cry derived from, 112

_Winds_, attributes of, 193; manĭʹtowŭk of, 25-27; wampum string symbolizing, 141-142. See _Four Directions_

_Wings_, of Thunder Beings, 29, 193; of Tornado, 47; used to sweep Big House, 87, 120, 133

_Winter_, Minsi Big House ceremony in, 128

_Wisconsin Historical Collections_, account of Naniʹtis in, 169-171

_Wisconsin_, Lenape now resident in, 13

_Witchcraft_, dreams revealing, 77-78; of ghosts, 59

_Wito‛ʹpi_, Minsi term for red alder, 141

_Wolf_ as guardian spirit, 195

_Wolf, Chief James_, account of Minsi Annual ceremony by, 127-138; acknowledgment to, 14; dream-vision of, 72-73; mediumship of, 55; on Evil Spirit, 24; on Mask Being, 36; on Naniʹtis, 166-168; on sun, 27; on thunder myth, 30

_Wolf men_, see _Wolves_

_Wolf phratry_, at Annual ceremony, 94, 104, 119; Bear cult of, 172; Skeleton dance of, 183-184

_Wolves_, Flying Wolf’s vision of, 73-75

_Women_, drumsticks representing, 101, 130-131; forbidden in Bear cult, 174; in Happy Hunting Ground, 58; in menses, 62-63, 88, 133, 197; intercourse with, forbidden, 120; keepers of Naniʹtis, 46; night of, in Annual ceremony, 105-106; part of: in Annual ceremony, 84-85, 87-88, 96-97, 108-109, 117-118; in ceremony of Naniʹtis, 167-168; in Doll dance, 165; in Feast of first fruits, 144; in Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 155; in Otter ceremony, 179; prayer of, at Bear ceremony, 175; prayer of, for crops, 44; red symbolizing, 140-141; separate seating of, in Annual ceremony, 93; share of, in venison, 106; visions granted to, 65

_Worship_, of Corn Goddess, 43-44; of elements, 29-31; of Mask Being, 35; of sun, 28. See _Annual ceremony_, _Offering_, _Prayer_

_Wounds_, medicine for healing, 49

_Wry mouth_ of Mask Being, 42

_Wsinkhoalican_, Zeisberger’s term for Mĭsinghâliʹkŭn, 42. See _Mask Being_

_Xiʹngwikan_ or Big House, 82, 148. See _Big House_

_Zeisberger, David_, on Annual ceremony, 116-118, 130; on Bear ceremony, 175-176; on concept of soul, 57-59; on Corn Goddess, 44; on dreams or visions, 77-78; on Evil Spirit, 25; on Great Spirit, 21; on Masks, 42-43; on prayer, 109; on Thunder Beings, 30; on variant of Annual ceremony, 125-126