CHAPTER XV

MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE

In this chapter are given short notices of a series of works which the limits of this book make it impossible to describe at greater length.

I. The BOOK OF THE TWO WAYS.--This is a very ancient funerary work, which is found written in cursive hieroglyphs upon coffins of the eleventh and twelfth dynasties, of which many fine examples are to be seen in the British Museum. The object of the work is to provide the souls of the dead with a guide that will enable them, when they leave this world, to make a successful journey across the Tuat, _i.e._ the Other World or Dead Land, to the region where Osiris lived and ruled over the blessed dead. The work describes the roads that must be travelled over, and names the places where opposition is to be expected, and supplies the deceased with the words of power which he is to utter when in difficulties. The abode of the blessed dead could be reached either by water or by land, and the book affords the information necessary for journeying thither by either route. The sections of the book are often accompanied by coloured vignettes, which illustrate them, and serve as maps of the various regions of the Other World, and describe the exact positions of the streams and canals that have to be crossed, and the Islands of the Blest, and the awful country of blazing fire and boiling water in which the bodies, souls, and spirits of the wicked were destroyed.

II. The BOOK "AM TUAT," or Guide to him that is in the Tuat.--This Book has much in common with the Book of the Two Ways. According to it, the region that lay between this world and the realm of Osiris was divided into ten parts, which were traversed, once each night, by the Sun-god in the form which he took during the night. At the western end was a sort of vestibule, through which the god passed from the day sky into the Tuat, and at the eastern end was another vestibule, through which he passed on leaving the Tuat to re-enter the day sky. The two vestibules were places of gloom and semi-darkness, and the ten divisions of the Tuat were covered by black night. When the Sun-god set in the west in the evening he was obliged to travel through the Tuat to the eastern sky, in order to rise again on this earth on the following day. He entered the Tuat at or near Thebes, proceeded northwards, through the under-worlds of Thebes, Abydos, Herakleopolis, Memphis, and Saīs, then turned towards the east and crossed the Delta, and, having passed through the underworld of Heliopolis, appeared in the eastern sky to resume his daily course from east to west. His journey so far as Memphis he made in a boat, which sailed on the river of the Tuat. At Memphis he left the boat on the river, and entered a magical boat formed of a serpent's body, and so passed under the mountainous district round about Sakkārah. At or near Saīs he returned to his river boat, and sailing over the great marine lakes of the Delta reached Heliopolis. The sun-god was guided through each section of the Tuat by a goddess who belonged to the district, and for the sake of uniformity the journey through each section was supposed to occupy an hour; the guiding goddess left the god's boat at the end of her hour, and the goddess of the next section took her place. The path of the god was lighted by fire, which the beings who lived in the various sections poured out of their mouths, and the attendant gods who were with them in his boat spake words of power, which overcame all opposition and removed every obstacle. As he passed through each section it was temporarily lighted up by the fire already mentioned, and he uttered words of power, the effect of which was to supply the inhabitants of the section with air, food, and drink, sufficient to last until the next night, when he would renew the supply. Many parts of the Tuat were filled with hideous monsters in human and animal forms, and with evil spirits of every kind, but they were all rendered powerless by the spells uttered by the gods who were in attendance on the Sun-god in his boat. At one time in the history of Egypt it became the earnest wish of every pious man to make the journey from this world to the next in the Boat of the Sun. Armed with words of power and amulets of all kinds, and relying on their lives of moral rectitude, and the effect of the offerings which they had made to the dead, their souls entered the Boat, and set out on their journey. When they reached Abydos their credentials were examined, and those who were found to be speakers of the truth and upright in their actions were allowed to continue their journey with the Sun-god, and to live with him ever after. Some souls preferred to remain at Abydos and to live with Osiris, and those who were found righteous in the Judgment were allowed to do so, and were granted estates in perpetuity in the kingdom of this god. The Book "AM TUAT" describes the sections of the Tuat and their inhabitants, and supplies all the information which the soul was supposed to require in passing from this world to the next. Many copies of certain sections of it are known, and some of these are in the British Museum;[1] the most complete copy of it is in the tomb of Seti I at Thebes.

[Footnote 1: See the massive stone sarcophagi of Nectonebus exhibited in the Southern Egyptian Gallery of the British Museum.]

III. The BOOK OF GATES.--This book was also written to be a Guide to the Tuat, and has much in common with the Book of the Two Ways and with the Book Am Tuat. In it also the Tuat is divided into ten sections and has two vestibules, the Eastern and the Western, but at the entrance to each section is a strongly fortified Gate, guarded by a monster serpent-god and by the gods of the section. The Sun-god of night, as in the Book Am Tuat, makes his journey in a boat, and is attended by a number of gods, who remove all opposition from his path by the use of words of power. As he approaches each Gate, its doors are thrown open by the gods who guard them, and he passes into the section of the Tuat behind it, carrying with him light, air, and food for its inhabitants. The Book of Gates embodies the teaching of the priests of the cult of Osiris, and the Book Am Tuat represents the modified form of it that was promulgated by the priests of Amen. From the Book of Gates we derive much information about the realm of Osiris, and the Great Judgment of souls, which took place in his Hall of Judgment once a day at midnight. Then all the souls that had collected during the past twenty-four hours from all parts of Egypt were weighed in the Balance; the righteous were allotted estates in perpetuity in the "land of souls," and the wicked were destroyed by Shesmu, the executioner of the god, and by his assistants. The texts that describe the various "Gates" of the Book of Gates, explain who are the beings represented in the pictures, and state why they were there. And the Book proves conclusively that the Egyptians believed in the efficacy of sacrifices and offerings, and in the doctrine of righteous retribution; liars and deceivers were condemned, and their bodies, souls, spirits, doubles, and names destroyed, and the righteous were rewarded for their upright lives and integrity upon earth by the gift of everlasting life and happiness. The most complete copy of this interesting work in England is cut on the alabaster sarcophagus of Seti I, about 1350 B.C. This unique sepulchral monument is exhibited gratis in Sir John Soane's Museum at 13 Lincoln's Inn Fields, and every student of the religion of the Egyptians should examine it.

IV. The RITUAL OF EMBALMMENT.--Two important fragments of a copy of this work are preserved in the Museum of the Louvre (No. 5158), and a part of another in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo (No. 3); the former copy was written for a priest of Amen called Heru, and the latter for a priest called Hetra. These fragments of the work describe minutely the process of mummifying certain parts of a human body, and state what materials were employed by the embalmer. Moreover, it gives the texts of the magical and religious spells that were ordered to be recited by the priest who superintended the embalmment, the effect of which was to "make divine" each member of the body, and to secure for it the protecting influence of the god or goddess who presided over it. The following extract refers to the embalming of the head: "Then anoint the head of the deceased and all his mouth with oil, both the head and the face, and wrap it in the bandages of Harmakhis in Hebit. The bandage of the goddess Nekhebet shall be put on the forehead, the bandage of Hathor in Heliopolis on the face, the bandage of Thoth on the ears, and the bandage of Nebt-hetepet on the back of the neck. All the coverings of the head and all the strips of linen used in fastening them shall be taken from sheets of linen that have been examined as to quality and texture in the presence of the inspector of the mysteries. On the head of the deceased shall be the bandage of Sekhmet, beloved of Ptah, in two pieces. On the two ears two bandages called the "Complete." On the nostrils two bandages called "Nehai" and "Smen." On the cheeks two bandages called "He shall live." On the forehead four pieces of linen called the "shining ones." On the skull two pieces called "The two Eyes of Rā in their fullness." On the two sides of the face and ears twenty-two pieces. As to the mouth two inside, and two out. On the chin two pieces. On the back of the neck four large pieces. Then tie the whole head firmly with a strip of linen two fingers wide, and anoint a second time, and then fill up all the crevices with the oil already mentioned. Then say, "O august goddess, Lady of the East, Mistress of the West, come and enter into the two ears of Osiris. O mighty goddess, who art ever young, O great one, Lady of the East, Mistress of the West, let there be breathing in the head of the deceased in the Tuat. Let him see with his eyes, hear with his ears, breathe with his nose, pronounce with his mouth, and speak with his tongue in the Tuat. Accept his voice in the Hall of Truth, and let him be proved to have been a speaker of the truth in the Hall of Keb, in the presence of the Great God, the Lord of Amenti."

V. The RITUAL OF THE DIVINE CULT.--This title is commonly given to a work consisting of sixty-six chapters, which were recited daily by the high priest of Amen-Rā, the King of the Gods, in his temple at Thebes, during the performance of a series of ceremonies of a highly important and symbolical character. The text of this Ritual is found cut in hieroglyphs on the walls of the temple of Seti I at Abydos, and written in hieratic upon papyri preserved in the Imperial Museum in Berlin. The work was originally intended to be recited by the king himself daily, but it was soon found that the Lord of Egypt could not spare the time necessary for its recital each day, and he therefore was personified by the high priest of each temple in which the Ritual was performed. The object of the Ritual was to place the king in direct contact with his god Amen-Rā once a day. The king was an incarnation of Amen-Rā, and ruled Egypt as the representative upon earth of the god. He drew his power and wisdom direct from the god, and it was believed that these required renewal daily. To bring about this renewal of the divine spirit in the god's vicegerent upon earth, the king entered the temple in the early morning, and performed ceremonies and recited formulæ that purified both the sanctuary and himself. He then advanced to the shrine, which contained a small gilded wooden figure of the god, inlaid with precious stones and provided with a movable head, arms, and legs, and opened it and knelt down before the figure. He performed further ceremonies of purification, and finally took the figure of the god in his arms and embraced it. During this embrace the divine power of Amen-Rā, which was in the gilded figure at that moment, passed into the body of the king, and the divine power and wisdom, which were in the king as the god's representative, were renewed. The king then closed the doors of the shrine and left the sanctuary for a short time. When he returned he opened the shrine again, and made adoration to the god, and presented a series of offerings that symbolised Truth. After this the king dressed the figure of the god in sacred apparel, and decorated it. Then, having performed further acts of worship before it, he closed the doors of the shrine, sealed them with mud seals, and left the sanctuary.

VI. The BOOK "MAY MY NAME FLOURISH."--This was a very popular funerary work in the Roman Period. It is a development of a long prayer that is found in the Pyramid Texts, and was written by the priests and used as a spell to make the name of the deceased flourish eternally in heaven and on the earth. Many copies of it, written on narrow strips of papyrus, are preserved in the British Museum.

VII. The BOOK OF ĀAPEP, the great enemy of the Sun-god.--Āapep was the god of evil, who became incarnate in many forms, especially in wild and savage animals and in monster serpents and venomous reptiles of every kind. He was supposed to take the form of a huge serpent and to lie in wait near the portals of the dawn daily, so that he might swallow up the sun as he was about to rise in the eastern sky. He was accompanied by legions of devils and fiends, red and black, and by all the powers of storm, tempest, hurricane, whirlwind, thunder and lightning, and he was the deadly foe of all order, both physical and moral, and of all good in heaven and in earth. At certain times during the day and night the priests in the temple of Amen-Rā recited a series of chapters, and performed a number of magical ceremonies, which were intended to strengthen the arms of the Sun-god, and give him power to overcome the resistance of Āapep. These chapters acted on Āapep as spells, and they paralysed the monster just as he was about to attack the Sun-god. The god then approached and shot his fiery darts into him, and his attendant gods hacked the monster's body to pieces, which shrivelled up under the burning heat of the rays of the Sun-god, and all the devils and fiends of darkness fled shrieking in terror at their leader's fate. The sun then rose on this world, and all the stars and spirits of the morning and all the gods of heaven sang for joy. The complete text of this book is found in a long papyrus dated in the reign of Alexander II in the British Museum (No. 10,188).

VIII. The INSTRUCTIONS, OR PRECEPTS OF TUAUF to his son Pepi.--Two copies of this work, which has also been called a "Hymn in praise of learning," are contained in a papyri preserved in the British Museum (Sallier II and Anastasi VII). These "Instructions" in reality represent the advice of a father to his son, whom he was sending to school to be trained for the profession of the scribe. Whether the boy was merely sorry to leave his home, or whether he disliked the profession which his father had chosen for him, is not clear, but from first to last the father urges him to apply himself to the pursuit of learning, which, in his opinion, is the foundation of all great and lasting success. He says, "I have compared the people who are artisans and handicraftsmen [with the scribe], and indeed I am convinced that there is nothing superior to letters. Plunge into the study of Egyptian Learning, as thou wouldst plunge into the river, and thou wilt find that this is so. I would that thou wouldst love Learning as thou lovest thy mother. I wish I were able to make thee to see how beautiful Learning is. It is more important than any trade in the world. Learning is not a mere phrase, for the man who devoteth himself thereto from his youth is honoured, and he is despatched on missions. I have watched the blacksmith at the door of his furnace. His hands are like crocodiles' hide, and he stinketh worse than fishes' eggs. The metal worker hath no more rest than the peasant on the farm. The stone mason--at the end of the day his arms are powerless; he sitteth huddled up together until the morning, and his knees and back are broken. The barber shaveth until far into the night, he only resteth when he eateth. He goeth from one street to another looking for work. He breaketh his arms to fill his belly, and, like the bees, he eateth his own labour. The builder of houses doeth his work with difficulty; he is exposed to all weathers, and he must cling to the walls which he is building like a creeping plant. His clothes are in a horrible state, and he washeth his body only once a day. The farmer weareth always the same clothes. His voice is like the croak of a bird, his skin is cracked by the wind; if he is healthy his health is that of the beasts. If he be ill he lieth down among them, and he sleepeth on the damp irrigated land. The envoy to foreign lands bequeatheth his property to his children before he setteth out, being afraid that he will be killed either by wild beasts of the desert or by the nomads therein. When he is in Egypt, what then? No sooner hath he arrived at home than he is sent off on another mission. As for the dyer, his fingers stink like rotten fish, and his clothes are absolutely horrors. The shoemaker is a miserable wretch. He is always asking for work, and his health is that of a dying fish. The washerman is neighbour to the crocodile. His food is mixed up with his clothes, and every member of him is unclean. The catcher of water-fowl, even though he dive in the Nile, may catch nothing. The trade of the fisherman is the worst of all. He is in blind terror of the crocodile, and falleth among crocodiles." The text continues with a few further remarks on the honourable character of the profession of the scribe, and ends with a series of Precepts of the same character as those found in the works of Ptah-hetep and the scribe Ani, from which extracts have already been given.

IX. MEDICAL PAPYRI.--The Egyptians possessed a good practical knowledge of the anatomy of certain parts of the human body, but there is no evidence that they practised dissection before the arrival of the Greeks in Egypt. The medical papyri that have come down to us contain a large number of short, rough-and-ready descriptions of certain diseases, and prescriptions of very great interest. The most important medical papyrus known is that which was bought at Luxor by the late Professor Ebers in 1872-3, and which is now preserved in Leipzig. This papyrus is about 65 feet long, and the text is written in the hieratic character. It was written in the ninth year of the reign of a king who is not yet satisfactorily identified, but who probably lived before the period of the rule of the eighteenth dynasty, perhaps about 1800 B.C. A short papyrus in the British Museum contains extracts from it, and other papyri with somewhat similar contents are preserved in the Museums of Paris, Leyden, Berlin, and California.

X. MAGICAL PAPYRI.--The widespread use of magic in Egypt in all ages suggests that the magical literature of Egypt must have been very large. Much of it was incorporated at a very early period into the Religious Literature of the country, and was used for legitimate purposes, in fact for the working of what we call "white magic." The Egyptian saw no wrong in the working of magic, and it was only condemned by him when the magician wished to produce evil results. The gods themselves were supposed to use spells and incantations, and every traveller by land or water carried with him magical formulæ which he recited when he was in danger from the wild beasts of the desert or the crocodile of the river and its canals. Specimens of these will be found in the famous magical papyri in the British Museum, _e.g._ the Salt Papyrus, the Rhind Papyrus, and the Harris Papyrus. Under this heading may be mentioned Papyrus Sallier IV in the British Museum, which contains a list of lucky and unlucky days. Here is a specimen of its contents:

1st day of Hathor. The whole day is lucky. There is festival in heaven with Rā and Hathor.

2nd day of Hathor. The whole day is lucky. The gods go out. The goddess Uatchet comes from Tep to the gods who are in the shrine of the bull, in order to protect the divine members.

3rd day of Hathor. The whole day is lucky.

4th day of Hathor. The whole day is unlucky. The house of the man who goes on a voyage on that day comes to ruin.

6th day of Hathor. The whole day is unlucky. Do not light a fire in thy house on this day, and do not look at one.

18th day of Pharmuthi. The whole day is unlucky. Do not bathe on this day.

20th day of Pharmuthi. The whole day is unlucky. Do not work on this day.

22nd day of Pharmuthi. The whole day is unlucky. He who is born on this day will die on this day.

23rd day of Pharmuthi. The first two-thirds of the day are unlucky, and the last third lucky.

XI. LEGAL DOCUMENTS.--The first legal document written in Egypt was the will of Rā, in which he bequeathed all his property and the inheritance of the throne of Egypt to his first-born son Horus. Tradition asserted that this Will was preserved in the Library of the Sun-god in Heliopolis. The inscriptions contain many allusions to the Laws of Egypt, but no document containing any connected statement of them has come down to us. In the great inscription of Heruemheb, the last king of the eighteenth dynasty, a large number of good laws are given, but it must be confessed that as a whole the administration of the Law in many parts of Egypt must always have been very lax. Texts relating to bequests, endowments, grants of land, &c., are very difficult to translate, because it is well-nigh impossible to find equivalents for Egyptian legal terms. In the British Museum are two documents in hieratic that were drawn up in connection with prosecutions which the Government of Egypt undertook of certain thieves who had broken into some of the royal tombs at Thebes and robbed them, and of certain other thieves who had robbed the royal treasury and made away with a large amount of silver (Nos. 10,221, 10,052, 10,053, and 10,054). Equally interesting is the roll that describes the prosecution of certain highly placed officials and relations of Rameses III who had conspired against him and wanted to kill him. Several of the conspirators were compelled to commit suicide. The text is written in hieratic on papyrus, and is preserved in the Royal Museum, Leyden.

XII. HISTORICAL ROMANCES.--Examples of these are the narrative of the capture of the town of Joppa in Palestine by an officer of Thothmes III, and the history of the dispute that broke out between Seqenenrā, King of Upper Egypt, and Āapepi, King of Avaris in the Delta. These are written in hieratic and are preserved in the British Museum, in Harris Papyrus 500, and Sallier No. 1 (10,185).

XIII. MATHEMATICS.--The chief source of our knowledge of the Mathematics of the Egyptians is the Rhind Papyrus in the British Museum (No. 10,057), which was written before 1700 B.C., probably during the reign of one of the Hyksos kings. The papyrus contains a number of simple arithmetical examples and several geometrical problems. The workings out of these prove that the Egyptian spared himself no trouble in making his calculations, and that he worked out both his arithmetical examples and problems in the most cumbrous and laborious way possible. He never studied mathematics in order to make progress in his knowledge of the science, but simply for purely practical everyday work; as long as his knowledge enabled him to obtain results which he knew from experience were substantially correct he was content.

EDITIONS OF EGYPTIAN TEXTS, TRANSLATIONS, &c.

AMÉLINEAU, E.--Morale Égyptien. Paris, 1892. 8vo.

BERGMANN, E.--Das Buch vom Durchwandeln der Ewigkeit. Vienna, 1877.

BIRCH, S.--Egyptian Texts from the Coffin of Amamu. London, 1886. Egyptian Hieratic Papyrus of Rameses III. London, 1876.

BREASTED, J.H.--Ancient Records--Egypt. Chicago, 1906.

BRUGSCH, H.--Sieben Jahre der Hungersnoth. Leipzig, 1891. Inscriptio Rosettana. Berlin, 1851. Neue Weltordnung. Berlin, 1881. Reise nach der grossen Oase. Leipzig, 1878. Rhind's zwei Bilingue Papyri. Leipzig, 1865. Shai an Sinsin. Berlin, 1851.

BUDGE, E.A. WALLIS.--Book of the Dead, Egyptian Texts, Translation and Vocabulary, 2nd ed. London, 1909. Papyrus of Ani. London, 1913. Papyri of Hunefer, Anhai, Netchemet, Kersher, and Nu. London, 1899. Hieratic Papyri. Texts and translations. London, 1910. Book of Opening the Mouth, Liturgy of Funerary Offerings, The Book of Am-Tuat, The Book of Gates. London, 1906-1909. Legends of the Gods. London, 1912. Annals of Nubian Kings. London, 1912. Greenfield Papyrus. 1912.

DE HORRACK, P.J.--Les Lamentations d'Isis. Paris, 1866.

ERMAN, A.--Gespräch eines Lebensmüden. Berlin, 1896. Die Märchen des Papyrus Westcar. Berlin, 1890.

GARDINER, A.H.--Egyptian Hieratic Texts, Part I. Leipzig, 1911. The Admonitions of an Egyptian Sage. Leipzig, 1909. Die Erzählung des Sinuhe. Leipzig, 1904. Die Klagen des Bauern. Leipzig, 1908.

GRÉBAUT, E.--Hymne à Ammon-Rā. Paris, 1874.

GRIFFITH, F. Ll.--Stories of the High Priests of Memphis. Oxford, 1900.

GOLENISCHEFF, W.--Die Metternichstele. Leipzig, 1877. Le Conte du Naufragé. Cairo, 1912. Les Papyrus Hiératiques. St. Petersburg, 1913.

JOACHIM, H.--Papyros Ebers. Berlin, 1890.

LEFÉBURE, E.--Le Mythe Osirien. Paris, 1874. Traduction comparée des Hymnes. Paris, 1868.

LEGRAIN, G.--Livre des Transformations. Paris, 1890.

LIEBLEIN, J.--Le livre Égyptien, Que mon nom. Leipzig, 1895.

MASPERO, G.--Contes Populaires. Paris, 1912. Une enquête judiciaire. Paris, 1872. Études Égyptiennes. Tomm. I, II. Paris, 1883. Du Genre Épistolaire. Paris, 1872. Hymne au Nil. Paris, 1868, and Cairo, 1912. Inscriptions des Pyramides de Saqqarah. Paris, 1894. Mémoire sur quelques Papyrus. Paris, 1875. Les Mémoires de Sinouhit. Cairo, 1908.

MÖLLER, G.--Die beiden Totenpapyrus Rhind. Leipzig, 1913.

MORET, A.--Le Rituel du Culte Divin. Paris, 1902.

MÜLLER, W.M.--Die Liebespoesie der alten Ägypter. Leipzig, 1899.

NAVILLE, E.--Das Aegyptische Todtenbuch. Berlin, 1886. La Litanie du Soleil. Leipzig, 1875. Papyrus Funéraires de la XXIe dynastie. Paris, 1912. Textes relatifs an Mythe Horus. Geneva, 1870.

SCHACK-SCHACKENBURG, H.--Das Buch von den zwei Wegen. Leipzig, 1903.

SCHÄFER, H.--Die Aethiopische Königinschrift. Leipzig, 1901. Ein Bruchstück altägyptischer Annalen. Berlin, 1902.

SCHIAPARELLI.--Libro dei Funerali. Turin, 1882.

SPIEGELBERG, W.--Der Sagenkreis des Königs Petubastis. Leipzig, 1910. Das Demotische Totenbuch. Leipzig, 1910. Der Papyrus Libbey. Strassburg, 1907. Rechnungen aus der Zeit Setis I. Strassburg, 1896.

VIREY, PH.--Études sur le Papyrus Prisse. Paris, 1887.

VOGELSANG, F.--Die Klagen des Bauern. Leipzig, 1913.

WIEDEMANN, A.--Hieratische Texte aus den Museen zu Berlin und Paris. Leipzig, 1879. Magie und Zauberei. Leipzig, 1905. Die Unterhaltung's Litteratur der alten Aegypter. Leipzig, 1902.

INDEX

Aa, 159, 165 Āakheperenrā, 103, 144 Āakheperkarā, 142, 145 Āamu, 108, 128, 161, 163 Āapep, 48, 68 Āapepi, 254 Āataka, 114 Aat-Beqt, 151 Aatti, 141, 142 Abana, 140 Abhat, 136 Abtu Fish, 48 Abu, 73, 83, 86, 87, 128, 130, 132, 165 --products of, 85 Abydos, 44, 45, 47, 65, 99, 127, 138, 245, 246, 249 valley of, 200 Acacia, 46, 61, 201 and river, 202 cut down, 203, 206 Acacias, the two, 205 Africanus, 98 Aged God, 15, 48 Ahnas al-Madīnah, 170 Āina, 113 Air-god, 16 air supply, 43 Akert, 44, 46, 65, 115, 221 Akeru, 21 Akhet, 62, 64, 134, 151, 155 Aku, 156 Alasa, 194 Ale, 19 Alexander the Great, 71 --II, 250 Alexandria, 88 Library of, 98 Al-Kab, 140, 143 Altar stands, 147 Am, 90 Amam, 128, 132, 133, 134 Am-as, 13 Amasis I, 140, 143 --the naval officer, 140 ff. Amasis Pen-Nekheb, 143 ff. Amen, 60, 67, 70, 93, 103, 104, 105, 111, 117, 146, 147, 185, 187, 188, 189, 193, 194, 216, 217, 219, 220, 247 --Father, 119 --of Sīwah, 71 Amenemhat I, 155, 162 --II, 155 --III, 99 Amen-hetep I, 142, 144 Ameni Amen-āa, 213 --Amenemhat, 135 ff Amen-ka-mutef, 218 Amen-Rā; 68, 76, 106, 110, 115, 145, 148, 164, 185, 186, 189, 190, 192, 193, 218, 219, 249, 250 Hymn to, 214 ff. Amen-shefit, 147 Amentamat, 186, 187, 192 Amentet, 46, 49, 50, 61, 149, 153, 164 Amenti, 248 Amenuserhat, 190 Ames sceptre, 215 Amhet, 49 Am-khent, 13 Ammaau, 134 Ammon, 67, 71 Ammuiansha, 157, 161 Amsu, 151 Amtes, 128 Amulets, 41, 43, 246 Am-urtet, 153 An, 45, 46, 63, 65 An instrument, 15 Anatomy, 252 Ancestor-god, 70 Anebuheq, 156 Ani; 216, 218 Maxims of, 228 papyrus of, 44, 45 Ānkh Psemthek, 88 Ānkh-taui, 151, 152 Ānkhu, 238 Anmutef, 20 Annals of Thothmes III, 104 Annana, 207 Anointing, 13 Anpu, 15, 69, 196, 197 ff. Anqet, 85 Anrekh, 64 Anrutef, 47, 81 Ant Fish, 48 Āntchmer, 155 Antef, 137, 138 Antes, 46 Āntet Boat, 218 Anti, 142, 143 Antiu, 106, 109, 141 Āntti Boat, 222 Antuf, 242 Anu (Heliopolis), 15, 20, 24, 36, 37, 43, 45, 48, 61, 214, 217, 218, 220, 222 Anubis, 15, 33, 50, 60, 69, 149 Ape-gods, 49 Apes, 212 spirits of dawn, 218 Apet, 29, 30, 32 Aphroditopolis, 128, 130 Apollinopolis, 78 Apts, 118, 143, 147, 148, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218 Apuur, 236, 239, 240 Aqen, 101 Aqert, 64 Ara, 132 Arabia, 93, 215 Aram Naharayim, 109 Archers (stars), 21 Arm rings, 23 Arniau, 154 Aroeris, 164 Arsu, 110 Arthet, 128, 131, 133 Artheth, 133 Asbatau, 112 Asemt, 142 Ashtoreth, 78 Asi, 108 Asia, 108 Asiatics, 108, 238 Asri, 170 Ass, eater of, 48 Assa, 4, 134, 135, 224 Asten, 2 Astronomy, 1 Aswān, 83, 131 Atef Crown, 54, 111, 115, 215 Atem, 61, 67 Aten, 61, 62 Athettaui, 166 Athi-taui, 117 Aukehek, 144 Aukert, 54 Aunab, 90 Ausares, 68 Avaris, 140, 141, 256

Baba, 53 Badhilu, 185 Baiufrā, 27, 29 Balance; 23, 54 heaven weighed in; 47 keeper of, 50 --of Truth, 247 Bandlets, 16, 23 Baqanau, 112 Barber, 251 Barley, 34, 45 Bata, 196, 197, 204, 205 Baurtet, 134, 135 Beautiful Face, 218, 220 Beer, 203 drinking of, 229 --of Hathor, 73 Bees, 251 Beetle, sacred, 91 Befen, 88 Befent, 89 Behutet, 82 Bekhten, Princess of, 92 ff. Benben Stone, 216, 217 Beni-hasan, 135 Bentresht, 93, 95 Benu bird, 43, 45, 91 Bequests, 254 Betti, 56 Betu incense, 28 Birds, sacred, 52 Black Fiends, 68 Blacks, 128, 129 character of, 102 edict against, 101, 102 hand of, 110 Blacksmiths, 78, 81, 251 Blasphemy, 53, 72 Blood in beer, 73 of Isis, 56 Boat, magical, 43 --of Amen, 191 --of Amen-Rā, 185, 193 Boat of Millions of Years, 77, 91, 92 --of Rā; 123 two Boats of Rā, 123 --of Rā-Harmakhis, 78 --of the Sun, 234, 246 Book, Am Tuat, 244 --boxes, 7 --"May my name," 250 --of Āapep, 250 --of Breathings, 40, 59 ff. --of Gates, 246 --of knowing how Rā, 68 --of making splendid, 64 ff. --of Opening the Mouth, 13, 38 --of overthrowing Āapepi, 67 ff. --of Proverbs, 224 --of Psalms, 241 --of slaying the Hippopotamus, 78 --of the Dead; 4, 6, 29, 37 ff. 41 the Recensions of, 39 ff. summary of Chapters of, 42 ff. Græco-Roman Books, 59 ff. hieratic, 4 hieroglyphic, 40 --of the Two Ways, 244 --of Traversing Eternity, 40, 61 --of Wisdom, 224 Books, 2 magical, 30 --of Thoth, 2 study of, 230 Bread cakes, 45 Bronze, 238 Brugsch, Dr. H., 9 Builder, 251 Bull, the ship, 140 --skin of, 14 Bulls, sacrifice of, 15 Burial, 232 Bushel, 52 Busiris, 39, 44, 46, 61 Buto, 92 Byblos, 186, 187, 195, 238 Byssus, 191, 243

Cairo, 4, 15, 169 Cake for journey, 17 Cakes, 19 Calf, sucking, 14 Canopus, 112 Caravans, 119 Carnelian, 238 Cataract, first, 73, 83, 116 Cedar, oil of, 18 wood of, 185 Champollion, J.F., 37, 92 Charcoal, 6 Charms, 41 Chattering, 229 Cheops, 25, 27 Children of Horus, 220 Christianity in Egypt, 39 Christians, Egyptian, 7, 68 Circuit of Great Circuit, 109 City of Amen, 220 --Eternity, 161 Cleopatra, 183 Coffins, inscribed, 4 Collar, 16 amulet of, 43 Coming forth by day, 43 Company of gods, the great, 218 Conspiracy, 254 Copper, 114 sulphate of, 6 Coptos, 113, 136 Copts, 7, 68 Cord for land measuring, 85 Cord-master, 22 Cow-goddess, 73, 74 Cow, the celestial, 74 Creation, story of, 67 ff. Crocodile-god, 175 Crocodile of W.E.S. and N., 57 --waxen, 25-7 seizes a servant, 35, 36 transformation into, 43 spells against, 42 Crocodilopolis, 124 Crown, the Double, 80 the Red, 23 the White, 23, 215, 216 Crusher of bones, 53 Cush, 102, 142 Cymbals, 33 Cyprus, 108, 194

Dance, 134 Dancing women, 33 Darkness, 68 Daughters of Nile-god, 220 Day, 17 right eye of Rā, 220 Days, lucky and unlucky, 253 Dead hand, 224, 244 --the blessed, 244 Death, 234 god of, 14, 43, 154 messenger of, 229 the second, 43, 44 Decapitation, 43 Deceit, 46, 47 Deeds, good, 230 Dekans, the Thirty-Six, 46, 62 Delta, 39, 44, 57, 77, 79, 81, 82, 92, 102, 105, 117, 128, 237, 245, 254 Demotic writing, 1 Dēr al-Baharī, 146 Destiny, 220 Dhir, 185, 186 Diligence, 227 Diocletian, 97 Disk, 165, 200 Dissection, 252 Documents, legal, 7 Dog-god, 15 Dog-star, 20, 24 D'Orbiney, 196 Double, the, 11, 16 Drafts, 7 Drunkard, 228, 229 Dwarf, 91 dancing, 133 Dyer,252

Earth-god, 22, 24, 44, 47, 69 Earth Serpent, 221 --the wife of Rā, 220 East, Souls of, 43 Ebers, Dr. G., 252 Ebony box, 26 --paddles, 28 Ecclesiasticus, 224 Edfū, 77, 78, 82 Egypt, invasion of, 116 ff. wisdom of, 2 Eight gods, 120 Eileithyiaspolis, 43, 47, 140 Elephantine, 83, 102, 128, 130, 132, 165 Elephants' tusks, 212 Elysian Fields, 40, 41, 42, 45 Embalmment, ritual of, 247 Endowments, 254 Enemies in Tuat, 42 Enemy, Serpent, 47 Envoy, 251 Erman, Prof. E., 25 Euphrates, 108 Eusebius, 98 Evening Boat, 48 Evil, god of, 2 Executioner of Osiris, 43 Eye of Horus, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 24, the two eyes, 17 --of Khepera, 70 --of Rā, 46, 55, 72, 223 --of Nebertcher, 69 Eye paint, 13, 212 Eyes of Rā, 248

Falcon, 21 Famine, the Seven Years', 83 Farāfrah, 169 Farmer, 226, 251 Father Rā, 123 Fayyūm, 121 Fenkhu, 102, 164 Ferryman, the celestial, 43 Festival Songs of Isis and Nephthys, 62 Festivals, duty of keeping, 228 Field of Offerings, 24, 60 --grasshoppers, 54, 60 Fields of Turquoise, 64 Fig tree, 241 Fire, 232, 245 --House of, 215 --Island of, 43 --Lake of, 22 Flint, box of, 32 Fog-fiend, 68 Followers of Horus, 48, 78 Food celestial, 47 Foods, 11 Fountain of the Sun, 123 Fowler, 252 Frog-goddess, 33 Funeral, Chapter of, 42 Funerary Ritual, 37

Gardiner, Mr. A.H., 240 Gates of Tuat, 60 Gazelle, 15 Gebel Barkal, 116, 119, 125 Geese, 15, 20 Gīzah, 126 Glue for papyrus, 6 Goatskin, 4 God, 238 devotion to, 231 origin of, 42 Gods, Great Company of, 15 --Legends of; 71 ff. of cardinal points, 21 origin of, 217 the Eighteen, 20 the Forty-two, 51 the Two Great, 24 God-house, 147, 148 Gold, 48 from Sūdān; 135 of valour, 140, 141 Goose, 89 a dead, restored, 31 Gourds, 209 Grain, an emanation of Rā, 220 Granite, 85, 131 Grants of land, 254 Great Bear, 20 --Circuit, 108 --Door, 188, 206 --Gate, 163 --God, 50 --Judgment, 50, 53, 247 --Green, 109, 113, 123, 217 --Hall, 60, 218 --Hawk, 218 --High Mouth, 111 --House, 15, 83, 161, 166, 215 --River, 112 --Scales, 50 --Throne, 147 Greyhounds, 212 Gum, 6

Hair of Bata's wife, 202 Hait, 185 Hall of Keb, 60, 248 --of Judgment, 50, 247 --of Maāti, 51, 53 --of Shu, 60 --of Truth, 55, 60, 248 --of Tuat, 42 Hammāmāt, 113 Hap-Asar, 149 Happiness, 232 Harmakhis, 46, 248 Harper, Song of, 242 Harris Papyrus, No. 1, 110 --No. 500, 241, 242, 254 Hasau, 112 Hathaba, 194 Hathor, 21, 72, 73, 114, 134, 164, 165, 248, 253 --month of, 253 --Sekhmet, 72 Hathors, the Seven, 202 Hatshepset, 145 Haughtiness, 226 Haunebu, 102 Hawk, golden; 43 divine, 43 the Great, 91 Hawks, 20 Head, lifting up of, 44 Headsman of Osiris, 43 Heart, 50 amulet of the, 42 of Bata, 201 of bull, 15 Chapters of, 42 of a man, 230 restoration of, 44 Heart-scarabs, 51 Heat in body, 44 Heaven, solar, 39 Heavens, the Two, 23 Heben, 79 Hebit, 248 Hebrews, 241 Heh, 101 Height, 19 Heliopolis, 15, 24, 32, 36, 39, 43, 46, 48, 52, 61, 70, 72, 123, 220, 222, 235, 245, 248 Heliopolitans, 67 Hememet, 219 Hensu, 47, 53, 73, 117, 121, 170, 171, 175 Henu Boat, 46 Hep, 85, 86, 176 Heqet, 33, 34 Herakleopolis, 47, 73, 81, 117, 121, 170, 171, 175 Herānkh, 149, 150, 151 Herfhaf, 54 Her-Heru, 186, 190, 193 Herit, 156 Herkemmaāt, 56 Herkhuf, autobiography of, 131 ff. Hermonthis, 123 Hermopolis, 39, 43, 50, 53, 60, 84, 117, 119 Parva, 85 Hermopolitans, 67 Heron, 43 Hert, 19 Herua, 207 Heru-Behutet, Legend of, 78 ff. Heru-uatu, 166 Heruemheb, 254 Heru-Hekenu, 77 Herukhentisemti, 114 Heru-Khuti, 45, 46, 111, 220 Herushefit, 178 Herutataf, 29, 30, 31, 33, 50, 242 Heru-ur, 164 Het Benben, 123 --Benu, 117-19 Hetkaptah, 45, 112, 149, 220 Het-neter-Sebek, 117 Het Nub, 130, 131, 146 Hetra, 247 Het Sekhmet, 34 --Suten, 117 Het Uārt, 140 Hieratic writing, 1 Hieroglyphic writing, 1 Hieroglyphs, 220 Hippopotami, 78 Holy Land, 45 --of Holies, 146 Honey, 159 Horizon, 30 Horus, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 33, 44, 48, 53, 56, 65, 69, 77, 80, 85, 88, 91, 110, 111, 137, 149, 151, 162, 164, 165, 218, 220, 254, birth of, 90 children of, 221 --of Behutet, Legend of, 77 ff. --of the East, 164, 218 --stung and restored to life, 90, 92 Horus-Set, 14 Horus the Slayer, 104 House, building of, 43 --of Amen, 113 --of Benben, 216 --of Books, 98 --of Fire, 215 --of Ka of Seker, 149 --of Life, 84 --of Seneferu, 100 --of Shent, 154 Humility, 227 Hunefer, Papyrus of, 45 Hyksos, 254 Hymn, funerary, 47 in praise of learning, 250 --to Nut, 18 to Rā, 18 Hymns to gods, 12, 214-21

Ibis-god, 84 Illahūn, 121 Imhetep, 84, 129, 242 Immortality, 38 Imouthis, 84 Incantations, 41 Incarnation, 11, 13, 249 Incense, 13, 218 Ink, 6 red and black, 4 Ink-pots, 7 Iron, 15 spear and chain, 78 Isis, 33, 34, 43, 46, 65, 69, 75, 80, 81, 85, 88, 89, 91, 92, 97, 109, 149 --and Rā, Legend of, 74 ff. Isis, blood of, 56 --speech of, 63 --wanderings of, 87 ff. Island of Elephantine, 83 --of Fire, 43 --of Osiris, 54 Islands of the Blest, 244 --Mediterranean, 164 Israel, 224, 240 It, 151

Jackal-God, 15 Joppa, capture of, 254 Joseph, 83 Judge of the dead, 2 Judges, the Forty-two, 42, 52 ff. Judgment Hall of Osiris, 42 --the Great, 2

KA, 11, 16 of Osiris, 45 Kaau, 128 Kadesh, 104 Kaheni, 123 Kamur, 157 Kamutef, 76, 214 Karnak, 118, 147, 148, 214, 215 Kash, 102, 103, 114, 135, 142, 144, 207 Keb, 13, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 33, 44, 60, 62, 72, 74, 85, 111, 151, 220 Keeper of the Balance, 50 Kefti, 108 Kenset, 146 Kepuna, 186, 238 Kerkut, 20 Kersher, 59 Ketu, 108 Khāemennefer, 140 Khāemuast, 192 Khāfrā, 25, 36 Khāhap, 151, 154 Khākaurā, 101 Khākhepersenb, 235, 236 Khākhut, 146 Khānefer Merenrā, 130, 131 Khānēs, 170 Khartūm, 102 Kharu, 185 Khemenu, 22, 92, 95 Khensu-nefer-hetep, Legend of, 92 ff. Khensu-paari-sekherenuast, 95 ff. Khenthennefer, 141, 142 Khentiaaush, 164 Khent Keshu, 164 Khenti Amentiu, 65 Khepera, 47, 55, 68, 69, 70, 76, 121, 215 Kheperkarā, 135, 162 Khepra-Set, 111 Kheprer, 19 Kherāha, 46, 53, 218 Kher-Heb priest, 13, 25, 27, 63, 84, 131, 132, 151 Khert Nefer, 132, 148 Khet, 142 Khnemetast, 155 Khnemet-heru, 142 Khnemu; 33, 34, 39, 43, 50, 60, 137, 151, 201, 202, 222, 238 Legend of, 83 ff. Khuenanpu, story of, 169 ff. Khufu, 25, 27, 29, 30, 35, 36, 50, 242 Khuna, 133 Khut serpent, 108 Khuti, 218 Kīnā, 104 King an incarnation of God, 11 Kingdom of Osiris, 42, 45 Kummah, 101 Kutut, 112

Labu, 112 Ladder, 21 Lady of Plague, 175 --of the Stars, 167 Lake of Fire, 22 --of Kamur, 157 --of Neserser, 220 --of the North, 79 --of Seneferu, 156 --of Truth, 54 Lamentations; 238 of Isis and Nephthys, 62 Land of the Blacks, 100 --of everlasting Life, 41 --of Oxen, 169 --of Souls, 247 --of Spirits, 134 --of the God, 108, 113, 125 Lapis-lazuli, 50, 64, 218, 238 powdered, 6 Lasmersekni, 117 Laughter, 238 Law, the, 254 Law-goddess, 47 Lepsius, Dr. R., 28, 37 Letopolis, 91, 151 Letopolites, 32 Letters, business, 7 Leyden, 237, 242 Learning, value of, 250 Lebanon, 189, 190, 191 Library, 8 of Heliopolis, 154 Libyans, 109, 112, 156 Lies, 40 Life, everlasting, 44, 55 --fluid of, 16 Light-god, 43, 46 Light-soul, 74 Lightning, 250 Lime, white, 6 Limestone, slabs of, for writing upon, 7 Lion, 32 Lists, 7 Litany, 45 of Osiris, 42 Liturgy of Funerary Offerings, 16, 17, 38 --of Opening the Mouth, 13 Lord of Silence, 171 --of Truth, 183 --of Winds, 54 Lotus, 43 Louvre, 247 Love Songs, 241 Luck, 220 Luxor, 118, 148, 215, 252 temple of, 93

Maāt, 44, 47, 48 Maātet, 88, 89 Maāti, the Two, 51 Maātka, 126 Maātkarā, 144, 145, 146 Magic, 26, 252, 253 Magical papyri, 252 Magicians, stories of, 25 ff. Maka, 164 Makamāru, 186 Maker of Truth, 218 Malachite, 27 Mandrakes, 73 Manetho, 98 Mankind, destruction of, 71 Manu, Land of, 47, 48 Mariette, A., 10 Mashuashau, 112 Maspero, Prof. G., 10 Matcha, 128, 131 Matchau, 214 Mātet, 123 Mathematics, 254 Maxims of Ani, 228 Medicine, 252 Mediterranean, 79, 83, 109 Megiddo, Conquest of, 103 Mehen, 215, 218 Mehetch, 135, 136 Mehturit, 76 Mekes, 215 Mekher, 133 Melons, 209 Memory, 42 Memphis, 25, 45, 84, 112, 121, 122, 127, 133, 149, 151, 152, 153, 220, 224, 225, 245 capture of, 122 cakes of, 62 Men, creation of, 74, 217 Menats, 167 Menes, 38 Menkabuta, 185 Menkaurā, 4, 36, 38, 50, 126 Menkheperrā, 144, 145 Menth, 123 Menthu, 104, 161, 164, 165 Mentiu, 141 Menu, 151, 164 Menu-Amen, 215 Menus, 164 Mera, 86 Meremaptu, 207 Merenrā, 9, 130, 131, 132 Mernat, 170 Mer-Tem, 117 Mertet-Ament, 79 Meru, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 178, 184 Mesentiu, 13 Meskha, 23 instrument, 15 Meskhenet, 33, 34 Mesopotamia, 6, 92, 106, 144 Messiah, 237 Mest, 123 Mestet, 88, 89 Mestetef, 88, 89 Mesu Betshet, 48 Metal workers, 251 Meter, 83, 84 ff. Methen, 109 Metternich Stele, 88 Mist, 68 Mitani, 109 Monkeys, 212 Monsters, 246 Moon, creation of, 69 Moon-god, 48 Moral character, 231 --rectitude, 246 Morning Boat, 47, 48 --Star, 24 Mother, duty to, 230 Mouth, Opening the, 11, 13, 42 Muhammad Āli, 88 Muller, 7 Mummification, 247 Mummy, 55 chamber, 40, 42 Murder, 52 Mycerinus, 38 Myrrh, 168, 211, 218

Nak serpent, 215 Name, a word of power, 69 --of Rā, 75 Napata, 119, 125 Natron, 14, 218 incense of, 38 Nāu, 57 Nebertcher, 44, 49, 53, 68, 69, 70, 121, 162, 167 Nebka, 25, 26, 27 Nebkaurā, 173, 184 Nebpehtirā, 140, 144 Nebt Amehet, 164 --Ānkh, 218 --hetepet, 248 Nebun, 88 Necklaces, 147 Nectanebus I, 88, 246 Neferbaiu, 164 Neferefrā, 127 Nefer-hetep, 242 Neferit, 155 Neferkarā, 134 Nefert, 169 Nefert-ari-karā, 127 Neferu Rā, 93-144 Nefrus, 117 Negative Confession, 61 Nehai, 248 Neharina, 143, 144 Nehern, 92, 106 Neith, 124 Neka, 220 Nekau, 156, 222 Nekheb, 127, 131, 140 Nekhebet, 60, 79, 82, 162, 248 Nekhen, 43, 47, 127, 128, 131 Nekhtnebtepnefer, 139 Nemart, 117, 119, 120 Nemes, 215 Nephthys, 33, 34, 69, 85, 90, 91, 109, 149 speech of, 63 Neserser, 220 Neshem Boat, 60 Nessubanebtet, 185, 186, 188, 191 Net to snare souls, 43 Netchemtchemānkh, 85 Night, 17 left eye of Rā, 220 Nile, 47, 65, 76, 82, 84, 85, 112, 122, 123, 165, 216, 220, 221, 237 the celestial, 23 floods of, 136, 137 god of, 86, 176, 220 heights of, 100 springs of, 83 water of, 5 Nine Bows, 106 --Gods, 111, 214 Nomes, 238 the Forty-two, 51 North Island, 129 Nose, 53 Nu, 24, 68, 69, 72, 86, 220 Nubia, 77, 78, 82, 83, 97, 102, 103, 106, 114, 116, 125, 135, 142, 144, 145, 146, 208 Nubians, 119, 155, 214, 215, 218 Nubt, 167 Nubti, 123, 220 Numbers, invention of, 1 Nut, 16, 18, 20, 33, 44, 46, 47, 69, 72, 74, 85, 164 as a cow, 73

Oasis of Farāfrah, 169 --of Sīwah, 71 Obedience, 227 Obelisks, 147 Ochre, 6 Offerings, efficacy of, 38, 247 to God, 230 Oils, 18 Ombos, 123 On (_see_ Anu), 15, 217 One, 217 Onions, 17 Opening of the Mouth, 152 Opportunity, 228 Orion, 23 Osiris, 14, 15, 21, 22, 24, 33, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 50, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 67, 69, 85, 111, 151, 153, 163, 171, 244, 246 accused by Set, 2 death and resurrection of, 12 Hymn to, 42, 44, 45, 221 Island of, 54 Khenti Amenti, 61, 127 Litany to, 42 murder of, 87 mummy of, 91 tomb of, 81 Un-Nefer, 44 Other World, 10, 11, 16, 17, 42, 45, 216, 219, 244 guides to, 224 Oxyrrhynchus, 119

Paints, 6 Palermo Stone, 99 Palestine, 254 Palette, 2, 6 Panopolis, 151 Panther skins, 212 Paper, Egyptian, 4 Papyrus, 4, 191 how made into paper, 5 swamps, 88 Parchment, 4, 7 Pasherenptah, 152 Pa-Sui, 88 Pāt beings, 206, 218 Patchetku, 140 Pautti, 57, 68, 222, 223 Pectoral amulet, 147 Pellegrini, 100 Pe, 43 Pen, quill, or steel, 7 Pen-Amen, 191, 192 Pepi I, 9, 18, 19, 24, 127 --II, 9, 133 Perfefa, 170 Perfumer, 243 Per-Metchet, 117-19 Pernebtepahet, 117 Per-pek, 119 Per-Rehu, 79 Persea Tree, 54 Per Sekhem Kheper Rā, 117 Perseverance, 230 Pert, 32, 80, 101, 153 Pesh-Kef, 13 Pet, 19 Pe-Tep, 43, 92 Peta-Bast, 152, 153 Petamennebtnesttaui, 124 Peten, 157 Petet, 88, 89 Pharaoh, 93, 127, 189, 202 Pharaohs, 71 Pharmuthi, 253 Philae, 102 Phœnicia, 108 Phœnix, 45 Piānkhi invades Egypt, 116 ff. Picture writing, 1 Pillow amulet, 43 Planets, 62 Pleasure, 243 Ploughing, 197 Poetical compositions, 241 Polisher, 6 Pomegranate, 241 Pool of the South, 54 Potsherds, 7 Power of Powers, 23 Prayers, 41 for the dead, 12 Priests, funerary, 9 Prisse d'Avennes, 92 Prophets, Hebrew, 200 Ptah, 25, 43, 60, 67, 70, 84, 111, 121, 151, 152, 153, 214, 219, 220, 248 Ptah-hetep, 225, 228 Precepts of, 224 Ptah-Seker-Osiris, 40 Ptah-Seker-Tem, 45 Ptah-Shepses, 126 Ptolemaïs, 151 Ptolemy II, 98 --Philopator, 149 Puarma, 117, 224 Pumpkins, 209 Punt, 113, 134, 135, 147, 164, 211, 214, 215 Purastau, 112 Pygmy, 133, 134 Pylons of Tuat, 42 Pyramid, the Great, 242 --Texts, 9, 38 Pyramids, 36, 238 futility of, 232

Qaiqashau, 112 Qakabu, 207 Qanefer, 155 Qarabana, 112 Qebti, 136 Qebtit, 113 Qehequ, 112, 114 Qerti, 53, 85 Qetem, 157, 162 Qetma, 164 Qett, 113

Rā, 18, 20, 21, 24, 32, 34, 36, 39, 43, 47, 48, 54, 55, 58, 60, 61, 62, 64, 67, 69, 71, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 80, 84, 85, 89, 91, 92, 103, 111, 115, 116, 123, 146, 149, 162, 164, 165, 167, 176, 199, 214, 215, 216, 218, 219, 222, 234, 236, 253 titles of, 75 Rā and Isis, Legend of, 74 --three sons of, 33-6 --Will of, 253 Raau, 127 Rā Harmakhis, 77, 199, 200, 201, 202, 222 Rain clouds, 68 Rā-Khepera, 221 Ram, 91 Ram-god, 152 Rameses II, 92, 96, 99 --III, 254 summary of reign of, 110 ff. --IV, 115, 116 --IX, 192 Rāqet, 149, 153 Rāqetit, 149 Rastau, 43, 49, 53, 54, 153 Rāuser, 33, 34, 35 Reant, 140 Re-birth, 14 Receipts, 7 Recensions of Book of the Dead, 39 Red Country, 138 --Fiends, 68 --Mountain, 156 --Sea, 113, 208 --water, 51 Reed for writing, 2, 7, 6 Register, 85 of heaven, 2 Reincarnation, 70 Rekhit, 216 Rekhti, 137 Rennet, 86 Rensi, 170-84 Respect for elders, 229 Resurrection, 59, 62, 88 Retenu, 108 Rethenu, 143 Rhind Papyrus, 253, 254 Ritual of Divine Cult, 248, 249 --of Embalmment, 247 River and Acacia, 202 Robbery of temples, 51 Romances, 254 Rubric, 56 Rut-tetet, 32-6

Sa, 216 Sacrifices, 247 Saah, 23 Sāara, 112 Sāhal, 83 Sāhu, 14 Sahurā, 126 Saïs, 122, 124, 245 Sakhabu, 32 Sakkārah, 4, 9, 10, 245 Salt Papyrus, 253 Salvation, 59 Sameref, 13 Sanctuary of God, 229 Sandals, town of, 88 Sanehat, travels of, 155 ff. Sapti, 32 Sarābit al-Khādim, 208 Satet, 141 Satiu, 156, 157 Scarab, the heart, 50 Scents, 11 Sceptre; 14 amulet of, 43 School, 231 schools, 7 Scorpions, the Seven, 88 Scribe, 2, 230, 257 Scriptures, 7 Seal, clay, 7 Seasons, 1 Sea of Truth, 172 Seba, a devil, 48, 63, 215, 223 Sebek, 164 Sebur, 15 Sehetepabrā, 155, 157 Seker, 43, 44, 46, 49, 221 --Boat, 46 --Osiris, 149 Sekhem, 91, 151 Sekhet Aaru, 41, 45, 74 --Hemat, 169, 170, 184 --Hetep, 41, 74 Sekhmet, 157, 175, 248 Sektet, 123 --Boat, 218 Sekti, 73 Sem, 13 Seman, 14 Semnah, 101 Semsuu, 164 Semt Ament, 44 Semti, 38 Seneferu, 27, 28, 29, 100, 156 Senmut, 208 Senut, 151 Sep, 13 Sept, 57, 85 Septet, 20 Seqenenrā, 140, 254 Serapis, 149 Serpent 30 cubits long, 209 Serpents, spells against, 43 Serqet, 57, 91, 220 Set, 13, 15, 18, 20, 21, 33, 48, 65, 68, 69, 79, 80, 81, 87, 88, 90, 92, 218, 220 --vilifies Osiris, 2 Setcher, 128 Setem, 63 Seti I, 71, 99, 246, 247, 249 Set-nekht, 111 Setu, 133 Shadow, 192 Shaiqaemanu, 123 Shaiu, 112 Sharhana, 141 Shartanau, 110, 112, 114 Shasu, 112, 144 Sheepskin, 4 Shēkh of caravans, 131 Shemmu, 76, 151, 152 Shemit, 50 Shent, 154 Shepherd of Israel, 240 Shepseskaf, 126 Shert, 129 Shesmu, 22 Ship, 208 wreck of, 208 Shipwrecked traveller, story of, 207 ff. Shoemaker, 252 Shu, 16, 60, 61, 69, 72, 74, 85, 86, 220 --Hymn to, 222 Sidon, 189 Silence, 227, 231 Silver-gold, 146 Sinai, 102, 114, 145, 208 Sistra, 33, 167 Sīwah, 71 Six Great Houses, 127 Skin for writing, 4, 7 Sky-goddess, 18, 20, 44, 47, 69 Slaughter, 43 Smait fiends, 81 Smamiu, 65 Smaur, 24 Smen, 21, 248 Smen Heru, 151 Smendes, 185 Smer, 13 Snakes, 43 Soane Museum, 247 Solomon, 224 Somaliland, 93, 215 Song of Solomon, 241 --the Harper, 242 Sothis, 20, 24, 85 Soul, 46 of God, 43 of Rā, 45 of Shu, 61 rejoining body, 43 talk with, 231 Souls of Anu, 20, 43 of East, 43 of Khemenu, 43 of Nekhen, 43 of Pe, 43 of West, 43 Spells, 12, 41, 250 against crocodiles, 57 engraved, 43 Spirit-soul, 18, 44 Spirit-souls, 22 the Four, 21 Spirits, evil, 246 of heaven, 61 --of offerings, 11 Stanley, Sir H.M., 25 Star-gods, 21, 46 Stars, 62 imperishable, 24 Sti, 141 Stinking Face, 53, 80 Stone for writing upon, 4 Stonemason, 251 Stone of Abu, 85 of Truth, 60 Stone-splitter, 25 Storm, 208 Storm-god, 189 Stumbling in Tuat, 43 Sūdān, 4, 100, 133, 145, 165, 207, 215 Sin, 49 Sui, 56 Sun-god, 15, 18, 19, 39, 57, 68, 70, 199, 200, 245, 250 Hymn to, 42, 220 Sutekh, 189 Suten ta hetep, 149 Swallow, 43 Sycamore, 89, 241 Syene, 165 Symbols, writing, 1 Syria, 102, 108, 114, 125, 129, 143, 185, 192, 238

Table of Offerings, 18 Taboo, 51, 56, 57 Tafnekht, 117, 119, 121, 123, 124 Taha, 88 Taherstanef, 44 Tait, 113 Taiutchait, 117 Tale of Two Brothers, 196 ff. Talismans, 147 Talk, subjects of, 230 Tamera, 53, 110, 111, 112, 164, 167 Tambourines, 64 women, 152 Tanauna, 112 Tanis, 81, 185 Tashenatit, 59 Taskmasters, 50 Taste, 220 Ta-sti, 77, 106, 109 Ta-tchesert, 47, 48, 64 Ta-tehen, 119 Ta-Tenn, 115 Tatu (Busiris), 44, 45, 46, 61 Tatunen, 47 Tax gatherers, 7 Tchah, 108, 144 Tchakar-Bāl, 186, 193 Tchakaru, 185, 194 Tchal, 81 Tchān, 185 Tchār, 81 Tchatchamānkh, 27, 28, 29, 34, 36 Tchatchau, 50, 164 Tcheser, 242 and famine, 183 Tcheserkarā, 142, 144 Tcheser tcheseru, 146 Tcheser-tep, 22 Tefen, 88, 89 Tefnut, 18, 69, 72, 89, 220, 222 Tehnah, 119 Tehuti (god), 1 --autobiography of, 145 ff. --em heb, 93 --Nekht, 170-4 Tem, Temu, 19, 22, 39, 56, 57, 60, 67, 76, 77, 91, 111, 116, 121, 123, 164, 215, 218, 221, 223 Temple of Aged One, 48 --of Millions of Years, 146 Temple of the Soul, 47 Temu-Heru-Khuti, 217 Temu Khepera, 218 Tenen, 154 Tep, 253 Terres, 133 Tet amulet of Isis, 43, 56 --pillar, 43, 151 Teta, 9, 127 --the magician, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36 Tetaān, 142 Tet-Seneferu, 29, 30 Thaiemhetep, 149 ff. Thakra, 112 Thebans, 67 Thebes, 68, 79, 92, 93, 104, 109, 118, 119, 161, 165, 194, 219, 220, 241, 242, 245, 249 Thehenu, 109, 156; oil of, 18 Thekansh, 117 Themeh, 128, 133, 157 Themehu, 156 Thenn, 165 Thennu, 159, 160, 162 Thent Amen, 185, 188, 191 --Mut, 194 Thenttaāmu, 141 Thes, 138 Thest, 129 Thetet, 88, 89 Thetha, Autobiography of, 137 ff. Thieves, prosecution of, 254 This, 138 Thoth, 1-4, 13, 29, 30, 32, 37, 43, 45, 47, 48, 50, 55, 56, 60, 61, 67, 78, 82, 84, 87, 88, 91, 92, 120, 151, 176, 207, 218, 220, 222, 248 city of, 39 Thothmes I, 103, 144, 145 --II, 102, 103, 144 --III, 99, 103, 106, 144, 145, 154 Throne, crystal, 24 Thunders, 250 Thunderstorm, 18 Tomb, 42, 242 Tongue, 230 Transformations, 43 Transmutation of offerings, 17, 49 Tree of Life, 220 Triad, 69 Truth, 47, 48, 66, 218, 221, 236, 249 Truth, goddess of, 61 --Hall of, 60 --Lake of, 54 --Stone of, 60 Tuat, 11, 41, 43, 60, 61, 115, 219, 244, 245, 247 chamber, 17, 123, 151 described, 40, 56 Tuataua ships, 100 Tuauf, Precepts of, 250 Tuf, 20 Turin Papyri, 37, 99 Turquoise, 238 Two Brothers, the, 109, 196 --ears of king, 151 --eyes of king, 151 --Lands, 115 --Men, 218 --Sisters, 109 --Treasuries, 148 Tyre, 186

Uahānkh, 137, 138, 139 Uarkathar, 189 Uārt, 129 Uartha, 186 Uasheshu, 112 Uatchet, 60, 79, 82, 162 Uatch-merti, 57 Uatchti, 215 Uauat, 128, 131, 208 Uauatet, 77, 82, 84 Ubaaner, 25, 26, 27, 36 Uhat, 133 Un, 119 Una, Autobiography of, 127 ff. Unas, 9, 18, 20, 21, 22 Understanding, 220 Unguents, the Seven, 13, 243 Un-Nefer, 44, 45, 46, 51, 63, 65, 67 Unti, 40 Unuamen, Travels of, 185 ff. Upuatu, 21 Ur-kherp-hem, 152, 153 Urmau, 32 Urrit, 164 Urrt Crown, 15, 46, 215, 216 Userhat, 185 Userkaf, 36, 126 Userenrā, 127 Usert, 89 Usertsen I, 135, 155 --III, 99, 101, 152 Uthentiu, 109

Valley of Acacia, 200, 201, 203 Vegetation, 70 Venus, 24 Vignettes of Book of the Dead, 39 Vital power, 11 Vulture amulet, 43

Wādī an-Natrūn, 169 Wādī Halfah, 101 --Maghārah, 208 Washerman, 252 Water, boiling, 43 celestial, 216 holy, 60, 66 offering, 229 supply, 43 fowl, 19 Wax figures, 68 Weighing of words, 22 West, souls of, 43 Westcar Papyrus, 25 Wheat, 45 Whip, 215 Whirlwind, 250 White Wall, 121, 151, 153 Wife, burning of a, 27 duties to, 227 Wine, 17 Winged Disk, 77 Wisdom, 227 Wolf-god, 57 Woman, the strange, 228 Wood for writing upon, 4 Words, ill-natured, 230 of power, 41, 42, 75, 246 Work, importance of, 227 to avoid, 42 Worms in tomb, 43 Writing, boards for, 7 exercises in, 7 three kinds of, 1 ff. sacred, 1 materials, 4

Zoan, 81, 185

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