CHAPTER XXVI

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WHAT POETS HAVE SUNG OF THE SEA, THE SAILOR, AND THE SHIP.

The Poet of the Sea still Wanting—Biblical Allusions—The Classical Writers—Want of True Sympathy with the Subject—Virgil’s “Æneid”—His Stage Storms—The Immortal Bard—His Intimate Acquaintance with the Sea and the Sailor—The Golden Days of Maritime Enterprise—The _Tempest_—Miranda’s Compassion—Pranks of the “Airy Spirit”—The _Merchant of Venice_—Piracy in Shakespeare’s Days—A Birth at Sea—_Cymbeline_: the Queen’s Description of our Isle—Byron’s “Ocean”—Falconer’s “Shipwreck”—His Technical Knowledge—The “True Ring”—The Dibdins—“Tom Bowling”—“The Boatmen of the Downs”—Three Touching Poems—Mrs. Hemans, Longfellow, and Kingsley—Browning’s “Hervé Riel”—The True Breton Pilot—A New Departure—Hood’s “Demon Ship”—Popular Songs of the Day—Conclusion.

“I love the sea; she is my fellow‐creature, My careful purveyor—she provides me store; She walls me round, she makes my diet greater, She wafts me treasures from a foreign shore.”(85)

The sea, the sailor, and the ship, have been fertile subjects for the poets, although countries and lands, and those who dwell therein, have occupied by far the larger part of their attention. Sooth to say, however, there has not yet arisen a single _great_ writer whose name could fairly be identified with the ocean as its own particular poet. There may be reasons for this. The poet is usually of delicate organisation, and is more likely to be found studying Nature on the quiet shore than on the turbulent ocean. Maybe he is practically a recluse, accessible to a few only; and if of social nature, and not averse to companionship amid the busy haunts of men, he yet shrinks from the roughness usual to, though not inseparable from, the men of the sea. The modern facilities of travel, enabling the student to con Nature with comparative ease, may some day aid in producing a representative poet of the sea. At present the position is vacant.

In days of old, however, the poet prophets, David the sweet singer of Israel, and one or two writers in the New Testament, gave glimpses of the ocean which indicated an acquaintance with the subject. Nothing can well be finer than the Psalmist’s conception of the mariner’s life and its dangers in the lines commencing:—

“They that go down to the sea in ships, that do business in great waters;

“These see the works of the Lord, and his wonders in the deep.”

The prophet Jeremiah draws a beautiful though pathetic picture of the ocean’s unrest when he says: “There is sorrow on the sea, it cannot be quiet;” and the serious poets have followed his outlines. Milton describes one—

“In a troubled sea of passion tossed.”

Michelet defines its “many voices,” its murmur and its menace, its thunder and its roar, its wail, its sigh, its “sublime duets with the rocks.”

The classical writers of antiquity had little sympathy with the sea. We have seen Horace’s opinion of that man’s boldness who first trusted himself in a frail vessel on the merciless ocean; and, as Dryden shows us, there was good reason for a general dread of the sea, at least on the part of landsmen—

“Rude as their ships was navigation then, No useful compass or meridian known; Coasting, they kept the land within their ken, And knew no north but when the pole‐star shone.”

Virgil’s “Æneid” is essentially a sea‐poem, yet a writer of critical acumen considers that “in literature the sea is all the worse for Virgil having dealt with it.... The poem, as nobody needs telling, begins its events with a tremendous sea‐piece. In the very first sight we get of the hero and his companions they are dividing the foaming brine with their keels, and the initial incident is a shipwreck. The description assuredly has overwhelming vigour in it...; an impression of unusual turmoil is given, and that is what Virgil sought, but it is got by a jumble of violence of every kind. Winds, billows, lightning, thunder, reefs, shallows, eddies, are mixed together. The only detail of disaster left out is collision among the ships, which with a fleet so crowded is the one thing that would have occurred had this been a natural storm. Such a tempest now rages in a transpontine theatre, and in no other part of the world; it takes Neptune himself to still it in the ‘Æneid.’”(86) And yet Virgil lived long by the glorious Bay of Naples; and the famous ode of Horace, praying that he might have fair weather, shows that he had made at least one voyage.

If a poet has a genuine feeling for his subject, the lightest epithets he applies may tell a story. What terms does Virgil employ? They are somewhat commonplace. Boundless, mighty, swelling, windy, faithless, deep, dark, blue, azure, vast, foaming, salt, and so forth, are well enough, but they do not compare with many of Shakespeare’s, and later poets. Take three of Shakespeare’s: the “yeasty” waves, the “multitudinous” sea, and the “wasteful” ocean. These epithets are in themselves admirable descriptions.

The works of our immortal bard are full of allusions to the sea, and show an intimate acquaintance therewith. Perhaps Shakespeare’s knowledge is in this instance less surprising than in some other directions, for although we have no proof that he ever left the shores of old England, and are quite certain that he never ventured far, his was a golden day in the history of maritime enterprise. The reign of the Virgin Queen, during the larger part of which he flourished, saw the defeat of the Armada, and many another repulse in the Spanish colonies. It was the day of such naval heroes as Howard of Effingham, Drake and Hawkins, Raleigh and Frobisher. It witnessed the first English voyage round the world, the discovery of Virginia—to say nothing of Virginia’s tobacco and potatoes—the establishment of the profitable whale fishery and the disgraceful slave‐ trade, the inauguration of that long‐time monopoly the East India Company, and numerous lesser developments in commercial prosperity.

Appropriately, then, the play of Shakespeare which more particularly than any other deals with the sea is that which is generally placed at the commencement of the series in the published editions. The _Tempest_ opens with a storm “on a ship at sea.” The fury of the gale increases, and the vessel is nearly on the rocks. “We split! we split! we split!” sings out the honest old Neapolitan councillor, Gonzalo, adding—

“Now would I give a thousand furlongs of sea for an acre of barren ground, Long heath, brown furze, anything. The wills above be done! but I Would fain die a dry death.”

[Illustration: THE STORM.]

[Illustration: AFTER THE STORM.]

But neither he nor his master the king suffers death by shipwreck, for amiable and tender‐hearted Miranda intercedes with her father. Prospero reassures her, though Ariel, it will be remembered, had been playing many a prank on the unsuspecting mariners, and with lightning and thunder‐claps and “sulphurous roaring,” had fairly frightened them out of their wits. All but the mariners had “plunged in the foaming brine and quitted the vessel”:—

“The king’s son have I landed by himself, Whom I left cooling of the air with sighs, In an odd angle of the isle,”

Sings the “airy spirit,” adding, however—

“Safely in harbour Is the king’s ship in the deep nook; where once Thou call’st me up at midnight, to fetch dew From the still vexed Bermoothes,(87) there she’s hid: The mariners all under hatches stowed.”

And so with the kindly spirit and the rightful Duke we may leave the tempest‐tossed mariners.

In the _Merchant of Venice_ we have admirable illustrations of the troubles and anxieties of a merchant shipowner of the day. Antonio is sad. “Your mind,” says Salarino, “is tossing on the ocean.” Antonio’s friends continue:—

“_Salanio._ Believe me, sir, had I such ventures forth, The better part of my affections would Be with my hopes abroad * * *

_Salarino._ My wind, cooling my breath, Would blow me to an ague, when I thought What harm a wind too great might do at sea. I should not see the sandy hour‐glass run, But I should think of shallows and of flats; And see my wealthy Andrew dock’d in sand, Vailing her high‐top lower than her ribs, To kiss her burial. Should I go to church, And see the holy edifice of stone, And not bethink me straight of dangerous rocks, Which, touching but my gentle vessel’s side, Would scatter all the spices on the stream; Enrobe the roaring waters with my silks; And, in a word, but even now worth this, And now worth nothing?”

So Shylock, though ready to advance the three thousand ducats to Bassanio on Antonio’s bond, doubts whether the ships bound to Tripolis, the Indies, Mexico, and England, may not come to grief. For “ships are but boards, sailors but men; there be land‐rats and water‐rats, land‐thieves and water‐thieves—I mean pirates; and then, there is the peril of waters, winds, and rocks.” Soon after it was spread on the Rialto that Antonio had “a ship of rich lading wrecked on the narrow seas; the Goodwins, I think,” says his friend, “they call the place; a very dangerous flat, and fatal, where the carcases of many a tall ship lie buried;” and this was followed by the news that not one of his vessels had escaped

“The dreadful touch Of merchant‐marring rocks.”

All, however, ends happily, and the argosies, richly laden, arrive in safety.

Piracy on the high seas in Shakespeare’s days may be said to have been of two kinds: that which was practically legalised, for purposes of reprisal on foreign foes, and that which was for private and individual plunder. How prevalent it was may be gathered from the passages indicated below.(88)

In _Measure for Measure_ we find the freebooter’s calling satirised in the comparison: “like the sanctimonious pirate that went to sea with the Ten Commandments, but scraped one out of the table”—that one, of course, being, “Thou shalt not steal.” Their reckless life is literally described by Richard Plantagenet in the Second Part of _King Henry VI._, where he says—

“Pirates may make cheap pennyworths of their pillage, And purchase friends, and give to courtezans, Still revelling, like lords, till all be gone”—

while Suffolk dies by pirates later on. In the same historical play King Henry again describes his condition, harassed by the rebel Jack Cade and the troublesome Duke of York, as

“Like to a ship, that having ’scaped a tempest, Is straightway calmed and boarded with a pirate.”

Queen Margaret in _Richard III._ addresses three noble lords as

“Ye wrangling pirates, that fall out In sharing that which you have pill’d(89) from me.”

In _Pericles_ Shakespeare introduces the not uncommon episode of a birth at sea, which occurs in a terrible gale, the mother apparently dying immediately afterwards, to be later cast into the sea in a chest, and revive when thrown upon the shore.

And for our last Shakespearian quotation, in _Cymbeline_ we have a fine description of our own little island and its impregnability. “Remember,” says the Queen—

“The natural bravery of your isle, which stands As Neptune’s park, ribbed and paled in With rocks unscaleable and roaring waters; With sands that will not bear your enemies’ boats, But suck them up to the topmast. A kind of conquest Cæsar made here; but made not here his brag Of _came_, and _saw_, and _overcame_: with shame (The first that ever touched him), he was carried From off our coast twice beaten; and his shipping (Poor ignorant baubles!) on our terrible seas, Like egg‐shells moved upon their surges, cracked As easily ’gainst our rocks; for joy whereof, The famed Cassibelan, who was once at point (O giglot(90) fortune!) to master Cæsar’s sword, Made Lud’s town with rejoicing fires bright, And Britons strut with courage.”

Next to Shakespeare in intimate knowledge and power to portray, Byron must be placed. What can be grander than his well‐known apostrophe to the Ocean?—

“Roll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean—roll! Ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain; Man marks the earth with ruin—his control Stops with the shore;—upon the watery plain, The wrecks are all thy deed, nor doth remain A shadow of man’s ravage, save his own, When, for a moment, like a drop of rain, He sinks into thy depths with bubbling groan, Without a grave, unknelled, uncoffined, and unknown. * * * * * “Thy shores are empires, changed in all save thee— Assyria, Greece, Rome, Carthage, what are they? Thy waters washed them power while they were free, And many a tyrant since; their shores obey The stranger, slave, or savage; their decay Has dried up realms to deserts:—not so thou;— Unchangeable save to thy wild waves’ play— Time writes no wrinkle on thine azure brow— Such as creation’s dawn beheld, thou rollest now.”

[Illustration:

“HE SINKS INTO THY DEPTHS WITH BUBBLING GROAN, WITHOUT A GRAVE, UNKNELLED, UNCOFFINED, AND UNKNOWN.”]

The poet _par excellence_ of the sea, partly on account of the literary merits of his production, but more by reason of his technical correctness, was William Falconer, the author of “The Shipwreck,” on the title pages of all the older editions of which he is described simply as “a sailor.” His poem, which is in three cantos, was founded on actual incidents in a shipwreck from which himself and but two or three of the crew were saved. Again, in 1769 he embarked on board the _Aurora_ frigate on a venture to the East Indies, but from the time the ship left the Cape of Good Hope no information was ever received of her, and she is believed to have foundered with all hands, including the poet. Falconer, although a disciple of the Muse, wrote a political satire, entitled, “The Demagogue;” while his Marine Dictionary is, in its revised form, a recognised authority to‐day. The poem on which his fame rests is remarkable for the absolute correctness of its details. Take, for example, the following passage, which could not have been written by a landsman‐poet:—

“A squall, deep lowering, blots the southern sky, Before whose boisterous breath the waters fly. Its weight the topsails can no more sustain— Reef topsails, reef! the boatswain calls again! The haliards and top‐bow‐lines soon are gone; To clue‐lines and reef‐tackles next they run: The shivering sails descend; and now they square The yards, while ready sailors mount in air. * * * * * “Deep on her side the reeling vessel lies— ‘Brail up the mizzen, quick!’ the master cries, ’Man the clue‐garnets! let the main‐sheet fly!’ The boisterous squall still presses from on high, And swift and fatal as the lightning’s course Thro’ the torn main‐sail bursts with thundering force.”

And so forth. The fact is, that most readers of Falconer’s poem require his “Dictionary of the Marine” at hand, or some old “salt” to explain the constantly recurring nautical terms.

[Illustration: “DEEP ON HER SIDE THE REELING VESSEL LIES.”]

It is not wonderful that so many of our poets have written more or less concerning the sea, few passing over the grand subject entirely, when we consider England’s paramount position on and interests in it. A number of them have produced works in which we seem to sniff the briny ocean as we read them, while only a minority have written artificially and without a true feeling for their subject. Much that the Dibdins(91) indited for the concert‐room, the theatre, and to an extent for the sailor himself, is of a trivial nature, dealing largely—too largely—with grog and sweethearts, and more than occasionally verging on the coarse and indelicate. But among their productions are songs with the true ring, ballads that will never die while our language lasts or Britain “rules the waves.” Among these may fairly be counted Charles Dibdin’s “Poor Jack,” “The Greenwich Pensioner” (“’Twas in the good ship _Rover_”), “The Sailor’s Journal” (“’Twas post‐ meridian, half‐past four”), and, above all, that noble picture of a true sailor, “Tom Bowling”—

“Tom never from his word departed, His virtues were so rare; His friends were many and true‐hearted, His Poll was kind and fair: And then he’d sing so blithe and jolly, Ah! many’s the time and oft; But mirth is turned to melancholy, For Tom is gone aloft.

“Yet shall poor Tom find pleasant weather When He who all commands Shall give, to call life’s crew together, The word to pipe all hands. Thus death, who kings and tars despatches, In vain Tom’s life has doffed; For though his body’s under hatches His soul is gone aloft.”

Eliza Cook(92) has followed the same vein in her “Gallant English Tar,” and has also paid a worthy tribute to those hardy sons of Neptune, “The Boatmen of the Downs.”

“There’s fury in the tempest, and there’s madness in the waves, The lightning snake coils round the foam, the headlong thunder raves; Yet a boat is on the waters filled with Britain’s daring sons, Who pull like lions out to sea, and count the minute guns. ’Tis mercy calls them to the work—a ship is in distress! Away they speed with timely help that many a heart shall bless; And braver deeds than ever turned the fate of kings and crowns Are done for England’s glory by her boatmen of the Downs!”

Perhaps no modern verses are more popular with all lovers of true poetry than the “Casabianca” of Mrs. Hemans, Longfellow’s “Wreck of the _Hesperus_,” and Kingsley’s “Three Fishers;” and no wonder, for they touch a chord in every heart, while vividly portraying the perils of a seafaring life. In the story of the “burning deck” we have the record of a true sailor boy, who would not desert his “lone post of death.” And—

“The noblest thing that perished there Was that young faithful heart!”

In the second‐named poem the skipper has taken his little daughter to “bear him company.” A hurricane rises, and it is the poor frightened child who alone hears the “fog‐bell on a rock‐bound coast.” She runs to her father:—

“But the father answered never a word, A frozen corpse was he.”

The ship drifts into the breakers and on the cruel rocks.

“At daybreak, on the bleak sea beach, A fisherman stood aghast, To see the form of a maiden fair Lashed close to a drifting mast.

“The salt sea was frozen on her breast, The salt tears in her eyes; And he saw her hair, like the brown sea‐weed, On the billows fall and rise.

“Such was the wreck of the _Hesperus_, In the midnight and the snow; Christ save us all from a death like this, On the reef of Norman’s Woe!”

[Illustration: “AT DAYBREAK, ON THE BLEAK SEA BEACH, A FISHERMAN STOOD AGHAST.”]

In Kingsley’s poem, “three fishermen sailed away to the West,” thinking of their much‐loved home; “three wives sat weeping in the lighthouse tower.”

“Three corses lay out on the shining sands In the morning gleam as the tide went down, And the women are weeping and wringing their hands For those who will never come home to the town; For men must work and women must weep, And the sooner it’s over the sooner to sleep; And good‐bye to the bar and its moaning.”

[Illustration: “THREE FISHERMEN SAILED AWAY TO THE WEST.”]

No more splendid tribute has ever been paid to a neglected hero than that which appeared in the pages of a popular monthly(93) some years since, over the honoured signature of Robert Browning.

The year 1692 was specially disastrous to France, and a fleet of twenty‐ two vessels were hotly and closely pursued by the English. The squadron came helter‐skelter, “like a crowd of frightened porpoises” with the sharks after them, to St. Malo on the Rance. The pilots who were on board laughed at the bare idea of their great ships entering the rocky passage; and Damfreville, the admiral of the fleet, was seriously thinking of blowing up or burning all his ships, when out stepped in front of all the assembled officers a poor coasting‐pilot.

“Are you mad, you Malouins? are you cowards, fools, or rogues?” said he, as he hurriedly and impetuously assured the admiral that he knew every rock and shoal, and could lead the fleet in safely.

“‘Sirs, they know I speak the truth! Sirs, believe me there’s a way! And if one ship misbehave— Keel so much as grate the ground, Why, I’ve nothing but my life—here’s my head!’ cries Hervé Riel.

“Not a minute more to wait, ‘Steer us in, then, small and great! Take the helm, lead the line, save the squadron!’ cried its chief. ‘Captains, give the sailor place! He is admiral, in brief.’ Still the north wind, by God’s grace. See the noble fellow’s face As the big ship, with a bound, Clears the entry like a hound, Keeps the passage as its inch of way were the wide seas profound! See, safe through shoal and rock, How they follow in a flock. Not a ship that misbehaves, not a keel that grates the ground, Not a spar that comes to grief! The peril, see, is past, All are harboured to the last, And just as Hervé Riel hollas ‘Anchor!’—sure as fate, Up the English come, too late.”

So all are saved, and the crews see longingly the green heights above Grève, all bursting out, with one accord—

“‘Let France, let France’s King Thank the man that did the thing!’ What a shout, and all one word, ‘Hervé Riel,’ As he stepped in front once more, Not a symptom of surprise In the frank blue Breton eyes, Just the same man as before.

“Then said Damfreville, ‘My friend, I must speak out at the end, Though I find the speaking hard: Praise is deeper than the lips: You have saved the King his ships, You must name your own reward. ’Faith, our sun was near eclipse! Demand whate’er you will, France remains your debtor still. Ask to heart’s content and have! or my name’s not Damfreville.’

“Then a beam of fun outbroke On the bearded mouth that spoke, As the honest heart laughed through Those frank eyes of Breton blue: ‘Since I needs must say my say, Since on board the duty’s done— And from Malo Roads to Croisie Point what is it but a run?

“‘Since ’tis ask and have, I may— Since the others go ashore— Come! a good whole holiday! Leave to go and see my wife, whom I call the Belle Aurore!’ That he asked and that he got—nothing more.”

Turn we now to a “new departure” in sea poetry, one partially inaugurated by the Dibdins, carried on by Tom Hood the elder, and having of late years William Schwenck Gilbert for its principal exponent. It is often as full of nature as the serious productions of other poets, yet itself favours the ludicrous and satirical side. Hood’s “Demon Ship” is a fair example—

“Down went my helm—close‐reefed—the tack held freely in my hand— With ballast snug—I put about, and scudded for the land. Loud hissed the sea beneath her lee; my little boat flew fast, But faster still the rushing storm came borne upon the blast. Lord! what a roaring hurricane beset the straining sail! What furious sleet, with level drift, and fierce assaults of hail! What darksome caverns yawned before! what jagged steeps behind! Like battle steeds with foamy manes wild tossing in the wind. Each after each sank down astern, exhausted in the chase, But where it sank another rose, and galloped in its place; As black as night—they turned to white, and cast against the cloud A snowy sheet, as if each surge upturned a sailor’s shroud: Still flew my boat; alas! alas! her course was nearly run. Behold yon fatal billow rise—ten billows heaped in one. With fearful speed the dreary mass came rolling, rolling fast, As if the scooping sea contained one only wave at last. Still on it came, with horrid roar, a swift pursuing grave; It seemed as though some cloud had turned its hugeness to a wave. Its briny sleet began to beat beforehand in my face— I felt the rearward keel begin to climb its swelling base! I saw its alpine hoary head impending over mine. Another pulse—and down it rushed, an avalanche of brine! Brief pause had I on God to cry, or think of wife and home; The waters closed, and when I shrieked, I shrieked below the foam!”

After battling with the water, and half insensible, he finds himself at last safely on board a strange vessel; a terrible face haunts him—black, grimly black, all black, except the grinning teeth. The sooty crew were like their master. “Where am I? in what dreadful ship?” cried he, in terrified agony. The answer was a laugh that rang from stem to stern from the gloomy shapes that flitted round. They guffawed and grinned and choked to the top of their bent—

“And then the chief made answer for the whole:— ‘Our skins,’ said he ‘are black, because we carry coal. You’ll find your mother, sure enough, and see your native fields, For this here ship has picked you up—the _Mary Anne_ of Shields.’”

The transition from the really powerful and dramatic description of the billows and surf to the ridiculous _dénouement_ is irresistibly and artistically comic. Hood’s purely amusing pieces are more generally known than the above. Take as an example “Faithless Sally Brown;” the girl who so soon forgot her first Ben is modelled on Dibdinian lines, but the touches of humour are infinitely more delicate.

The popularity of a class of sea‐songs which can now be heard from the streets to the drawing‐room, and from the fo’castle to the ward‐room, is creditable to our age. Some of these productions, in which noble sentiments, expressed in simple and feeling words, are wedded to effective and artistic music, help to keep alive humanity, love, and honour in the rising generation. “The poor old slave is free” directly he climbs the British ship; “the sailor’s wife the sailor’s star should be,” and usually is; while the story of the poor little wounded “midshipmite” is as touching in its way as the boy who would not leave the burning deck.

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Our voyages are ended; and we may now peacefully peruse, by the cosy fireside, the record of the heroic deeds and the startling perils of the sailor’s career while he is engaged in bringing to our shores the necessaries and comforts of our daily life. While we stay at home in ease, let us not forget this noble army of “conscripts, fighting our battles for us;” and when the tempests howl and the lightnings flash, let us breathe our heartfelt earnest prayers “for those at sea.”

“Eternal Father, strong to save, Whose arm hath bound the restless wave, Who bids’t the mighty ocean deep, Its own appointed limits keep; Oh, hear us when we cry to Thee, For those in peril on the sea.”

[Illustration]

GENERAL INDEX.

_The names of the Ships in the British Navy are printed in Italics. Those of the Mercantile Marine and foreign vessels are printed with inverted commas [“ ”]._

“Aaron Manby,” iron steamer, ii. 102 Abbot of Arberbrothok: the bell on the Inchcape Rock, ii. 173 Accumulator, the, for deep‐sea sounding, i. 29, 35 Acephala, iv. 128

## Actinozoa, iv. 115

Adair, Captain, killed at Trafalgar, i. 11 Adams, John, a survivor of the mutiny of the _Bounty_, i. 248, 249 Adams, William: his attempt to discover the North‐west Passage, iii. 142 Adrianson, Claes: his death at Nova Zembla, iii. 139, 140 “Advance,” Dr. Kane’s ship in his search for Franklin, iii. 214, 233; the ship abandoned, iii. 247 “Adventure,” the ship of Captain Kidd, the pirate, iii. 56, 57 “Adventure,” wrecked in the Tyne, ii. 210 _ Adventure_ and _Resolution_, Captain Cook’s voyage of discovery, iii. 277 Africa: diamond fields, i. 210 African Company: slave trade, ii. 33 African Naval Station, i. 202 Agalma rubra, iv. 118, 120 _ Agamemnon_, i. 16; laying the first submarine Atlantic telegraph cable, iv. 101, 102 Agassiz, Prof.: on the sea‐serpent, iv. 187, 189 “Aid,” steam tug, Ramsgate, ii. 215–224; iv. 246 Airy, Prof. Sir G. B.: the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, iv. 278–282 Alaska, i. 169; Sitka, its capital, 169, 170; intense cold in, iii. 111, 135; houses of the natives, 156, 157 “Albemarle,” Lieut. Cushing’s attack on the, ii. 151 “Albion,” lugger, hovelling, ii. 246; the lugger lost, 248 Alcatras Island, San Francisco, i. 157 _ Alceste_, wreck of the, i. 82, 83 Aldrich, Lieut. P., voyage of the _Alert_, iii. 102, 107 _ Alert_ and _Discovery_: expedition to the Polar regions, highest latitude ever reached, iii. 99–114; departure of the ships from Portsmouth, 65, 84; the _Alert_ described, 92; The _Alert_ in winter quarters, 104 Aleutian Islands, i. 169, 170 _ Alexandra_, turret ship, ii. 146, 147 Alfonso XI., Gibraltar besieged by, i. 91 Alfred the Great: his ships, i. 265 Allan, Dr. John: propulsion of ships, ii. 80 Almendral, or Almond Grove, Valparaiso, i. 174 “Amazon,” burning of the, ii. 257, 278–290 Amadas, Captain, discovery of Virginia, i. 319 America: its name derived from Amerigo Vespucci, iii. 301; probably peopled by natives of Asia, i. 139; its colonisation, ii. 62, 69; map of Central America, iii. 17 “America,” Pacific steam‐ship, iv. 38 American Arctic expeditions. (_See_ Grinnell, H.) American railways, iv. 15–20 American sailors, i. 226 Amerigo Vespucci, title of America derived from him, iii. 301 “Amethyst,” action with the “Huascar,” i. 26 Amherst, Lord: wreck of the _Alceste_, i. 83 Ammonites, iv. 143 Amroth, submerged forest at, iv. 199 Amsterdam Island, iii. 257 Amusements: on board ships, iv. 33, 34; on American railways, 27 Anderson, captain of the “Great Eastern:” laying the submarine telegraph cable, iv. 108, 110 Anemones: sea‐anemones, iv. 123, 125 Animal life in the Arctic regions, iii. 167, 171 “Ann” wrecked: loss of a life‐boat, ii. 212, 216 Anson, Commodore, at Juan Fernandez, i. 33; portrait, ii. 45; his voyage round the world in the _Centurion_, 45–62; at Cape Horn, 49; scurvy, 50; mutiny and desertion, 52, 53; capture of the “Carmelo,” ii. 55, 56. Other prizes: capture of Paita, 55; Tinian, Ladrone Islands, 57; “Nostra Signora de Cadabonga,” galleon, taken, 59, 60, 61 Antarctic Ice, the _Challenger_ in, i. 33; icebergs, 35 Antarctic Regions, the, iii. 276 Ants on board ship, i. 222 Apes at Gibraltar, i. 88, 97 Aquaria, their early and recent history, iv. 114 Arbroath, the Bell Rock Lighthouse, ii. 174 Arcachon, Bay of, its oyster‐beds, iv. 137 “Archimedes,” screw‐propeller, ii. 103 Arctic, derivation of the word, iii. 276 Arctic expeditions, iii. 84–275; the first Arctic voyages, iii. 115–123; other early expeditions, 123–129 “Arctic,” steam ship: collision with the “Vesta,” ii. 107; foundering of the “Arctic,” 108; iv. 283 Argonauta, paper nautilus, iv. 150 “Arizona,” Atlantic steamer, iv. 3 Armada, Spanish, i. 283–291 Armour plates and guns, i. 86. (_See_ Iron‐clad ships.) Armstrong, Sir W. G.: the Armstrong guns, i. 86 Arsenals established by Henry VIII., i. 282 Artillery, Marine, early history, i. 278; gunnery of war ships, i. 14 Ascension, Island of, i. 200, 202; abundance of turtle, 202 “Assari Tefvik” (Turkish) and “Vesta” (Russian) ships: action between them, i. 27 _ Assistance_, the search for Franklin, iii. 207 Assyrian skin‐floats and basket‐boats, i. 258 “Astarte,” wreck of the, iv. 243 Asterias (starfish), iv. 125 Astrology, modern belief in, iv. 278 Astronomy and Astronomers: the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, Sir G. B. Airy, Astronomer‐Royal, and his predecessors, iv. 278–282 Atlantic Ferry, the Great: history of Transatlantic navigation, iv. 1; steerage of a steam‐ship now and forty years ago, 4, 10–12; different routes of circumnavigation, _ib._; Dickens’s first trip, 3–12; dinner in a storm, 9; sub‐marine telegraph cables: historical notices, 100 Atlantic Ocean: its depth and other characteristics, i. 29; chart, iv. 88 Audubon: passenger‐pigeons on the Ohio, iii. 167 Aurora Australis, or Southern Lights, iii. 278 Austin, Captain: search for Franklin in the _Resolute_, iii. 207; “Fox” expedition in search of Franklin, iii. 216 Australia, discovery of gold in, i. 151; voyages of Dampier and Captain Cook, _ib._: Botany Bay, _ib._: Possession Island, 152; Port Jackson, _ib._; Sydney Cove, _ib._; growth of population, 153; transportation and free emigration, _ib._; Sydney, 154; hot winds, 155; Port Philip, _ib._; Melbourne, _ib._; Sydney, iv. 52; Melbourne: view in Collins Street, 53; gold, 55 Australian Naval Station, i. 119, 131, 150 Austro‐Hungarian Arctic expedition, iii. 270; the “Tegethoff:” two years on an ice‐floe, 271 Avatcha Bay and Mountain, i. 131, 137 Avery, Captain, the pirate, iii. 59–62 Avocado, or alligator‐pear, i. 186

Back, Captain: Arctic voyages, iii. 166, 189, 193, 194; his voyage in the _Terror_; nipped in the ice, 197; his address to his men on the _Terror_, 201 Back’s Great Fish River, iii. 217 Baffin, William: his Arctic voyages, iii. 149 Bahamas, wrecking at the, ii. 244 Baker, the diver, accompanying Captain Webb in his swim across the Channel, iv. 264 Ballantyne, R.M.: “The Floating Light on the Goodwin Sands,” iv. 245 Banks, Sir Joseph: expedition of the _Bounty_, i. 235 Baptism, ceremony of, iii. 4 Baranoff, Captain: action between the “Vesta” and “Assari Tefvik,” i. 27 Barbary, Pirates, ii. 42 Barents, William: his voyage of discovery, iii. 129–140; his death in Nova Zembla, iii. 139, 140 Barlow, Captain: discovery of Virginia, i. 319 Barnsfield, Edward: discovery of South Polar land, iii. 278 Barrow, Sir John: Arctic exploration, iii. 162, 166, 169 Barton, John, a Scotch pirate of the fifteenth century, i. 279 Barton, Sir Andrew, defeated, i. 257 Basco, Michael de, the pirate, iii. 19 Bastia, siege of, i. 7 Bastides, Rodrigo de: his expedition to America, iii. 303, 304 Bathing: Nautilus Safety Bathing Dress, iv. 262 Bathing: warm or tepid baths a medium for learning to swim (_See_ Swimming.) Bay of God’s Mercy, iii. 178 Bayeux Tapestry: ships of William the Conqueror, i. 268 Beachey Head, iv. 231; French vessel wrecked, 231, 233 Bears in the Polar region, iii. 98, 130, 131, 132, 135, 136, 137, 141, 184, 212, 219, 260, 261, 263; flesh and liver of the bear as food, 138 Beaumaris, ii. 305 Beechey, Captain: his visit to Pitcairn’s Island, i. 249; Arctic Voyages, iii. 166, 167 Beechy Island, iii. 98; relics of Franklin’s last voyage, iii. 210 Beeching, James: his prize life‐boat, ii. 213 Behring, Vitus: his monument in Petropaulovski, i. 132, 135; his Arctic discoveries and death, iii. 159–162 Belcher, Sir Edward, Polar Exploration, iii. 98 Belemnites, iv. 143 Bell, Henry: his passenger steamer, “Comet,” ii. 95; his first advertisement, _ib._ 98 Bell Rock Lighthouse, ii. 172, 176 Bells on board ship in indicating time, i. 50 _ Bellerophon_: surrender of Napoleon, i. 212 Bellinghausen: discovery of the most southern land, iii. 279, 280 _ Bellona_: action with the “Courageux,” i. 228 Bellot, Lieut., Monument to, iii. 97 Belvedere, Kent: home for disabled and worn‐out merchant seamen, iv. 273 Bennett, Dr.: his “Songs for Sailors,” i. 8 “Bergetta” plundered by wreckers, ii. 243 Bering Sea, i. 135, 137, 169, 170; Captain Scammon’s soundings, 138 Bermuda, i. 187: view from Gibbs’ Hill, 188; convicts, _ib._; the North Rock, 189, 191; potato and onion orchards, 190; the floating dock, 191; its voyage out, 191, 194 Berrio: Spanish expedition to El Dorado, ii. 9 Biblical allusions to the Sea, iv. 290 Bideford: Avery, the pirate, living at, iii. 61 Bideford Bar: wreck of the _Woolpacket_, ii. 224; hovellers, 251 “Birkenhead,” loss of the, i. 73–75; iv. 283 Bishop Rock Lighthouse, ii. 269 Black Beard (John Theach), the pirate, ii. 63 _ Black Prince_, i. 18; ii. 143 Bladder‐wrack, iv. 201 Blake, Admiral, ii. 30 _ Blenheim_, i. 8 Bligh, Captain: Mutiny of the _Bounty_, i. 235; seized by the mutineers, 237; cast adrift, 240 Blind crustacean from the Atlantic voyage of the _Challenger_, i. 31, 32 Blindness: snow blindness, iii. 182, 239 Blood, Rev. William, survivor of the burning of the “Amazon”: his description of it, ii. 285 _ Blossom_: Capt. Beechey’s visit to Pitcairn’s Island, i. 249 Boat, ancient, found at New Stoke, iv. 230 Boat improperly hung on board the “Amazon,” ii. 279 Boat voyages of Behrens in the Arctic Regions, iii. 138–142; of Captain Parry, 179; of Dr. Kane, 251 Bobadilla: his arrest and ill‐treatment of Columbus, iii. 296, 297, 304 Boers of South Africa, i. 208 Bombay, i. 118 Bonita, a tropical fish, iv. 176 “Bonne Homme Richard”: Paul Jones’s ship, iii. 75 Boobies and Noddies taken by Bligh, mutiny of the _Bounty_, i. 243, 244 Books found among the relics of Franklin’s expedition, iii. 231 Booth, Mr. Sheriff: Sir John Ross’s Arctic expedition fitted out by him, iii. 186; survey of Boothia Felix, 187 Boston (U.S.): the obnoxious tax on tea, ii. 67, 68; Boston port bill; the port closed, 70, 71 Botallack Mine, Cornwall, iv. 207, 209 Botany of Ceylon, i. 119; Cornwall, iv. 213, 216; Juan Fernandez, i. 34; Malta, i. 99; St. Helena, i. 212; Singapore, i. 144; South Australia, i. 154; Trinidad, i. 182; West Indies, 182, 186, 188 Botany, Marine. (_See_ _Challenger_, Cruise of the.) Botany Bay discovered, i. 151; as a convict settlement, 152 _ Bounty_: History of the mutiny, i. 235–249; discovery of survivors on Pitcairn Island, 247 Boyle, Frederick: Cape Town, i. 204, 208; diamond fields, 210; ostrich farming, 210 Boyton, Captain Paul: his floating dress, iv. 261 Brand, Mr., lost in the “Northfleet,” ii. 263, 264 Brande’s analysis of crimson snow, iii. 164 Brasiliano, Roche, the pirate, iii. 3, 14, 15, 16; his escape, 15 Brassey, Mrs.: Yokohama, iv. 40; a Japanese dinner, 42; the “Sunbeam” in a gale, 61; a wreck encountered, 62; a ship on fire: fifteen lives saved by the “Sunbeam,” iv. 63; coral fields of the South Pacific, 75 Bread‐fruit in Otaheite: expedition of the _Bounty_, history of the mutiny, i. 235 Breakwater: The Cherbourg Breakwater and fortifications, its origin and history, ii. 188; progress of the works, 189; view, 192; Plymouth Breakwater, 190; Portland Breakwater, 192; Holyhead, 196; breakwater at Venice, view, 188 Brialmont on ships and forts, i. 14 Bridport, Lord: mutiny at Spithead, i. 250 Brierly, Oswald W., Cruise of the _Galatea_, i. 205 Brighton, iv. 229, 232 Brighton Aquarium, iv. 114 _ Brilliant_: the boatswain’s mate at Trafalgar, i. 227;

## action with French ships, 228

_ Britannia_, i. 5 “Britannia” training ship, i. 47 “Britannia”: Dickens’s first trip to America, iv. 5 British Columbia, i. 163; Cariboo Mines, _ib._; cedar canoes, i. 167 _ Briton_ at Pitcairn Island: survivors of the mutiny of the _Bounty_, i. 248 Brooke, G. V., lost in the “London,” ii. 294 Brooklyn, New York, i. 195, 198; Brooklyn Bridge, 196, 198 Browning, Robert: his lines on passing through the Straits of Gibraltar, i. 87; his poem, “Hervé Riel,” iv. 301 Brunel, J. K.: portrait, ii. 129; designs for the “Great Eastern,” 130; the launch, _ib._; view and description of the ship, 130, 133; Thames Tunnel: use of the diving‐bell, iv. 85 Bubble Companies: the South Sea Bubble, ii. 43 Bucaniers, The, iii. 1–59; origin of the term, 2 _ Bucentaure_, i. 10, 11 Buchan, Captain: Arctic voyage, iii. 166, 167 Buchanan, Captain, of the “Merrimac,” i. 20 “Buenos Ayrean,” steel steam‐ship, iv. 3 Bulkley, Colonel, at Plover Bay, i. 138, 143 Bullata from the Atlantic, i. 32 Burgoyne, Captain, lost in the _Captain_, i. 55 Buxton, Sir Thomas Fowell: his heroism in saving life, iv. 267 Byron, Lord: his references to the Sea, i. 2; iv. 296; his swim across the Hellespont, iv. 257; lines on the Straits of Gibraltar, 97; the bread‐fruit; mutiny of the _Bounty_, 238 Byron, Hon. John: wreck of the _Wager_, ii. 51–55 “Bywell Castle”: collision with the “Princess Alice,” iv. 284

Cabot, John, attempts to discover the North‐west Passage, iii. 119, 122 Cabot, Sebastian: his discoveries, i. 278; iii. 119, 121; rewarded by Edward VI., 121 “Cacafuego,” treasure ship, taken by Drake, i. 311 Cadiz, siege of, ii. 18; execution of De Soto, the pirate, iii. 83; view of the town, 81 Cairns in the Polar Regions, iii. 97 “Calais‐Douvres,” iv. 6 Calcutta, i. 118; the Black Hole, _ib._; cyclones, 119, 120 Calicut: arrival of Vasco da Gama, iii. 299; the city bombarded, _ib._; view of Calicut in the sixteenth century, 300 California: discovery of gold, i. 158; Chinamen in, 161; earthquakes, _ib._; named “New Albion” by Drake, 313; “roughing it,” camping out, cooking, 166; forest fires, _ib._; cedar canoes, 167; Sacramento; Oakland, iv. 28; San Francisco, 29 Callao, i. 172; Drake at, 310 Calthorpe, Hon. S. J. G.: his “Letters” on the Crimean War, i. 15 Calvi, the _Victory_ at, i. 7 Calypso’s Isle, i. 98 “Cambria,” its assistance in the burning of the “Kent,” i. 69–74 Cameron, John: “Our Possessions in Malayan India,” i. 144, 146, 147 Campbell, Lord George: cruise of the _Challenger_, i. 28, 33, 34, 35, 39 Canadian Voyageurs in Franklin’s expedition, iii. 190, 191, 194 Cannibalism, i. 80; iii. 121; iv. 47, 52 Canoes, river and sea: Vancouver Island and British Columbia, i. 167 Canton, i. 119, 121, 124 Canute’s ships, i. 266 Cape Alexander, Greenland, iii. 249 Cape Bounty discovered by Sir E. Parry, iii. 170 Cape Cod, Discovery of, ii. 11; view of, ii. 64 Cape Chelyuskin, iii. 274 Cape Constitution, iii. 239 Cape Desolation, iii. 88 Cape Farewell, iii. 93 Cape Flattery, Vancouver Island, i. 163 Cape of Good Hope: its discovery; Cape Town, Table Mountain, i. 203, 205; iii. 282; Port Elizabeth, i. 204; Simon’s Bay, 205; visit of the Duke of Edinburgh, 205–209; Farmer Peck’s Inn, 206; diamond fields: ostrich farming, 210; mutiny suppressed, 256; first named the Cape of Storms, iii. 282; Waves, iv. 89 Cape Horn, i. 175, 176; Sir F. Drake, 309; Anson, ii. 48, 49; the pirate Sharp, iii. 56; view, iii. 277 Cape Joseph Henry, sledging at, iii. 112 Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope, i. 203, 205 Cape York: icebergs, iii. 100; view of Melville Bay, iii. 228 _ Captain_ (Nelson’s ship), i. 8 _ Captain_, Loss of the, i. 54–59; cause of the disaster, i. 58; ii. 143; iv. 283 Caraccioli, the priest‐pirate, iii. 64, 65, 67 Caribbee Islands discovered by Columbus, iii. 294; attacked by Ojeda, 302 Cariboo Gold Mines, British Columbia, i. 163 Carlisle, A. D., B.A.: “Round the World in 1870,” iv. 29, 31 Carlsen, Captain: relics of Barents’s expedition discovered by him at Nova Zembla, iii. 142 “Caroline:” its assistance in the burning of the “Kent,” i. 72 Carrageen: or Irish moss, iv. 202 Carthage, Ships of, i. 259 Cat, The, as a punishment, i. 51, 52 Catacombs at Citta Vecchia, Malta, i. 101, 103 Catoptric lights for lighthouses, ii. 186 Cavalli (fish) of Juan Fernandez, i. 34 Cavendish, Thomas: his circumnavigation of the globe, ii. 11 Caverns of the sea‐shore, iv. 195, 200 Cedar canoes of Vancouver Island, i. 167 _ Centaur_ at the Diamond Rock, Martinique, i. 161, 187 Centipedes, cockroaches, and spiders in ships, i. 221 _ Centurion_: Anson’s voyage round the world, ii. 45–62 Cephalopoda, iv. 139, 142 _ Cerberus_, monitor, at Sydney, iv. 54 Cerimbra Roads, Monson’s action at, ii. 21 Ceuta, Spanish fortress of, i. 97 Ceylon, i. 119, 144; pearl fishery, iv. 67 _ Challenger_, Cruise of the, i. 28; deep sea soundings, _ib._; work of the expedition, and how it was done, 29; Captain Sir George S. Nares, _ib._; Prof. Wyville Thomson, _ib._; sponges, zoophytes, star‐fish, crustacea, cuttle‐fish; island of Juan Fernandez, 33, 36; the ship in Antarctic ice, _ib._; Kerguelen’s Land; Heard Island; sea elephants, 34; icebergs, 35; naturalist’s room in the ship, 37; dredging instruments, 38; Inaccessible Island: rescue of two voluntary Crusoes, 39 Chancelor, Richard: his journey to Moscow, iii. 122, 123 Chaplains on board ship, i. 222; trials of Joseph Primrose, 223 Chard, Joseph: his exertions in saving life from shipwrecks, iv. 248 Charles I. and ship‐money, ii. 28; his navy, 29, 30 Chaucer’s description of the British sailor, i. 272 Cherbourg Breakwater, history and progress, ii. 188; view, 192 Chesil Bank, ii. 193, 195 Chicago, iv. 15; view in Madison Street, 17 _ Chichester_ training ship, i. 45, 47 Chili, i. 172 “Chimborazo” in a gale, iv. 13 China: Hong Kong, iv. 43; Shanghai, 44 China: John Chinaman in San Francisco, i. 161; iv. 31 “China” in a cyclone in the Pacific, iv. 39; destroyed by fire, _ib._ China Naval Station, i. 119, 137 “China,” steam ship, iv. 31 Chinese junks at Singapore, i. 147, 148 Chinese obstructions to foreign travel, iv. 5 Chinese paintings, i. 126, 147 Chinese phrases: “Pigeon English,” i. 126; customs and costume, 127 Chinese waiters on board ship, iv. 38 Chinese Merchants’ Steam‐ship Company, iv. 31 “Chinook jargon,” “Pigeon English,” i. 167 Christian IV. of Denmark: his encouragement of Arctic exploration, iii. 150; his ill‐treatment of Munk, 151 Christian, Fletcher: the mutiny of the _Bounty_, i. 239–247; shot by an Otaheitan, 249 Christian, Thursday October, son of Fletcher Christian, discovered on Pitcairn Island, i. 247 Christmas in the Arctic regions, iii. 103, 222, 224, 263 “Cinco Chagas” (the Five Wounds) burnt by the Earl of Cumberland, i. 294 Cinque Ports, i. 267 “City of Berlin,” Atlantic steamer, iv. 3 “City of Brussels,” Atlantic steamer, iv. 3 “City of Richmond,” Atlantic steamer, iv. 3 Cleodora, a univalve shell, iv. 145 “Clermont,” steam vessel, built by Fulton and Livingston, ii. 93 Clocks: The “Mother Clock” at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, iv. 282 Clyde and its ship‐building yards, The, ii. 97 Coal: early trade in “sea‐coal,” i. 271 Coal in the Arctic regions, iii. 107; in Vancouver Island, i. 168 Coast‐guardsmen and their cottages, iv. 232, 234 Cobb, Captain: burning of the “Kent,” i. 69–74 Cobden, Richard: his support of M. de Lesseps and the Suez Canal, i. 107 Cochrane, Admiral: his description of Lieutenant Larmour and the naval service, i. 216 Cockles, iv. 204, 205 Cockroaches in ships, i. 221 Cocoa‐nut oil manufactories at Sierra Leone, i. 203 Cocos, or Keeling Coral Island: Darwin’s description, iv. 75, 76 Cod: the Newfoundland and English fisheries, iv. 175, 176 Cod‐liver oil a protection to swimmers, iv. 264 Cœlenterata: Hydrozoa and Actinozoa, iv. 115 Coffin‐ships, i. 3; ii. 112 Cold in the Arctic regions, iii. 171, 225, 236, 237, 276. (_See_ Temperature.) Colden, C. D.: his “Life of Fulton,” ii. 94, 150 Coles, Captain Cowper Phipps: his invention of revolving turrets, i. 54; loss of the _Captain_, _ib._ Collins, Wilkie: the pilchard fishery, iv. 173; Botallack Mine, 207, 209; Looe, 212; Cornish hospitality, 216; pedestrianism, 218 Collins line of steam‐ships, ii. 106–108 Collinson, Captain: Search of Franklin in the _Enterprise_, iii. 211, 214 Collodon, Dr., on the diving‐bell, iv. 83 Colorado: newspapers at George Town and Central City, iv. 27 Colour of the sea, i. 35, 87; iv. 96 Colpoys, Admiral: mutiny at Spithead, i. 251 Columbus, Bartholomew, brother of Christopher Columbus: iii. 285, 295; his visit to England, 285; imprisoned, 296 Columbus, Christopher: his landing at Trinidad, i. 177; history of his life and discoveries, by his son, iii. 283; his personal character and appearance, _ib._; voyage to Iceland, _ib._; first application to Ferdinand and Isabella, 285; portrait, _ib._; first voyage, 286; land discovered, 288, 289; his caravels, 288; at Cuba and Hispaniola, gold and tobacco, 290, 291; is shipwrecked, 291; return to Spain, royal reception, 289, 293; second voyage, 294; disaffection and mutiny in Hispaniola, _ib._; return and third voyage, 295; general mutiny, _ib._; his arrest and subsequent ill‐treatment, 296, 297; fourth voyage, _ib._; his death, 297; burial and final interment at Havana, 298; his voyage to Greenland and Iceland, 118 Columbus, Diego, brother of Christopher Columbus: imprisoned by Bobadillo, iii. 296; made Governor of San Domingo, 308 Columbus, Ferdinand, son of Christopher Columbus: his history of his father and his discoveries, iii. 283 Concerts on board ship, iv. 35 “Congress” burnt in action with the “Merrimac,” i. 20, 22, 23 Conrad, Chevalier: his co‐operation with M. de Lesseps, i. 111 Conus, a univalve shell, iv. 141 Coode: construction of Portland Breakwater, ii. 194 Cook, Captain James: his discovery of Botany Bay, i. 151; his Arctic voyage, iii. 155, 158; voyage of the _Resolution_ and _Adventure_, 277; discoveries, 278; his career, 318; his tragical death, _ib._ Cook, captain of the “Cambria:” his assistance at the burning of the “Kent,” i. 74 Cook, Eliza, her verses on the Sea, iv. 299 “Comet,” Bell’s passenger steamer, ii. 95, 96 _ Comet_, naval steam‐tug, ii. 98 Compass on iron ships, ii. 102 Comrie, Dr. Peter, R.N.: on the discipline in training‐ships, i. 46 Copenhagen, Nelson at, ii. 65, 75 Coracles, or basket‐boats, i. 258 Coral‐islands and coral‐fishing, iv. 72, 73 Coral‐reefs in the Red Sea, i. 117 Corals of Singapore, i. 150 Coralline, iv. 201 Cordouan, Tower of, lighthouse, ii. 157 Cordova, Spanish admiral: battle of St. Vincent, i. 7, 10 Cork Harbour, ii. 308 Cornelison: his voyage of discovery, iii. 129, 133, 142 Cornwall: view on the coast of, i. 297; sketches of the coast, iv. 207–225; population, 215; mines and fisheries, 215, 216; religion, 223 Corsairs, Gibraltar attacked by, i. 92 Cost of ironclad ships of war, i. 14, 231; ii. 146 Costa Rica: towns and villages pillaged by pirates, iii. 30 Coudin, midshipman of the “Medusa,” i. 78, 80 Coupang Bay, Lieutenant Bligh at; mutiny of the _Bounty_, i. 244 “Coupland” wrecked at Scarborough, iv. 254 “Courageux” taken by the _Bellona_, i. 229 Cowries, iv. 140, 141 Crabs, iv. 129, 151, 154 Crayfish, iv. 158 Cricket‐match on board ship, iv. 33 Crimean War, its lessons, i. 15, 19 Crimson snow, iii. 164 Croatoan Island, Virginia, ii. 2 Croker Mountains, an imaginary discovery by Sir John Ross, iii. 166, 170 Cromwell’s Navy, i. 232 Cromwell’s Navigation Act, ii. 30 Crossing the Line: old ceremonies, i. 229 Crozier, Captain: Arctic exploration, iii. 179, 230 Crusaders: their ships, i. 267, 269 Crusoe, Robinson: Alexander Selkirk; Defoe and the island of Juan Fernandez, i. 33, 36 Crusoe’s Island (Tobago), i. 179; ii. 50 Crustaceans, iv. 150 Crystal Palace Aquarium, iv. 114 Cuba, i. 183; Havana, 184; the pirate Morgan, iii. 30, 31; discovered by Columbus, 290 Culloden, i. 8 Cumberland, Earl of, as a pirate, i. 291, 295, ii. 16; rich prizes, 292;

## action with the “Madre de Dios,” 293;

_ Scourge of Malice_, i. 295; voyage with Sir William Morison, ii. 17, 18 “Cumberland” sunk in action with the “Merrimac,” i. 20, 21, 22 Cunard steamers: the first, ii. 105, 106; “Scotia,” “Bothnia,” 109; success of the Cunard Company, 110 Cushing, Lieutenant: his attack on the “Albemarle,” ii. 149 Cust, Hon. Sir Edward, D.C.L.: his “Annals of the Wars of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,” i. 11, 16 Cuttle‐fish, Gigantic, i. 31; iv. 147

_ Dædalus_: Captain McQuhæ’s account of the sea‐serpent, iv. 186 Da Gama, Vasco: the Cape of Good Hope doubled by him, i. 203; discovery of Natal, i. 211 Dahlgren guns on the first “Monitor,” i. 23 Dampier: on the bread‐fruit, i. 238; his re‐discovery of Australia, i. 151 Dana’s “Seaman’s Manual,” i. 51; “Two Years Before the Mast,” i. 48, 158 Dancing on board ship, iv. 34 Danes, Dr. Kane’s meeting with, iii. 253 Danish ships, i. 263, 265 Danites at Utah and Salt Lake City, iv. 25 Darien, the Indians of: Lolonois, the pirate, killed by them, iii. 28 Darling, Grace: wreck of the “Forfarshire,” iv. 64 Darling, Maggie and Jessie: their rescue of sailors in the St. Lawrence River, iv. 64 Dartmouth, iv. 224 _ Dartmouth_ in Boston Harbour, ii. 65–69; tea thrown overboard, 69, 72 Darwin: on coral reefs, iv. 74, 76; on Infusoria, 113 D’Avila, Alvares: his defence of Gibraltar, i. 92 Dawkins, Captain, of the _Vanguard_: loss of the ship, i. 63, 65 De Veer, Gerrit: map of Nova Zembla, iii. 131 Davis, John, the pirate, iii. 16 Davis, John: his Arctic explorations, iii. 127, 128 Davy, Sir Humphry: fecundity of the salmon, iv. 164 Davy Jones’s Locker and its Treasures: pearls, corals, sponges, diving, iv. 66–90 “Dead‐heads” on American railways, iv. 26 Deal: view on the coast; life‐boats, ii. 229, 232 Deal, iv. 242; life‐boat, _ib._ Deal hovellers, ii. 247, 248 Decisive voyages in history: Diaz, Columbus, Vasco da Gama, companions and followers of Columbus; Captain Cook, iii. 281 Deep‐sea soundings: cruise of the _Challenger_, i. 28, 30; the accumulator and other apparatus, 29, 30, 35 “Defensor de Pedro,” the ship of De Soto, the pirate, iii. 79 Defoe’s “Robinson Crusoe:” the island of Juan Fernandez, i. 33 De Gusman: Gibraltar besieged by him, i. 91, 92 Delorme, Dupuy: “Napoleon” constructed by, i. 226 Deptford: old Deptford dockyard, i. 280; ii. 37; Peter the Great, 38; Saye’s Court, 39 De Quiros, Pedro Fernandez: discovery of the New Hebrides, i. 151; his discoveries in the southern hemisphere, iii. 277 De Ruyter, Admiral, on the Medway, ii. 31 Desertion: from the navy; mutiny of the _Bounty_, i. 235, 239; mutiny of the _Nore_, 254; the _Wager_, ii. 53 Desolation Island, iii. 279 De Soto Benito, the pirate: his cruelty, iii. 78–84; executed, 83 “Deutschland,” Wreck of the, ii. 114, 273 De Veer: narrative of Barents’s voyage of discovery, iii. 134, 138 Devil‐fish, iv. 146 Devil’s Frying‐pan, Cornwall, iv. 225 Devonshire coast scenery, iv. 199 Devonshire boys on training‐ships, i. 46 Diamond fields of South Africa, i. 210 Diamond Rock, Martinique: the _Centaur_, i. 161, 187 Diaz, Bartholomew de: his discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, i. 203; iii. 282, 284; sea passage from Portugal to India, iii. 281 Dibdin, Charles, and his two sons; their sea‐songs, iv. 298 Dickens, Charles: his first trip to America, iv. 3–12 Dip of the magnetic needle, iii. 187 Discipline, Value of; the _Vanguard_, i. 65; “Kent,” East Indiaman, 64, 68, 69, 71, 74; wreck of the _Alceste_, i. 82, 83; loss of the “Birkenhead,” i. 74, 75; want of discipline in the wreck of the “Medusa,” i. 75–82 Disco, _Alert_ and _Discovery_ at, iii. 92, 93; “Pandora” at, iii. 95; entrance to music‐hall, 96 _ Discovery_, Henry Hudson’s ship, iii. 146 _ Discovery_, Captain Cook’s ship, iii. 155, 318 _ Discovery_: departure from Portsmouth with the _Alert_, iii. 84; narrative of the expedition, 99–114 Divers at work, iv. 85 Divers attacked by a sword‐fish, iv. 84 Diving for pearls, iv. 69 Diving for wreckage: the diving‐bell, iv. 79 Diving dress, iv. 86. (_See_ Swimming.) _ Dobb’s Galley_: its expedition to the Arctic regions, iii. 154 Dogs in M‘Clintock’s Arctic expedition, iii. 219, 225 Dogs, Edible, iii. 220 Dogs, Wild, at Tortuga, iii. 7 Dog‐fish, iv. 162, 164, 262 Dominica, i. 187 _ Dorothea_ in the ice, iii. 165, 166, 167 Doughtie, Master, executed by Drake for mutiny, i. 307 Douglas Pines of British Columbia used for canoes, i. 167 Dover, iv. 239, 240 Drake, Sir Francis: the Spanish Armada, i. 284, 286, 288; his first view of the Pacific, 289, 302; his ships, _Judith_, _Pascha_, _Swan_; his attack on Nombre de Dios, 302; at the Isthmus of Panama, 303; passes the Straits of Magellan, 305; his circumnavigation of the globe, _ib._; natives of Seal Bay, 306; execution of a mutineer, 307; his ship, the _Golden Hinde_, 308; portrait, 309; treasure ship, “Cacafuego” taken by him, 311; arrival at Ternate, 312; at San Francisco, _ib._; at Celebes, 313; death, funeral, and character, 314 _ Drake_ taken by Paul Jones, iii. 75 Draper, Rev. Mr., lost in the “London,” ii. 294 _ Dreadnought_, i. 5 _ Dreadnought_, hospital ship, ii. 120; iv. 285 Dredges at work on the Suez Canal, i. 112, 113 Dredging in the deep sea, i. 30, 31 Dredging instruments on board the _Challenger_, i. 38 Drinkwater’s “Siege of Gibraltar,” i. 16, 91, 97 Drowning. (_See_ Swimming.) Duel of English and French ships, i. 271 Duncan, Admiral, addressing his crew on the _Venerable_, mutiny of the Nore, i. 253 Dundas, Lord: Symington’s steam vessel, “Charlotte Dundas,” ii. 84 Dundonald, Earl of: his “Autobiography of a Seaman,” i. 216 Dunmore, Lord: life saved by him from shipwreck, iv. 243 D’Urville, Admiral: discovery of South Polar Land, iii. 279 D’Urville, Dumont: Trepang fishery at Raffles’ Bay, iv. 127 Dust falling at Shanghai, i. 125 Dutch East India Company, ii. 13 Dutch fisheries, ii. 23 Dutch naval war, ii. 30; Martin Tromp, _ib._; Admiral Van Tromp, 31 Dutch shipping and English compared by Raleigh, ii. 10 Dutch voyages of discovery, iii. 129 Dyke Sand: the Goodwins, ii. 255 Dynamite, its explosive power, ii. 152

“Earl of Balcarras,” East Indiaman, ii. 15 Earthquakes: at Shanghai, i. 123; California, 162; West Indies, 186 Eastbourne, iv. 235 East India Company; its history, ii. 11 East India Station, i. 119 Echinoderms, iv. 126 Edinburgh, His Royal Highness the Duke of: the _Galatea_ at the Cape, i. 205, 209 Edward III.: his fleet, i. 271, 272 Edwards, Captain Edward: expedition of the _Pandora_ to find the mutineers of the _Bounty_, i. 244–246 Eddystone Lighthouse, ii. 156; its history, 159; Winstanley’s lighthouse, _ib._; Rudyerd’s, 161–163; Smeaton’s, 164–171; views of former and present lighthouses, 160, 161, 168; interior of the light chamber, 171; portrait of Smeaton, 170 “Effort” on the Goodwin Sands, ii. 247 Egerton, Sub‐lieutenant, in Arctic exploration, iii. 105, 106 Egyptian galleys, i. 259 Eider ducks and their eggs, iii. 167, 251, 252 El Dorado, The search for, ii. 4 Electrical phenomenon at Cape Horn, i. 176 Electricity employed to remove the _Royal George_, i. 62 Ekenhead, Lieutenant: his swim with Byron across the Hellespont, iv. 257 Electric light for lighthouses, ii. 187 Elephant‐hunting in South Africa, i. 208 Elizabeth, Queen: her navy, i. 232, 282; the Spanish Armada, 283–291; Drake’s circumnavigation of the globe, 314; her patronage of Gilbert and Raleigh; present to Gilbert, 316; encouragement of Frobisher, iii. 123, 124 Elliott, General: his defence of Gibraltar, i. 16–18 El Puerto del Santa Maria, Cuba: taken by the pirate Morgan, iii. 30 “Ely”: rescue of the “Woolpacket,” Bideford Bay, ii. 251, 252 Emigration of Chinese to California, i. 162 Emigration: to Australia, i. 154; Cape of Good Hope, 210; America, ii. 62, 69; Melbourne, iv. 54, 55 Engineers on board ship, i. 224–226; engine room of the _Warrior_, 225; rank and pay of engineers, _ib._ English sailors, i. 226 Enisco, M. F. de: his generosity to Nicuesa, iii. 309; his expeditions, capture of gold, iii. 314 _ Enterprise_: search for Franklin, iii. 211, 214 _ Erebus_, Franklin’s ship in his last voyage, iii. 207 _ Erebus_ and _Terror_ among the icebergs, iii. 193; discovery of relics, 227 Ericsson, Captain John: his battery in the first “Monitor,” i. 23; portrait, ii. 97; introduction of the screw‐propeller, 102 Espinosa, Spanish admiral: his letter to the pirate Morgan, iii. 39 Esquemeling, Joseph, a bucanier: his account of them, iii. 3, 6 Esquimalt, Vancouver Island, i. 163, 165 Esquimaux, The, iii. 117; described by Frobisher, 123; portraits, 172; snow village, 173, 174; Franklin’s fight with Esquimaux, 195; kaiyacks and boat, 196; Dr. Kane at Etah, 238, 251; relics of Franklin, 225; plot against Dr. Hayes in Dr. Kane’s expedition, 241; a laudanum stew, 243; snow‐houses, 244; portrait of Kalutunah, 245; sledges and team of dogs, 163, 225 Esquiros, Alphonse: on “English Seamen and Divers,” i. 42; on street arabs, 47; on Lloyd’s, ii. 125–128; on the diving‐bell, iv. 81, 83 Etah, Esquimaux at, iii. 251 Eugénie, Empress of the French, at the inauguration of the Suez Canal, i. 115 Euplectella (Venus’s flower‐basket,), i. 30, 32 _ Eurydice_ training‐ship: lost off the Isle of Wight, iv. 227, 228

Falconer, James; his poem “The Shipwreck,” iv. 297; his Marine Dictionary, _ib._ Falkland Islands, i. 176 Falmouth: its history, iv. 222; lighthouse, _ib._; harbour, i. 72 Farmer Peck’s Inn, Simon’s Bay, i. 206 Fat: its influence on longevity, iv. 168 Faulkner, Captain R., in the _Bellona_ takes the “Courageux,” i. 228 Fearney, William, Nelson’s bargeman at the battle of St. Vincent, i. 8 Fearon, Colonel: burning of the “Kent,” i. 69 Female pirates: Mary Read and Anne Bonney, iii. 67, 68 Ferdinand and Isabella: surrender of Gibraltar to, i. 92; their negotiations with and support of Columbus, ii. 286; reception of him after his first voyage, 289, 293; his second and third voyages, 295; his arrest and subsequent treatment, 296, 297; their conduct to Ojèda and Nicuesa, 307 Fernandez, Juan: his supposed Antarctic voyage, iii. 276 Ferry‐boats at New York, i. 196, 197 Field, Cyrus W.: his promotion of submarine telegraphy, iv. 98–100 Figuier: on sea‐monsters, i. 31; foraminifera, iv. 112; mussels, 130; oysters, 131; pteropoda, 142 Fiji Islands, iv. 47 Filey, iv. 252 Fins of fish as organs of locomotion, iv. 159 Fire: The Ship on Fire; burning of the “Amazon,” ii. 256, 278–290 Fires in Californian forests, i. 166 Fire‐ships attacking the Spanish Armada, i. 288 Fish‐life: voices of fish; Do fish sleep? iv. 178 Fish, Anatomy of, iv. 159 Fish‐bladder, iv. 159 Fish: salmon in British Columbia, i. 164, 168, 170, 171; cod in Behring Sea, 170 Fish: Dutch fisheries, ii. 23 Fisheries of Cornwall, iv. 215, 216 Fish at Juan Fernandez, i. 34 Fiskernæs, South Greenland, iii. 164 Fitch’s improvements in steam vessels, ii. 85, 89 Fitzjames, Captain, of the _Erebus_, iii. 230 Flags of the World, Naval, ii. 1 Flamborough Head, iv. 251 Floating ice, iii. 125, 130 Floating light‐ships, iv. 244 Flogging in the Navy, i. 51–53 Flying‐fish, i. 80; iv. 162, 164 Fogs: loss of the _Vanguard_, i. 63–67 Fog in the Polar regions, iii. 111, 166, 182, 183, 259 Fog‐horns, or Siren signals, iv. 280 Foraminifera, iv. 111 Forecastle pest‐houses, ii. 121 Forest, Submerged, iv. 199 “Forfarshire,” Wreck of the, iv. 64 Fortifications of Cherbourg, ii. 189; of Portland, 195 Fort Enterprise, Franklin at, iii. 188, 190, 193 Forts and ships of war at Sebastopol, i. 14, 15 Fossil ivory, iii. 162 “Fougueux” taken at Trafalgar, i. 11 “Fox”: the search for Franklin, iii. 215 Franklin, Sir John: his tombstone, iii. 98; Arctic voyages, 166, 168, 178, 189, 190, 191, 193, 195; his last voyage, 204; portrait, 205; memoir, 206; the search for, 207–232; relics found by Dr. Rae, 215; other relics, 227, 229, 231 Franklin, Lady: her advocacy and support of Polar exploration, iii. 92, 93, 98; search for Sir John Franklin, 207, 215, 222 Franz Josef Land, discovered by Lieutenant Payer, iii. 272 Frederick William, Emperor of Germany: Arctic expedition of the “Germania” and “Hansa,” iii. 259 Free‐board of the _Captain_, i. 54 Free Town, Sierra Leone, i. 202, 204 Freezing, The sleepy comfort of: Dr. Kane’s experience, iii. 237 French ironclads, i. 83 French sailors, i. 226 Frobisher, Sir Martin: the Spanish Armada, i. 284, 287; his voyages of discovery, iii. 123, 124, 126; portrait, 128 Frobisher’s Strait, iii. 146 Frost‐bite, iii. 171 Fruit at Shanghai, i. 123; in South Australia, 154 Fulton, Robert: steam navigation, ii. 87–95; submarine boat, 88; “Clermont,” 93; portrait, 95; his torpedoes and torpedo boat, ii. 149, 153 Funeral at sea, ii. 153 Fur‐sealing: Alaska and San Francisco, i. 170, 171 _ Fury_: Arctic voyage, iii. 172, 176 Fusaro, Lake: its oysters, iv. 136

_ Galatea_, Cruise of the, i. 205 “Gallia,” Atlantic steamer, iv. 3 “Gamo,” Spanish frigate, taken by Admiral Cochrane, i. 219 Gann, John: his diving apparatus, iv. 87 Garry Island: Franklin’s flag unfurled, iii. 194 Gasparin, Madame de; her reminiscences of a thunderstorm, iv. 193 Gasteropoda, iv. 139 Gems in Ceylon, i. 119 George II.’s navy, i. 232; laws against wrecking, ii. 237 George IV.; Lukin’s life‐boat, ii. 210 Georgia, Gulf of, i. 166, 167 Géricault’s painting of the raft of the “Medusa,” i. 81, 82 German Arctic expeditions, iii. 258 “Germania,” Arctic exploring ship, iii. 258, 267 Gerritz, Dirk, discovery of Southern Polar land, iii. 277, 278 Gibraltar, Siege of: red‐hot shot, i. 16, 17, 18; view from the mainland, 65; Browning’s lines on the Straits, 87; history of the rock, 88; sieges, _ib._; view of the Neutral Ground, 89; Stephens’s “History of the Place and its Sieges,” 90; first taken by England, 93, 94; Moorish tower, 93; Spanish attempts to regain the place, 94, 95; Sayer’s “History of Gibraltar,” 95, 96; the great siege, _ib._; the rock described, 96; monkeys, 97; Morgan’s attack on, iii. 33, 39 Gibraltar, a town in Venezuela, iii. 20; taken by pirates, 21, 22, 23, 25 Gilbert, W. S.: his operettas, iv. 303 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey: colonisation and trade with America, i. 315; Queen Elizabeth’s patronage and present, 315, 316; voyage to Newfoundland, 316; possession taken, 318; Gilbert’s fate, 317, 319; his advocacy of the discovery of the North‐west Passage, iii. 123, 126 Gilmore, Rev. W.: “Storm Warriors; or, Lifeboat Work,” ii. 217; hovellers and wreckers, ii. 245, 247, 253 Girvan, Private, a diver: his submarine combat with Corporal Jones, iv. 88 Glaciers, iii. 155, 166 Globe‐fish, iv. 162, 164 Globigerina, from the Atlantic, i. 32 _ Gloucester_, Commodore Anson’s ship, ii. 46, 50, 56, 57 Goats in Malta, i. 99 Goat Island, San Francisco, i. 157 Goggles worn in Arctic exploration, iii. 110 Going aloft, i. 97 Gold: in Australia, discovered by Hargreaves, i. 151; iv. 55; in California, i. 158; miners’ vicissitudes, 164; Cariboo mines, British Columbia, i. 163, 164; search for El Dorado, ii. 4, 6; Frobisher’s voyage in search of, iii. 125, 126; voyages of Columbus, iii. 291, 293, 294, 295; of Ojeda, Nino, and De Bastides, 303, 306; taken from Indians by Nicuesa, 311; by Enisco, 314 Gold‐washing, Ancient, at St. Domingo, iii. 293 Golden State and City. (_See_ California, San Francisco.) _ Golden Hinde_: Drake’s circumnavigating ship, i. 308–314; Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s expedition, 318 Goodwin Sands and Life‐boats, ii. 198, 215; wreck of the “Samaritano,” 217–223; “Violet,” 224; “Fusileer,” _ib._; Portuguese brig, 225; other wrecks, 229, 230; loss of the “Effort,” 247; “Albion” lugger‐hovelling: the lugger lost, 248, 249; the sands described, _ib._; map, at low water, 252; rescue of “La Marguerite,” 253; the Sands mentioned by Shakespeare, iv. 294 Gosnold, Captain: first direct voyage to America, ii. 10 Gosse, P. H.: growth of echinoderms, iv. 126; hermit crabs, 154; attractions of the sea‐shore, 191; on the sea coast, 194; enormous Medusæ, 195; sea anemones, 196, 198; rapid influx of the tide, 197; Devonshire coast scenery, 199; spinous cockle, 204 Granada: the Moors in Spain, i. 88, 90; at Gibraltar, 94 Great American Desert, iv. 22 “Great Britain,” ii. 102 “Great Eastern,” i. 13; its tonnage, 232; contrasted with the _Great Harry_, 232, 233; first and subsequent voyages, ii. 134–137; arrival at New York, 136; gale off Cape Clear, 128, 137; its history, _ib._; Brunel and Scott Russell, 130; their portraits, 129; view and launch of the ship, 130–133; laying the Submarine Atlantic Telegraph Cable, iv. 3, 102–110 Great Fish River, iii. 217 _ Great Harry_, i. 275, 282; contrasted with the “Great Eastern,” 233 Greathead’s Life‐boats, ii. 209, 210, 211 “Great Michael,” James IV. of Scotland, i. 281 Great Mogul’s ship taken by Avery, the pirate, iii. 60, 61 “Great Queensland,” blown up, ii. 122 “Great Western” steam‐ship, ii. 101, 106 Grecian ships, i. 261 Greene, Henry: his mutiny against Hudson, iii. 147; killed by natives of Labrador, 148 Greenland, iii. 95; its colonisation, 116, 117; James Hall at, 143; Henry Hudson at, 146; William Baffin at, 149; icebergs, _ib._; change in the ice‐fields, 162; Sir John Ross at, 163; portraits of Esquimaux, 172; a snow village, 173, 174; view of Whale Sound, 233; of Cape Alexander, 249 Greenwich: Peter the Great and Halley, ii. 40 Grinnell, H.: American expedition in search of Franklin, iii. 214; the “Advance” fitted out by him; Dr. Kane’s search for Franklin, 233; Dr. Hayes’s Arctic expedition in the “United States,” iii. 255 _ Griper_: Arctic voyages, iii. 168, 169, 176 Grippe, or mistral, i. 107 Grog, Admiral Vernon (“Old Grog”): his grogram tunic, i. 51 Grog on ship‐board, i. 44 “Grosser Kurfürst,” Loss of the, iv. 238 Grylls, Lieut. R.N., a survivor of the burning of the “Amazon,” ii. 282, 287, 288 Guadaloupe discovered by Columbus, iii. 294 Guano ships, ii. 122, 123 Guard ships, i. 44 Guiana, Raleigh’s expeditions to, ii. 8 Guillemard’s “Over Land and Sea”: Honolulu, Fiji, iv. 47 Gulf Stream, iv. 91 Gulf Stream light‐vessel on the Goodwin Sands, iv. 245 Gulf of Georgia, i. 166, 167 Guns: gunnery of war‐ships. (_See_ Artillery) Guy Fawkes burnt in the Arctic regions, iii. 219 “Gwenissa” wrecked near Tramore, ii. 258; Ronayne’s bravery in saving life, 257–261

Haddock: “Finnan haddies”; fishing in Scotland, iv. 175 Hakluyt’s lines on the British navy, i. 273; on the execution of Doughtie by Drake for mutiny, 307; defeat of the Spanish Armada, 289; slave‐trade, 297; on early voyages of discovery, iii. 119 Haliburton, Judge: erection and history of the town of Halifax, i. 199 Halibut, or Holibut, iv. 175 Halifax, Nova Scotia, i. 198; the town, harbour, lighthouses, _ib._; history, 199; “Blue Noses,” _ib._ Hall, Captain Basil, R.N.: “Life in Chili,” i. 174; electrical phenomenon at Cape Horn, 176; sharks, iv. 160 Hall, Captain C. F., his Arctic expedition in the “Polaris,” iii. 268; his death and funeral, 268, 269 Hall, James: attempt to discover the North‐west Passage, iii. 143, 149 Halley’s diving‐bell, iv. 81 Hamilton, Bermuda, i. 187, 188 Hammerhead, iv. 162 Hannay, James, on wasteful expenditure in naval construction, i. 47 Hanno’s voyage to Africa, i. 259 “Hansa,” Arctic exploring ship, iii. 258, 260; sinking of the ship, 261, 262; the crew in a coal‐house on an ice‐raft, 257, 260, 263; breaking up of the floe, 265; eight months on the ice‐raft, 266 Hardy, Captain, at the Battle of Trafalgar, i. 10 Hargreave, E. H.: his discovery of gold in Australia, i. 151, 153 Harpa, a univalve shell, iv. 145 Harris, Corporal: his diving exploits, iv. 87 Hartstene, Captain: his search for and meeting with Dr. Kane, iii. 254 Harvey, Captain, of the _Téméraire_, at Trafalgar, i. 10 Harvey, Captain: his torpedo, ii. 153, 155 Harwich, iv. 247, 248 Hastings, iv. 236; battle of Hastings, _ib._ Havana, i. 184; slave labour, 185 Hawaian Islands. (_See_ Sandwich Islands.) Hawkins, Sir John: the Spanish Armada, i. 284; his ships; capture of slaves, 295–301; his high‐handed trading, 297; coat of arms, 298; portrait, 300;

## action at St. Juan de Ulloa, 301

Hayes, Dr.: his sufferings in Dr. Kane’s expedition, iii. 240, 241; his Arctic expedition in the “United States,” iii. 255 Hayti discovered by Columbus, iii. 291; its early history, 205 Heard Island, i. 34 _ Hecla_: Arctic voyages, iii. 169, 170 Heemskirk, Gibraltar attacked by, i. 92 Hegemann, Captain: Arctic expedition of the “Hansa,” iii. 257, 259, 267 Héhaux, Brittany, Lighthouse, ii. 178 Hemans, Mrs.: lines on shipwrecks, ii. 296; her “Casabianca,” iv. 299 _ Henri Grace de Dieu_. (_See_ _Great Harry_.) Henry V., his fleet, i. 273 Henry VII.: Acts for regulating the Navy, i. 277 Henry VIII.’s navy, i. 232, 273, 282; royal navy first established, 275; encouragement of voyages of discovery, iii. 119, 120; iv. 288 Hepburn, a sailor in Richardson’s Arctic expedition; his heroism, iii. 189, 193 _ Herald_ sent in search of Franklin, iii. 207, 211 Hermit crab, iv. 154, 156 Hero of the Humber, John Ellerthorpe, iv. 267 “Héros,” i. 7 Herrings and the Herring Fishery, iv. 168–171; supposed cabalistic markings of the herring, 168; mode of curing, 169; fisheries of Yarmouth, Wick, and Holland, _ib._; inexhaustible supplies, 170, 171, 250 Hickley, Captain, of the _Iron Duke_: loss of the _Vanguard_, i. 63 Hiero’s floating palace, i. 260 Hirst, Robert: his escape from the _Captain_, i. 55, 57 Hispaniola discovered by Columbus, iii. 291 History of the sea, i. 1 Hoboken, New York, i. 195 Hobson, Captain W. R.: “Fox” expedition in search of Franklin, iii. 216, 226; his discovery of a record of the expedition, 226, 229, 230 Hodder, Edwin, “Heroes of Britain in Peace and War,” iv. 267 Hogg, James, the Ettrick shepherd; growth, changes, and migration of the salmon, iv. 165, 166 Holothuria: trepang fisheries, iv. 127, 128 Holyhead Breakwater, ii. 197 Holystoning a ship’s deck, i. 49 Home for Disabled and Worn‐out Merchant Seamen, Belvedere, Kent, iv. 273 Honduras discovered by Columbus, iii. 296 Hong Kong, i. 119. (_See_ Victoria.) Honolulu, View and account of, iv. 33, 45, 46 Hood, Admiral Lord, i. 4, 6 Hood, Captain: Arctic exploration, iii. 189, 193 Hood, Thomas: his poem, “The Demon Ship,” iv. 303 Horace: on the Sea, iv. 290, 291 Hore’s voyage of discovery encouraged by Henry VIII., iii. 120 Horses, Wild, at Tortuga, iii. 7 Hotham, Admiral, i. 7 Hovellers: at the Goodwin Sands, ii. 199; hovelling _v._ wrecking, 245; services of hovellers, _ib._; hovellers associated with wreckers, 247; dangers of the hoveller’s life, 249; wreck of the “Woolpacket,” 251 Howard of Effingham, Lord: defeat of the Spanish Armada, i. 284 Howe, Admiral Lord: mutiny at Spithead, i. 250, 251 “Huascar” and “Shah”: action between them, i. 26 Hubner, Baron: the passage from San Francisco to Japan, iv. 35–37; Yokohama, 40 Hudson, Henry: his Polar voyages, iii. 144, 146; mutiny, cast adrift and lost, 147, 148; Hudson River, Bay and Strait, iii. 144, 146 Hudson River, i. 195; iii. 144; its discovery, 146 Hudson’s Bay Company and the Californian currency, i. 165, 167; iii. 151, 154; the search for Franklin, 207 Huer, or watcher, in pilchard fishing, iv. 173 Hull, E. W.: his device for saving life at the wreck of the “Killarney,” ii. 315 Hummocks in the Polar Seas, iii. 97, 137, 181 Hunt, Mr. Ward: on the loss of the _Vanguard_, i. 67 Hurricanes, iv. 95 Hydrozoa, iv. 115 Hyères, naval fight off, i. 7

Ice in the Polar Seas, iii. 99–114, 125, 133; formation of “young ice,” 172; old and young ice, 172, 182, 200, 260; “the edge of the pack,” 180; cutting ice docks, 208; ice mountains, 209; hummocks, 181; Back’s account of the growth of ice, 200 Ice and snow on American railways, iv. 21, 28 Ice. (_See_ Antarctic ice.) Icebergs, i. 35; iii. 149, 155, 162, 166, 170, 197, 201, 218, 264, 265, 277; an iceberg breaking up, iii. 129, 133; narrow escape of Dr. Kane in the “Advance,” iii. 234 Icelandic explorers of the Arctic regions, iii. 16 Ice Point and Ice Haven, Nova Zembla, iii. 139, 142 “Impératrice:” chest of gold recovered by divers, iv. 86 Inaccessible Island: rescue of two voluntary Crusoes, i. 39 Ince, Henry: the sea serpent, iv. 185 Inchcape Rock: bell signal, ii. 173; lighthouse, 173–176 Indiana, iv. 14 _ Inflexible_, turret ship: its cost, i. 231; ii. 144 Infusoria: their propagation, iv. 113 Ingram: his escape from the _Royal George_, i. 61 Inman line of steam‐ships, ii. 111 “Inverness,” plundered by wreckers, ii. 241, 244 _ Investigator_: search for Franklin, iii. 211–213; the ship abandoned, 214 Ipswich, iv. 247 Irish moss or Carrageen, iv. 202 Iron and wooden ships, i. 9, 13, 84, 138–146 Ironclad war ships, i. 13, 14, 18, 19, 26, 27, 54; their cost, 59, 66, 83, 231; ii. 148; _ Iron Duke_ and _Vanguard_, i. 63–66; circular ironclads, ii. 148; rams, 155; turret ships. (_See_ Monitors.) Iron steamers introduced, ii. 99, 102 _ Iron Duke_: loss of the _Vanguard_, i. 63–66 Irons’s “Settler’s Guide to the Cape of Good Hope,” i. 210 Isabella of Spain: Gibraltar surrendered to, i. 92. (_See_ Ferdinand and Isabella.) Island of Desolation, iii. 279 Islands of the Pacific: Map, i. 245 Isle of Wight, iv. 227 Ismaïlia, on the line of the Suez Canal, i. 110, 114 Isthmus of Panama, Drake at the, i. 303 Ivigtut: visit of the “Pandora,” iii. 95 Ivory, fossil, iii. 162

Jamaica: views in, i. 180, 181; Kingston town and harbour, 183; sugar plantations, 183; Blue Mountain Peak, _ib._; treasure taken by the pirate Morgan sent there, iii. 50; the island discovered by Columbus, 94 James II.’s Navy, i. 232; ii. 22 James, Sir Henry: on the loss of the _Vanguard_, i. 67 James Town, St. Helena, i. 212 Japan: i. 127–131; customs and costumes, 130; election and revenue of the Tycoon, _ib._; Fusiyama Mountain, 129, 131; a tea mart, 133; Yokohama, iv. 40; a Japanese dinner, 42 Java, i. 144 Jelly‐fish, iv. 116, 147 Jennings, Captain Henry: a bucanier, iii. 3 Jersey City, New York, i. 195 Jervis, Sir John: battle of St. Vincent, i. 7, 9 Jessop, Josias: Smeaton’s assistant at the Eddystone Lighthouse, ii. 165, 166 “Jesus:” Sir John Hawkins’ ship; the slave trade, i. 299 Jiddah, i. 117; view from the sea, _ib._ John, King: his fleet, i. 271 John, King of Portugal: his patronage of Bartholomew Diaz, iii. 281 Johns, Rev. C. A.: “The Loss of the Amazon,” ii. 278, 288; smuggling on the Cornish coast, iv. 210; search for treasure trove, 222 Johnson, Dr.: on the perils of the sea, i. 42 Jones, Lance‐corporal: his diving exploits, iv. 88 Jones, Paul, the privateer, iii. 71–78; portrait, 77 Juan Fernandez: Robinson Crusoe’s island, i. 33, 36; ii. 50 “Judith,” Sir John Hawkins’s ship, i. 299, 302 Junks, Chinese, i. 147–149

Kalosh Indians in Alaska, i. 169, 170 Kalutunah, an Esquimaux, iii. 242; portrait, 245 Kamchatka, Kamtschatka: i. 131, 135, 137; orthography of the word, iii. 160; Russian expedition to, 160, 162 Kanakas, as sailors, i. 43 Kane, Dr.: his expedition in search of Franklin, iii. 230–254; portrait, 236 Kangaroos, i. 151 “Keels” on the Tyne, i. 263 Kellett, Captain: search for Franklin in the _Herald_, iii. 207, 211; “Fox” expedition in search of Franklin, iii. 216 Kempenfelt, Admiral: lost in the _Royal George_, i. 60 “Kent,” East Indiaman, burning of the, i. 64–74 Kentish Knock Light‐ship, ii. 273, 274 Kerguelen’s discoveries in the Southern hemisphere, iii. 277 Kerguelen’s Land, i. 34 Kidd, Captain Robert, the pirate, iii. 56–59; his trial and execution, 58, 59 “Killarney,” Wreck of the, ii. 304–317; rescue of survivors, 316 King, Governor: his description of Australia, i. 153 King crabs, iv. 152 Kingman, Captain: phosphorescence of the sea, iv. 97 Kingsley, Charles: on sailors; Amyas Leigh, i. 43; Trinidad, Jamaica, Havana, 180, 182, 185, 186; his “Three Fishers,” iv. 299 Kingston Harbour, Jamaica, i. 181, 183; the Palisades; Port Royal; town of Kingston, i. 183 Kitchiner, Dr., on oysters, iv. 133 Knight, John: attempt to discover the north‐west passage, iii. 143; remnants of his expedition, 145, 153 Knights of St. John of Malta, i. 98, 99, 101, 103 Knights Templars, i. 101 Knock Sands, ii. 254 Knowles, Captain, lost in the “Northfleet”: his bravery, ii. 263–267 Knysna, Cape of Good Hope, i. 208, 209 Koldewey, Captain: Arctic expeditions; the “Germania” and “Hansa,” iii. 259 Kondylostoma patens, a microscopic infusorian, iv. 113 Kraken: sea‐serpent, iv. 149. (_See_ Sea‐serpent.)

La Cosa, Juan de: his expeditions to America, iii. 303, 304, 307, 308, 309, 310; his character and death, 309, 310, 311 Lacquer‐work in Japan, iv. 40 “Lady Franklin”: the search for Franklin, iii. 207 La Hogue, battle of, ii. 32 Lake Menzaleh, on the Suez Canal; catching pelicans, i. 112, 116 “La Marguerite,” on the Goodwin Sands, ii. 253 Lambert, James, a blind native of Calton, a suburb of Glasgow: his heroism in saving life from drowning, iv. 268 Land crabs, iv. 152, 153 Land’s End, iv. 207 Lapland, Dutch Expedition to, iii. 142 La Perouse: his monument in Petropaulovski, i. 132 Lardner, Dr.: steam navigation, ii. 106 Lascars, as sailors, i. 43 Las Casas: his account of Spaniards in America, iii. 312, 313 Laube, Dr.: Arctic voyage of the “Hansa,” iii. 259, 263 Laudanum stew given to treacherous Esquimaux, iii. 243 La Valette: his defence of Malta, i. 102 Lay’s torpedo, ii. 151, 153 Leake, Sir John: his defence of Gibraltar, i. 94 Leeuw, Hannequin, the pirate, i. 275 Leigh, Amyas, the hero of Kingsley’s “Westward Ho!” i. 43 Lentzé, Herr: his co‐operation with M. de Lesseps, i. 111 Lesseps, F. M. de: the Suez Canal, i. 107 Letters of Marque, i. 270; iii. 2 Lewis, Richard: “The Life‐boat and its Work,” ii. 210 Lewson, Admiral Sir Richard, ii. 19 Liessou, M.: his co‐operation with M. de Lesseps in the Suez Canal, i. 110 Life saved from shipwrecks; statistics, ii. 320; iv. 262, 267 Lifeboat, The, ii. 209–235; its origin and history, 210; Lionel Lukin, _ib._; Wouldhave and Greathead, _ib._; George IV., _ib._; Duke of Northumberland, 211; Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe, _ib._; National Life‐boat Institution, _ib._; Sir William Hillary, 212; saving life on the “St. George,” 213; “self‐righting,” 214; “Aid,” steam‐tug, Ramsgate, 215–234; “Ann,” loss of a lifeboat, 212, 216; “Samaritano” wrecked; saving of life, 217–223; loss of a Portuguese brig, 225–228; lifeboat and carriage, 217; group of lifeboat men, 229; “Providentia,” 230–236; at Penzance, iv. 219; at Padstow, 221; Deal, 242 Lighthouse, The, and its history, ii. 156; Pharos of Alexandria, 158; Roman Pharos, Dover, _ib._; Tower of Cordouan, 157; the Eddystone, its history and construction, 156, 159–171; lighthouses of the British Channel, 171; the “Bell Rock” lighthouse on the Inchcape Rock, 173; lighthouse on the Skerryvore Rocks, 175–178; lighthouse of Héhaux, Brittany, 178–181; lighthouses on land; Maplin Sands light, 182; Port Fleetwood, _ib._; iron lighthouses, _ib._; the lanterns, 183, 187; tallow candles, _ib._; coal fires, _ib._; Argand burner, 184; reflectors, _ib._; electric light at sea, 185; flashing, revolving, and coloured lights, 184, 186; lanterns obscured by moths, bees, and birds, 187; St. Anthony’s Point, Falmouth, iv. 222; Bishop Rock Lighthouse, ii. 269, 270; Lizard light, iv. 208; Wolf lighthouse, 210 Light vessel on the Goodwin Sands, iv. 244 _ Lightning_, Scientific cruise of the, i. 30 Lima, i. 172; Sir F. Drake at, 310 Limpets, iv. 40 Lindsay, W. S., his “History of Merchant Shipping,” i. 3, 266; ii. 11, 14, 99, 117, 119; iv. 10 Lisbon, view in the 16th century, iii. 281 Liverpool: statistics of shipping, ii. 198; “Liverpool,” tugboat at the wreck of the “Deutschland,” ii. 273, 274 Livingston, Robert R.: his association with Fulton; early steam vessels, ii. 90–93; “Clermont,” 93 Living wonders of the ocean, iv. 160 Lizard Rock and Lizard Light, iv. 208, 223; shipwreck, 224 Lloyd’s: classification of ships, ii. 123; interior and exterior of Lloyd’s, 124, 125; history of Lloyd’s, 125, 126; Underwriter’s room, 128 Lobsters, iv. 151, 154, 157 Lobster fishing, iv. 156 Lobster, blind, from the Atlantic, i. 31, 32 “Locker,” the word; “Davy Jones’s Locker and its Treasures;” pearls, corals, sponges, diving, iv. 66–90 Loggan Stone, iv. 208 Lolonois, Francis, the Pirate, iii. 16–28 London: statistics of shipping, ii. 198; Great Storm of 1703, 207 “London,” swamped at sea, ii. 289–297 Longfellow’s “Wreck of the Hesperus,” iv. 299, 300 Longitude, first taken by observation of heavenly bodies, iii. 149 Longwood, St. Helena, residence of Napoleon, i. 213 Looe, Cornwall, iv. 212; Looe Island, 214 Lord, Major, on lobsters, iv. 151, 155 _ Lord Warden_, i. 59 Lost at Sea: ships never heard of, iv. 283 Low, Captain Edward, a ferocious pirate, iii. 71 Lucas, Captain of the _Redoubtable_ at Trafalgar, i. 10, 11 Lunar halo, iii. 221 Lyon, Capt.: Arctic exploration, iii. 175, 176; extreme danger of the _Griper_, his prayers for preservation, 177

Macao, i. 121 Macartney, Lord: suppression of mutiny at the Cape, i. 256 MacClean, Mr., C. E., his co‐operation in the Suez Canal, i. 110 McClintock, Sir F. Leopold: the “Fox” expedition in search of Franklin, iii. 216; relics of Franklin obtained from Esquimaux, 227; portrait, 224 MacGahan, J. A., of the _New York Herald_: his account of the cruise of the “Pandora,” iii. 92 MacGregor, Lt.‐General Sir Duncan, K.C.B., burning of the “Kent,” i. 68, 69, 71 Mackay’s “Popular Delusions”: the South Sea Bubble, ii. 43 Mackerel and Mackerel Fishing, iv. 176 Maclure, Capt.: Search for Sir John Franklin in the _Investigator_, iii. 211; North‐west passage found, 212; portrait, 213 Macquarie, Governor: on the population of Australia, i. 153 McQuhæ, Capt., his account of the sea‐serpent, iv. 186 Madagascar, English pirates at, iii. 62 “Madre de Dios,” taken by the Earl of Cumberland, i. 293 Madrepores, iv. 122, 124 Magdalena Bay, Spitzbergen, iii. 166, 167 Magellan, Ferdinand de: discovery of Magellan’s Straits, iii. 316; of the Philippine Islands, 317; battle with Indians, Magellan killed, _ib._ Magnetic Pole discovered by Sir James Ross, iii. 187 Mahoney, Gunner, his swim across the Hellespont, iv. 258 Major, R. H., F.S.A. Arctic exploration by the brothers Zeni, iii. 47 Malacca, Islands in the Straits, i. 129; view in the Straits, 145 Malay population of the Cape of Good Hope, i. 206 Malay prahus, i. 149 Malay sailors, i. 43 Malta, i. 96, 98; view, 96; Valetta, 98; climate, fruits, inhabitants, 99; buildings, history of the island, _ib._; defended by the Knights of St. John, 100; catacombs at Citta Vecchia, 101, 103; Maltese cross, _ib._; sieges, 102; taken by Napoleon, _ib._; won by England, _ib._; scene of St. Paul’s shipwreck, 103; garrison, 104 Mammoth: Bones of the, fossil ivory, iii. 162 Mangosteen, the apple of the East, i. 150 Mansvelt, the pirate, iii. 30 Manure ships, ii. 122 Maories of New Zealand, iv. 51, 52 Maplin Sands lighthouse, ii. 182 Maracaibo: Lolonois the pirate at, iii. 19; the town attacked, 21, 22, 24; taken by the pirate Morgan, 37; letter from the Spanish admiral, iii. 39; fire ship, 40; Morgan’s escape, 43, 44 Margate life‐boats, ii. 254, 255 _ Marigold_, Drake’s vessel, lost, i. 308 Marine artillery. (_See_ Artillery) Markham, Commander, A. H.: _Alert_ and _Discovery_ expedition, iii. 92, 102, 107, 108, 110 Marquesite, supposed to contain gold, iii. 125, 126 Marryat, Captain, on sailors, i. 42, 44; ceremonies on crossing the line, 230; old war ships, 215 Marshall: his discovery of gold in California, i. 158 Martin, Frederick: “History of Lloyd’s and Marine Insurance,” ii. 126 Martin, John Bohun, Captain, lost in the “London,” ii. 291–295 Martinique: the Diamond Rock; the _Centaur_, i. 161, 187 Masquerade on board the _Terror_, iii. 200 Matamana, Cuba; Lolonois the pirate at, iii. 25 Matavia Bay: mutiny of the _Bounty_, i. 244 Mauna Kea, a Japanese volcano, iv. 47, 49 Mauna Loa, a Japanese volcano, iv. 47 Maxwell, Sir Murray, captain of the _Alceste_; wreck of the ship, i. 82 May, gunner of the _Captain_; his escape, i. 57, 58 “Medical Life in the Navy,” by Dr. Stables, i. 220 Medina Sidonia, Duke of, commander of the Spanish Armada, i. 288 Mediterranean: Round the World in a Man‐of‐war, i. 87‐214; “The Mediterranean,” by Rear‐Admiral Smyth, _ib._; ancient and modern names of the Mediterranean, _ib._, 88; history and description of Gibraltar, 88; saltness of the water, 97; gales and storms, 104 Medusæ, iv. 116, 195 “Medusa,” Wreck of the, i. 75; the raft, 76, 77, 78; starvation and illusions of the sufferers, 79; combats, cannibalism, and murder, 80, 81; Géricault’s painting of the raft, 81 Mehemet Ali and M. de Lesseps, i. 108 Melbourne, South Australia, i. 155; iv. 53, 54 Melville Bay, iii. 97; view of Cape York, iii. 228 Menai Straits, ii. 300 Mendoza, Don Fernando de: his ship, “Madre de Dios,” taken by the Earl of Cumberland, i. 293 Men of Peace: naval life in peace times: the cruise of the _Challenger_, i. 28 Men of the Sea: how boys become sailors; Amyas Leigh; training ships; old guard ships; routine and work on board; “watches” and “bells;” grog; the cat, i. 42–54 Men of War: The _Victory_, i. 4; Siege of Toulon, 6; Battle of St. Vincent, 7–9; Nelson’s bridge, 8; Trafalgar, 10–13; iron and wooden ships, 9, 13; Crimean War, 15; Bombardment of Sebastopol, 14, 15; red‐hot shot and Gibraltar, 16, 18; Ironclads, 13, 14; the _Warrior_ and “La Gloire,” 18; the “Merrimac,” its history, 19; the “Cumberland” sunk, 20, 21, 22; the “Congress” burned, _ib._; the first “Monitor,” its engagement with the “Merrimac,” 23, 24, 25; the “Shah” and “Huascar” engagement, 26; the “Vesta” (Russian) and the “Assari Tefvik” (Turkish) ships,

## action between them, 27;

instruction on board, 49; officer’s life on board, 214; ward‐room, captain’s cabin, 215; between decks in the eighteenth century, 217; doctors, 220; officers and seamen of the eighteenth century, 221; chaplains, 222; engineers, 224; American, English, and French sailors, 226; ceremonies on “crossing the line,” 229; ward‐room, meals and music, 231; mess and wine‐caterers, _ib._; present force of the Navy, _ib._; cost of ironclads, 231; history of the Navy, 232; naval volunteers, 232; rapid firing, _ib._; artillery volunteers, 233; drills, 234; Royal Naval Reserve, 234; pursers, their dishonesty, mutiny of the Nore, 250 (_see_ Mutinies and); Round the World on a Man‐of‐War, 87 Menzaleh, Lake: on the Suez Canal, catching pelicans, i. 112, 116 Mermaids, iii. 146 “Merrimac:” its work of destruction in Hampton Roads, i. 20–22; engagement with the “Monitor,” 23–25; its history, 18; ii. 139 “Miantonoma:” monitor steamer, ii. 139, 140; its circumnavigation of the world, 142 Michelet: his references to the sea, i. 2; iv. 290; Infusoria, iv. 112; Medusa, 117; Echinoderms, 126; Cephalopoda, cuttle‐fish, octopus, 143 Microscope: “the sixth sense of man,” iv. 112 Middleton, Sir Henry: East India trade, ii. 13 Midshipmen, i. 47 Miller, Patrick: propulsion of ships by steam, ii. 81–83 Milne, Admiral: his report on the loss of the _Captain_, i. 59 Milne‐Edwards, Dr.: his diving apparatus, iv. 113 Milner, Rev. John: Duke of Edinburgh’s visit to the Cape, i. 205 Milton: his reference to the sea, i. 2; iv. 290 Mindry, Robert: his “Chips from the Log of an Old Salt,” i. 44 Mines of Cornwall, iv. 215 _ Minion_, Sir John Hawkins’s ship, i. 299 “Minnesota,” i. 20, 24 Mirage in the Straits of Fuca, i. 163 Mississippi scheme, ii. 42 Misson, Captain: the pirate, iii. 64–67 Missouri river, iv. 16 Mistral, or Grippe, i. 107 Mocha, i. 117 Mocha fleet attacked by Captain Kidd, iii. 56 Mock suns (parahelia), iii. 132, 150, 152 Mock moons, iii. 221 Molluscs: phosphorescence of the sea produced by, iv. 97 Monitors: the first engagement with the “Merrimac,” i. 22–26; a “dummy” monitor, ii. 138; the first “Monitor,” 139 Monkeys: at Gibraltar, i. 88, 97; in Trinidad, 182; eaten at Singapore, 150 Monson, Sir William: his “Naval Tracts,” his daring deeds, ii. 15; his captivity, 17; at the Siege of Cadiz, _ib._; destruction of the Spanish fleet, 18;

## action at Cerimbra Roads, 19, 21;

on Dutch fisheries, 23; expedition against pirates, 24; adventure at Broad Haven, 25 Monsoon, i. 129; iv. 95 Montesino, M. de: his co‐operation with M. de Lesseps, i. 111 Moon, the. (_See_ Mock Moons.) Moore, Captain: search for Franklin in the _Plover_, iii. 207, 211 Moore, Lieutenant: his swim across the Hellespont, iv. 258 Moore, Frank: his “Rebellion Record;” the “Merrimac;” and the “Monitor,” i. 19 Moors in Spain, i. 88, 90, 93, 94 Morgan, Captain Henry: the pirate, iii. 29–51; portrait, 41 Mormondom; town of Echo, Utah, Salt Lake City, iv. 23 “Morning Star” chased by De Soto the pirate, iii. 80 Morrison, R. J., R.N.: loss of the “Rothsay Castle,” ii. 298 Morton’s sledge journey; in Dr. Kane’s expedition, iii. 239; the open sea discovered, 239, 241; with Captain Hall in the “Polaris,” iii. 268 Mounts Erebus and Terror, iii. 280 Mount St. Elias, Alaska, i. 170 Mount’s Bay and Mount St. Michael, Cornwall, iv. 223 Müller, S.: his “Life of Vitus Behring,” iii. 160 Mundy, Colonel: on Sydney, Australia, i. 154 Munk, Jens: his Arctic voyage, iii. 150 Murchison, Sir Roderick J.: his advocacy of Polar exploration, iii. 92 Murex, a univalve shell, iv. 144 “Murillo,” the “Northfleet” wrecked by her, ii. 263–267 Murphy, J. M.: American railways, iv. 18; salmon of American rivers, 166 Murray, Mrs. William, shipwrecked; “Ten Terrible Days,” iv. 56 Musquitoes, i. 222 Mussels, iv. 129, 132 Mutiny: on the raft of the “Medusa,” i. 79; at Portsmouth, 225; of the Nore, 249; the “Lennie” mutineers, 235; of the _Bounty_, 235–249; the crew at Otaheite, 236; mutineers seizing Captain Bligh, 237; Bligh cast adrift, 240; on the _Wager_, ii. 52

Nagasaki, i. 129 Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, i. 168 Napoleon I. at St. Helena, i. 212 Napoleon III.: introduction of ironclad war ships, i. 18 “Napoleon,” steam screw, constructed by Dupuy Delorme, i. 226 Nares, Sir George S.: cruise of the _Challenger_, i. 29; cairns erected by him, iii. 97, 99; expedition of the _Alert_ and _Discovery_, 99–114; portrait, iii. 85 Natal, i. 211 Naukum, a native of Plover Bay, i. 138 Nautilus, iv. 143, 149 Naval architecture, History of, i. 258 Naval cadets, Training of, i. 47 Naval flags of the world, ii. 1 Naval service: officer’s life on board, i. 214 Navigation Act passed by Cromwell, ii. 30 Navy office established by Henry VIII., i. 282 Negrelli, M. de: his co‐operation with M. de Lesseps in the Suez Canal, i. 111 Negroes in the West Indies, i. 183, 185, 188 Nelson, Lord: his glorious career, i. 7, 9, 10; as a model commander; Trafalgar, 227; career and anecdotes of, ii. 71; his encounter with the bear, 73; Calvi and Bastia, loss of his eye, _ib._; Battle of the Nile, burning of “L’Orient,” 74; coffin presented to him, _ib._; rewards, 75, 77; Battle of Copenhagen, 65, 75; portrait, 76; his body taken to Gibraltar, i. 96 Nelson’s bridge at the battle of St. Vincent, i. 8 Nevada, Silver mines at, iv. 26 “New Albion,” California so named by Drake, i. 312 Newfoundland: possession taken by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, i. 318; Captain Roberts the pirate at, iii. 63 Newhaven, iv. 231 “New Holland,” early name for West Australia, i. 151 New South Wales, so named by Captain Cook, i. 152 Newspapers in America, iv. 27; in Arctic ships, iii. 170 New York, i. 195–198; map of the harbour, 195; Brooklyn Bridge, 196; the Broadway, 197; ferry‐boats, _ib._; climate, 198; view of New York Bay, iv. 12 New York to Chicago by rail, iv. 14 New Zealand: Auckland, North, Middle, and Stewart’s Islands, iv. 48; gold‐fields, 50; war with the Maories, 51 Niagara, iv. 14; the first submarine Atlantic telegraph cable, 101, 102 Nicaragua: Lolonois the pirate at, iii. 28 Nicuesa, Diego de: his expedition to America, iii. 307; his release from his creditors, 309; quarrel with Ojeda, 311; fight with Indians, _ib._ Nino’s voyage to America, iii. 303 Noah’s ark, i. 258; iv. 56 Noddies and boobies taken by Bligh: mutiny of the _Bounty_, i. 243, 244 Noel, Commander R.N.: on torpedoes, ii. 152 Nombre de Dios, attacked by Drake, i. 302 Nordenskjöld, Professor: discovery of the north‐east passage, iii. 159; his Swedish Arctic expeditions, 257; his six Arctic voyages, 274; accomplishment of the north‐east passage, _ib._; the “Vega,” _ib._ Nore, mutiny of the, i. 249, 251–256 Norfolk: sketches of the sea coast, iv. 247–251 Norman ships, i. 266, 268 North American naval station, i. 108 North Cape, iii. 169 North‐east passage: early voyages for discovering the, iii. 115–123, 129, 151; the passage made by Professor Nordenskjöld, 274; north‐eastern voyages of the Dutch, 129 “Northfleet,” wreck of the, ii. 260, 263–267 North polar regions, map, iii. 89 North Pole: expeditions to approach it, iii. 87; projected passage over the Pole, 144, 151 _ North Star_, search for Franklin, iii. 213 North‐west passage, iii. 142, 143; reward offered by Government for its discovery, 154, 155; Sir John Ross’s expedition, 163, 205; discovered by Sir John Franklin, 206; found by Maclure, 212 Northumberland, Duke of: his interest in the Lifeboat, ii. 211; his prizes, 213 _ Northumberland_, Napoleon I. on board the, i. 213 Norwegians, Arctic voyages of the Vikings, iii. 115, 116 Norwegian ships, ancient, i. 90 Norwegian ships, sanitary arrangements, ii. 120 “Novara” (Austrian frigate), deep‐sea soundings, i. 28 Nova Zembla, Gerrit de Veer’s Map, iii. 131; Barents at, 133, 137; Henry Hudson at, 146

Oar‐weed, iv. 200 Ocean, the, its Living Wonders, iv. 111–158. (_See_ Atlantic and Pacific.) _ Ocean_, Lord Collingwood’s ship, in a storm, i. 105 Octopus, iv. 148 Officer’s life on board a man‐of‐war, i. 214 Officers of East Indiamen, their privileges, ii. 14 Ojeda, Alonzo de, a follower of Columbus: voyages to America, iii. 301, 304; imprisoned by Ocampo, 306; his escape, 305, 306; another voyage, 309; fight with Indians, 310, 311; quarrel with Nicuesa, _ib._; wounded by Indians, 312; his strange adventures and death, 312, 313, 314 Old and young ice. (_See_ Ice.) Ommaney, Capt., search for Franklin in the _Assistance_, iii. 207 Onions in Bermuda, i. 190 Opium‐eating and smoking, iv. 38 Orellana, Don Josef Pizarro attacked by him, ii. 48 “Orient,” steam‐ship, iv. 3 Osborn, Admiral Sherard, on the loss of the _Captain_, i. 58; his advocacy of Polar Exploration, iii. 92; his biography of Franklin, 206; search for Franklin in the _Pioneer_, 207, 208, 210 Ostrich farming in South Africa, i. 210 Otaheite, the crew of the _Bounty_ at, i. 236, 238 Ounimak Pass, Aleutian Islands, i. 171 Owen, Professor R., F.R.S., on the Sea‐serpent, iv. 187, 188 Oxenham, John, his connection with Drake, i. 303; his embarkation on the Pacific Ocean, 304; executed at Lima, 305 Oysters, British, mentioned by Juvenal, i. 262; natural history and cultivation, iv. 130–138; dredging for oysters, 137. (_See_ Pearl Oysters.)

Pacific Ocean, its depth and other characteristics, i. 28; Map of Islands, 245; discovered by Balboa, 303; Drake’s first view of it, 289, 302; seen by the pirate Morgan, iii. 47; storm in 1865, i. 139; “patent smoke‐stack,” _ib._ Pacific Ferry, The: San Francisco to Japan and China, iv. 31–40; to New Zealand and Australia, 45–55 Pacific Naval Station, i. 156 Pacific Railway, Life on the, iv. 19;

## scene in the Sierra Nevada mountains, 20;

snow‐shed, 29 “Pacific” steamer lost, ii. 108 Paddle‐boats, History of, ii. 77, 78 Padstow, Wreck at, iv. 221 Paléocapa, M.: his co‐operation with M. de Lesseps in the Suez Canal, i. 111 Palos: departure of Columbus on his first voyage, iii. 293 Panama, i. 171; taken and burnt by the pirate Morgan, iii. 47–49; Spanish ships taken by the pirate Sawkins, iii. 51–54; view of the town, 52 Panama, Isthmus of, Drake at the, i. 303 _ Pandora_ sent to find the mutineers of the _Bounty_, i. 244; the ship wrecked, 246 “Pandora,” Cruise of the, iii. 91–99 Papin: propulsion of ships, ii. 80 Paraguayan torpedo blowing up a Brazilian ironclad, ii. 154 Parahelia, or mock suns, iii. 132 Parker, Richard, ringleader of the mutiny of the Nore, i. 252–256; hanged, 256 Parker, Sir Peter: mutiny at Spithead, i. 250 Parma, Prince of, in the Spanish Armada, i. 284, 286, 290 Parr, Lieutenant, his arrival on board the _Alert_, iii. 113 Parry, Sir. W. E.: Arctic expedition, iii. 163, 168, 170; boat and sledge expedition, 178; career after his Arctic voyages, 184; his death, 185 Parsees, i. 118 Pasley, Colonel: raising of the _Royal George_, i. 62 Patagonia, Drake in, i. 308 Payer, Lieutenant Julius, Arctic expedition of the “Germania” and “Hansa,” iii. 259; his discovery of coal in the Arctic regions, 267; Austro‐Hungarian Arctic expedition in the “Tegethoff,” 271; two years on an ice‐floe, _ib._; sledge expedition, 272; discovery of Franz Josef Land, _ib._; fall of sledge into a crevasse, 273 Payerne’s “Submarine Hydrostats,” iv. 86 Peace, Men of: naval life in peace times; the cruise of the _Challenger_, i. 28 Pearls from America taken to Spain, iii. 303 _ Pearl_, Commodore Anson’s ship, ii. 46, 50 Pearl oysters: pearls, real and artificial, iv. 67, 68, 69; history and practice of the pearl fishery, 70 Pearson, Captain, his ship taken by Paul Jones, iii. 77 Peat‐bogs, Falkland islands, i. 177 Pemmican: an Arctic dinner, iii. 210; mode of preparing, 216 Penguins and their eggs, i. 40, 41, 177; iii. 280 Penny, Captain W., search for Franklin in the “Lady Franklin,” iii. 207, 210 Pensioners, Greenwich, iv. 286 Penzance, iv. 219 Perez, Father, his support of the plans of Columbus, iii. 286 Perils of the Sailor’s Life, i. 54, 67 Perim Island, in the Red Sea, i. 117 Perrault, the Canadian voyageur, dividing his store with Richardson and his crew, iii. 192 Peru, i. 172 Peter the Great: at Amsterdam, ii. 33–38; portrait, 33; in England, 38–41; receiving a deputation, 36; Saye’s Court, 39; rise of St. Petersburg, 41 Petersen, Christian, with Captain Nares in the _Alert_; his illness and death, iii. 105; the “Fox” Arctic expedition, 216, 218, 220, 227, 236, 241, 252 Petropaulovski, i. 131, 132; Avatcha Bay, 131; scenery, 131, 134, 137; town attacked by the allied fleets, 132; double wedding, 135 Pett, Phineas: his improvements in war ships, i. 232; the _Prince Royal_, ii. 22; _ Royal Sovereign_, 29 Phillip, Captain, his voyage to Botany Bay, i. 152 Phipps, Captain, his Arctic voyage, iii. 154 Phipps, William, a fortunate diver, iv. 80 Phœnician fleets, i. 259 Phœnician remains in Malta, i. 103 Pholades, rock‐borers, iv. 203 Phosphorescence of the sea, iv. 96, 97 Physalia, iv. 119, 120, 121 Pierre le Grand, the pirate, iii. 7; Spanish admiral’s ship taken by him, 8, 9, 12 Pigeons: pigeon despatched by Sir John Ross, iii. 211 “Pigeon English” in China, i. 126; “Chinook jargon,” 167 Pilchards: the pilchard fishery, iv. 173, 216 Pillars of Hercules, i. 87 Pim, Lieut., of the _Resolute_, his meeting with Captain Maclure, iii. 213 Pindar, his reference to the sea, i. 2 Pinto, Fernando Mendez, shipwrecked in Japan, i. 129 Pinzon, Vincente Yanez, his voyage to America, iii. 303 _ Pioneer_, the search for Franklin, iii. 207, 210 Pipe‐fish, iv. 162, 164 Pipon, Capt., his discovery of the survivors of the _Bounty_, i. 247, 248 Piracy, ii. 235; pirates at Singapore, i. 146; Scotch pirates in the 15th century, 279; Barbary pirates, ii. 42; Drake as a pirate, i. 309; the Earl of Cumberland, 291–295; Captains Quelch and Bellamy, and others, ii. 63; “Black Beard” the pirate, _ib._; “The Pirates and Bucaniers,” iii. 1–59; their early history, 2; Captain Jennings, 3; Esquemeling’s account of the bucaniers, _ib._; pirate vessels, 17th century, 4; their mode of dividing spoils, 11, 45; “Pirates of the 18th century,” 59–71; female pirates, Mary Read and Anne Bonney, iii. 69; Shakespeare’s allusions to pirates, iv. 294, 295 Pitcairn Island: survivors and descendants of the mutiny of the _Bounty_, i. 247–249 Pitt, William, of Jamaica, his song on sailors, i. 42 Pittsburg, iv. 14 Pizarro, Francisco, voyage with Ojeda, iii. 309 Pizarro, Don Josef: disasters of his fleet, ii. 47 Plagues in the 14th and 15th centuries, i. 91 Plimsoll, Samuel: portrait, ii. 112; unseaworthy ships; his efforts, ii. 113 _ Plover_: search for Sir John Franklin, Plover Bay, i. 138: iii. 156, 207, 211; village at Plover Bay, 156 Plymouth, iv. 224 Plymouth Adventurers, ii. 11 Plymouth Breakwater, ii. 192 Plymouth men lost in the _Captain_, i. 55 Pniel, South Africa, diamond fields, i. 210 Poe, Edgar Allan, his story of a descent into the Maelström, iv. 94 Poets on the Sea, the Sailor, and the Ship, iv. 290–304 Point‐à‐Pitre, Guadaloupe, i. 186 Polar bears. (_See_ Bears.) Polar region: extent of our knowledge, iii. 86; a fabulous account, 87–91; theory of a Polar Sea, 255, 257 “Polaris:” Capt. Hall’s Arctic expedition, iii. 268; the ship run ashore, 270 Polaris Bay, iii. 107 Polynesia, Map of the islands of the Pacific, i. 245 Ponce de Leon, conqueror of Porto Rico and discoverer of Florida, iii. 314; search for a miraculous fountain, 315; Tortugas discovered by him, _ib._ Pontoppidan, Bishop: the sea‐serpent, iv. 184 _ Porcupine_, Scientific cruise of the, i. 30 Port Elizabeth, Cape of Good Hope, i. 204 Porter’s torpedo‐boat, ii. 153, 154 Port Fleetwood lighthouse, ii. 182 Port Foulke, Dr. Hayes’ winter quarters, iii. 256 Port Jackson, Australia, i. 152, 154 Portland: fortifications, ii. 195; the Verne, 196 Portland Breakwater: convict labour, ii. 191, 193, 195 Port Philip, South Australia, i. 155 Port Royal, Jamaica, i. 183 Port Saïd, i. 110, 113 Portsmouth, Mutiny at, i. 225, 251 Port of Spain, Trinidad, i. 179 Port Stanley, Falkland Islands, i. 176, 178 Portuguese exploration: King John of Portugal and Bartholomew Diaz, iii. 281, 284; Columbus, 284; Vasco da Gama, 298 Portuguese man‐of‐war, iv. 119 Portuguez the pirate, iii. 13; his escape, 13, 14 Possession Island, Australia, i. 152; iii. 280 Prahus of the Malay Archipelago, i. 149 Prairie on fire, iv. 22 Prairie schooners, iv. 18, 22 Prawns, iv. 157 Praya diphyes, a Medusa, iv. 117 “President,” devoted to the Naval Artillery Volunteers, i. 234 Press‐gangs, i. 43 Pricket, Abacuk: his account of the mutiny against and abandonment of Hudson, iii. 147 Primrose, Joseph, a minister on board the “Polly”: his trials, i. 223 _ Prince Royal_, built for James II., ii. 22 “Princess Alice” lost in the Thames, iv. 282 “Princess Alice” on Goodwin Sands, ii. 251 Pringle, Admiral: mutiny at the Cape, i. 256 Printing presses in Arctic ships, iii. 103 Protozoa, iv. 111 Pteropoda, iv. 139, 142 Puerto Bello taken by the pirate Morgan, iii. 33 Pullen, Captain: search for Franklin in the _Herald_, iii. 211; in the _North Star_, 213 Pullman railway car, iv. 16 Purpura lapillus: a univalve shell, iv. 145

Quarles, Francis; lines on the sea, iv. 290 Quatrefages, M.: the lighthouse of Héhaux, Brittany, ii. 178; Hydrozoa, iv. 118 Queen Charlotte’s Island, i. 167 “Quieda Merchant,” Moorish ship, taken by Captain Kidd, iii. 57

Rae, W. F.: his account of California, i. 158; the Rocky Mountains, iv. 21 Rae, Dr.: relics of Franklin’s last voyage found by him, iii. 215 Raffles, Sir Stamford, at Singapore, i. 143 Rafts: timber‐rafts at Singapore, i. 146; raft of the “Medusa,” i. 76–82; Géricault’s painting, 81; foundering of the “Arctic,” ii. 108 Rain in the Arctic regions, iii. 182 Raleigh, Sir Walter: the Spanish Armada, i. 285; colonisation and trade with America, 315; Queen Elizabeth’s patronage, 316; “Bark Raleigh,” _ib._; colonisation of Virginia, ii. 2; search for El Dorado, 4; arrival at Trinidad, 4, 33; portrait, 5; mountains of Guiana; river Orinoco, 8; fabulous tales, _ib._; his observations on trade and the state of the navy, 10 Ralph the Rover: the bell of the Inchcape Rock, ii. 173 Rams of ironclads: loss of the _Vanguard_ and “Grosser Kurfürst,” ii. 155 Ramsay, David, patents for steam‐ships, ii. 79 Ramsgate: iv. 241; wrecks on the Goodwin Sands, ii. 212–235; map of Ramsgate and the Goodwin Sands at low water, 252 Ramsgate Life‐boat and the “Aid” steam‐tug, ii. 215 “Ranger,” Paul Jones’s ship, iii. 72, 75 Rats on board ship, i. 222; on the sea‐coast, iv. 197; on Looe Island, 214 Raw meat: its medicinal value in Arctic regions, iii. 244 Rawson, Lieut., in Arctic exploration, iii. 102, 105, 106, 107 Razor‐fish, iv. 128, 129 Red‐hot shot, first record of, i. 91; at Sebastopol, 16; at Gibraltar, 16, 18 Red Sea, i. 115; passage of the Israelites, _ib._; its name; coral and animalculæ, 117; islands, _ib._ _ Redoubtable_, at Trafalgar, i. 10, 11, 12 Reed, Sir E. J.: cost of ironclad war‐ships, i. 14; designer of the _Iron Duke_ and _Vanguard_, 67; big guns and armour plates, 6; “Our Ironclad Ships,” ii. 144, 146 Reindeer in Spitzbergen, iii. 167; at Hammerfest, 179; venison, 246 Relics brought back by the Franklin search expedition, iii. 229 Renaud, M.: his co‐operation with M. de Lesseps in the Suez Canal, i. 110 Rendel, J. R., C.E.: his co‐operation in the Suez Canal, i. 110; Portland breakwater, ii. 194 Rennie, James: his advocacy of steam war‐vessels, ii. 98 Rennie, John: the Bell Rock lighthouse, ii. 173, 176; Plymouth breakwater, 190; his use of the diving bell, iv. 81 Rensselaer Harbour: winter quarters of Dr. Kane in the “Advance,” iii. 235 _ Rescue_: the search for Franklin, iii. 214 _ Resolute_: the search for Franklin, iii. 207 _ Resolution_: Arctic voyages, iii. 155 _ Resolution_ and _Adventure_: Captain Cook’s voyage of discovery, iii. 277 Restoration Island named by Lieutenant Bligh: mutiny of the _Bounty_, i. 244 Reticulosa, iv. 111 Reynaud, M.: Héhaux lighthouse, Brittany, ii. 178–181 Rhizopoda, iv. 111 Rhodosperms, iv. 200 Richard I., first maritime code, i. 268; laws against wrecking, ii. 237 Richardson, Sir John: portrait, iii. 185; his adventure with wolves, 189, 190; his attempt to swim the Coppermine River, iii. 191, 193 Riou, Capt., his death at Copenhagen, i. 152 Roanoake; its colonisation, ii. 2 “Roanoake,” i. 20 Robber crab, iv. 152 “Robert J. Stockton,” iron steam‐ship, ii. 103, 104 Roberts, Captain Bartholomew, the pirate, iii. 63, 64 Roberts, Lady: her help in the wreck of the “Killarney,” ii. 314, 317 Robin Hood’s Bay, iv. 256 Robinson Crusoe: the island of Juan Fernandez, i. 33–36 “Rob Roy:” Napier’s steam‐vessel, ii. 98 Rock‐borers, iv. 203 Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Railway, iv. 21 Rodney’s naval victory, i. 186 Rôles d’Oleron: laws against wrecking, ii. 237 Roman ships and galleys, i. 261 Ronayne, John: his bravery in saving life, ii. 257–261 Rooke, Sir George: Gibraltar taken by him, i. 94 Rose, Richard: his life‐buoy seat, iv. 262 Ross, Sir John: portrait, iii. 161; his Arctic voyages, 163; his voyage in the _Victory_, 186; search for Franklin in the _Felix_, 207 Ross, Sir James Clarke: Arctic voyage, iii. 163; Arctic exploration, 179, 181, 184; discovery of the magnetic pole, 187; “Fox” expedition in search of Franklin, 216, 225; discovery of the South Polar Land; Victoria Land, Possession Island, and Mount Erebus, 280 “Rothsay Castle,” wreck of the, ii. 288, 297–304 Round the World on a Man‐of‐war, i. 87–214 “Round the World in Eighty Days,” iv. 1 _ Royal George_, loss of the, i. 59–62; its removal by Colonel Pasley, 62; diving operations, iv. 86 Royal Humane Society, iv. 263 Royal Observatory, Greenwich, iv. 278–282 _ Royal Sovereign_, Charles I.’s ship, ii. 29 _ Royal Sovereign_, i. 5 Rudyerd, John, second Eddystone Lighthouse, ii. 161; destroyed by fire, 160, 163; death of a keeper, _ib._ Russell, J. Scott, F.R.S., “The Fleet of the Future: Iron or Wood,” i. 85; ii. 101; portrait, 129; construction of the “Great Eastern,” 130 Russian America, Alaska, i. 169, 170 Russian Arctic Explorations, iii. 185 Russian attempts to discover the north‐west passage, iii. 159; Russian Arctic voyages, 159–162 Russian ironclads, i. 83

Saba Island, West Indies, i. 185 Sabine; Arctic expedition, iii. 163, 170 Saïd Pacha and M. de Lesseps, i. 108 Sailors: Lascars, Malays, and Kanakas, i. 43; Devonshire boys on training ships, 46; rating of sailors (able, ordinary, and boys), 51; their hardships, 53; flogging, 51–53; perils of the sailor’s life, 54; their conduct on board the _Terror_, iii. 199. (_See_ Discipline.) St. Catherine’s Island, taken by the pirate Morgan, iii. 45 St. Domingo: drawing by Columbus of its discovery, iii. 292; early gold‐washing at, 293; war, mutiny, and famine, 295; Diego Columbus made governor, 308 St. Elias, Mount, Alaska, i. 170 St. George’s Island, Bermuda, i. 187, 189 St. Helena, i. 212, 213 St. John’s, Newfoundland: possession taken by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, i. 318 St. Juan de Ulloa, Sir John Hawkins’s action at, i. 299, 301 “St. Lawrence,” i. 20 St. Lucia, i. 187 St. Paul’s travels; his shipwreck at Malta, i. 103, 104 “St. Valentine,” treasure‐ship, taken by Monson, ii. 21 St. Vincent, Battle of, i. 7, 8, 9 St. Vincent, Lord: suppression of the mutiny on the _St. George_, i. 256; portrait, 257 Salmon, the, its natural history, iv. 163–168; parr, smolt, grilse, _ib._; abundance of its ova, 164; tinned salmon from America, 166 Salmon: fisheries of California, Vancouver’s Island, British Columbia, Alaska, i. 164, 168, 170, 171, 202; mode of curing, iv. 167; salmon leaps, _ib._ Saltness of the sea, i. 87, 97; iv. 90 Salt Lake, Great; Salt Lake City, iv. 23; Cape Douglas garrison, 24, 25; street in the city, 25 Salvador, i. 8 “Salvador del Mundi,” i. 9 “Samaritano,” wrecked on the Goodwin Sands; Margate and Ramsgate lifeboats, ii. 217–223 Samphire, iv. 231, 233 Sandgate: loss of the “Grosser Kurfürst,” iv. 238 Sandwich: seal of the town, i. 274 Sandwich in the mutiny of the Nore, i. 252 Sandwich Islands: Honolulu; the king, iv. 45; the ex‐queen Emma, 46; sugar cultivation, _ib._; volcanoes, 47 Sandy Hook Light, New York, i. 196 San Francisco: the bay; its entrance, the “Golden Gate,” i. 157; the city, 158; its history, _ib._; society, 161; view of the bay, 160; a timber wharf, 156; “John Chinaman” in San Francisco, 161; Chinese theatres, _ib._; earthquakes, 162; iv. 29, 30; Drake at, i. 313 San Joseph, i. 8 San Juan Island, i. 166; British camp, i. 165 “San Nicolas,” i. 8 San Salvador, the first land in the New World discovered by Columbus, iii. 288 Santangel, his support of the plans of Columbus, iii. 286 Santiago, i. 172 “Santissima Trinidada,” i. 8, 10 Saracens, their ships, i. 269 Sardines: mode of fishing for, iv. 174 “Savannah,” the Atlantic first crossed by her, ii. 105 Saving life at sea. (_See_ Hovellers, Life, and Lifeboats.) Saw‐fish, iv. 162 Sawkins, Captain, the pirate, iii. 51–55 Scaliger, J. C.: history of paddle‐boats, ii. 78 Scallops, iv. 138, 140 Scammon, Captain, soundings in Behring Sea, i. 138 Scandinavian early explorers of the Arctic regions, iii. 116 Scarborough: iv. 253; shipwrecks, loss of the “Coupland,” 254 “Schiller,” loss of the, ii. 267 School on board the “Fox” in the Arctic regions, iii. 219 Scilly Islands, ii. 268–270 Scoresby: changes in the Greenland ice‐fields, iii. 163, 178 Scotland, pearl fisheries of, iv. 71 Scott, Mr.: buried at sea in the “Fox” Arctic expedition, iii. 221 Screw‐propeller, history of its invention, ii. 102 Screw steamer, plan and section of stern, ii. 101 Scurvy: on board in Anson’s fleet, ii. 50, 119; in the expedition of the _Alert_ and _Discovery_, iii. 106, 107, 111, 114; in Munk’s Arctic voyage, 150; in Vitus Behring, Ischirikoff, and Parry’s voyages, 161, 162, 176; in Dr. Kane’s expedition, 239 Sea, the: its living wonders, iv. 111; its saltness, agitation, and waves, iv. 90; the Gulf Stream, 91; tides, 92; its colour and phosphorescence, 96, 97 Sea‐anemones, iv. 123, 196–198 Sea coasts: “Sketches of our Coasts,” Cornwall, iv. 207–225; South coasts, 225–247; East coasts, Norfolk, Yorkshire, 247 Sea of Ancient Ice, voyage of the _Alert_, iii. 101 Sea‐cucumber, iv. 126, 128 Sea‐elephants, i. 34; iii. 279 Sea‐shore: “By the Sea‐shore,” iv. 190–207; calm and storm, 192 “Sea‐goers” in guard‐ships, i. 45 Sea‐horse, iii. 155, 156; iv. 162 Sea‐lion, iv. 188 Seamen. (_See_ Sailors.) Sea‐monsters, fabulous, i. 31 Sea‐polyps from the Atlantic: voyage of the _Challenger_, i. 31 Sea‐serpent: various accounts of it, drawings, conjectures, and probabilities, iv. 184–190 Sea‐sickness, i. 50 Sea‐sickness and remedies, iv. 6, 7 Sea songs and poems, by Dibdin and others, i. 8, 42; iv. 298–304 Sea‐trees, Falkland Islands, i. 178 Sea‐urchins, sea‐slugs, iv. 125 Sea‐weeds, iv. 200 Seal of the town of Sandwich, i. 274 Seals: on inaccessible island, i. 40; their flesh as food, iii. 94, 217–219, 251 Sebastopol, siege and bombardment of, i. 14, 15 Selkirk, Alexander, on the island of Juan Fernandez, i. 33 Selkirk, Lady: plate taken from her by Paul Jones, iii. 73, 74; returned five years afterwards, 75 “Serapis” taken by Paul Jones, iii. 77 Seton, Major: loss of the “Birkenhead,” i. 71 _ Severn_: Commodore Anson’s ship, ii. 46, 50 “Shah” and “Huascar:” action between them, i. 26 Shakespeare’s allusions to the sea, iv. 291–295; “The Tempest,” 292; “Merchant of Venice,” 294; “Measure for Measure,” Henry VI. part ii., “Richard III.,” “Pericles,” “Cymbeline,” “Antony and Cleopatra,” “Hamlet,” 295 Shakespeare’s Cliff, iv. 240 Shanghai, i. 122, 125 Sharks and Shark Fishing, iv. 160; common shark; tiger shark, 161; the shark worshipped in Africa, 162 Sharp, Captain, the pirate, iii. 55 Shells, Univalve, iv. 139 “Shenandoah:” her exploits in the American war, i. 139; American whale ships burnt, iii. 157 Sheshaldinski, Peak of, Aleutian Islands, i. 171 Ships and shipping interests, History of, i. 258–ii. 156 Ship‐building, History of. (_See_ Naval Architecture.) Ship‐money raised by Charles I., ii. 28 Shipwrecks and their lessons, ii. 297 Shipwrecks; Falconer’s poem, iv. 297 Shipwrecked Mariners’ Society, iv. 226, 249, 258, 272 Shrimps, iv. 158 Sieges of Gibraltar, i. 90 Sierra Leone, i. 202, 204; Drake at, 314 Sierra Nevada, iv. 20, 27, 28; snow‐shed, 29 Siffante, south‐west wind, i. 107 Signals of distress, ii. 266, 275; iv. 289; necessity for electric communication, ii. 277 Sigurd, King, the crusader, at Gibraltar, i. 90 Silver Mines in Nevada, iv. 26 Simon’s Town, Cape of Good Hope, i. 206 Singapore, i. 143; spices, foliage, fruit, climate, 145, 146; scenery and commerce, 147; new harbour, 146, 147; corals, 150; Kling gharry drivers, 150; tiger hunting, _ib._; views, 152, 153 Singhapura, Strait pirates, i. 146 Sinope, Battle of, i. 15 Siren signals, iv. 289 “Sirius,” ii. 106 Sirocco, i. 107 Sitka, the capital of Alaska, i. 169, 170 Skeletons of Franklin’s crews found by McClintock, iii. 230 Skerryvore Lighthouse, ii. 175–178 Slave‐trade: established, i. 295; slaves taken by Sir John Hawkins, _ib._; the African Company, ii. 33; views of Columbus on slavery, iii. 295, 302; slaves from America taken to Spain by Columbus and others, 295, 302, 307 Sledges in Arctic exploration, iii. 99–114, 133; sledge journeys by McClintock, iii. 225; by Morton, in Dr. Kane’s Arctic expedition, 239; by Dr. Kane’s, 248; by Capt. Parry’s, 179; by Lieut. Payer’s, 272 Sleep in the Arctic regions, iii. 251 Sleepy comfort of freezing: Dr. Kane’s experience, iii. 237 Slip water bottles, for deep‐sea sounding, i. 29, 38 Smeaton, John: biographical notice, ii. 164; third Eddystone lighthouse, 165; portrait, 170; diving bell, iv. 81 Smiles, Samuel: Smeaton and the Eddystone Lighthouse, ii. 164, 170; Plymouth Breakwater, 191 Smith, Sir Sidney, i. 6 Smith, William, Discovery of South Polar Land, iii. 278 Smith’s Sound, view in, iii. 149; discovered by Baffin, 150; explored by Dr. Kane, 233 “Smoke‐stack, Patent,” on the “G. S. Wright,” i. 141 Smuggling, iv. 210, 234 Smyth, Rear‐Admiral: “The Mediterranean,” i. 87 Snow and ice: on American railways, iv. 21, 28; at Plover Bay, i. 139; crimson snow, iii. 164. (_And see_ Ice.) Snow‐blindness, iii. 179, 182, 239 Snow houses, iii. 244 Snow village in Greenland, iii. 173, 174 “Sofia,” Swedish Arctic expedition, iii. 257 Soldier crab, iv. 154 Soldiers at sea; burning of the “Kent,” i. 69, 70, 72; loss of the “Birkenhead,” 74, 75; wreck of the “Medusa,” 77, 78, 79, 80 Solen or razor‐fish, iv. 128, 129 Songs, Naval, i. 42, 43 “Souffleur, The,” or the Blower. Mauritius, iv. 95 Southampton, iv. 225 South‐east American Station, i. 175 South Sea Bubble, ii. 42–44 South Virginia Company: colonisation of America, ii. 11 Southey’s “Life of Nelson,” i. 8, 10; “British Admirals,” 274, 275, 278; defeat of the Armada, 290; Sir John Hawkins and the slave‐trade, 298; Drake’s circumnavigation of the globe, 314; anecdotes of Drake, 315; exploits of Sir William Monson, ii. 19; sea anemones, iv. 197 _ Sovereign of the Seas_, launched by Phineas Pett, i. 232 Spalding’s diving‐bell, its failure, and his death, iv. 81 Spanish Armada defeated, i. 283–291 Spanish galleons taken during the Commonwealth, ii. 31; taken by Alison, 59–61; iii. 3 Spanish expedition to El Dorado, ii. 9 _ Speedy_, commanded by Admiral Cochrane, i. 219;

## action with the Spanish frigate “Gamo,” _ib._

Spiders in ships, i. 221 Spinola: action at Cerimbra Roads, ii. 19, 21 Spinous cockle, iv. 204 Spithead, mutiny at, i. 251 Spitzbergen: discovery of, iii. 142; Magdalena Bay, 166, 167; animal life in, 167, 257 Spolasco, Dr.: wreck of the “Killarney,” ii. 305 Spondylus, iv. 138, 140 Sponges: “Venus’s Flower‐basket,” i. 30, 32; sponge fishing off the coast of Greece, iv. 65, 77 Sprat, iv. 173 Spray of the ocean, iv. 92 Spry, W. J. J., R.N.: cruise of the _Challenger_, i. 28 Squat lobsters, iv. 158 “Squirrel,” Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s ship, i. 318 Stables, Dr., R.N., on the punishment of the “cat,” i. 52, 53; “Medical Life in the Navy,” i. 220 Staines, Sir Thomas: his discovery of the survivors of the _Bounty_, i. 247, 248 Stamp Act in America, ii. 66 Star‐fish from the Atlantic; voyage of the _Challenger_, i. 31; iv. 125, 128 Stations, Naval: American, i. 102; Pacific, 156; Australian, 119, 131, 150; China, 119, 137; East India, 119; Southeast American, 175; West Indian, 178; North American, 198; African, 202 Steam‐power essential in deep‐sea sounding, i. 29, 30 Steam as a motive‐power for ships: early history, ii. 79–97 Steam‐ships first used for Arctic exploration, iii. 186 Steam war‐ships first introduced, i. 225 Steel ships, i. 84 Stephens, F. G.: “History of Gibraltar and its Sieges,” i. 90 Stephenson, Captain H. F.: winter quarters of the _Discovery_, iii. 100, 101; _ Alert_ and _Discovery_ expedition, iii. 92 Stevenson, Allan: the Skerryvore lighthouse, ii. 175–178; revolving and other lights, 186 Stevenson, Robert, Rennie’s assistant at the Bell Rock Lighthouse, ii. 175 Stewart, Captain A.: search for Franklin, iii. 207 Stirling, J. D. Morriss, on the sea‐serpent, iv. 187, 189 Storms: the great gale of 1703; Defoe’s account, ii. 199–209; other accounts, 201, 202, 203; “The Storm,” “After the Storm,” and other illustrations, iv. 292, 293, 296, 297, 300, 301 Straits of Gibraltar: scenery, i. 97 Stratford de Redcliffe, Viscount: his verses on the lifeboat, ii. 211 Strombus, a univalve shell, iv. 144 Sturgeon and its roe; caviare, iv. 162 Submarine telegraph cables, iv. 98 Submerged forest, iv. 199 Suez, i. 110, 114, 115 Suez Canal: procession of ships at its opening, i. 97; M. de Lesseps’ published works on the Canal; its origin and completion, i. 107–115; statistics, 115; bird’s‐eye view, 109 Sugar plantations, Jamaica, i. 183 Sun, The. (_See_ Mock Suns.) Sun at midnight in the Arctic regions, iii. 264 “Sunbeam:” voyage of circumnavigation, iv. 40; 61, 62 Sun‐fish, iv. 162, 164 Sunshine in the Polar regions, iii. 109 Surgeons in the navy, i. 52 _ Swallow_, i. 7 _ Swallow_, Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s ship, i. 318 Swamped at sea: loss of the “London,” ii. 289, 290–297 Swedish Arctic expeditions, iii. 257 Swedish ships: sanitary arrangements, ii. 120 Sword‐fish, and mode of fishing for it, iv. 177, 178 Sydney, South Australia, i. 154; its natural productions, _ib._; the Domain; the botanic garden, 155; iv. 52 Symington, William: steam navigation, ii. 82; his experiments, 83, 84, 92; portrait, 85 Symons, Captain, lost in the “Amazon,” ii. 278, 282

Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope, i. 207 Tallack, W.: “Malta under the Phœnicians, Knights, and English,” i. 98 Tandon, Moquin, on sea‐monsters, i. 31 Tasman: his discovery of Tasmania, i. 151; discovery of New Zealand, iv. 51; the Maories, _ib._ Taylor, James: steam navigation, ii. 81, 83 Tchuktchi Indians: iii. 158; building a hut, 157; Professor Nordenskjöld at a Tchuktchi village, 275 Tea in Chili, i. 175; Japanese, i. 133; iv. 43 Tea tax in America, ii. 67–69, 72; thrown overboard, 69, 72 “Tegethoff:” Austro‐Hungarian Arctic expedition, iii. 271; two years on an ice‐floe, _ib._; the ship abandoned, 274 Telegraphy: submarine cables, iv. 98 Telescope, equatorial, at the Observatory, Greenwich, iv. 218 _ Téméraire_, i. 5, 10, 11; her engines, i. 225 Temperature: of the depths of the sea, i. 30; of the Atlantic Ocean, 37; extreme cold in the Arctic regions, iii. 103, 105, 111, 135, 136, 171, 225, 236, 237, 276 Tenney, Matthew: his heroism on board the _Cumberland_, i. 22 Teredo, iv. 128 Ternati, Drake at, i. 312, 313 _ Terror_ and _Erebus_ among the icebergs, iii. 193, 197 _ Terror_: voyage of the _Terror_ under Captain Back, 196; the ship nipped in the ice, 204; Franklin’s last expedition, 207; discovery of relics, 227, 230 Thames: Great Storm of 1703, ii. 204; poetry of the, iv. 272 Theatre at Lima, i. 172 Theatres, Chinese, in San Francisco, i. 161 Theatricals: on the “Great Britain,” iv. 34; “Royal Arctic Theatres” on the _Alert_ and _Discovery_, iii. 103; on other Arctic ships, 170 “Thémistocle,” i. 7 Thermometers for deep‐sea sounding, i. 30, 37, 38 Thirst, sufferings from, ii. 16 Thomas, Captain, lost in the “Schiller,” ii. 267, 270 Thomson, J., “The Straits of Malacca,” i. 144 Thomson, Professor Wyville; cruise of the _Challenger_, i. 29 Thorne, Robert, his voyage of discovery, iii. 119 Thorpeness, Suffolk, iv. 247; enterprise of Joseph Chard, _ib._ _ Thunderer_; her engines, i. 225 Tides of the Ocean, iv. 92 Tilbury Fort; Great Storm of 1703; West Indiamen wrecked, ii. 205 Time, mode of reckoning it in ships; “watches,” “bells,” “dog‐ watches,” i. 50 Time, difference between London and San Francisco, iv. 30 Timor, Lieut. Bligh at; mutiny of the _Bounty_, i. 242 Tobacco in Cuba when discovered by Columbus, iii. 290 Tobago; Crusoe’s Island, i. 179 Top‐knot, a minute flat‐fish, iv. 206 Torpedo (fish), iv. 160 Torpedoes: Fulton’s submarine boat, ii. 88; Marquis of Worcester’s inventions, 146; Bishop Wilkins’s subaqueous vessel, or “ark,” 148; Schott, Knuffler, Fulton’s torpedoes, _ib._, 149; Cushing’s attack on the “Albemarle,” 151; “Lay” torpedo, _ib._; Porter’s, Fulton’s, Lay torpedo, Spar torpedo, 153; Paraguayan torpedo, 154; Harvey torpedo, 153, 155; Whitehead or “fish” torpedo, 155 Torres, Luis Vaes de; Torres Strait, iii. 277 Tortuga, bucaniers at, iii. 5, 6; wild dogs and horses, iii. 7; its discovery; turtles, 315 Torture: Spaniards tortured by pirates, iii. 38 Toulon, Siege of, i. 6 “Trades’ Increase,” East Indiaman, ii. 13 Trafalgar, Battle of, i. 10–13, 227 Training Ships, i. 44; the _Chichester_, 45, 47; course of instruction and drill, 48, 49; saluting officers, 48; incessant work, 49; iv. 287 Transportation of convicts to Australia, i. 154 Treasure ships, i. 311; ii. 19, 55, 56, 59–61; iii. 60, 63 _ Trent_ in the ice, iii. 165, 166, 167 Trepang fisheries (Holothuria), iv. 127, 128 Trevethick, Robt., portrait, ii. 97 Trinidad, Columbus landing at, i. 177, 178; iii. 295; visit of Amerigo Vespucci, 302; Raleigh at, ii. 4, 33 Trinidad, Port of Spain, i. 179–182 Trinity House and the Trinity Corporation, iv. 287–289; duties of the Board, 289; light‐vessels and staff of the Corporation, _ib._; royal and noble Masters and Brethren, _ib._; fog‐horns or Siren signals, _ib._ Tripe de roche: rock‐lichen as food, iii. 241 Tristan d’Acunha, i. 38, 201 Triton, a univalve shell, iv. 144 Trochus, a univalve shell, iv. 141 Trollope, Anthony: “The West Indies and the Spanish Main,” i. 179, 182, 183; Bermuda, 187, 188; New Zealand, iv. 51; Sydney, 52; Melbourne, 54 Tromp, Martin, ii. 30 _ Tryal_, Commodore Anson’s ship, ii. 46, 50, 55 Tunny: tunny‐fishing, iv. 177 Turbo, a univalve shell, iv. 141 Turret‐ships: “Monitor,” “Merrimac,” “Miantonoma,” ii. 139, 140, 141; interior of a turret‐ship, 142; “Brooklyn,” “Ohio,” _Captain_, _Vanguard_, _Warrior_, _Black Prince_, 143; other turret‐ships: _ Inflexible_, 144, 145; _ Alexandra_, 146, 147 Turtle at the Island of Ascension, i. 202 “Tuscarora:” deep‐sea soundings, i. 28, 30 Twain, Mark: his account of the Bermudas, i. 189 Tyre, Ships of, i. 259

Unclassed ships, ii. 123 _ Union_ gun‐boat, i. 6 “United Kingdom,” steam‐ship, ii. 98, 99 “United States,” Dr. Hayes’s Arctic expedition, iii. 255 Univalves, iv. 139 Unseaworthy ships, ii. 112–119 Upernavik, Danish settlement at, iii. 254 Urchins: sea‐urchins, iv. 126, 128 Utah, iv. 23

Valetta, i. 98 Valparaiso, i. 172, 173 Vancouver: his discoveries, iii. 319 Vancouver Island: Esquimalt; Victoria, i. 163, 165; Exploring Expedition, 167; cedar canoes, _ib._; “Chinook jargon,” _ib._; Nanaimo, 168 Vandepat, Admiral, anecdotes of, i. 218 Vane, Captain Charles, the pirate, iii. 69; betrayed by a former friend, and executed, 70 _ Vanguard_ (Nelson’s ship), i. 105; ii. 74 _ Vanguard_, loss of the, i. 33, 63–66; ii. 143 Van Tromp, Admiral, ii. 31 Vasco da Gama: the Cape doubled by him, i. 203; discovery of Natal, 211; his first voyage to India, iii. 298; arrival at Calicut, 299; second expedition, _ib._; arrival at, and death in, Cochin China, 300; portrait, 301 Vasco Nuñez, his discoveries in the Pacific, iii. 314 Vasco Perez de Meira; his siege of Gibraltar, i. 91 Veddahs, wild men of the woods in Ceylon, i. 119 “Vega”: Professor Nordenskjöld’s Arctic voyage, iii. 274 _ Venerable_: mutiny of the Nore, i. 254 Venetian ships, i. 262 Venice, Breakwater at, ii. 188 “Venus’s Flower‐basket,” i. 30, 32 Verne, Jules: “Round the World in Eighty Days,” iv. 2, 5 Verne: citadel of the Verne, Portland, ii. 196, 197 Vernon, Admiral (“Old Grog”), i. 51 “Vesta” (Russian) and “Assari Tefvik” (Turkish) ships: action between them, i. 27 Victoria (Hong Kong), described by Baron Hübner, iv. 43 Victoria, Vancouver Island, i. 163, 165 Victoria Land discovered by Sir James Ross, iii. 280 _ Victory_: Sir John Ross’s Arctic ship, iii. 186, 225 _ Victory_: Queen Elizabeth’s ship, i. 292 _ Victory_: Nelson’s ship, i. 4–12, 96, 227 Vikings: their galleys, i. 263; their Arctic voyages, iii. 115 Viking ship discovered at Gokstad, iv. 230 Villeneuve, Admiral of the French fleet at Trafalgar, i. 11 Virgil’s “Æneid,” references to the sea, iv. 291 “Virginia,” “Merrimac,” i. 19 Virginia discovered by Amadas and Barlow, i. 319; named by Queen Elizabeth, _ib._; colonisation of, ii. 2 Vogt, on the _Agalma rubra_, iv. 118 Voices of fish, iv. 178 Volante, a carriage in Havana, i. 184 Volcanoes: in the Antarctic region, iii. 280; in Japan, iv. 47; in New Zealand, 50; in the West Indies, i. 186; volcanic origin of Bermuda, i. 187 Volunteers, Naval, i. 232–234 Voluta, a univalve shell, iv. 141

_ Wager_, Commodore Anson’s ship, ii. 46, 51, 54 “Waisters” in guard ships, i. 45 Walker, Dr. David: “Fox” expedition in search of Franklin, iii. 216 “Walnut Shell” boat, for Franklin’s second expedition, iii. 194 Walrus, iii. 146, 157, 166; early description of it, 130 Walrus meat, iii. 238, 240, 245, 263 Walter, Rev. R., “Anson’s Voyage Round the World,” ii. 46 Warburton, Eliot, “The Crescent and the Cross,” i. 98; lost in the “Amazon,” ii. 283 _ Warrior_, the first English ironclad, i. 18, 85; ii. 143; her engine‐room, i. 225, 226 Warwick, the King‐maker: his piracies, i. 276 “Watches” and “dog‐watches,” i. 50 Watt, James: the steam‐engine, ii. 80; portrait, 97 Waves off the Cape of Good Hope, iv. 89 Webb, Capt. Matthew, his “Art of Swimming,” iv. 258; his wonderful feats in natation, iv. 258–266; portrait, 265 Weddell, Captain: voyage to the South Seas, iii. 279 Weever‐fish, iv. 205, 206 Weppner, Margharita: Falls of Niagara, iv. 15; San Francisco, 30 West Indian Islands, map, iii. 17 West India Naval Station, i. 178 West Indies: the home of the bucaniers, iii. 2 Weymouth’s attempt to discover North‐West Passage, iii. 143 Weyprecht, Lieutenant: Austro‐Hungarian Arctic expedition in the “Tegethoff,” iii. 271 Whales and whale‐fishing, iv. 179–184; Northern and Southern whales, 180, 181; sperm whale, spermaceti, 181, 182; blubber and oil, 182; harpooning, 183; whales in North Pacific, 32 Whalers of Behring Sea, i. 139, 140 Whale Sound, Greenland, iii. 233 Whirlpools: iv. 92, 93, 95 Whitby, iv. 256 White, John, first governor of Virginia, ii. 2 White, Walter: “A Sailor Boy’s Log‐book,” i. 48 Whitehaven attacked by Paul Jones, iii. 72 Whitehead torpedo, ii. 155 “White Star” Line of Steam‐ships, ii. 111 “White Star” Liner crossing the Atlantic, iv. 1 Whitstable oyster beds, iv. 137 Whitworth, Sir Joseph; big guns and armour‐plates, i. 86 Wilkes, Lieut., discovery of South Polar land, iii. 279 Wilkins, Bishop; submarine vessel or “ark,” ii. 148 William the Conqueror’s ships, i. 266 William III.’s Navy, i. 232 Willoughby, Sir Hugh, his disastrous voyage, iii. 122 Wind in the Polar regions, iii. 111 Winds in the Mediterranean, i. 107 Wine for sailors in the French Navy, i. 51 Winstanley, Henry, first Eddystone Lighthouse, ii. 159, 199 Wolf Rock, Land’s End, iv. 210; Lighthouse, _ib._ Wolves, Sir John Richardson’s adventure with, iii. 189, 190 Woman at Sea, iv. 56–65 Women, Life saved by, iv. 221 Wooden and Iron Ships compared, i. 9, 13; “The Fleet of the Future: Iron or Wood,” by J. Scott Russell, F.R.S., 85 Wood, Sir Andrew, of Largo: his victory over English ships, i. 277, 278; commander of the “Great Michael,” 281 Wood, Rev. J. G.: sea‐weeds, iv. 200, 202 Woodcroft, Bennett, on “Steam Navigation,” ii. 79, 81, 83, 84; the screw propeller, ii. 104 “Woolpacket,” wreck of the, ii. 224; hovellers, 251 Worcester, Marquis of; his inventions: torpedoes, ii. 146; use of steam, ii. 79 Worden, Lieutenant, wounded in the first “Monitor,” i. 24 Worley, Captain, the pirate, hanged, iii. 70 Wrangell: Russian Arctic exploration, iii. 185 Wrecks, Statistics of, i. 3; iv. 285 Wreckers, ii. 304, 310 “Wrecking,” as a profession, ii. 235; the king’s privileges, 237; Cœur de Lion and his enactments, _ib._; the Rôles d’Oleron, _ib._; false pilots, _ib._; laws of George II., _ib._; false lights, 238; waiting for a wreck, 241; wreckers at work; murders; actual examples, 239; wreckers executed, 240; plunder of the “Inverness,” 241, 244; police attacked by thousands, 242; “Bergetta” plundered, 242; arguments of wreckers, _ib._; wrecking at the Bahamas, 244; “hovelling _v._ wrecking,” 245; moral aspect of “wrecking” 256 Wreck Register of the National Life‐boat Institution, ii. 318 “Wright, G. S.,” telegraph steamer, i. 138, 143

Xavier, Francis: Christianity introduced by him into Japan, i. 129

Yarmouth, iv. 248; herring fishery, 250; shipwrecks; loss of the “Osprey,” 249, 250 Yeh, Commissioner: capture of, i. 122 Yellow Sea, i. 122 Yokohama, i. 128, 129, 130; iv. 40 Yorkshire: sketches of the sea‐coast, iv. 251 Young, Captain Allen: cruise of the “Pandora,” iii. 92–98; “Fox” expedition in search of Franklin, 216, 218 Young, Brigham: Mormonism, iv. 2–4 Ysbrants: his voyage of discovery, iii. 129 Yukon river, i. 170

Zeigai Islands in the Red Sea, i. 117 Zeni, The Brothers: their Arctic exploration, iii. 117 Zoology, Marine. (_See_ _Challenger_, Cruise of the.) Zoophytes, i. 31; iv. 111

[Illustration]

FOOTNOTES

1 Mrs. Brassey: “A Voyage in the _Sunbeam_.” Her trip occupied eleven months.

2 From a rare work in the author’s possession, entitled, “Songs of the Ship; or the British Seaman’s Jovial and _Everlasting_ Songster.”

3 Margharita Weppner, Author of “The North Star and the Southern Cross.”

4 “American Notes for General Circulation.”

5 The late Mr. W. S. Lindsay, in his “History of Merchant Shipping,” stated that Mr. and Mrs. Inman, “greatly to their credit, made a voyage in one of their earliest emigrant steamers, expressly for the purpose of ameliorating the discomforts and evils hitherto but too common in emigrant ships.”

6 Margharita Weppner.

7 “Westward by Rail.”

8 _Vide_ page 18.

9 Pronounced _Kanyon_. The word is of Spanish origin, and signifies a deep rocky defile.

10 All in the territory, and there are now a large number of miners, who are not believers in the Mormon faith, are considered outsiders and “Gentiles.”

11 The highest newspaper offices in the United States, and, it is hardly to be doubted, in the world, are in Colorado. Georgetown, 8,452 feet elevation, has one; Central City, has two dailies, published at 8,300 feet above the sea level.

12 Although the railway had remained intact, avalanches had occurred that winter in the mountain districts of Nevada and Utah, accompanied by serious loss of life.

13 “A Ramble Round the World.” Translated by Lady Herbert.

14 A. D. Carlisle, B.A., in “Round the World in 1870.”

15 A. W. Guillemard: “Over Land and Sea. A Log of Travel Round the World in 1873‐4.”

16 E. K. Laird: “The Rambles of a Globe Trotter in Australia, Japan, China, Java, India, and Cashmere.”

17 This fine vessel while lying at anchor in the roadstead of Yokohama, on the 24th of August, 1872, was destroyed by fire. In seven minutes after the first flames were discovered the ship from stem to stern was one sheet of flame. At the last moment the captain, terribly burnt, threw himself in the water and was rescued. Three Europeans and sixty Chinamen were either burnt to death or drowned. The Chinese, determined not to lose their savings, dawdled a little, and then threw themselves all together on a ladder, which broke with their weight. The gold found on their corpses proved that not one had returned poor from California. It is needless to say that Hübner’s description of the size of the _America_ is incorrect.

18 “A Voyage in the _Sunbeam_.”

19 Hübner.

20 _Vide_ “Over Land and Sea.”

21 E. K. Laird: “The Rambles of a Globe Trotter.”

22 In “Australia and New Zealand.”

23 In 1872 there were 41,000,000 sheep and 4,340,000 horned cattle in Australia. The tinned meat and extract works employ a large number of hands at good wages.

24 Let the reader compare the following verses of Genesis:—“In the six hundredth year of Noah’s life, in the second month, the seventeenth day of the month, the same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened.”—Chap. vii., verse 11. “And it came to pass in the six hundredth and first year, in the first month, the first day of the month, the waters were dried up from off the earth: and Noah removed the covering of the ark, and looked, and, behold, the face of the ground was dry. “And in the second month, on the seven and twentieth day of the month, was the earth dried.”—Chap. viii., verses 13 and 14.

25 Vol. III., First Series, page 509.

26 This chapter is based on the works of Tennant, Darwin, Gosse, Figuier, and other authorities.

27 About £48,000.

28 In “The Origin of Species.”

29 The bulk of this chapter is derived from the following works:—“The Conquest of the Sea,” Siebe; “English Seamen and Divers,” M. Esquiros; an Article in “The Shipwrecked Mariner,” Vol. XXII.; &c.

30 “Tales of Mystery and Imagination.”

31 This account is mainly derived from the “History of the Atlantic Telegraph,” by Dr. Henry M. Field; “The Story of Cyrus Field;” and Dr. Russell’s letters in the _Times_.

32 Leblond: “Voyage aux Antilles.”

33 “A Year by the Sea‐side.”

34 “La Mer.”

35 The popular idea regarding the necessity for the letter _r_ in the open months for oyster‐eating is tolerably correct in Europe, but will not apply to all parts of the world.

36 The varied information concerning the oyster contained in this

## chapter is mainly derived from Bertram’s “Harvest of the Sea”;

Figuier’s “Ocean World”; and from an interesting little _brochure_ entitled “The Oyster, Where, How, and When to Find;” &c.

37 The ancients masticated their oysters, and did not bolt or gulp them down. Many distinguished modern authorities agree with them. Dr. Kitchiner says it must be eaten alive. “The true lover of an oyster,” says he, “will have some regard for the feelings of his little favourite, and contrive to detach the fish from the shell so dexterously that the oyster is hardly conscious he has been ejected from his lodging till he _feels the teeth_ of the piscivorous gourmet tickling him to death.”

38 “The Harvest of the Sea.”

39 _Vide_ “The Natural History and Fishery of the Sperm Whale.”

40 In “The World of the Sea.” M. Tandon is commenting on the account published by M. Sabin Barthelot, then French Consul at the Canary Islands.

41 This account of the crustaceans is derived from the works of Milne‐ Edwards, Pennant and Bell, Gosse, Couch, Broderip, Rymer Jones and Major Lord, Figuier and Tandon.

42 Louis Cecil.

43 The contents of this chapter are derived from Dr. Bertram’s “Harvest of the Sea,” Figuier’s “Ocean World,” Hartwig’s “Sea and its Living Wonders,” Murphy’s “Rambles in North‐Western America,” &c.

44 The reader interested in further details will do well to peruse J. Mortimer Murphy’s “Rambles in North‐Western America.”

45 A very stout man, placed where no food is obtainable, will (health and age being identical) live longer than a lean one. There is a recorded case of a fat man living nearly sixty days without food.

46 In his “Rambles beyond Railways.”

47 This watcher also receives a percentage on the “take” of fish.

48 The contents of this chapter are derived mainly from the works of Owen, Beale, Maury, Scammon, Gosse, and Timbs.

49 Formerly, when spermaceti was only used in medicine, many tons of it were annually thrown into the Thames as useless, the supply being so much in excess of the demand.

50 From an article entitled “Shipmates I have Known,” in _The Shipwrecked Mariner_: Journal of the Shipwrecked Mariners’ Society.

51 The bulk of this chapter is derived from Philip Henry Gosse’s “Naturalist’s Rambles on the Devonshire Coast;” “Tenby: a Seaside Holiday;” “A Year at the Shore;” the Rev. J. G. Wood’s “Common Objects of the Sea‐shore;” and Madame de Gasparin’s charming idyl, “By the Sea‐shore.”

52 “By the Sea‐shore.”

53 The reader may have found in his own experience that a garment which has been well drenched in salt water will always attract damp, however much dried by the fire. The only remedy is to thoroughly wash it in fresh water, and then dry it.

54 This account is mainly derived from Wilkie Collins’s “Rambles beyond Railways,” and the Rev. C. A. Johns’s “Week at the Lizard.”

55 “A Week at the Lizard.”

56 The writer acknowledges his indebtedness to a series of papers entitled “Visits to the Sea Coasts,” published in the _Journal of the Shipwrecked Mariners’ Society_. That noble institution relieved in 1878‐9 no less than 3,452 shipwrecked persons, by clothing them, and forwarding them to their homes, and in the case of fishermen, helping them to repair damage done in gales, &c., to their boats and fishing‐gear. Seven thousand four hundred and ninety widows of mariners were relieved during that period, while 2,400 receive small _annual_ allowances. A Seamen’s Provident Fund is also managed by the Society, to which 50,000 mariners contributed. During the period mentioned above ten gold and silver medals, a handsome sextant, and £25 in money, were awarded for saving fifty‐one lives on the high seas or abroad. The society also organised the “Royal Alfred Aged Merchant Seamen’s Institution,” the home of which, at Belvedere, Kent, shelters about 100 poor mariners, and relieves by an out‐ pension a still larger number. Readers of this work who have been moved by the many tales of peril and heroism undergone and displayed by seamen and fishermen, will do well to remember, and remember practically, this worthy and most economically‐managed society.

57 _United Service Gazette._

58 _United Service Gazette._

59 This account of the loss of the _Grosser Kurfürst_ is condensed from an article in the _United Service Gazette_.

60 R. M. Ballantyne; “The Floating Light on the Goodwin Sands.”

61 “Visits to the Sea Coasts,” in _The Shipwrecked Mariner_.

62 Sarah Doudney.

63 In a letter to _The Shipwrecked Mariner_, January, 1873.

64 Leander.

“Who was nightly wont (What maid will not the tale remember?) To cross thy stream, broad Hellespont!”

65 The feat of swimming across the Dardanelles was also successfully accomplished by Lieut. Moore and Gunner Mahoney, of H.M.S. _Shearwater_, on the 25th November, 1872.

66 We are indebted to Captain Webb’s “Art of Swimming,” edited by A. G. Payne; “The Channel Feats,” &c., by “Dolphin”; the Journals of the National Life‐Boat Institution and the Shipwrecked Mariners’ Society.

67 It will be remembered that Captain Webb has since remained respectively _sixty_ and _seventy‐two_ consecutive hours in the water, with, of course, little attempt at natatory exertion.

68 _United Service Magazine._

69 Edwin Hodder; “Heroes of Britain in Peace and War.”

70 “Memoirs of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, Bart.,” edited by his son.

71 The _brochure_ which Mr. Reade wrote with the view of raising a fund for poor Lambert is entitled, “A Hero and a Martyr.” It was printed mainly for private circulation.

72 _A wean wastit_—a child thrown away.

73 Flood.

74 Tense of the old verb “wend”—to go.

75 Run and squeal.

76 Upset.

77 Fan.

78 These.

79 Those.

80 The scale of relief to members, their widows, orphans, or parents (when dependent) is as liberal as one could expect. A fisherman or mariner receives compensation for loss of boat or clothes; a widow with two children may obtain as much as £19 2s. 6d.; and with four children, £25 10s.

81 Extract from address of H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh at annual meeting.

82 “English Seamen and Divers.”

83 Condensed from an article by W. Senior in the _Shipwrecked Mariner_.

84 The most powerful fog‐horns introduced into this country are those known as the Siren signals, which are illustrated in our plate. This name is given to them on account of the sound being “produced by means of a disc, with twelve radial slits, being made to rotate in front of a fixed disc exactly similar. The moving disc revolves 2,800 times a minute, and in each revolution there are, of course, twelve coincidences between the two discs; through the openings thus made steam or air at high pressure is allowed to pass, so that there are actually twelve times 2,800 (or 33,600) puffs of steam or compressed air every minute. This causes a sound of very great power, which the cast‐iron trumpet, twenty feet in length, compresses to a certain extent, and the blast goes out as a sort of sound‐beam in the direction required.” The Siren, which was originally designed in New York, and was first adopted by the American Lighthouse Board, can be heard in all kinds of weather at from two‐and‐a‐half to three miles, and on favourable occasions at as many as sixteen miles out at sea.

85 Francis Quarles.

86 “Virgil’s Sea Descriptions,” _Cornhill Magazine_, October, 1874.

87 Bermudas.

88 Let Shakespearian students note the allusions to piracy contained in the following references:—_Twelfth Night_, Act V. scene 1; _Measure for Measure_, I. 2, and IV. 3; _Merchant of Venice_, I. 3; Second Part of _Henry VI._, IV. 1, 9; _Richard III._, I. 3; _Antony and Cleopatra_, I. 4, II. 6; _Pericles_, IV. 2, 3–V. 1; _Hamlet_, IV. 6.

89 Pillaged.

90 Wanton.

91 The father, Charles Dibdin, and his two sons, one of the latter of whom was the author of the popular “All’s Well.” Many popular sea‐ songs, written by others during the epoch of the Dibdins and later, are, however, very commonly but erroneously placed to their credit. Among those often ascribed to them are the following, really written by the subjoined authors:—“The Death of Nelson” (S. J. Arnold), “The Bay of Biscay” (Andrew Cherry), “Rule, Britannia” (J. Thompson), “The Saucy Arethusa” (Prince Hoare), “The Storm” (“Cease, rude Boreas”: G. A. Stevens), “The Sailor’s Consolation” (“One night came on a hurricane”: W. Pitt), “Ye Mariners of England” (Thomas Campbell), “Ye Gentlemen of England” (Martin Parker). The well‐known song “William and Susan,” in the nautical drama “Black‐eyed Susan,” is in like manner sometimes attributed to Douglas Jerrold, the real author of the ever‐verdant play, but the ballad itself was written by Thomas Gay.

92 The reader not familiar with the poetical works of this authoress is recommended to peruse “’Tis a Wild Night at Sea” and “The Rover’s Death.”

93 The _Cornhill Magazine_, March, 1871.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up paragraphs and are near the text they illustrate.

An illustration which was missing from the List of Illustrations has been added to it.

The following changes have been made to the text:

page iii, dash added after “Soaped Rails” page iv, dash added after “The First Idea of the Atlantic Cable” and after “The Employment of the _Great Eastern_” page vi, dash added after “Bold and Timid Lads” and after “The ‘True Ring’” page 11, quote mark added after “petulantly.” page 38, double “the” removed before “captain” page 66, quote mark added before “I saw” page 74, quote mark removed after “breadth.” page 90, “suphuretted” changed to “sulphuretted” page 91, period added after “hour” page 133, dash removed after “that” and added before it page 134, second quote mark added before “That”, “The oysters” and “True,” page 153, comma removed after “lucky” page 165, quote mark added after “stage.” page 256, quote mark removed before “If” page 299, quote mark removed before “Rover’s” page 303, quote mark added before “new departure” page 304, quote mark added after “sea.” page 308, “vovage” changed to “voyage” page 310, “Fiskernœs” changed to “Fiskernæs”

Additionally, the punctuation in the General Index has been regularized in several places.

Differences between the table of contents and the chapter summaries have not been corrected. Neither have variations in hyphenation been normalized.