Book XVIII

., Chap, II.)-T.]

[Footnote 593: The Comte de Chambord was destined to spend over fifty years more in Austria: he died at Frohsdorf, about thirty miles from Vienna, on the 24th of August 1883.--T.]

[Footnote 594: Jan Sigismund Boncza Skrzynecki (1786-1860) served in the Polish contingent in aid of Napoleon; joined in the Polish Insurrection in 1830; served with distinction at Grochow, on the 25th of February 1831, and was appointed commander-in-chief on the next day. He defeated the Russians at Warwe and Dembe in March and at Iganie on the 8th of April; but his nominal victory at Ostrolenka (26 May 1831) was tantamount to a defeat, owing to his subsequent inaction, and he was superseded in August. He fled to Bohemia and lived in Prague until Leopold I. placed him in command of the Belgian Army. In 1839, the representations of Russia, Austria and Prussia compelled him to lay down this command. General Skrzynecki continued to live in Brussels until 1859, when he obtained leave to settle in Cracovia. He died in the month of January of the following year.--T.]

[Footnote 595: Johann Rudolf Count von Chotkowa and Wognin (1748-1824) was Grand Burgrave of Bohemia from 1802 to 1805.--T.]

[Footnote 596: _Anglicè_, in the original.--T.]

[Footnote 597: _Mémoires du maréchal de Bassompierre_, Vol. I. p. 326 _et seq._--B.]

[Footnote 598: Karl Robert Count Nesselrode (1780-1862), the famous Russian statesman, was Minister of Foreign Affairs almost continuously from 1813 to 1856.--T.]

[Footnote 599: Blacas d'Aulps the troubadour died in 1229; Blacas d'Aulps the "Great Warrior," one of the most gallant knights at the Court of Provence, in 1235.--T.]

[Footnote 600: _Cf._ Vol. II., p. 202, n. 5. Blacas d'Aulps and d'Épernon were both natives of the South of France.--T.]

[Footnote 601: The Obelisk of Luxor was brought from Egypt in 1831 and set up in Paris, on the Place de la Concorde, in 1836. It weighs 240 tons.--T.]

[Footnote 602: Luc de Clapier, Marquis de Vauvenargues ( 1715-1747), the French moralist, author of the _Introduction à la connaissance de l'esprit humain_, took part in the retreat from Prague (December 1742) as a captain of foot. His health suffered, and he was obliged to resign his commission soon after.--T.]

[Footnote 603: Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), the celebrated Danish astronomer, entered the service of the Emperor Rudolph II. and settled in Prague in 1599. The constellation which Tycho discovered in 1572 was Cassiopeia, in which appeared a temporary star brighter than Venus at its brightest.--T.]

[Footnote 604: Shakespeare: _Winter's Tale_, Act III. sc. iii. 1-2, 45, 48, 53-54.--T.]

[Footnote 605: Wenceslaus VI. King of Bohemia and Emperor of Germany (1361-1419), surnamed the Drunkard, was the son of the Emperor Charles IV. He was elected King of the Romans in 1376 and succeeded to the German and Bohemian Thrones in 1378. His cruelties made him so odious that his Bohemian nobles imprisoned him in 1394 and, in 1400, he was solemnly deposed from the Throne of Germany. He renounced his right to the Imperial Crown in 1410, but continued to reign as King of Bohemia.--T.]

[Footnote 606: John Wyclif (_circa_ 1324-1384) became Master of Balliol in 1360. Huss began spreading his doctrines in Prague in 1398.--T.]

[Footnote 607: Vaclav Hanka (1791-1861), an eminent Bohemian philologist and poet.--T.]

[Footnote 608: Frantisek Ladislav Czelakovsky (1799-1852), the poet and philologist. He published his collection of Slav folk-songs in 1822-1827.--T.]

[Footnote 609: Boguslav Lobkowitz, Baron von Hassenstein (1462-1510), the author of a number of odes, elegies and letters in Latin, of which a German translation was published, in Prague, in 1832.--T.]

[Footnote 610: Mahomet II. Sultan of Turkey (_circa_ 1430-1481), surnamed the Conqueror, or the Great. He besieged and captured Constantinople in 1453; and conquered the Morea, Servia, Bosnia and Albania and made the Crimea a dependency of Turkey in 1457.--T.]

[Footnote 611: Louis XII. King of France (1462-1515), surnamed the Father of the People.--T.]

[Footnote 612: CHATEAUBRIAND: _Le Roi est mort! Vive le roi!_ (1824).--B.]

[Footnote 613: It was not at Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1818, as Chateaubriand says in error, that the Allies called for the dismemberment of France, but three years earlier, during the discussion of the Treaties of 1815. It was then that the Emperor Alexander gave the Duc de Richelieu this "map of Styx," as an incontestable proof of the concessions obtained by the latter. On this map, our new frontier is marked out by a line drawn in blue, which takes away from France a portion of the Departments of the Isère, with Fort Barraux; of the Ain, with Belley, Gex and the Fort de l'Écluse; of the Jura, with Saint-Claude; of the Doubs, with the Fort de Tour, Pontarlier, Saint-Hippolyte and Montbéliard; the whole of the Haut-Rhin; the whole of the Bas-Rhin; the whole of the Moselle; a part of the Meuse, including Montmédy; the Ardennes, with Sedan, Mérières and Rocroy; the whole Department of the Nord, excepting Cambrai and Douai. The fact that this blue line was not put through and France not wiped out from the political map of Europe we owe entirely to Louis XVIII. and the Duc de Richelieu.--B.]

[Footnote 614: William Cobbett (1762-1835), the peasant essayist and politician. The letter referred to is his _Letter to Monsieur de Chateaubriand on his speech in the French Chamber of Deputies, on the 25th February_, 1823, _relative to the war proposed to be undertaken by France against the Revolutionists of Spain_, dated Kensington, 5 March 1823.--T.]

[Footnote 615: Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice (_circa_ 1108-1205), became Doge in 1192. He went as Ambassador to the Byzantine Court in 1173 and was blinded by order of the Emperor Manuel I.--T.]

[Footnote 616: Jean Châtel (1577-1594), in December 1594, stabbed Henry IV. on the lip, while the King was stooping to lift up two officers who were kneeling to him. Châtel was sentenced by the Parliament of Paris to be quartered.--T.]

[Footnote 617: Dominique de Vic, Viscount d'Ermenonville (_d._ 1610), one of the most faithful servants of Henry IV. Passing, after the King's death, through the Rue de la Ferronnerie, in which Henry had been assassinated, he was seized with a grief so keen that he died of it the next day.--T.]

[Footnote 618: Joachim Simon Comte de Trogoff (1763-1840) was born at the Château de Penlan, in Brittany. He entered the service in 1779 and fought in the War of American Independence. After the Emigration, he joined the Austrian service, where he remained till 1814, when the Restoration made him a brigadier-general and the Comte d'Artois admitted him to his intimacy. When Charles X. became King, he appointed Trogoff to the Governorship of Saint-Cloud. In 1830, at the time of the halt at Rambouillet, Trogoff acted as governor of the palace and wanted to fight, but was not permitted. He accompanied the King to the ship which was to take him to England and, having accomplished this duty, withdrew to the Château de Keruroret, near Saint-Pol, which he never left except to go to visit his old master in exile.--B.]

[Footnote 619: St. Clodoald, or Cloud (_d._ 560), was the son of Clodomir King of Orleans and the grandson of Clovis King of the Franks. After the death of his father and the murder of his two elder brothers, in 533, he devoted himself to a monastic life and lived in a retreat near Paris which was subsequently called after him. St. Cloud is honoured on the 7th of September.--T.]

[Footnote 620: VIR., _Georg._ IV. 515.--B.]

[Footnote 621: And not Friday the 1st of June, as the earlier editions have it.--B.]

[Footnote 622: The Duc d'Angoulême had taken the name of Comte de Marnes in exile,--T.]

[Footnote 623: Charles IV. King of Bohemia and Emperor of Germany (1316-1378) succeeded his father as King of Bohemia on the death of the latter at Crécy, in 1346, and was crowned Emperor in the following year.--T.]

[Footnote 624: Robert I. Bruce, King of Scotland (1274-1329), died seventeen years before the Battle of Crécy; but his son, David II. Bruce (1324-1371), invaded England in 1346, was defeated and captured at Neville's Cross (17 October 1346) and kept in captivity till 1357.--T.]

[Footnote 625: Philip VI. King of France (1293-1350), the first king of the House of Valois, was defeated by Edward III. at Crécy on the 26th of August 1346.--T.]

[Footnote 626: I omit a quotation from Alexandre Dumas' translation in verse of Lobkowitz' Latin Ode to the Sprudel.--T.]

[Footnote 627: Gurowsky (_b._ 1800), the Polish poet.--T.]

[Footnote 628: Christian Hermann Weisse (1801 -1866), author of the _System der Ästhetik_ (1830) and other philosophical works.--T.]

[Footnote 629: Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803), the German critic and poet.--T.]

[Footnote 630: The _Chef-d'œuvre d'un inconnu, poème heureusement découvert et mis au jour par le docteur Mathanasius_ is an amusing satire by Hyacinthe Cordonnier (1684-1746), known as Thémiseuil de Saint-Hyacinthe, published in 1714, in the midst of the "quarrel of the ancients and moderns." Its success was maintained throughout the eighteenth century.--T.]

[Footnote 631: LA FONTAINE, _Le Rat et l'huître_:

"Here stand the Apennines and here the Caucasus."

_Cf._ JOHNSON: "Survey mankind from China to Peru."--T.]

END OF VOL. V.

APPENDIX

THE ROYAL ORDINANCES OF JULY 1830

"CHARLES, etc.

"To all to whom these presents shall come, health.

"On the report of our Council of Ministers, We have ordained and do ordain as follows:

"Art I. The liberty of the periodical press is suspended.

"II. The regulations of Articles I., II. and IX., of the First Section of the Law of the 21st of October 1814 are again put in force; in consequence of which no journal, or periodical, or semi-periodical writing, established, or about to be established, without distinction of the matters therein treated, shall appear in Paris or in the Departments, except by the virtue of an authority first obtained from Us by the authors and printer respectively. This authority shall be renewed every three months. It may also be revoked.

"III. The authority shall be provisionally granted and provisionally withdrawn by the Prefects from journals and periodicals, or semi-periodical works, published, or about to be published, in the Departments.

"IV. Journals and writings published in contravention of Article II., shall be immediately seized. The presses and types used in the printing of them shall be placed in a public depository under seal, or rendered unfit for use.

"V. No writing of less than twenty printed pages shall appear, except with the authority of Our Minister the Secretary of State for the Interior in Paris, and of the Prefects in the Departments. Every writing of more than twenty printed pages, which shall not constitute one single work, must also be published under authority only. Writings published without authority shall be immediately seized; the presses and types used in printing them shall be placed in a public depository under seal, or rendered unfit for use.

"VI. Minutes relating to legal process and minutes of scientific and literary societies must be previously authorized, if they treat in whole or in part of political matters, in which case the measures prescribed by Article V. shall be applicable.

"VII. Every regulation contrary to the present shall be without effect.

"VIII. The execution of the present Ordinance shall take place in conformity with Article IV. of the Ordinance of 27 November 1816 and of that which is prescribed by the Ordinance of 18 January 1817.

"IX. Our Secretaries of State are charged with the execution of this Ordinance.

"Given at the Palace of Saint-Cloud, this 25th day of July in the Year of Grace 1830 and the sixth of Our reign.

(Signed) "CHARLES.

(Countersigned) "Prince de POLIGNAC, President. "CHANTELAUZE, Keeper of the Seals. "Baron d'HAUSSEZ, Minister of Marine. "MONTBEL, Minister of Finance. "Comte de GUERNON-RANVILLE, Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs. "Baron CAPELLE, Secretary of State for Public Works."

"CHARLES,

"To all to whom these presents shall come, etc.

"Having considered Article L. of the Constitutional Charter; being informed of the manœuvres which have been practised in various parts of Our Kingdom, to deceive and mislead the electors during the late operations of the electoral colleges; having heard our Council, We have ordained and do ordain as follows:

"Art. I. The Chamber of Deputies of departments is dissolved.

"II. Our Minister the Secretary of State of the Interior is charged with the execution of the present Ordinance.

"Given at Saint-Cloud, this 25th day of July in the Year of Grace 1830 and the sixth of Our reign.

(Signed) "CHARLES.

(Countersigned) "Comte de Peyronnet, Peer of France, Secretary of State for the Interior."

"CHARLES,

"To all who shall see these presents, health.

"Having resolved to prevent the return of the manœuvres which have exercised a pernicious influence on the late operations of the Electoral Colleges and wishing, in consequence, to reform, according to the principles of the Constitutional Charter, the rules of election, of which experience has shown the inconvenience, We have recognised the necessity of using the right which belongs to Us to provide, by acts emanating from Ourselves, for the safety of the State and for the suppression of every enterprise injurious to the dignity of Our Crown. For these reasons, having heard Our council, We have ordained and do ordain:

"Art I. Conformably with Articles XV., XXXVI. and XXX. of the Constitutional Charter, the Chamber of Deputies shall consist only of Deputies of Departments.

"II. The electoral rate and the rate of eligibility shall consist exclusively of the sums for which the elector and the candidate shall be inscribed individually, as holders of real or personal property in the roll of the land-tax, or of personal taxes.

"III. Each Department shall have the number of Deputies allotted to it by Article XXXVI. of the Constitutional Charter.

"IV. The Deputies shall be elected, and the Chamber renewed, in the form and for the time fixed by Article XXXVI. of the Constitutional Charter.

"V. The Electoral Colleges shall be divided into Colleges of Arrondissement and Colleges of Departments, except the case of those Electoral Colleges of Departments to which only one Deputy is allotted.

"VI. The Electoral Colleges of Arrondissements shall consist of all the electors whose political domicile is established in the Arrondissement The Electoral Colleges of Departments shall consist of a fourth part of the most highly taxed of the electors of Departments.

"VII. The present limits of the Electoral Colleges of Arrondissements are retained.

"VIII. Every Electoral College of Arrondissement shall elect a number of candidates equal to the number of Departmental Deputies.

"IX. The College of Arrondissement shall be divided into as many Sections as candidates. Each Division shall be in proportion to the number of Sections and to the total number of electors, having regard as much as possible to the convenience of place and neighbourhood.

"X. The Sections of the Electoral College of Arrondissement may assemble in different places.

"XI. Each Section of the Electoral College of Arrondissement shall choose a candidate and proceed separately.

"XII. The Presidents of the Sections of the Electoral College of Arrondissement shall be nominated by the Prefects from among the electors of the Arrondissement.

"XIII. The College of Department shall choose the Deputies; half the Deputies of Departments shall be chosen from the general list of candidates proposed by the Colleges of Arrondissements; nevertheless, if the number of Deputies of the Department is uneven, the division shall be made without impeachment of the right reserved by the College of Department.

"XIV. In cases where, by the effect of omissions, or of void or double nominations, the list of candidates proposed by the College of Arrondissement shall be incomplete, if the list is reduced below half the number required, the College of the Department shall choose another Deputy not in the list; if the list is reduced below a fourth, the College of the Department may elect the whole of the Deputies of the Department.

"XV. The Prefects, the Sub-prefects and the General Officers commanding Military Divisions and Departments are not to be elected in the Departments where they exercise their functions.

"XVI. The list of electors shall be settled by the Prefect in the Council of Prefecture. It shall be posted up five days before the assembling of the Colleges.

"XVII. Claims regarding the power of voting which have not been authorized by the Prefects shall be decided by the Chamber of Deputies, at the same time that it shall decide upon the validity of the operations of the Colleges.

"XVIII. In the Electoral Colleges of Departments, the two oldest electors and the two electors who pay the most taxes shall execute the duty of scrutators. The same disposition shall be observed in the Sections of the College of Arrondissement, composed, at most, of only fifty electors. In the other Sections, the functions of scrutators shall be executed by the oldest and the richest of the electors. The secretary of the College or Section shall be nominated by the President and the scrutators.

"XIX. No person shall be admitted into the College, or Section of College, if he is not inscribed in the list of electors who compose it. This list will be delivered to the President and will remain posted up in the place of the sitting of the College, during the period of its proceedings.

"XX. All discussion and deliberation whatever are forbidden in the bosom of the Electoral Colleges.

"XXI. The police of the College belongs to the President No armed force, without his order, can be placed near the hall of its sittings. The Military Commandant shall be bound to obey his requisitions.

"XXII. The nominations shall be made in the Colleges and Sections of Colleges, by the absolute majority of the votes given. Nevertheless, if the nominations are not finished after two rounds of scrutiny, the bureau shall determine the list of persons who shall have obtained the greatest number of suffrages at the second round. It shall contain a number of names double that of the nominations which remain to be made. At the third round, no suffrages can be given except to the persons inscribed on that list; and the nominations shall be made by a relative majority.

"XXIII. The electors shall vote by bulletins; every bulletin shall contain as many names as there are nominations to be made.

"XXIV. The electors shall write their vote on the bureau, or cause it to be written by one of the scrutators.

"XXV. The name, qualification and domicile of each elector who shall deposit his bulletin shall be inscribed by the secretary on a list destined to establish the number of the voters.

"XXVI. Every scrutiny shall remain open for six hours, and the result shall be declared during the sitting.

"XXVII. There shall be drawn up a _procès verbal_ for each sitting. This _procès verbal_, or minute, shall be signed by all the members of the bureau.

"XXVIII. Conformably with Article XLVI. of the Constitutional Charter, no amendment can be made upon any Law in the Chamber, unless it has been proposed and consented to by Us and unless it has been discussed in the bureau.

"XXIX. All regulations contrary to the present Ordinance shall remain without effect.

"XXX. Our Ministers, the Secretaries of State, are charged with the execution of the present Ordinance.

"Given at Saint-Cloud, this 25th day of July in the Year of Grace 1830 and the sixth of Our reign.

(Signed) "CHARLES." (Countersigned by all the Ministers.)