CHAPTER XXX

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ANALYSIS OF MYTHS.

"I shall indeed interpret all that I can, but I cannot interpret all that I should like."--_Grimm._

[Sidenote: Early theories.]

In attempting an analysis of the foregoing myths, and an explanation of their origin, it is impossible, in a work of this kind, to do more than give a very superficial idea of the scientific theories of various eminent mythologists, who, on this subject, like doctors, are sure to disagree.

These myths, comprising "the entire intellectual stock of the age to which they belonged," existed as "floating talk among the people" long ere they passed into the literature of the nation; and while to us mythology is merely "an affair of historical or antiquarian study, we must remember that the interpretation of myths was once a thing full of vital interest to men whose moral and religious beliefs were deeply concerned." Received at first with implicit faith, these myths became a stumbling block as civilization advanced. Cultured man recoiled from much of the grossness which had appeared quite natural to his ancestors in a savage state, and made an attempt to find out their primitive meaning, or an explanation which would satisfy his purer taste.

With the latter object in view, the sages and writers of old interpreted all that seemed "silly and senseless" in mythology as physical allegories,--a system subsequently carried to extremes by many heathen philosophers in the vain hope of evading Christian satire.

Learned men have also explained these selfsame myths as historical facts disguised as metaphors, or as moral allegories, which the choice of Hercules (p. 218) undoubtedly is. Euhemerus (316 B.C.) was the pioneer of the former theory, and Bacon an exponent of the latter. Euhemerus' method was exaggerated by his disciples, who declared Zeus was merely a king of Crete; his war with the giants, an attempt to repress a sedition; Danae's shower of gold (p. 240), the money with which her guards were bribed; Prometheus, a maker of clay images, "whence it was hyperbolically said he created man out of clay;" and Atlas, an astronomer, who was therefore spoken of as supporting the weight of the heavens. This mode of interpretation was carried to such an extreme that it became ridiculous, and the inevitable reaction took place. In the course of time, however, the germ of truth it contained was again brought to light; and very few persons now refuse to believe that some of the heroic myths have some slight historical basis, the "silly and senseless" element being classed as accretions similar to the fabulous tales attached to the indubitably historical name of Charlemagne. During the seventeenth century, some philosophers, incited by "the resemblance between biblical narrative and ancient myths, came to the conclusion that the Bible contained a pure and the myths a distorted form of an original revelation." But within the past century new theories have gradually gained ground: for the philologists have attempted to prove that the myths arose from a "disease of language;" while the anthropologists, basing their theory on comparative mythology, declare "it is man, it is human thought and human language combined, which naturally and necessarily produced the strange conglomerate of ancient fable."

[Sidenote: Modern theories.]

As these two last-named schools have either successfully confuted or incorporated the theories of all their predecessors, a brief outline of their respective beliefs will not be out of place. While philology compares only the "myths of races which speak languages of the same family" (as will shortly be demonstrated), anthropology resorts to all folklore, and seeks for the origin of myths, not in language, which it considers only as a subordinate cause, but in the "condition of thought through which all races have passed."

[Sidenote: Anthropological theory.]

The anthropologists, or comparative mythologists, do not deny that during the moderate allowance of two hundred and fifty thousand years, which they allot to the human race on earth, the myths may have spread from a single center, and either by migration, or by slave or wife stealing, or by other natural or accidental methods, may have "wandered all around the globe;" but they principally base their arguments on the fact that just as flint arrowheads are found in all parts of the world, differing but slightly in form and manufacture, so the myths of all nations "resemble each other, because they were formed to meet the same needs, out of the same materials."

They argue that this similarity exists, "not because the people came from the same stock" (which is the philologist's view), "but because they passed through the same savage intellectual condition." By countless examples taken from the folklore of all parts of the earth, they prove that the savage considers himself akin to beasts (generally to the one whose image is used as a tribal or family badge or totem), and "regards even plants, inanimate objects, and the most abstract phenomena, as persons with human parts and passions." To the savage, "sun, moon, and stars are persons, but savage persons;" and, as he believes "many of his own tribe fellows to have the power of assuming the form of animals," he concedes the same privilege and power to sun, moon, and stars, etc. This school further prove that all pre-Christian religions have idols representing beasts, that all mythologies represent the gods as fond of appearing in animal forms, and declare, that, although the Greeks were a thoroughly civilized people, we can still find in their mythology and religion "abundant survivals of savage manners and savage myths." They claim, that, during the myth-making age, the ancestors of the Greeks were about on an intellectual level with the present Australian Bushmen, and that "everything in civilized mythologies which we regard as irrational, seems only part of the accepted and rational order of things to the contemporary savages, and in the past seemed equally rational and natural to savages concerning whom we have historical information." Of course it is difficult, not to say impossible, for civilized man to put himself in the savage's place, and regard things from his point of view. The nearest approach to primitive intelligence which comes under our immediate observation is the working of the minds of small children, who, before they can talk intelligibly, whip the table or chair against which they have bumped their heads, and later on delight in weaving the most extraordinary tales. A little four-year-old seized a book and began to "read a story;" that is to say, to improvise a very improbable and highly colored tale of a pony. Forced to pause from lack of breath, she resumed the thread of her narrative with the words, "Now, this dog;" and, when it was suggested that the story was about a pony, she emphatically replied, "Well, this pony was a dog," and continued. Now, either because she perceived that the transformation had attracted attention, or to satisfy the childish inborn taste for the marvelous, in the course of the next few minutes the pony underwent as many transformations as Proteus, all of which apparently seemed perfectly natural to her. The anthropologists explain the tales of the various transformations of Jupiter and his animal progeny "as in many cases survivals of the totemistic belief in descent from beasts," while the mythologists explain them as "allegories of the fruitful union of heaven and earth, of rain and grain." The former school also declare that the myth of Cupid and Psyche, which has its parallel in stories found in all parts of the world, was invented to explain curious marriage customs (for in some countries it is unlawful for the husband to see his wife's face until after she has given birth to her first child, and in others a wife may not speak her husband's name): the latter school interpret the same myth as a beautiful allegory of the soul and the union of faith and love.

[Sidenote: Philological theory.]

The philologists' interpretation of myths is not only the most accredited at the present time, but also the most poetical. We therefore give a brief synopsis of their theory, together with an analysis, from their point of view, of the principal myths told at length in the course of this work. According to this school, "myths are the result of a disease of language, as the pearl is the result of a disease of the oyster;" the key to all mythologies lies in language; and the original names of the gods, "ascertained by comparative philology, will be found, as a rule, to denote elemental or physical phenomena," that is, phenomena of the sunshine, the clouds, rain, winds, fire, etc.

To make their process of reasoning plain, it should be explained, that as French, Spanish, and Italian are derived from the Latin, even so Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit have a common source in a much older language; that, even if Latin were entirely lost, the similarity of the word "bridge," for instance (_pons_ in Latin), in French (_pont_), in Spanish (_puente_), and in Italian (_ponte_), would justify the conclusion that these terms had their origin in a common language, and that the people who spoke it were familiar with bridges, which they evidently called by some name phonetically the same.

Further to prove their position, they demonstrate the similarity of the most common words in all the languages of the same family, showing (as is the case with the word "father" in the accompanying table) that they undergo but few changes in sixteen different languages.

Sanskrit, _pitri_. Zend, _paitar_. Persian, _pader_. Erse, _athair_. Italian, _padre_. Spanish, _padre_. French, _pere_. Saxon, _faeder_. Latin, _pater_. Greek, pronounced _paetair_. Gothic, _vatar_. German, _vater_. Dutch, _fader_. Danish, _fader_. Swedish, _fader_. English, _father_.

The most learned of all these philologists argues that during the first or Rhematic period, there existed a tribe in Central Asia which spoke a monosyllabic language, in which lay the germs of the Turanian, Aryan, and Semitic forms of speech. This Rhematic period was followed by the Nomadic or Agglutinative age, when, little by little, the languages "received once for all that peculiar impress of their formative system which we still find in all the dialects and national idioms comprised under the name of Aryan or Semitic;" that is to say, in the Hindoo, Persian, Greek, Roman, Celt, Slav, and Teutonic languages, and in some three thousand kindred dialects.

After the Agglutinative period, and previous to the National era and "the appearance of the first traces of literature," he places "a period represented everywhere by the same characteristic features, called the Mythological or Mythopoeic age."

It was during this period that the main part of the vast fund of mythic lore is supposed to have crystallized; for primitive man, knowing nothing whatever of physical laws, cause and effect, and the "necessary regularity of things," yet seeking an explanation of the natural phenomena, described them in the only way possible to him, and attributed to all inanimate objects his own sentiments and passions, fancying them influenced by the same things, in the same way. This tendency to personify or animate everything is universal among savages, who are nothing but men in the primitive state; and "in early philosophy throughout the world, the sun, moon, and stars are alive, and, as it were, human in their nature." "Poetry has so far kept alive in our minds the old animative theory of nature, that it is no great effort in us to fancy the waterspout a huge giant or a sea monster, and to depict, in what we call appropriate metaphor, its march across the field of ocean."

As the names of the Greek gods and heroes have in a great measure been found to correspond with the Sanskrit names of physical things, we have been able to read some of the first thoughts of primitive man; and "the obvious meaning" of many words "did much to preserve vestiges of plain sense in classic legend, in spite of all the efforts of the commentators."

According to the philologists, therefore, these thoughts had already assumed a definite form in the remote epoch when many nations, now scattered over the face of the earth, occupied the same country, spoke the same language, and formed but one people. Of course, "as long as such beings as Heaven or Sun are consciously talked of in mythic language, the meaning of their legends is open to no question, and the

## action ascribed to them will as a rule be natural and appropriate;"

but with the gradual diffusion of this one people to various parts of the earth, the original meaning of these words was entirely lost, and they came to be looked upon eventually simply as the names of deities or heroes--very much in the way that the word "good-by" has long survived its original form as a conscious prayer, "God be with you!" and the word "ostracism" has lost all connection with an oyster shell.

The primitive meaning of a myth died away with the original meaning of a word; and it is because "the Greek had forgotten that Zeus (Jupiter) meant 'the bright sky,' that he could make him king" over a company of manlike deities on Olympus.

We can best explain how the many anomalies occur, and how the myths got so tangled up together that now it is almost impossible to disentangle them and trace them back to their original meanings, by comparing their descent through the ages to the course of a snowball, which, rolling down a mountain side, gathers to itself snow, earth, rocks, etc., until, in the vast agglomeration of kindred and foreign substances, the original nucleus is entirely lost to sight.

The fact that there are many different myths to explain the same phenomenon can readily be accounted for by the old saying, "circumstances alter cases." Thus the heat of the sun, for example, so beneficial at certain times, may prove baleful and injurious at others.

The philologists, who believe that all myths (except the imitative myths, of which the tale of Berenice is a fair example) were originally nature myths, have divided them into a few large classes, which include the myths of the sky, the sun, dawn, daylight, night, moon, earth, sea, clouds, fire, wind, and finally those of the underworld and of the demons of drought and darkness.

SKY MYTHS.

[Sidenote: Uranus.]

Taking them in the order in which they are presented in this work, we find among the myths of the sky, Uranus, whose name, like that of the old Hindoo god Varuna, is derived from the Sanskrit root _var_ ("to veil, conceal, or cover"). This god was therefore a personification of the heavens, which are spread out like a veil, and cover all the earth; and we are further told that he hurled the thunder and lightning, his Cyclop children, down from his abode into the abyss called Tartarus.

[Sidenote: Jupiter.]

Zeus (or Jupiter), whose name is the same as the Hindoo Dyaus Pitar, the god and personification of the bright sky or the heavens, has likewise been traced to the Sanskrit root _div_ or _dyu_, meaning "to shine;" and there is also a noun _dyu_ in that language which means either "sky" or "day." In early times the name was applied to the one God, and was therefore "retained by the Greeks and all other kindred people to express all they felt toward God;" but as the word also meant the visible sky, with its ever-changing aspect, some of the phrases used to describe it came, in the course of time, to denote vile and fickle actions, and apparently inconsistent behavior.

[Sidenote: Juno.]

The name of Hera (or Juno), the heavenly light, and therefore the complement and consort of the sky, is supposed to be derived from the Sanskrit _soar_ ("the bright sky") and _surya_ ("the sun"); and all the manifold changes which at first merely denoted the varying atmosphere, by being personified, gradually gave the impression of the jealous, capricious, vengeful person whom poets and writers have taken pleasure in depicting ever since.

[Sidenote: Argus.]

Another personification of the sky, this time under the nocturnal and starry aspect, is Argus, whose many bright eyes never closed all at once, but kept constant watch over the moon (Io)--confided to his care by the heavenly light (Juno)--until at last their beams were quenched by the wind and rain (Mercury).

SUN AND DAWN MYTHS.

[Sidenote: Europa.]

The myths of the sun, from which it is almost impossible to separate those of the dawn, are probably more numerous than any others, and have some main features of resemblance in all cases. The first sun myth mentioned in the course of this work is the story of Europa, in which Europa is "the broad spreading light," born in Phoenicia (the "purple land of morn"), the child of Telephassa ("she who shines from afar"), carried away from her eastern birthplace by the sky (Jupiter), closely pursued by the sun (her brother Cadmus), who, after passing through many lands, slays a dragon (the usual demon of drought or darkness), and sets (dies) at last without having ever overtaken the light of dawn (Europa).

[Sidenote: Apollo.]

Apollo, whose name of Helios is pure Greek for "the sun," had therefore not lost all physical significance for the Hellenic race, who worshiped in him the radiant personification of the orb of day. Another of his appellations, Phoebus ("the lord of life and light"), still further emphasizes his character; and we are informed that he was born of the sky (Jupiter) and of the dark night (Leto), in the "bright land" (Delos), whence he daily starts on his westward journey.

Like all other solar heroes, Apollo is beautiful and golden-haired, radiant and genial, armed with unerring weapons, which he wields for good or evil, as the mood sways him. He is forced to labor, against his will at times, for the benefit of man, as, for instance, when he serves Admetus and Laomedon; and the cattle, by which he evidently sets such store, are the fleecy clouds, pasturing "in the infinite meadows of heaven," whose full udders drop down rain and fatness upon the land, which are stolen away either by the wind (Mercury), or the storm demon (Cacus), or the impious companions of Ulysses, who pay for their sacrilegious temerity with their lives.

[Sidenote: Coronis.]

The sun's affinity for the dawn is depicted by his love for Coronis, who, however beloved, falls beneath his bright darts; and, as "the sun was regarded naturally as the restorer of life" after the blighting influence of winter and disease, so their offspring (AEsculapius) was naturally supposed to have been endowed with marvelous curative powers.

The sun, for the same reason, was supposed to wage continual warfare against cold, sickness, and disease, and to use his bright beams or arrows against the demon of drought, darkness, or illness (Python), which in some form or other inevitably appears in every solar myth.

[Sidenote: Daphne.]

In the story of Daphne, a name derived from _Dahana_, the Sanskrit _dawn_, we find another version of the same story, where the sun, although enamored with the dawn, causes her death. As some mythologists have interpreted it, Daphne is a personification of the morning dew, which vanishes beneath the sun's hot breath, and leaves no trace of its passage except in the luxuriant verdure.

[Sidenote: Cephalus and Procris.]

In Cephalus and Procris the sun again appears, and his unerring spear unwittingly causes the death of his beloved Procris "while she lingers in a thicket (a place where the dew lingers longest)." This interpretation has been further confirmed by philological researches, which prove that the name "Procris" originated from a Sanskrit word meaning "to sprinkle;" and the stories evidently arose from three simple phrases,--"'the sun loves the dew,' 'the morning loves the sun,' and 'the sun kills the dew.'"

[Sidenote: Orpheus and Eurydice.]

In the tale of Orpheus and Eurydice, while some mythologists see in him a personification of the winds, which "tear up trees as they course along, chanting their wild music," others see an emblem of "the morning, with its short-lived beauty." Eurydice, whose name, like that of Europa, comes from a Sanskrit word denoting "the broad spreading flush of the dawn across the sky," is, of course, a personification of that light, slain by "the serpent of darkness at twilight."

Orpheus is also sometimes considered as the sun, plunging into an abyss of darkness, in hopes of overtaking the vanishing dawn, Eurydice; and as the light (Eurydice) reappears opposite the place where he disappeared, but is no more seen after the sun himself has fairly risen, "they say that Orpheus has turned around too soon to look at her, and so was parted from the wife he loved so dearly."

His death in the forest, when his strength had all forsaken him, and his severed head floated down the stream murmuring "Eurydice," may also, perchance, have been intended to represent either the last faint breath of the expiring wind, or the setting of the sun in blood-tinged clouds.

[Sidenote: Phaeton.]

In the story of Phaeton, whose name means "the bright and shining one," a description of the golden palace and car of the sun is given us. We are told that the venturesome young charioteer, by usurping his father's place, causes incalculable mischief, and, in punishment for his mismanagement of the solar steeds (the fleecy white clouds), is hurled from his exalted seat by a thunderbolt launched by the hand of Jupiter.

"This story arose from phrases which spoke of drought as caused by the chariot of Helios, when driven by some one who knew not how to guide his horses; and the smiting of Phaeton by the bolt of Zeus is the ending of the time of drought by a sudden storm of thunder."

[Sidenote: Endymion.]

The story of Diana and Endymion has also been interpreted as a sun myth, in which the name "Endymion" refers specially to the dying or setting sun, who sinks to rest on Mount Latmus ("the land of forgetfulness," derived from the same root as "Leto"). Mueller, the great authority in philology, tells us, that, in the ancient poetical and proverbial language of Elis, people said, "Selene loves and watches Endymion," instead of saying, "It is getting late;" "Selene embraces Endymion," instead of, "The sun is setting and the moon is rising;" "Selene kisses Endymion into sleep," instead of, "It is night."

These expressions remained long after their real meaning had ceased to be understood; and, as the human mind is generally as anxious for a reason as ready to invent one, a story arose without any conscious effort, that Endymion must have been a young lad loved by a young maiden, Selene.

[Sidenote: Adonis.]

In the story of Adonis some mythologists find another sun myth, in which Adonis, the short-lived sun, is slain by the boar, the demon of darkness, and passionately mourned by the dawn or twilight (Venus), who utterly refuses to exist without him.

[Sidenote: Tantalus.]

In the story of Tantalus (the sun), who in time of drought offers to Jupiter the flesh of his own offspring, Pelops (the withered fruits), and in punishment for his impiety is doomed to hunger and torturing thirst, we have again merely a story founded upon an expression used in time of drought, when the sun's heat, becoming too intense, burns up the fruit his fostering rays had produced, and men exclaimed, "Tantalus is slaying and roasting his own child!"

[Sidenote: Sisyphus.]

In the same way the stone which Sisyphus painfully forced up a steep ascent, only to see it go rolling down and plunge into a dark abyss enveloped in a great cloud of dust, has been interpreted to represent the sun, which is no "sooner pushed up to the zenith, than it rolls down to the horizon."

[Sidenote: Ixion.]

The name of Ixion has been identified with the Sanskrit word _Akshanah_, denoting one who is bound to a wheel, and has been proved akin "to the Greek _axon_, the Latin _axis_, and the English _axle_." This whirling wheel of fire is the bright orb of day, to which he was bound by order of Jupiter (the sky) because he dared insult Juno (the queen of the blue air); while Dia, his wife, is the dawn, the counterpart of Europa, Coronis, Daphne, Procris, Eurydice, and Venus, in the foregoing illustrations.

[Sidenote: Hercules.]

One of the greatest of all the solar heroes is doubtless the demigod Hercules, born at Argos (a word signifying "brightness") from the sky (Jupiter) and the dawn (Alcmene), who, in early infancy, throttles the serpents of darkness, and who, with untiring strength and patience, plods through life, never resting, and always on his journey performing twelve great tasks, interpreted to represent either the twelve signs of the Zodiac, or the twelve months of the solar year, or the twelve hours of daylight.

[Sidenote: Iole.]

Like Apollo and Cadmus, Hercules is forced to labor for mankind against his will. We see him early in life united to Megara, and, like Tantalus, slaying his own offspring in a sudden fit of madness. He loves and is soon forced to leave Iole, the violet-colored clouds. He performs great deeds, slays innumerable demons of drought and darkness on his way, and visits the enchanted land of the Hesperides,--a symbol of the western sky and clouds at sunset.

[Sidenote: Deianeira.]

The main part of his life is spent with Deianeira ("the destroying spouse"), a personification of the daylight; but toward the end of his career he again encounters Iole, now the beautiful twilight. It is then that Deianeira (the daylight), jealous of her rival's charms, sends him the bloody Nessus robe, which he has no sooner donned, than he tears it from his bleeding limbs, ascends the burning pile, and ends his career in one grand blaze,--the emblem of the sun setting in a framework of flaming crimson clouds.

Like all solar heroes, he too has unerring poisoned weapons ("the word _ios_, 'a spear,' is the same in sound as the word _ios_, 'poison'"), of which he is shorn only at death.

[Sidenote: Perseus.]

Perseus also belongs to this category of myths. Danae, his mother, either the earth (_dano_ means "burnt earth") or the dawn, a daughter of Acrisius (darkness), is born in Argos (brightness). Loved by Jupiter, the all-embracing sky, she gives birth to the golden-haired Perseus, a personification of the radiant orb of day; and he, like many another solar hero, is cast adrift immediately after his birth, owing to an ominous prophecy that he will slay the darkness from which he originally sprang.

As soon as Perseus attains manhood, he is forced to journey against his will into the distant land of the mists (the Graeae), and conquer the terrible Medusa, "the starlit night, solemn in its beauty, but doomed to die when the sun rises." He accomplishes this by means of his irresistible sword, the piercing rays of the sun, and then passes on to encounter the monster of drought, and to marry Andromeda, another personification of the dawn, the offspring of Celeus and Cassiopeia, who also represent night and darkness.

In company with Andromeda, Perseus, whose name also signifies "the destroyer," revisits his native land, and fulfills the prophecy by slaying Acrisius (the darkness), whence he originally sprang.

[Sidenote: Theseus.]

In the Athenian solar myth, Theseus is the sun, born of AEgeus (the sea, derived from _aisso_, "to move quickly like the waves") and AEthra (the pure air). He lingers in his birthplace, Troezene, until he has acquired strength enough to wield his invincible sword, then journeys onward in search of his father, performing countless great deeds for the benefit of mankind. He slays the Minotaur, the terrible monster of darkness, and carries off the dawn (Ariadne); whom he is, however, forced to abandon shortly after on the Island of Naxos.

In his subsequent career we find him the involuntary cause of his father's death, then warring against the Centaurs (personifications of the clouds, through which the victorious sun is sometimes forced to fight his way), then again plunging for a short space of time into the depths of Tartarus, whence he emerges once more; and finally we see him uniting his fate to Phaedra (the twilight), a sister of the beautiful dawn he loved in his youth. He ends his eventful career by being hurled headlong from a cliff into the sea,--an emblem of the sun, which often seems to plunge into the waves at eventide.

[Sidenote: Argonauts.]

In the story of the Argonautic expedition we have Athamas, who marries Nephele (the mist). Their children are Phryxus and Helle (the cold and warm air, or personifications of the clouds), carried off to the far east by the ram--whose golden fleece was but an emblem of the rays of the sun--to enable them to escape from the baleful influence of their stepmother Ino (the broad daylight), who would fain encompass their destruction.

[Sidenote: Medea.]

Helle, an emblem of the condensation of vapor, falls from her exalted seat into the sea, where she is lost. The ship Argo "is a symbol of the earth as a parent, which contains in itself the germs of all living things." Its crew is composed mainly of solar heroes, all in quest of the golden fleece (the rays of the sun), which Jason recovers by the aid of Medea (the dawn), after slaying the dragon (the demon of drought). AEetes, Medea's father, is a personification of the darkness, which vainly attempts to recover his children, the dawn and light (?), after they have been borne away by the all-conquering sun.

[Sidenote: Glauce.]

Glauce (the broad daylight) next charms Jason; and the poisoned robe which causes her death is woven by Medea, now the evening twilight, who mounts her dragon car and flies to the far east, forsaking her husband (the sun) in his old age, when he is about to sink into the sleep of death.

[Sidenote: Meleager.]

Meleager is also a solar hero. After joining the Argonautic expedition, and wandering far and wide, he returns home, slays the boar (or drought fiend), loves, but parts from, Atalanta (the dawn maiden), and is finally slain by his own mother, who casts into the flames the brand upon which his existence depends.

[Sidenote: Oedipus.]

In the Theban solar myth, Laius (derived from the same root as "Leto" and "Latmus") is the emblem of darkness, who, after marrying Jocasta (like Iole, a personification of the violet-tinted clouds of dawn), becomes the father of Oedipus, doomed by fate to be the murderer of his father. Early in life Oedipus is exposed on the barren hillside to perish,--an emblem of the horizontal rays of the rising sun, which seem to lie for a while upon the mountain slopes, ere they rise to begin their journey.

He too, like Cadmus, Apollo, Hercules, Perseus, Theseus, and Jason, is forced to wander far from home, and, after a prolonged journey, encounters and slays Laius (the darkness), from whom he derived his existence, and kills the dread monster of drought, the Sphinx, whose very name means "one who binds fast,"--a creature who had imprisoned the rain in the clouds, and thus caused great distress.

Urged on by unrelenting fate, he marries his own mother, Jocasta, now the violet-tinted twilight, and ends his life amid lightning flashes and rolls of thunder, after being accompanied to the end of his course by Antigone ("the pale light which springs up opposite the sun at his setting"). This story--which at first was merely intended to signify that the sun (Oedipus) must slay the darkness (Laius) and linger for a while beside the violet-colored clouds (Jocasta)--having lost its physical meaning, the Thebans added the tragic sequel, for it seemed but poetic justice that the author of such crimes should receive signal punishment.

[Sidenote: Eumenides.]

As the Eumenides, or Erinnyes, were at first merely the searching light of day, from which nothing can be hidden, they came gradually to be considered the detectives and avengers of crime, and were therefore said to take possession of a criminal at the end of his course, and hurry him down into darkness to inflict horrible torments upon him.

[Sidenote: Bellerophon.]

In the story of Bellerophon, although the name originally came from _Bellero_ (some "power of darkness, drought, winter, or moral evil") and from _phon_ or _phontes_ (a word derived from the Sanskrit _han-ta_, "the killer"), the Greeks, having forgotten the signification of the first part of the word, declared this hero was the murderer of Bellero, his brother, for which involuntary crime he was driven from home, and forced to wander about in search of shelter.

We find this hero, although enticed by Anteia (the dawn), virtuously hastening away, then sent against his will to fight the Chimaera (the monster of drought), whom he overcomes, thanks to his weapon and to Pegasus (the clouds), born from the mist of the sea, beneath whose hoofs fresh fountains were wont to spring.

Bellerophon, after many journeys, is finally united to Philonoe, a personification of the twilight, and ends his career by being hurled from the zenith into utter darkness by one of Jupiter's deadly thunderbolts.

"The fall of Bellerophon is the rapid descent of the sun toward evening, and the Alein plain is that broad expanse of somber light through which the sun sometimes seems to travel sullenly and alone to his setting."

[Sidenote: Trojan war.]

In the story of the Trojan war there are several sun myths; for Paris, Menelaus, Agamemnon, and Achilles have equal claims to be considered personifications of the sun. They love Oenone, Helen, Clytaemnestra, Briseis, various impersonations of the dawn, and forsake, or are forsaken by, their ladyloves, whom they meet again at the end of their career: for Paris sees Oenone, and expires with her on the burning pile; Menelaus recovers Helen, with whom he vanishes in the far west; Agamemnon rejoins Clytaemnestra, and dies by her hand in a bloody bath; while Achilles, after a period of sullen gloom, meets with an untimely death shortly after recovering the beautiful Briseis.

Like Perseus and Oedipus, Paris is exposed in early infancy, and lives to fulfill his destiny, and cause, though indirectly, the death of his parents.

In this myth, Helen (the beautiful dawn or twilight), whose name corresponds phonetically with the Sanskrit _Sarama_, born of the sky (Jupiter) and of the night (Leda, derived from the same root as "Leto," "Latmus," and "Laius"), is carried away by Paris, whom some mythologists identify with the Hindoo _Panis_ (or "night demons") instead of the sun. In this character he entices away the fickle twilight (Helen) during her husband's temporary absence, and bears her off to the far east, where, after struggling for a while to retain possession of her and her treasures, he is finally forced to relinquish her, and she returns to her husband and her allegiance.

The siege of Troy has thus been interpreted to signify "a repetition of the daily siege of the east by the solar powers, that every evening are robbed of their brightest treasures in the west."

Achilles, like several of his brother heroes, "fights in no quarrel of his own; his wrath is the sun hiding his face behind the clouds; the Myrmidons are his attendant beams, who no longer appear when the sun is hidden; Patroclus is the feeble reflection of the sun's splendor, and stands to him in precisely the same relation as Phaeton to Helios," and, like him, meets with an early death.

[Sidenote: Ulysses.]

In the story of Ulysses we find a reproduction of the story of Hercules and Perseus: for Ulysses, early in life, after wedding Penelope, is forced to leave her to fight for another; and on his return, although longing to rejoin his morning bride, he cannot turn aside from the course marked out for him. He is detained by Circe (the moon), who weaves airy tissues, and by Calypso (the nymph of darkness); but neither can keep him forever, and he returns home enveloped in an impenetrable disguise, after having visited the Phaeacian land (the land of clouds or mists). It is only after he has slain the suitors of Penelope (the weaver of bright evening clouds) that he casts aside his beggar's garb to linger for a short time beside her ere he vanishes in the west.

[Sidenote: Minerva.]

The greater part of the dawn myths have been explained simultaneously with the sun myths, with which they are inextricably interwoven. One personification of the dawn, however, stands apart. It is Minerva, whose Greek name, Athene, is derived, like Daphne, from the Sanskrit _Dahana_, or _ahana_ (meaning "the light of daybreak"), and we are thus enabled to understand why the Greeks described her as sprung from the forehead of Zeus (the heavens). She gradually became the impersonation of the illuminating and knowledge-giving light of the sky; for in Sanskrit the same word also means "to wake" and "to know," while the Latins connected her name of Minerva with _mens_, the same as the Greek _menos_ and the English _mind_.

MOON MYTHS.

[Sidenote: Diana, Io, and Circe.]

In the moon myths the most important personification is first Diana, the horned huntress, "for to the ancients the moon was not a lifeless ball of stones and clods." Diana, like Apollo, her twin brother, was also a child of the sky (Jupiter) and of night (Latona), and, like him, was born in the "bright land" (Delos). She also possessed bright and unerring arrows, and in the course of her nightly journey she looked lovingly down upon the sleeping face of the setting sun (Endymion).

Io and Circe, already mentioned, are also personifications of the moon, and Io's wanderings represent its journeys across the sky.

EARTH MYTHS.

[Sidenote: Gaea and Rhea.]

In the earth myths, beside those already mentioned in connection with the sun myths, we have Gaea and Rhea, the mothers and consorts of the Sky and of Time, who swallows his own children, "the Days, as they come each in order."

[Sidenote: Ceres and Proserpina.]

We have also Ceres or Demeter, "the mother of all things," and more

## particularly of "the maiden" Cora (or Proserpina), whose loss she

grievously mourned; for she had been carried away by Pluto to the underworld, whence she could only emerge at the command of Jupiter. During the time of Ceres' mourning, the earth remained barren, and it seemed as though all mortal things must die. But when Proserpina (the spring or vegetation) returned from her sojourn under the ground, people said "that the daughter of the earth was returning in all her beauty; and when summer faded into winter, they said that the beautiful child had been stolen away from her mother by dark beings, who kept her imprisoned beneath the earth." The sorrow of Ceres was therefore merely a poetical way of expressing "the gloom which falls on the earth during the cheerless months of winter."

[Sidenote: Danae and Semele.]

Danae, as a personification of the earth, was quickened by the golden shower, the light of the morning, which streamed in upon the darkness of the night. Semele has also been interpreted as the earth, the chosen bride of the sky, who brings forth her offspring in the midst of the thunder and lightning of a summer storm.

SEA MYTHS.

[Sidenote: Oceanus and Neptune.]

The myths of the sea comprise, of course, Oceanus and Neptune (the earth-shaker), whose name is connected with such words as "potent" and "despot," and whose "green hair circles all the earth." We are further informed that he loves the earth (Ceres), whom he embraces, and that he marries the graceful undulating Amphitrite, whose gliding charms appeal to him. Neptune's palace is beneath the deep waters near Greece, and he is said to ride about his realm in a swift chariot drawn by golden or white maned steeds.

[Sidenote: Nereus.]

Nereus, another personification of the sea, whose name is derived from _nao_ ("to flow"), is quite inseparable from his native element, even in the Greeks' conception of him, as are also the Tritons, Oceanides, Nereides, and the alluring Sirens; who, however, have also been viewed as personifications of the winds.

CLOUD MYTHS.

[Sidenote: Charon.]

The cloud myths, to which frequent allusion has already been made, comprise not only the cattle of the sun, the Centaurs, Nephele, Phryxus, Helle, and Pegasus, but as, "in primitive Aryan lore, the sky itself was a blue sea, and the clouds were ships sailing over it," so Charon's boat was supposed to be one of these vessels, and the gilded shallop in which the sun daily made his pilgrimage back to the far east, another.

[Sidenote: Niobe.]

As the ancient Aryan had the same word to denote cloud and mountain ("for the piles of vapor on the horizon were so like Alpine ranges"), the cloud and mountain myths are often the same. In the story of Niobe we have one of the cloud myths. According to some mythologists, Niobe herself is a personification of the clouds. Her many children, the mists, are fully as beautiful as Apollo and Diana, by whose bright darts they are ruthlessly slain. Niobe grieves so sorely at their untimely death, that she dissolves in a rain of tears, which turns into hard ice on the mountain summit. According to other authorities, she was a personification of winter, and her tears represented the thaw occasioned by the sunbeams (Apollo's arrows).

FIRE MYTHS.

[Sidenote: Cyclopes.]

The fire myths also form quite a large class, and comprise the Cyclopes (the thunder and lightning), children of Heaven and Earth, whose single blazing eye has been considered an emblem of the sun. They forge the terrible thunderbolts, the weapons of the sky (Jupiter), by means of which he is enabled to triumph over all his enemies, and rule supreme.

[Sidenote: Titans.]

The Titans are emblems of the subterranean fires and the volcanic forces of nature, which, hidden deep underground, occasionally emerge, heave up great masses of rock, and hurl them about with an accompaniment of deafening roars, while their ponderous tread causes the very earth beneath them to tremble.

[Sidenote: Prometheus.]

In this group we also find Prometheus, whose name has been traced to the Sanskrit _pramantha_ (or "fire drill"). Learned men have therefore proved that the "beneficent Titan, who stole fire from heaven and bestowed it upon mankind as the richest of boons," was originally nothing but the lightning ("the celestial drill which churns fire out of the clouds"); but the Greeks had so entirely forgotten this etymological meaning, that they interpreted his name as the "fore-thinker," and considered him endowed with extraordinary prophetic powers.

[Sidenote: Vulcan.]

Vulcan (or Hephaestus), strictly "the brightness of the flame," another fire hero, is represented as very puny at birth, because the flame comes from a tiny spark. His name is derived from the Hindoo _agni_, whence come the Latin _ignis_ and the English verb _to ignite_. Vulcan dwells by preference in the heart of volcanoes, where the intense heat keeps the metals in fusion, and so malleable that he can mold them at will; and, as "the association of the heavenly fire with the life-giving forces of nature is very common," the Hindoo Agni was considered the patron of marriage as well as of fire; and the Greeks, to carry out this idea, united their fire god, Hephaestus, to the goddess of marriage, Aphrodite.

[Sidenote: Vesta.]

The Greek Hestia (or Latin Vesta) was also a personification of fire; and, her name having retained its primitive meaning to a great extent, "she continued to the end, as she had been from the beginning, the household altar, the sanctuary of peace and equity, and the source of all happiness and wealth." Her office was not limited merely to the hearths of households and cities, for it was supposed "that in the center of the earth there was a hearth which answered to the hearth placed in the center of the universe."

WIND MYTHS.

[Sidenote: Mercury.]

In the myths of the wind, Mercury (or Hermes) was one of the principal personifications. According to the ancients, he was born of the sky (Jupiter) and the plains (Maia), and after a very few hours' existence assumed gigantic proportions, stole away the cattle of the sun (the clouds), and, after fanning up a great fire in which he consumed some of the herd, glided back into his cradle at dawn. With a low, mocking chuckle at the recollection of the pranks he had played, he sank finally into rest. His name, derived from the Sanskrit _Sarameias_, means "the breeze of a summer morning;" and it is in his capacity of god of the wind that he is supposed to waft away the souls of the dead; for "the ancients held that in the wind were the souls of the dead." Mercury is the "lying, tricksome wind god who invented music," for his music is but "the melody of the winds, which can awaken feelings of joy and sorrow, of regret and yearning, of fear and hope, of vehement gladness and utter despair."

[Sidenote: Mars.]

Another personification of the wind was Mars (or Ares), born of the sky (Jupiter) and of the heavenly light (Juno) in the bleak land of Thrace, rejoicing in din and in the noise of warfare. His nature is further revealed by his inconstancy and capriciousness; and whenever he is overcome, he is noted for his great roar. His name comes from the same root as Maruts, the Indian god, and means the "grinder" or "crusher." It was first applied "to the storms which throw heaven and earth into confusion, and hence the idea of Ares is confined to mere disorder and tumult."

[Sidenote: Otus and Ephialtes.]

Otus and Ephialtes, the gigantic sons of Neptune, were also at first merely personifications of the wind and hurricanes. The name of the latter indicates "one who leaps." Although very short-lived, these giants were supposed to increase rapidly in size, and assume colossal proportions, which inspired the hearts of men and gods with terror, until they saw them finally slain by the unfailing arrows of the sun.

[Sidenote: Pan, AEolus, and the Harpies.]

Pan, AEolus, his numerous progeny, and the Harpies, were also wind divinities who never entirely lost their original character with the Greeks, and were therefore worshiped merely as personifications of the elements.

UNDERWORLD MYTHS.

[Sidenote: Cerberus and Pluto.]

The myths of drought, darkness, and of the underworld have sufficiently been dwelt upon as personified by Python, the Hydra, Geryones, the Gorgons, Graeae, Minotaur, Sphinx, Chimaera, etc.; but their main personifications were Cerberus (the grim three-headed guardian of the nether world) and Pluto (or Aides), whose name means "the wealth-giver," or "the unseen," who greedily drew all things down into his realm, never to relinquish his grasp upon them.

Such is the physical explanation of the various poetical myths which form the staple of classic literature, and which have been a fount of inspiration for poets and artists of all ages.

GENEALOGICAL TABLE.

Note.--Double vertical lines indicate that several generations intervene.

Chaos-_Nyx_ | +-Erebus-_Nyx_ | +-_Hemera_- +-AEther | | | +-_Gaea_ | | | | | +-Uranus-_Gaea_ | | | | | +-Oceanus- | | +-_Thetis_ | | | | | | | +-Achelous-_Calliope_ | | | | | | | | | +-_Sirens_ | | | | | | | +-Alpheus-_Arethusa_ | | | | | | | +-Peneus-_Gaea_ | | | | | | | | | +-_Daphne_ | | | | | | | +-Inachus | | | | | | | | | +-_Io_ | | | | | | | +-Proteus | | | | | | | +-_Doris_-Nereus | | | | | | | | | +-_Amphitrite_-Neptune | | | | | | | | | | | +-Triton | | | | | | | | | +-_Dione_-Jupiter | | | | | | | | | | | +-_Venus_ | | | | | | | | | +-_Arethusa_ | | | | | | | | | +-_Galatea_-Acis | | | | | | | | | +-Peleus-_Thetis_ | | | | | | | | | | | | Jupiter-_Antiope_-Lycus-_Dirce_ | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Zethus Tantalus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Amphion-_Niobe_-+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pelops-+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | Atreus-+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | Tyndareus-_Leda_-Jupiter | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-_Helen_ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Castor | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Pollux | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-_Clytaemnestra_-Agamemnon-+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | _Iphigenia_-+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pylades-_Electra_+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Orestes-+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Achilles _Helen_-Menelaus-+ | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Pyrrhus-_Hermione_-+ | | | | | | | | | +-_Clymene_-Apollo | | | | | | | | | +-_Heliades_ | | | | | | | | | +-Phaeton | | | | | | | +-_Metis_-Jupiter | | | | | | | | | +-_Minerva_ | | | | | | | +-_Clymene_-Iapetus | | | | | | | +-_AEthra_-Atlas | | | | | | | | | +-_Pleiades_ | | | | | | | | | +-_Maia_-Jupiter | | | | | | | | | +-Mercury-_Penelope_-Ulysses | | | | | | | | | | +-Pan +-Telemachus | | | | | | | +-_Calypso_-Ulysses | | | | | | | +-_Clytie_ | | | | | | | +-_Electra_-Jupiter | | | | | | | | Teucer | | | | | | | | +-Dardanus-_Batea_-+ | | | || | | | +-Laomedon | | | | | | | | | +-Priam-_Hecuba_ | | | | | | | | | | | +-Hector-_Andromache_ | | | | | | | | | | | +-Paris-_Helen_ | | | | | | | | | | | +-_Cassandra_ | | | | | | | | | | | +-Polites | | | | | | | | | | | +-_Polyxena_ | | | | | | | | | | | +-Deiphobus-_Helen_ | | | | | | | | | +-_Hesione_-Telamon | | | | | | | | | | | +-Ajax | | | | | | | | | +-Tithonus-_Aurora_ | | | | | | | +-_Themis_-Capys | | | | | | | +-Anchises-_Venus_ | | | | | | | +-AEneas-_Creusa_ | | | & | | | | -_Lavinia_ +-Iulus | | | | | | | +-AEneas Silvia | | | || | | | +-Numitor | | | | | | | +-_Ilia_-Mars | | | | | | | +-Remus | | | | | | | +-Romulus | | | | | +-Coeus- | | +-_Phoebe_ | | | | | | | +-_Latona_-Jupiter Mars | | | | | | | | | _Dia_-Ixion-+ | | | | | | | | | | Centaurs-+ | | | | | | | | | | | _Hippodamia_-Pirithous-+ | | | | | | | | | +-Apollo- & -_Coronis_--------+ | | | +-_Diana_ | | | | +-AEsculapius | | | | | | | +-Machaon | | | | | | | +-_Hygeia_ | | | | | +-Iapetus-_Clymene_ | | | | | | | +-Menetius | | | | | | | +-Atlas | | | | | | | +-Hesperus | | | | | | | | | +-_Hesperides_ | | | | | | | +-Epimetheus-_Pandora_ | | | | | | | | | +-_Pyrrha_-Deucalion | | | | | | | | | +-Hellen Sol | | | | | | | | | | +-AEolus _Pasiphae_-+ | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Salmoneus _Circe_-+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-_Tyro_-Neptune AEetes-+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-AEson Absyrtus-+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Jason-_Medea_-+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Pelias | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Neleus | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Nestor | | | | | | | | | | | +-Sisyphus | | | | | | | | | | | +-Glaucus | | | | | | | | | | | +-Bellerophon-_Philonoe_ | | | | | | | | | +-Dorus | | | | | | | | | +-Xuthus | | | | | | | | | +-Ion | | | | | | | | | +-Achaeus | | | | | | | +-Prometheus | | | | | | | +-Deucalion-_Pyrrha_ | | | | | +-Hyperion-_Gaea_ | | | | | | | +-_Aurora_-AEolus | | | | | | | +-Boreas-_Orithyia_ | | | | | | | | | +-Zetus | | | | | | | | | +-Calais | | | | | | | | | +-_Cleopatra_ | | | | | | | | | +-_Chione_ | | | | | | | +-Corus | | | | | | | +-Eurus | | | | | | | +-Notus | | | | | | | +-Aquilo | | | | | | | +-Zephyrus-_Flora_ | | | | | +-Crius | | | | | +-_Themis_-Jupiter | | | | | | | +-_Parcae_ | | | | | | | +-_Horae_ | | | | | +-_Ilia_ | | | | | +-Cronus- | | +-_Rhea_ | | | | | | | +-_Vesta_ | | | | | | | +-_Juno_- | | | +-Jupiter | | | | | | | | | +-Mars-_Venus_ | | | | | | | | | | | +-Anteros | | | | | | | | | | | +-Cupid-_Psyche_ | | | | | | | | | | | | Jupiter-_Io_ | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Epaphus | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-_Libya_-Neptune | | | | | | | | | | | | | _Telephassa_- | | | | | | | Agenor-+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Belus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Pygmalion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-_Dido_-Sychaeus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Danaus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-_Danaides_-50 Sons | | | | | | | | || | | | | | | | | +-Acrisius | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-_Danae_-Jupiter | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Celeus- | | | | | | | | | _Cassiopeia_ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | _Andromeda_-+ | | | | | | | | | -Perseus----+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Alcaeus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Amphitryon-_Alcmene_ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Iphicles | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Iolaus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Electryon | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-_Alcmene_-Jupiter | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Oeneus-_Althaea_ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Meleager-+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | _Deianeira_- -+ | | | | | | | | | +-Hercules | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Hyllus-_Iole_ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Sthenelus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Eurystheus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-_Admete_ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-AEgyptus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-50 Sons | | | | | | | | | | | | +-_Harmonia_ | | | | | | | -Cadmus-+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Cilix | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Phoenix | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-_Europa_-Jupiter | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Sarpedon | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Rhadamanthus | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Minos | | | | | | || | | | | | | +-Minos-_Pasiphae_ | | | | | | AEgeus-_AEthra_ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | _Hippolyte_ | | | | | | | | & | | | | | | | +----Theseus-_Phaedra_-+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Hippolytus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-_Ariadne_-Bacchus | | | | | | | | | | | +-_Ino_-Athamas-_Nephele_ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Phryxus-+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | _Helle_-+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Palaemon | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Learchus | | | | | | | | | | | +-_Autonoe_-Aristaeus | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Actaeon | | | | | | | | | | | +-_Agave_ | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Pentheus | | | | | | | | | | | +-_Semele_-Jupiter | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-Bacchus-_Ariadne_ | | | | | | | | | | | +-Polydorus | | | | | | | | | | | +-Labdacus | | | | | | | | | | | +-Laius-_Jocasta_ | | | | | | | | | | | +-Oedipus-_Jocasta_ | | | | | | | | | | | +-Eteocles | | | | | | | | | | | +-Polynices | | | | | | | | | | | +-_Antigone_ | | | | | | | | | | | +-_Ismene_ | | | | | | | | | +-Vulcan-_Medusa_ | | | | | | | | | | | +-Cacus | | | | | | | | | | | +-Periphetes | | | | | | | | | | | +-Cercyon | | | | | | | | | +-_Hebe_-Hercules | | | | | | | +-Neptune-_Amphitrite_ | | | | | | | | | +-Triton | | | | | | | +-_Ceres_-Jupiter | | | | | | | | | +-_Proserpina_ | | | | | | | +-Pluto-_Proserpina_ | | | | | +-_Mnemosyne_-Jupiter | | | | | | | +-_Clio_ | | | | | | | | | +-Hymen | | | | | | | +-_Calliope_ | | | | | | | | | +-Orpheus-_Eurydice_ | | | | | | | +-_Thalia_ | | | | | | | +-_Euterpe_ | | | | | | | +-_Urania_ | | | | | | | +-_Melpomene_ | | | | | | | +-_Terpsichore_ | | | | | | | +-_Polyhymnia_ | | | | | | | +-_Erato_ | | | | | +-Brontes | | | | | +-Steropes | | | | | +-Arges | | | | | +-Briareus | | | | | +-Cottus | | | | | +-Gyes | | | | | +-Typhoeus | | | | | | | +-Hydra | | | | | | | +-Cerberus | | | | | | | +-Chimaera | | | | | | | +-Nemean Lion | | | | | | | +-_Sphinx_ | | | | | +-Enceladus | | | | | +-Antaeus | | | | | +-_Harpies_ | | | | | +-Tityus | | | | | +-Nereus | | | +-Eros | | | +-Pontus | | | +-Phorcys | | | +-_Bellona_ | | | +-_Stheno_ | | | +-_Euryale_ | | | +-_Medusa_-Neptune | | | +-Pegasus | | | +-Polyphemus | +-Charon | +-_Eris_ | +-Somnus | | | +-Morpheus | +-Mors

{Transcription:

Chaos (M) married Nyx (F). Their child was Erebus (M).

Erebus (M) married Nyx (F). Their children were Hemera (F), AEther (M), Charon (M), Eris (F), Somnus (M) and Mors (M).

Hemera (F) married AEther (M). Their children were Gaea (F), Eros (M) and Pontus (M).

Gaea (F) had a child, Uranus (M).

Uranus (M) married Gaea (F). Their children were Oceanus (M), Thetis (F), Coeus (M), Phoebe (F), Iapetus (M), Hyperion (M), Crius (M), Themis (F), Ilia (F), Cronus (M), Rhea (F), Mnemosyne (F), Brontes (M), Steropes (M), Arges (M), Briareus (M), Cottus (M), Gyes (M), Typhoeus (M), Enceladus (M), Antaeus (M), Harpies (F), Tityus (M) and Nereus (M).

Oceanus (M) married Thetis (F). Their children were Achelous (M), Alpheus (M), Peneus (M), Inachus (M), Proteus (M), Doris (F), Metis (F), Clymene (F), AEthra (F), Calypso (F), Clytie (F) and Electra (F).

Achelous (M) married Calliope (F). Their children were Sirens (F).

Alpheus (M) married Arethusa (F).

Peneus (M) married Gaea (F). Their child was Daphne (F).

Inachus (M) had a child, Io (F).

Doris (F) married Nereus (M). Their children were Amphitrite (F), Dione (F), Arethusa (F), Galatea (F), Thetis (F) and Clymene (F).

Amphitrite (F) married Neptune (M). Their child was Triton (M).

Dione (F) married Jupiter (M). Their child was Venus (F).

Galatea (F) married Acis (M).

Thetis (F) married Peleus (M). Their child was Achilles (M).

Achilles (M) had a child, Pyrrhus (M).

Pyrrhus (M) married Hermione (F). Hermione's parents were Menelaus (M) and Helen (F). Menelaus (M) had a sibling, Agamemnon (M). Their parent was Atreus (M). Atreus' (M) parent was Pelops (M). Pelops (M) had a sibling, Niobe (F). Their parent was Tantalus (M). Niobe (F) married Amphion (M). Amphion (M) had a sibling, Zethus (M). Their parents were Jupiter (M) and Antiope (F). Antiope (F) also married Lycus (M), and Lycus (M) also married Dirce (F). Agamemnon (M) married Clytaemnestra (F). Their children were Iphigenia (F), Electra (F) and Orestes (M). Electra (F) married Pylades (M). Clytaemnestra (F) had three siblings, Helen (F), Castor (M) and Pollux (M) Their parents were Tyndareus (M) and Leda (F). Leda (F) also married Jupiter (M).

Clymene (F) married Apollo (M). Their children were Heliades (F) and Phaeton (M).

Metis (F) married Jupiter (M). Their child was Minerva (F).

Clymene (F) married Iapetus (M).

AEthra (F) married Atlas (M). Their children were Pleiades (F) and Maia (F).

Maia (F) married Jupiter (M). Their child was Mercury (M).

Mercury (M) married Penelope (F). Their child was Pan (M). Penelope (F) also married Ulysses (M). Their child was Telemachus (M).

Calypso (F) married Ulysses (M).

Electra (F) married Jupiter (M). Their child was Dardanus (M).

Dardanus (M) married Batea (F), whose parent was Teucer (M). Their descendants were Laomedon (M) and Themis (F).

Laomedon (M) had three children, Priam (M), Hesione (F) and Tithonus (M).

Priam (M) married Hecuba (F). Their children were Hector (M), Paris (M), Cassandra (F), Polites (M), Polyxena (F) and Deiphobus (M).

Hector (M) married Andromache (F).

Paris (M) married Helen (F).

Deiphobus (M) married Helen (F).

Hesione (F) married Telamon (M). Their child was Ajax (M).

Tithonus (M) married Aurora (F).

Themis (F) married Capys (M). Their child was Anchises (M).

Anchises (M) married Venus (F). Their child was AEneas (M).

AEneas (M) married Lavinia (F). Their child was AEneas Silvia (M). AEneas (M) also married Creusa (F). Their child was Iulus (M).

AEneas Silvia's (M) descendant was Numitor (M).

Numitor (M) had a child, Ilia (F).

Ilia (F) married Mars (M). Their children were Remus (M) and Romulus (M).

Coeus (M) married Phoebe (F). Their child was Latona (F).

Latona (F) married Jupiter (M). Their children were Apollo (M) and Diana (F).

Apollo (M) married Diana (F). Apollo (M) also married Coronis (F). Their child was AEsculapius (M). Coronis (F) had a sibling, Ixion (M) Their parent was Mars (M). Ixion (M) married Dia (F). Their children were Centaurs (M) and Pirithous (M).

AEsculapius (M) had two children, Machaon (M) and Hygeia (F).

Pirithous married Hippodamia (F).

Iapetus (M) married Clymene (F). Their children were Menetius (M), Atlas (M), Hesperus (M), Epimetheus (M) and Prometheus (M).

Hesperus (M) had a child, Hesperides (F).

Epimetheus (M) married Pandora (F). Their child was Pyrrha (F).

Prometheus (M) had a child, Deucalion (M).

Pyrrha (F) married Deucalion (M). Their child was Hellen (M).

Hellen (M) had three children, AEolus (M), Dorus (M) and Xuthus (M).

AEolus (M) had two children, Salmoneus (M) and Sisyphus (M).

Salmoneus (M) had a child, Tyro (F).

Tyro (F) married Neptune (M). Their children were AEson (M), Pelias (M) and Neleus (M).

AEson (M) had a child, Jason (M).

Jason (M) married Medea (F). Medea (F) had a sibling, Absyrtus (M). Their parent was AEetes (M). AEetes (M) had two siblings, Pasiphae (F) and Circe (F). Their parent was Sol (M).

Neleus (M) had a child, Nestor (M).

Sisyphus (M) had a child, Glaucus (M).

Glaucus (M) had a child, Bellerophon (M).

Bellerophon (M) married Philonoe (F).

Xuthus (M) had two children, Ion (M) and Achaeus (M).

Hyperion (M) married Gaea (F). Their child was Aurora (F).

Aurora (F) married AEolus (M). Their children were Boreas (M), Corus (M), Eurus (M), Notus (M), Aquilo (M) and Zephyrus (M).

Boreas (M) married Orithyia (F). Their children were Zetus (M), Calais (M), Cleopatra (F) and Chione (F).

Zephyrus (M) married Flora (F).

Themis (F) married Jupiter (M). Their children were Parcae (F) and Horae (F).

Cronus (M) married Rhea (F). Their children were Vesta (F), Juno (F), Jupiter (M), Neptune (M), Ceres (F) and Pluto (M).

Juno (F) married Jupiter (M). Their children were Mars (M), Vulcan (M) and Hebe (F).

Mars (M) married Venus (F). Their children were Anteros (M), Cupid (M) and Harmonia (F).

Cupid (M) married Psyche (F).

Harmonia (F) married Cadmus (M).

Vulcan (M) married Medusa (F). Their children were Cacus (M), Periphetes (M) and Cercyon (M).

Hebe (F) married Hercules (M).

Jupiter (M) married Io (F). Their child was Epaphus (M).

Epaphus (M) had a child, Libya (F).

Libya (F) married Neptune (M). Their children were Agenor (M) and Belus (M).

Agenor (M) married Telephassa (F). Their children were Cadmus (M), Cilix (M), Phoenix (M) and Europa (F).

Cadmus (M) married Harmonia (F). Their children were Ino (F), Autonoe (F), Agave (F), Semele (F) and Polydorus (M).

Ino (F) married Athamas (M). Their children were Palaemon (M) and Learchus (M). Athamas (M) also married Nephele (F). Their children were Phryxus (M) and Helle (F).

Autonoe (F) married Aristaeus (M). Their child was Actaeon (M).

Agave (F) had a child, Pentheus (M).

Semele (F) married Jupiter (M). Their child was Bacchus (M).

Bacchus (M) married Ariadne (F).

Polydorus (M) had a child, Labdacus (M).

Labdacus (M) had a child, Laius (M).

Laius (M) married Jocasta (F). Their child was Oedipus (M).

Oedipus married Jocasta (F). Their children were Eteocles (M), Polynices (M), Antigone (F) and Ismene (F).

Europa (F) married Jupiter (M). Their children were Sarpedon (M), Rhadamanthus (M) and Minos (M).

Minos' (M) descendant was Minos (M).

Minos (M) married Pasiphae (F). Their children were Phaedra (F) and Ariadne (F).

Phaedra (F) married Theseus (M), whose parents were AEgeus (M) and AEthra (F). Theseus (M) also married Hippolyte (F). Their child was Hippolytus (M).

Ariadne (F) married Bacchus (M).

Belus (M) had four children, Pygmalion (M), Dido (F), Danaus (M) and AEgyptus (M).

Dido (F) married Sychaeus (M).

Danaus' (M) children were the Danaides (F).

AEgyptus (M) had 50 sons.

The Danaides (F) married the 50 sons. Their descendant was Acrisius (M).

Acrisius (M) had a child, Danae (F).

Danae (F) married Jupiter (M). Their child was Perseus (M).

Perseus (M) married Andromeda (F), whose parents were Celeus (M) and Cassiopeia (F). Their children were Alcaeus (M), Electryon (M) and Sthenelus (M).

Alcaeus (M) had a child, Amphitryon (M).

Electryon (M) had a child, Alcmene (F).

Amphitryon (M) married Alcmene (F). Their child was Iphicles (M).

Iphicles (M) had a child, Iolaus (M).

Alcmene (F) also married Jupiter (M). Their child was Hercules (M).

Hercules (M) married Deianeira (F), whose sibling was Meleager (M), and whose parents were Oeneus (M) and Althaea (F). Their child was Hyllus (M), who married Iole (F).

Sthenelus (M) had a child, Eurystheus (M).

Eurystheus (M) had a child, Admete (F).

Neptune (M) married Amphitrite (F). Their child was Triton (M).

Ceres (F) married Jupiter (M). Their child was Proserpina (F).

Pluto (M) married Proserpina (F).

Mnemosyne (F) married Jupiter (M). Their children were Clio (F), Calliope (F), Thalia (F), Euterpe (F), Urania (F), Melpomene (F), Terpsichore (F), Polyhymnia (F) and Erato (F).

Clio (F) had a child, Hymen (M).

Calliope (F) had a child, Orpheus (M).

Orpheus (M) married Eurydice (F).

Typhoeus (M) had three children, Hydra (M), Cerberus (M) and Chimaera (M).

Chimaera (M) had two children, Nemean Lion (M) and Sphinx (F).

Pontus (M) had a child, Phorcys (M).

Phorcys (M) had four children, Bellona (F), Stheno (F), Euryale (F) and Medusa (F).

Medusa (F) married Neptune (M). Their children were Pegasus (M) and Polyphemus (M).

Somnus (M) had a child, Morpheus (M).}

INDEX TO POETICAL QUOTATIONS.

Addison, 24, 49, 83, 85, 165, 172, 173.

AEschylus, 246.

Akenside, 163.

Apollonius, 126.

Apollonius Rhodius, 181, 269.

Arion, 158.

Aristophanes, 15.

Arnold, Edwin, 111, 112, 114.

Arnold, Matthew, 74.

Beaumont and Fletcher, 300.

Bion, 108, 110.

Boyesen, 97, 137.

Browning, E. B., 22, 108, 137.

Bryant, 41, 43, 58, 94, 145, 153, 172, 211, 305, 315, 318, 319, 320, 321, 323, 324, 325, 326, 328, 329, 336, 338, 344, 345, 346, 349, 352, 354, 355, 357, 358, 359.

Byron, 49, 91, 93, 116.

Catullus, 226, 255, 257, 259, 306.

Chapman, 149.

Coluthus, 308, 312.

Conington, 41, 51, 64, 142, 193, 202, 213, 224, 333, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 369, 370, 373, 376, 377.

Cornwall, 184.

Cowper, 131, 156, 308.

Croxall, 177, 178.

Darwin, 123, 187, 218, 219, 228, 230.

Dryden, 35, 37, 44, 70, 161, 168, 169, 208.

Elton, 12, 15, 21, 29, 33, 45, 52, 108, 110, 136, 138, 154, 171, 220, 241, 255, 267, 269, 271, 307, 308, 310, 312, 339.

Emerson, 297.

Euripides, 166, 229, 311, 315, 316.

Eusden, 118.

Flaccus, 52, 220, 269, 271.

Fletcher, 38.

Francklin, 169, 232, 234, 236, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 287, 288, 290, 331.

Frere, 15.

Goldsmith, 134.

Gray, 179.

Hemans, 60, 98.

H. H. (Helen Hunt Jackson), 73.

Hesiod, 15, 21, 29, 33, 154, 229, 339.

Holmes, 330.

Homer, 23, 39, 41, 43, 58, 94, 145, 147, 149, 153, 156, 161, 167, 168, 172, 211, 292, 297, 305, 315, 318, 319, 320, 321, 323, 324, 325, 326, 328, 329, 336, 338, 344, 345, 346, 349, 352, 354, 355, 357, 358, 359.

Homeric Hymn, 190, 195.

Horace, 27, 75, 278.

Hunt, 114, 216, 341.

Ingelow, 187, 194.

Iriarte, Tomas de, 372.

Keats, 67, 90, 98, 105, 119, 120, 134, 149, 176, 179, 192, 301, 303, 304.

Landon, 113.

Longfellow, 27, 88, 99, 107, 206.

Lowell, 23, 64, 79, 131.

Lucan, 214.

Macaulay, 130, 279.

Martinez de la Rosa, 177.

Melanippides, 73.

Meleager, 94, 265.

Meredith, Owen, 72.

Milton, 79, 144, 163, 238.

Moore, 16, 71, 72, 193, 278.

Morris, 97, 100, 101, 110, 123, 127, 128, 151, 183, 194, 235, 248, 252, 335.

Moschus, 45, 137.

Nonnus, 171.

Onomacritus, 267, 269, 271.

Orphic Argonautics, 266.

Orphic Hymn, 188.

Ovid, 12, 35, 37, 44, 70, 118, 172, 173, 177, 178, 208, 255, 298, 299.

Pike, 61.

Pindar, 17, 168.

Pitt, 163, 196, 205.

Pope, 23, 39, 57, 77, 147, 156, 167, 168, 239, 292, 298, 299.

Potter, 166, 229, 246, 311, 315, 316.

Prior, 68, 143, 148, 174, 243, 283.

Quintus Smyrnaeus, 307.

St. John, 242, 244.

Saxe, 62, 63, 77, 84, 119, 160, 253, 255.

Schiller, 121, 238.

Scott, 165.

S. G. B., 238.

Shakespeare, 44, 76, 139.

Shelley, 55, 103, 241.

Simonides, 241.

Somerville, 90.

Sophocles, 169, 232, 234, 236, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 287, 288, 290, 331.

Southey, 91.

Spenser, 59, 82, 105.

Statius, 136, 138.

Swift, 75.

Tennyson, 59, 80, 105, 306, 307, 331, 339, 359.

Theocritus, 216, 310, 341.

Timocreon of Rhodes, 159.

Virgil, 41, 51, 64, 131, 142, 160, 161, 163, 168, 169, 182, 193, 196, 202, 205, 213, 224, 333, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 369, 370, 373, 374, 376, 377.

Warton, 182.

Wordsworth, 33, 65, 88, 223, 273, 295, 316, 317.

Worsley, 87.

Young, 202.

GLOSSARY AND INDEX.

Ab-syr'tus. Son of King AEetes of Colchis; slain by Medea, 271.

A-by'dus. A city of Asia Minor; the home of Leander, 111-116.

A-chae'us. Grandson of Hellen, and ancestor of the Achaians, 38.

A-cha'i-ans. Inhabitants of the province of Achaia, 38.

A-cha'tes. Friend and inseparable companion of AEneas, 366, 367.

Ach-e-lo'us. River in Greece, bearing the name of its god, 232.

Ach-e-men'i-des. Ulysses' sailor, rescued from Polyphemus by AEneas, 365.

Ach'e-ron. 1. River in Hades, 161; Ulysses visits, 350; AEneas crosses, 372. 2. Father of Furies, 163.

A-chil'les. Son of Peleus and Thetis, 314-316; surrenders Briseis, 318, 319; the Greeks appeal to, 323-325; slays Hector, 326-329; death, 330; in Happy Isles, 359; father of Pyrrhus, 361; significance, 394, 395.

A'cis. Youth loved by Galatea, and slain by Polyphemus, 341.

A-cris'i-us. King of Argos, and father of Danae, 240, 241, 249; significance, 390, 391.

A-crop'o-lis. Hill in Athens, the site of the Parthenon and Theseus' temple, 262.

Ac-tae'on. Hunter changed to a stag by Diana, 100, 101.

Ad-me'te. Daughter of Eurystheus, covets Hippolyte's girdle, 223.

Ad-me'tus. King of Thessaly, served by Apollo, and saved from death by Alcestis, 64, 65; Hercules restores Alcestis to, 230; one of the Argonauts, 266; in Calydonian Hunt, 275; significance, 386.

A-do'nis. Hunter loved by Venus and slain by a boar, 108-110; significance, 195, 389.

A-dras'tus. King of Argos; his horse Arion, 153; father of Hippodamia, 260; sends expedition against Thebes, 287.

AE'a-cus. One of the three judges of the dead in Hades, 163.

AE-ae'a. Island inhabited by Circe and visited by Ulysses, 347-350.

AE-e'tes. King of Colchis, father of Medea and Absyrtus, 268, 271; brother of Circe, 347; significance, 392.

AE-ge'an Sea. Delos chained in, 62; Arion borne by dolphins in, 82, 83; named after AEgeus, 259.

AE-ge'us. King of Athens; father of Theseus, 250, 252, 253; drowns himself, 259; significance, 391.

AE'gis. Shield or breastplate of Minerva and Jupiter, 58; loaned to Perseus, 243; bears Medusa's head, 249.

AE-gis'thus. Murderer of Agamemnon; slain by Orestes, 336.

AEg'le. One of the Heliades; changed to a poplar tree, 87.

AE-gyp'tus. Brother of Danaus, 166.

AE-ne'a-dae. City which AEneas proposed to found in Thrace, 363.

AE-ne'as. Son of Venus and Anchises, 111; AEneas' descendants, 140; worship introduced into Italy by, 198; hero of Virgil's AEneid, 360-377.

AE-ne'as Sil'vi-a. Son of AEneas; founder of Alba Longa, 377.

AE-ne'id. Virgil's epic poem on the adventures of AEneas, 374.

AE-o'li-a. 1. Same as AEolian Islands. 2. In Asia Minor, near AEgean Sea, 214.

AE-o'li-an Islands. The home of AEolus, god of the winds, 213, 346; supposed to be Lipari Islands, 213.

AE-o'li-an Race. Descendants of AEolus, son of Hellen, 38.

AE'o-lus. 1. God of the winds, 213-215; Juno's bargain with, 266; gift to Ulysses, 346; destruction of AEneas' fleet, 365; significance, 400. 2. Son of Hellen, founder of the AEolian race, 38.

AEs-cu-la'pi-us. Son of Apollo and Coronis, 63, 64; Machaon, son of, 331; significance, 387.

AE'son. Father of Jason, 263; rejuvenated by Medea, 273.

AE'ther. God of light, 13; dethroned, 17.

AE'thra. Princess of Troezene, 250; mother of Theseus, 253; Helen intrusted to, 260; significance, 391.

AEt'na. Volcano in Sicily, 183; the tomb of Enceladus, 24; forge of Vulcan, 145, 148, 326; Ceres' visit to, 187.

AE-to'li-a. Country between Epirus and Locris, 275.

Af'ri-ca. Hercules' visit to, 226, 227.

Afterthought. Name given to Epimetheus, 25.

Ag-a-mem'non. Chief of the expedition against Troy, 314-319; return of, 336; troops of, 361; significance, 394.

A-ga've. Mother of Pentheus; infuriated by Bacchus, slays her son, 182.

A-ge'nor. Father of Europa, Cadmus, Cilix, Phoenix, 44-47.

Ag-la'ia. One of the Graces; an attendant of Venus, 105.

A-i'des. Same as Pluto; significance, 401.

A-i-do'neus. Same as Pluto, god of the Infernal Regions, 159.

A'jax. Greek hero in Trojan war, 314; Patroclus' corpse recovered by, 328; insanity of, 330.

Al'ba Lon'ga. City in Italy founded by AEneas Silvia, 377.

Al-ces'tis. Wife of Admetus; dies to save his life, 65; restored by Hercules, 230.

Al-ci'des. Same as Hercules, 216; lion skin of, 220; Deianeira accompanies, 234; Deianeira's charm for, 236; pose of, 239.

Al-cim'e-de. Queen of Iolcus; mother of Jason, 263.

Al-cin'o-us. Phaeacian king, enables Ulysses to reach Ithaca, 355.

Al-cip'pe. Daughter of Mars; carried off by Halirrhothius, 139.

Alc-me'ne. Wife of Jupiter, and mother of Hercules, 28, 216; significance, 389.

A-lec'to. One of the Furies, 163; sent by Juno to kindle war between AEneas and the Latins, 373.

A-lec'try-on. Servant of Mars; changed to a cock, 106, 107.

Al-phe'us. 1. River of Peloponnesus; dammed to clean Augean stable, 221. 2. The river god who pursued Arethusa, 190-193.

Al-thae'a. Mother of Meleager, 275, 276.

Am-al-the'a. Goat which nursed Jupiter, 21.

Am-a-se'nus. River over which Metabus flung Camilla, 373.

A-ma'ta. Wife of Latinus, 372; driven mad by Alecto, 373; suicide of, 376.

Am'a-zons. Nation of warlike women; Hercules visits, 224; Theseus visits, 259; Bellerophon visits, 295; Queen of the, 329.

Am-bro'si-a. Celestial food used by the gods, 41; gods deprived of, 84.

Am'mon. Temple of Jupiter in Libya, 48.

A'mor. Same as Eros, Cupid, etc.; god of love, 13; son of Venus and Mars, 107.

Am-phi'on. Son of Jupiter and Antiope; musician; King of Thebes, 80-82.

Am-phi-tri'te. Same as Salacia, queen of the sea; wife of Neptune, 154, 158; train of, 155; significance, 397.

An-chi'ses. Husband of Venus, 111; father of AEneas, 360-362; prophecy recalled by, 364; death of, 365; death anniversary of, 369; AEneas' visit to, 370-372.

An-ci'le. Shield of Mars, guarded by the Salii in Rome, 143.

An-drae'mon. Husband of Dryope; saw her changed to a tree, 298.

An-drom'a-che. Wife of Hector;

## parting of Hector and, 321-323;

grief of, 328; captivity of, 365.

An-drom'e-da. Daughter of Celeus and Cassiopeia; saved by Perseus, 246-249; significance, 391.

An-tae'us. Giant son of Gaea; defender of the Pygmies; slain by Hercules, 227, 228.

An-te'i-a. Wife of Proetus; accuses Bellerophon falsely, 291; significance, 393.

An'te-ros. God of passion, 107, 108; son of Venus and Mars, 140.

An-tig'o-ne. Daughter of Oedipus and Jocasta; buried alive, 285-288; significance, 393.

An-tin'o-us. One of Penelope's suitors; slain by Ulysses, 358.

An-ti'o-pe. Wife of Jupiter; mother of Amphion and Zethus; persecuted by Dirce, 80.

A-pha're-us. Father of Castor's murderer, 279.

Aph-ro-di'te. Same as Venus, Dione, etc., 103, 105; significance, 399.

A-pol'lo. Same as Phoebus, Sol, and Helios, 61-91; god of the sun, music, poetry, and medicine, 55; Diana's brother, 93; Niobe's sons slain by, 94; Mars and Venus seen by, 106, 107; Mercury steals cattle of, 132-134; giants slain by, 139; walls built by, 151, 152; Marpessa claimed by, 155; Vesta loved by, 198; Janus, son of, 205; oracles of, 280, 281; steed of, 294; Cassandra loved by, 310; Chryses appeals to, 318, 319; Ulysses incurs anger of, 354; significance, 386, 390, 393, 396, 398.

Aq'ui-lo. West wind, son of AEolus and Aurora, 213, 215.

A-rach'ne. Minerva's needlework contest with, 58, 59.

Ar-ca'di-a. Province of Peloponnesus, 221, 275; Mercury's birthplace, 131.

Ar'cas. Son of Jupiter and Callisto; constellation of the Little Bear, 52.

A-re-o-pa-gi'tae. Judges of the criminal court of Athens, 140.

A-re-op'a-gus. Hill near Athens; site of the Parthenon, 140.

A'res. Same as Mars, 138; significance, 400.

A-re'te. 1. Goddess of virtue; takes charge of Hercules, 218-220. 2. Wife of Alcinous; mother of Nausicaa, 355.

Ar-e-thu'sa. Nymph of Diana; changed to a fountain, 190-193.

Ar'ges (Sheet-lightning). A Cyclop; son of Uranus and Gaea, 18.

Ar'go. Vessel in which Jason set sail in search of the golden fleece, 266-274; significance, 392.

Ar-go-nau'tic Expedition in search of golden fleece, 154; Zetes and Calais in, 215; Hercules in, 230; Meleager in, 275; significance, 391, 392.

Ar'go-nauts. Name given to Jason and crew, 267-271; significance, 392.

Ar'gos. City in Argolis, dedicated to Juno, 52-54; Eurystheus, king of, 218-220; Acrisius, king of, 240, 249; Adrastus, king of, 260, 287; Proetus, king of, 291; Agamemnon's return to, 336; significance, 389, 390.

Ar'gus. 1. Name of myriad-eyed giant who watched Io, 135-137; significance, 385. 2. Name of Ulysses' faithful hound, 357.

A-ri-ad'ne. Daughter of Minos; Theseus aided by, 256, 257; deserted by Theseus, 179, 257; marries Bacchus, 181; significance, 391.

A-ri'on. 1. Winged steed; the offspring of Neptune and Ceres, 153. 2. Musician; thrown into the sea by pirates, saved by a dolphin, 82, 83.

Ar-is-tae'us. Youth who indirectly causes Eurydice's death, 76.

Ar'te-mis. Same as Diana, goddess of the moon and the chase, 93, 97.

As-cal'a-phus. Spirit in Hades who saw Proserpina eat pomegranate seeds, 195.

A'si-a Mi'nor. West of Asia; Bacchus' visit to, 176; Vesta's shrine in, 198; Thetis' flight from, 326.

As-kle'pi-os. Same as AEsculapius; son of Apollo and Coronis, 63.

As-ty'a-nax. Infant son of Hector and Andromache, 321.

At-a-lan'ta. Maiden who takes part in Calydonian Hunt and races with Milanion or Hippomenes, 275-278; significance, 392.

Ath'a-mas. King of Thebes; father of Phryxus and Helle, 265; Ino in madness slain by, 174; significance, 391.

A-the'ne. Same as Minerva, 55; tutelary goddess of Athens, 57; significance, 395.

A-the'ni-ans. Inhabitants of Athens, 215; tribute of, 253, 256; ingratitude of, 262.

Ath'ens. Minerva's festivals at, 60; tribunal at, 139, 140; contest for, 152; AEgeus, king of, 250; Theseus' arrival at, 252, 253; Ariadne elopes to, 256; Castor and Pollux' visit to, 260; Theseus, king of, 262; Peleus, king of, 305.

At'las. 1. Mountains. 2. One of Iapetus' sons, 25; daughters of, 98; heavens supported by, 227-229; Perseus petrifies, 244-246; significance, 379.

At'ro-pos. One of the Fates; cuts the thread of life, 165.

At'ti-ca. Province of Greece; Cecrops founds city in, 57; oppression of, 255; shores of, 259.

Au-ge'as. King of Elis; his stables were cleansed by Hercules, 221-223.

Au'lis. Port in Boeotia, the meeting-place of the Greek expedition against Troy, 312, 315.

Au-ro'ra. Same as Eos, goddess of dawn; attendant of Apollo, 85, 107; jealousy of, 70; Tithonus loved by, 90; AEolus' wife, 213.

Aus'ter. Southwest wind, same as Notus; a son of AEolus and Aurora, 215.

Au-tom'e-don. Achilles' charioteer, 328.

Av'en-tine. One of the seven hills on which Rome is built, 226.

A-ver'nus. Lake near Naples; the entrance to Hades in Italy, 160; AEneas' visit to, 370.

Bab'y-lon. The home of Pyramus and Thisbe, 117.

Bac-cha-na'li-a. Festivals in honor of Bacchus, 182.

Bac-chan'tes. Female followers of Bacchus, 176, 182; Orpheus slain by, 79, 80.

Bac'chus. Same as Dionysus, god of wine and revelry; son of Jupiter and Semele, 171-182; Vulcan visited by, 147; Ariadne rescued by, 257; tutor of, 300; gift from, 306.

Bau'cis. 1. The mortal who showed hospitality to Jupiter and Mercury; wife of Philemon, 43, 44. 2. Father of Dryope (changed to a tree), 298.

Bel-ler'o-phon. Demigod; mounts Pegasus and slays the dread Chimaera, 291-296; significance, 393, 394.

Bel-lo'na. Goddess of war; attendant of Mars, 138.

Ber-e-ni'ce. Queen whose hair was changed into a comet, 130, 384.

Ber'o-e. Nurse of Semele, whose form Juno assumes to arouse Semele's jealousy, 171, 172.

Bi'ton. Brother of Cleobis; draws his mother to the temple, 54.

Boe-o'ti-a. Province in Greece, whose principal city was Thebes, 47, 280.

Bo're-as. North wind; son of AEolus and Aurora; kidnaps Orithyia, 213-215; sons of, 267.

Bos'po-rus. Channel connecting Black Sea and Sea of Marmora, on route of Argonauts, 268.

Brass Age. Third age of world, 35.

Bri-a're-us. One of the Centimani; son of Uranus and Gaea, 18; umpire, 152.

Bri-se'is. Captive of Achilles during Trojan war; claimed by Agamemnon, 318, 319, 324; significance, 394.

Bron'tes (Thunder). A Cyclop; son of Uranus and Gaea, 18.

Bru'tus. Unborn soul of Roman hero, seen by Anchises in Hades, 372.

Ca'cus. Son of Vulcan, 148; giant slain by Hercules on Mount Aventine, 226; significance, 386.

Cad'mus. Brother of Europa; founder of Thebes, 45-48; husband of Harmonia, 107; daughter of, 171; dragon-tooth seed of, 268; significance, 386, 390, 393.

Ca-du'ce-us. Wand given to Mercury by Apollo, 134.

Cae'sar. Unborn soul of Roman hero, seen by Anchises in Hades, 372.

Cal'a-is. Son of Boreas and Orithyia, 215.

Cal'chas. Soothsayer of the Greeks during the Trojan war, 315.

Cal-li'o-pe. One of the nine Muses, loved by Apollo, 90; mother of Orpheus, 75.

Cal-lis'to. Maiden loved by Jupiter; changed into a bear by Juno; the Great Bear, 52.

Cal'y-don. Home of Meleager; site of Calydonian Hunt, 275.

Cal-y-do'ni-an Hunt. Organized by Meleager to slay a boar, 275-279.

Ca-lyp'so. Nymph who detained Ulysses on Ogygia seven years, 354; significance, 395.

Ca-mil'la. Volscian maiden; fights, and is slain by, AEneas, 373, 376; dedicated to Diana, 374.

Ca-mil'lus. Unborn soul of Roman hero, seen by Anchises in Hades, 372.

Cam'pus mar'ti-us. Roman exercising grounds sacred to Mars, 143.

Can'cer. Crab which attacked Hercules to defend the Hydra; a constellation, 221.

Cap'i-tol. Temple dedicated to Jupiter in Rome, 48.

Car'thage. A city in Africa, built by Dido, visited by AEneas, 367.

Cas-san'dra. Daughter of Priam; her prophecies, though true, were always disbelieved, 310, 364; captivity of, 361.

Cas-si-o-pe'ia. Mother of Andromeda, 246; a constellation, 249; significance, 391.

Cas'tor. One of the Dioscuri or Gemini, 278, 279; rescue of Helen by, 260; Argonauts joined by, 266; Calydonian Hunt joined by, 275.

Cau-ca'si-an Mountains. Same as Caucasus; Prometheus chained to, 28, 227.

Ce'crops. Founder of Athens, 57; descendants of, 255.

Ce-lae'no. One of the Harpies; frightens AEneas by prophesying harm, 365.

Ce'le-us. 1. King of Eleusis; father of Triptolemus, 188. 2. Father of Andromeda; significance, 391.

Cen'taurs. Children of Ixion, half man, half horse; Chiron, 218, 263, 314; Hercules fights, 221; battle of, 230, 260; Nessus, 234-236; significance, 391, 397.

Cen-tim'a-ni (Hundred-handed). Three sons of Uranus and Gaea, 17, 18.

Ceph'a-lus. Hunter loved by Procris and Aurora, 70, 71, 90; significance, 387.

Cer'be-rus. Three-headed dog which guarded the entrance of Hades, 76, 77, 160; Hercules captures, 229, 260; significance, 401.

Cer'cy-on. Son of Vulcan, 148; encountered by Theseus, 252.

Ce-re-a'li-a. Festivals in honor of Ceres, goddess of agriculture, 196.

Ce'res. Same as Demeter, goddess of agriculture and civilization, 159, 183-197; Cronus disgorges, 22; Psyche consults, 127, 128; Neptune loves, 153; Pelops' shoulder eaten by, 167; significance, 396, 397.

Cer-y-ne'a. Town of Achaia, 221.

Cer-y-ne'ian Stag. Stag taken by Hercules; one of his labors, 221.

Ces'tus. Venus' magic, love-inspiring girdle, 130, 308.

Ce'yx. King of Thessaly; shipwrecked, and changed with his wife Halcyone into birds, 211, 212.

Cha'os. The first of all divinities, who ruled over confusion, 12, 13; ejection of, 17; daughter of, 57.

Char'i-tes. The three Graces; attendants of Venus, 105.

Cha'ron. The boatman who ferries the souls over Acheron, 161; AEneas ferried by, 372; significance, 397.

Cha-ryb'dis. Whirlpool near the coast of Sicily, 352, 353, 365.

Chi-mae'ra. Monster slain by Bellerophon, 292-296; significance, 394, 401.

Chi'o-ne. Daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, 215.

Chi'os. One of the islands of the Archipelago, 99.

Chi'ron. Learned Centaur, 218, 263, 266, 314; death of, 221.

Chry-se'is. Daughter of Chryses; taken by Agamemnon, 318, 319.

Chry'ses. Father of Chryseis; priest of Apollo; brings a plague on the Greek camp, 318, 319.

Ci-co'ni-ans. Inhabitants of Ismarus, visited by Ulysses, 337.

Ci-lic'i-a. Province in Asia Minor, between AEolia and Troas, 47.

Ci'lix. Brother of Europa; founder of Cilicia, 45, 47.

Cim-me'ri-an Shores. Land visited by Ulysses to consult Tiresias, 350.

Cir'ce. Sister of AEetes; sorceress who changes Ulysses' men into swine, 347-353; significance, 395, 396.

Cle'o-bis. Brother of Biton; a devoted son, 54.

Cle-o-pa'tra. Daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, 215.

Cli'o. One of the nine Muses, 88.

Clo'tho. One of the Fates; she spins the thread of life, 165.

Clym'e-ne. 1. Wife of Iapetus; an ocean nymph, 25. 2. Nymph loved by Apollo; mother of Phaeton, 83, 87.

Clyt-aem-nes'tra. Wife of Agamemnon; slain by Orestes, 336; significance, 394.

Clyt'i-e. Maiden who loves Apollo, and is changed into a sunflower, 72.

Co-cy'tus. River in Hades, formed of tears of the condemned, 160, 161.

Coe'us. One of the Titans; son of Uranus and Gaea, 17.

Col'chi-an Land. Ram bears Phryxus to, 154; Argonauts arrive at, 268; Argonauts depart from, 269; sailors of, 271.

Col'chis. Land in Asia ruled by AEetes, where the golden fleece was kept, 265, 266; return from, 274.

Co-lo'nus. Forest sacred to Furies, where Oedipus vanished in a storm, 286.

Co-los'sus. Statue of Apollo in the Island of Rhodes, 91.

Con-sen'tes. Same as Pan, god of the universe and of nature, 300.

Co'pre-us. Son of Pelops; owner of the marvelous horse Arion, 153.

Co'ra. Same as Proserpina, goddess of vegetation, 183; significance, 396.

Cor'inth. City and isthmus between Greece proper and the Peloponnesus, 152, 158, 294; Sisyphus, king of, 167, 291; Sciron at, 251; Polybus, king of, 280-282, 286.

Co-ro'na. Constellation, also known as Ariadne's Crown, 181.

Co-ro'nis. Maiden loved by Apollo; mother of AEsculapius, 62, 63; significance, 386, 389.

Co'rus. Northwest wind; son of AEolus and Aurora, 213-215.

Cor-y-ban'tes. Same as Curetes; Rhea's priests, 21.

Cot'tus. One of the Centimani; son of Uranus and Gaea, 18.

Cre'on. Father of Jocasta and of Megara, 219; King of Thebes, 288.

Cre'tan Bull. Hercules captures, 223.

Crete. Island home of Minos, 223, 253, 256; Menelaus' journey to, 312; AEneas' sojourn in, 364; Zeus, king of, 379.

Cre-u'sa. 1. Wife of AEneas; killed in attempting to fly from Troy, 361-363. 2. Same as Glauce; maiden loved by Jason, 273.

Cri'us. One of the Titans; son of Uranus and Gaea, 17.

Cro'nus. Same as Saturn; a Titan who rules supreme; father of Jupiter, 17-23, 25, 35; daughters of, 51, 183, 198; son of, 159.

Cru'mis-sa. Island where Neptune carried Theophane; birthplace of the golden-fleeced ram, 154.

Cu'mae. Cave where the Sibyl gave her prophecies, 370.

Cu'pid, or Cu-pi'do. Same as Amor, god of love; son of Venus and Mars, 107, 140; growth of, 108; darts of, 112, 147, 367; Psyche and, 121-130, 381.

Cu-re'tes. Same as Corybantes; Rhea's priests, 21.

Cy'a-ne. River which tried to stop Pluto when he kidnapped Proserpina, 186.

Cyb'e-le. Same as Rhea, goddess of the earth, 20; chariot of, 278.

Cy-clo'pes. Three children of Uranus and Gaea, 17, 18; thunderbolts forged by, 22, 64, 147; Orion visits the, 99; Vulcan and the, 145; Island of the, 339; AEneas warned against, 365; significance, 385, 398.

Cy'clops. Polyphemus the, 339-345, 365.

Cyc'nus. Intimate friend of Phaeton, 87.

Cyl-le'ne. Mountain upon which Mercury was born, 131, 132.

Cyn'thi-a. Same as Diana, goddess of the moon and the chase, 93, 96.

Cyn'thi-us. Name given to Apollo, god of the sun and fine arts, 61.

Cyp-a-ris'sus. Friend of Apollo; turned to a cypress tree, 67.

Cy'prus. Island in the Mediterranean sacred to Venus, 105, 120, 123.

Cyth-e-re'a. Name given to Venus, goddess of beauty, love, and laughter, 103.

Daed'a-lus. Architect who planned the Cretan Labyrinth, 253-255; inventor of sails, 214.

Dan'a-e. Maiden visited by Jupiter as a golden shower; mother of Perseus, 240-242; significance, 379, 390, 397.

Da-na'i-des. Daughters of Danaus, who slay their husbands, 166, 167.

Dan'a-us. King of Argos; father of the fifty Danaides, 166.

Dan'ube. River of Europe; Medea slays Absyrtus near its mouth, 271.

Daph'ne. Maiden loved by Apollo, and changed into a laurel tree, 68-70; significance, 387, 389, 395.

Dar'da-nus. Ancient king of Troy, who gives his name to his race, 364; mares of, 215.

De-i-a-nei'ra. Wife of Hercules, 232-236; causes Hercules' death by using the Nessus robe, 235, 236; significance, 390.

De-iph'o-bus. Son of Priam and Hecuba; married Helen after the death of Paris, 362.

De'los. Floating island; birthplace of Apollo and Diana, 62; shrine of Apollo at, 91, 363, 364; significance, 386, 396.

Del'phi. Shrine of Apollo, famed for its oracles, 37, 47, 91; Ceyx visits, 211; Oedipus consults oracle at, 281, 282, 285, 290; Orestes at, 336.

Del'uge. Caused by Jupiter's wrath, 36; slime from, 65.

De-me'ter. Same as Ceres; goddess of agriculture, 183, 187; significance, 396.

De'mi-os (Dread). Attendant or son of Mars, 138.

Des'ti-ny. One of the ancient deities not subjected to Jupiter, 39.

Deu-ca'li-on. Only male survivor of Deluge; father of Hellen, 37, 38.

Di'a. Maiden loved and deserted by Ixion, king of the Lapithae, 169; significance, 389.

Di-a'na. Goddess of the moon and chase; daughter of Jupiter and Latona, 93-101; birth of, 62; nymphs of, 70, 190; arrows of, 139; Arethusa protected by, 192; Oeneus neglects, 275; Iphigenia saved by, 316; temple of, 336; Camilla rescued by, 373, 374; significance, 388, 396, 398.

Di'do. Queen of Tyre and Carthage; loved and deserted by AEneas, 366-369; AEneas sees, in Hades, 372.

Di-o-me'des. 1. Greek hero during Trojan war, 314; recovers Patroclus' body, 328; helps Ulysses secure the Palladium, 332. 2. The possessor of horses taken by Hercules, 223.

Di-o'ne. 1. Name given to Venus, goddess of beauty, love, laughter, etc., 103. 2. Mother of Venus by Jupiter; goddess of moisture, 44.

Di-o-nys'i-a. Festivals held in Greece in honor of Bacchus, 182.

Di-o-nys'us. Same as Bacchus, god of wine and revelry, 174.

Di-os-cu'ri. Collective name given to Castor and Pollux, 278.

Di-os-cu'ri-a. Festivals in honor of Castor and Pollux, 279.

Dir'ce. Wife of Lycus; bound to a bull by Amphion and Zethus, 80-82.

Dis. Same as Pluto, god of Infernal Regions, 159, 370.

Dis-cor'di-a, or Eris. Goddess of discord, 138; she appears at Peleus' marriage feast, 306.

Do-do'na. Temple and grove sacred to Jupiter, 48, 49, 266.

Dol'phin. Constellation, 82.

Do'ri-an Race. Descendants of Dorus, 38.

Do'ris. Wife of Nereus, 154, 305.

Do'rus. Son of Hellen; ancestor of Dorian race, 38.

Dreams. Spirits in cave of Somnus; passed out through gates of ivory and horn, 210, 211; Mercury, leader of, 137.

Drep'a-num. Land visited by AEneas, where Anchises died, 365.

Dry'a-des. Plant nymphs, supposed to watch over vegetation, 297.

Dry'o-pe. Princess changed into a tree, 298-300.

Dull'ness. Obscure deity put to flight by Minerva, 55, 57.

Earth. AEther and Hemera create the, 13; divisions of the, 15; realm of the, 25; the mother of all, 38; oath by the, 172; Antaeus, son of the, 228; significance, 398.

E'cho. Nymph who pined for love of Narcissus; changed to a voice, 118, 119; answers Cephalus, 71; mocks Ariadne, 179.

Egg. Earth hatched from a mythical, 15.

E'gypt. Gods take refuge in, 24; Io takes refuge in, 136; Menelaus and Helen detained in, 336.

E-lec'tra. Daughter of Agamemnon; saves Orestes, 336.

El-eu-sin'i-a. Festivals at Eleusis, in honor of Ceres and Proserpina, 196.

E-leu'sis. City in Greece visited by Ceres during her search for Proserpina, 188, 196.

E'lis. Province of the Peloponnesus; Alpheus in, 193; Augeas, king of, 221; significance, 388.

El-pe'nor. Follower of Ulysses; dies in Island of AEaea, 350.

E-lys'i-an Fields. Abode of the blessed in Hades, 161, 163, 169; Cleobis and Biton conveyed to, 54; Adonis conveyed to, 110.

En-cel'a-dus. Giant defeated by Jupiter; buried under Mt. AEtna, 24.

En-dym'i-on. Youth loved by Diana, who carries him to a cave on Mt. Latmus, 96-98; significance, 388, 389, 396.

En'na. Plain in Sicily; favorite resort of Proserpina, 183.

E-ny'o. Name given to Bellona, goddess of war, 138.

E'os. Name given to Aurora, goddess of dawn, 72, 90; jealousy of, 70, 71; winds, offspring of, 213.

Ep'a-phus. Son of Jupiter and Io; founder of Memphis, 136.

Eph'e-sus. City in Asia Minor sacred to Diana, 101.

Eph-i-al'tes. Giant son of Neptune, 154; brother of Otus; imprisons Mars, 139; significance, 400.

E-pig'o-ni. Sons of the seven chiefs who besieged Thebes, 290.

Ep-i-me'theus (Afterthought). Son of Iapetus, 25; husband of Pandora, 28-34, 37.

E-pi'rus. Country visited by AEneas, who meets Andromache there, 365.

Er'a-to. One of the Muses; daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 90.

Er'e-bus. God of darkness, 13; marries his mother, Night, 13; progenitor of egg, 15; dethroned, 17.

E-rid'a-nus. River into which Phaeton fell from the sun chariot, 87; Hercules consults nymphs of, 226.

E-rin'ny-es. Collective name given to the Furies, 163; significance, 393.

E'ris. Same as Discordia, goddess of discord and strife, 138; apple cast by, 306.

Er-i-sich'thon. An unbeliever; punished by famine, 197.

E'ros. Same as Cupid, 107; child of Light and Day, 13; arrows of, 13, 112; egg produces, 15; causes man's creation, 25; man's life given by, 27.

Er-y-man'thus. Place where Hercules slew the wild boar, 221.

Er-y-the'a. Island home of Geryones; visited by Hercules, 226.

E-te'o-cles. Son of Oedipus and Jocasta, 285; reigns one year, 287; slain by his brother, 288.

E-thi-o'pi-a. Country visited by Bacchus, 176.

E-thi-o'pi-ans. Happy race of Africa, south of the river Oceanus; visited by the gods, 16.

Eu-boe'an or Eu-bo'ic Sea. Sea where Hercules cast Lichas, 238.

Eu-mae'us. Swineherd visited by Ulysses on his return to Ithaca, 355, 357; Ulysses aided by, 358.

Eu-men'i-des. Collective name given to Furies, 163; forest sacred to, 286; significance, 393.

Eu-phros'y-ne. One of the three Graces or Charites; attendant of Venus, 105.

Eu-ro'pa. Daughter of Agenor; wife of Jupiter, 44-48, 59; mother of Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Sarpedon, 45, 325; significance, 386.

Eu-ro'tas. River near Sparta, where Helen bathed, 310.

Eu'rus. East wind; son of AEolus and Aurora, 213-215.

Eu-ry'a-le. One of the three terrible Gorgons, 242.

Eu-ry'a-lus. Youth sent with Nisus to warn AEneas that his son was in danger, 374.

Eu-ry-cle'a. Nurse of Ulysses; recognizes him after twenty years' absence, 357; Penelope awakened by, 358.

Eu-ryd'i-ce. Wife of Orpheus, who seeks her in Hades, 75-80; significance, 387-389.

Eu-ryl'o-chus. Leader of Ulysses' men, 347; escaped Circe's spell, 349; Ulysses' men misled by, 353.

Eu-ryn'o-me. Wife of Jupiter; mother of the Graces, 105.

Eu-rys'theus. Hercules' taskmaster; appointed twelve labors, 218-229.

Eu'ry-tus. Iole's father; visited twice by Hercules, 235.

Eu-ter'pe. One of the Muses; presided over music, 88.

Eux'ine Sea. Same as Pontus Euxinus, or the Black Sea, 15.

E-van'der. King of Tuscans; ally of AEneas; father of Pallas, 374, 375.

E-ve'nus. Father of Marpessa; drowned himself in river of same name, 155; Hercules crosses, 234.

Fa'ma. Attendant of Jupiter, goddess of fame, 41.

Fates. Three sisters; also known as Moerae or Parcae, 165.

Fau'na. Wife of Faunus; a rural divinity of the Romans, 301.

Fau'nus. Rural divinity of the Romans; husband of Fauna, 301.

Flo'ra. Goddess of flowers, 301, 303; wife of Zephyrus, 215, 301.

Flo-ra'li-a. Festivals in May in honor of Flora, 301.

Forethought. Name given to Prometheus, 25.

For-tu'na. 1. Goddess of fortune; an attendant of Jupiter, 41. 2. Goddess of plenty, 232.

Fo'rum. Chief place in Rome where public matters were discussed, 142.

Fu'ries. The Eumenides, or avenging deities, 163; Oedipus punished by, 286; Orestes pursued by, 336.

Gae'a. Same as Tellus and Terra, 13; wife of Uranus, 15; reign of, 17; conspiracy of, 18; Typhoeus created by, 23; Enceladus created by, 24; Antaeus, son of, 227; Syrinx protected by, 300; significance, 396.

Gal-a-te'a. 1. Nymph loved by Polyphemus and Acis, 341-343. 2. Statue loved by Pygmalion, who prays Venus to give it life, 121.

Gan'y-mede. Trojan prince carried off by Jupiter to act as cup-bearer, 43.

Ge. Same as Gaea, Tellus, Terra, the Earth, 13.

Gem'i-ni. Same as Dioscuri; Castor and Pollux, 278.

Ge-ry'o-nes. Giant whose cattle are taken by Hercules, 226; significance, 401.

Glau'ce. Maiden loved by Jason; slain by Medea, 273; significance, 392.

Glau'cus. Fisherman changed to a sea god, 303, 304; lover of Scylla, 352, 353.

Golden Age. First age of the ancient world, when all was bliss, 35; Janus' reign, 205.

Gor'gons. Three sisters,--Euryale, Stheno, and Medusa, 242-246; AEgis decorated by head of one of, 58; significance, 401.

Grac'chi, The. Unborn souls of Roman heroes, seen by Anchises in Hades, 372.

Gra'ces. Same as Gratiae; the three attendants of Venus, 105.

Gra-di'vus. Name given to Mars when leader of armies, 143.

Grae'ae. Three sisters with but one eye and tooth among them, 243; significance, 391, 401.

Gra'ti-ae. Same as Graces, or Charites; Venus' attendants, 105.

Great Bear. Constellation formed by Callisto, 52.

Gre'ci-an. Mythology, 25; camp, 329.

Greece. Highest peak in, 37; alphabet introduced into, 48; nations of, 49; art in, 52; Cecrops comes to, 57; Pelops takes refuge in, 167; Paris visits, 310; war between Troy and, 314; Orestes' return to, 336; captives taken to, 361.

Greek Divinities, 39; Panathenaea, 60; fleet, 332.

Greeks. Departure of, 315; plague visits, 318; defeat of, 323, 324; return of, 335; Agamemnon, chief of, 336; attack Ciconians, 337; Polyphemus visited by, 343-346; Circe visited by, 347; a civilized nation, 380.

Gy'es. One of the three Centimani; son of Uranus and Gaea, 18.

Ha'des. The Infernal Region, kingdom of Pluto, 159-170; Hercules' visit to, 65, 229, 230; Orpheus' visit to, 76-79; Adonis' visit to, 110; Psyche's visit to, 128; Mercury conducts souls to, 137, 317; Proserpina's visit to, 194, 195; Lara conducted to, 203; Theseus' visit to, 260; Pollux in, 279; Oedipus in, 286; Ulysses' visit to, 350; AEneas' visit to, 370.

Hae'mon. Son of Creon; lover of Antigone, 288.

Hal-cy'o-ne. Wife of Ceyx, King of Thessaly, 211, 212.

Hal-irr-ho'thi-us. Son of Neptune; slain by Mars, 139.

Ham-a-dry'a-des. Nymphs who lived and died with the trees they inhabited, 297, 298.

Har-mo'ni-a. Daughter of Mars and Venus, 107, 140; wife of Cadmus, 48; mother of Semele, 171.

Har'pies. Monsters, half woman, half bird; banished to Strophades Islands, 267; AEneas sees, 365; significance, 400.

Heav'en. Creation of, 15; realm of, 25; Atlas, supporter of, 244; significance, 384, 398.

He'be. Goddess of youth; cup-bearer of the gods, 41; wife of Hercules, 238.

He'brus. River in which the Bacchantes cast Orpheus' remains, 80.

Hec'a-te. Name given to Proserpina as Queen of Hades, 195.

Hec'tor. Son of Priam; leader of Trojan army, 320-326; slain by Achilles, 328; Priam buries, 329; shade of, 360; widow of, 365.

Hec'u-ba. Wife of Priam; mother of Paris and Hector, 307, 310; Hector seen by, 328; captivity of, 361.

Hel'en. Daughter of Jupiter and Leda; wife of Menelaus; kidnapped by Paris, 310-312; kidnapped by Theseus, 260; Paris upbraided by, 320; return of, 335; AEneas wishes to slay, 361; significance, 394.

Hel'e-nus. King of Epirus, whose slave Andromache became after the death of Hector, 365.

He-li'a-des. Sisters of Phaeton; changed into trees, 87.

Hel'i-con. Mountain in Greece, sacred to Apollo and Muses, 90, 149.

He'li-os. Name of Apollo as god of the sun, 61, 72; significance, 386, 388, 395.

Hel'le. Daughter of Athamas and Nephele; drowned in the Hellespont, 265; significance, 391, 392, 397.

Hel'len. Son of Deucalion; ancestor of the Hellenes, 38.

Hel-le'nes. Name given to ancient Greeks, 38.

Hel'les-pont. Name given to the strait from Helle, 265; Leander swims across the, 111-117.

He-me'ra (Day). One of the first divinities, who rules with AEther (Light), 13, 17.

Heph-aes-ti'a. Festivals in honor of Hephaestus, or Vulcan, 148.

He-phaes'tus. Name given to Vulcan, god of the forge, 144; significance, 399.

He'ra, or He're. Name given to Juno, queen of heaven, and goddess of the atmosphere and of marriage, 51; significance, 385.

Her'a-cles. Same as Hercules; son of Jupiter and Alcmene, 216.

He-rae'um. Town dedicated to the service of Juno, 52.

Her'cu-les. Same as Heracles, god of all athletic games, 216-239; Prometheus delivered by, 28; Hades visited by, 65; Hesione delivered by, 152; Centaurs defeated by, 260; Argonautic expedition joined by, 266, 267; arrows of, 330; apparition of, 331; significance, 379, 389, 390, 393, 395.

Her'mes. Same as Mercury, messenger of the gods, 131; significance, 399.

Her-mi'o-ne. Same as Harmonia; daughter of Venus and Mars, 107.

He'ro. Maiden loved by Leander, who swam the Hellespont to visit her, 111-117.

He-si'o-ne. Daughter of Laomedon; rescued from sea monster by Hercules, 151, 152, 224.

Hes-pe'ri-a. Ancient name of Italy, so called by AEneas, 23, 364.

Hes-per'i-des. Daughters of Hesperus, guardians of golden apples, 226; significance, 390.

Hes'pe-rus. God of the West; father of the Hesperides, 72, 226.

Hes'ti-a. Same as Vesta, goddess of the family hearth, 198; significance, 399.

Him'e-rus. God of the desire of love; attendant in Venus' numerous train, 106.

Hip-po-cre'ne. Fountain created by Pegasus, 294.

Hip-po-da-mi'a. Wife of Pirithous; almost carried off by the Centaurs, 260.

Hip-pol'y-te. Queen of the Amazons, 223, 224; Theseus' wife, 259.

Hip-pol'y-tus. Son of Theseus and Hippolyte, 259; loved by Phaedra, 262.

Hip-pom'e-nes. Same as Milanion; lover of Atalanta, 278.

Hope. The good spirit in Pandora's box; an ancient deity, 33-35.

Ho'rae. Collective name of the seasons; Venus' attendants, 105.

Horn Gate. Gate leading from cave of Somnus to outer world, 210, 211.

Hours. Attendants of Apollo, 85; attendants of Venus, 105.

Hundred-handed, the. Same as Centimani, 18.

Hup'nos. Same as Somnus, god of sleep, 208.

Hy-a-cin'thus. Youth loved by Apollo and Zephyrus; changed to a flower, 67.

Hy'dra. Monster serpent slain by Hercules in the swamp of Lerna, 220, 221; significance, 400.

Hy-ge'ia. Daughter of AEsculapius; watched over health of man, 64.

Hy'las. Youth loved by Hercules; stolen by the water nymphs, 267.

Hy'men. God of marriage; attendant of Venus, 106.

Hy-met'tus. Mountain in Attica, 90.

Hyp-er-bo're-an Mountains. The mountains separating the land of the Hyperboreans from Thrace, 215.

Hyp-er-bo're-ans. People north of Oceanus, a virtuous race, 16.

Hy-pe'ri-on. The Titan who had charge of the sun chariot, 17, 20, 22.

Hyp-erm-nes'tra. Daughter of Danaus; saves her husband, 166.

I-ap'e-tus. One of the Titans; father of Prometheus, 17, 25, 229.

I-a'pis. Leech consulted by AEneas; cures AEneas with Venus' aid, 376.

I-a'si-us. Same as Iasion; father of Atalanta, 275, 364.

Ic'a-rus. Son of Daedalus; fell into the Icarian Sea, 253-255.

I'da. Mountain in Crete, and near Troy also, 21, 320.

I'das. A mortal befriended by Neptune; elopes with Marpessa, 155.

Il'i-a. 1. One of the Titanides; daughter of Uranus and Gaea, 17. 2. Priestess of Vesta; wife of Mars; mother of Romulus and Remus, 140, 377.

Il'i-ad. Homer's epic poem on the Trojan war, 318, 321, 329.

Il'i-um. Same as Troy whence comes the Iliad's name, 317, 360, 363, 370.

In'a-chus. River god (father of Io), 134, 136.

Infernal Regions. Judges in the, 45; Orpheus visits, 76-79; Adonis visits, 108; Pluto's realm, 159; Proserpina's sojourn in, 194; AEneas visits, 370.

I'no. Same as Leucothea; second wife of Athamas; daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, 174, 265; significance, 392.

I'o. Maiden loved by Jupiter; changed into a heifer, 134-137; significance, 385, 396.

I-ob'a-tes. King of Lycia; recipient of the sealed letter carried by Bellerophon, 291-295.

I-o-la'us. Friend of Hercules; helped slay the Hydra, 220.

I-ol'cus. Kingdom of AEson and Jason; usurped by Pelias, 263.

I'o-le. Maiden loved by Hercules, 235, 236; significance, 390, 392.

I'on. Grandson of Hellen; ancestor of Ionian race, 38.

I-o'ni-an Race. Race descended from Ion, grandson of Hellen, 38.

I-o'ni-an Sea. Sea west of Greece, named after Io, 136, 137.

Iph-i-ge-ni'a. Daughter of Agamemnon; sacrificed to Diana, 315, 316; Orestes finds, 336.

I'ris (the Rainbow). Attendant of Juno, 52, 329, 374.

Iron Age. Fourth and last age previous to the Deluge, 36.

Isles of the Blest. Islands west of Oceanus, inhabited by the virtuous dead, 16, 17; Ulysses searches for, 359.

Is'ma-rus. Town in Thrace, spoiled by Ulysses, 337.

Is-me'ne. Daughter of Oedipus and Jocasta, 285; dies of grief, 290.

Isth'mi-an Games. Games held in honor of Neptune, at Corinth, every four years, 158.

It'a-ly. Saturn retires to, 23; Ceres returns to, 190; Janus, king of, 205.

Ith'a-ca. Ulysses' island kingdom, 214, 312, 337; Ulysses arrives in sight of, 346; Ulysses returns to, 354, 355; Telemachus returns to, 357; home of Penelope.

I-u'lus. AEneas' son; AEneas saves, 361; Cupid assumes form of, 367; stag wounded by, 373; brave defense by, 374.

Ivory Gate. Gate leading from cave of Somnus to outer world, 210, 211.

Ix-i'on. Criminal in Tartarus; bound to wheel of fire, 77, 169, 260; significance, 389.

Ja-nic'u-lum. City on the Tiber, founded by Janus, 205.

Ja'nus. God of all beginnings, of entrances, gates, etc., 205-207; opening of temple of, 373.

Ja'nus Quad'ri-fons. A square temple dedicated to Janus, 206.

Ja'son. Son of AEson; captured the golden fleece, 263-274; significance, 392, 393.

Jo-cas'ta. Wife of Laius, 280; marries Oedipus, her son, 285; commits suicide, 286; significance, 392, 393.

Jove. Same as Jupiter, 39; birth of, 20; day of, 207; Leda courted by, 311; decree of, 329.

Ju'no. Birth of, 22; flight of, 24; Jupiter's wife, 44; same as Hera, 51-54; jealousy of, 61, 62, 135-137, 171, 172, 174, 203, 216; Mars, son of, 138; Vulcan, son of, 144; Tityus insults, 169; AEolus, servant of, 213; Hercules persecuted by, 216-218, 219, 224; Jason carries, 264; Jason aided by, 266, 267; contest of Minerva and Venus with, 306-308; Troy destroyed by, 362; AEneas persecuted by, 364, 365, 369, 373-375; significance, 385, 389, 400.

Ju'pi-ter. Birth of, 20; supremacy of, 21; giants defeated by, 22-24; kingdom divided by, 25; Prometheus punished by, 28; Mercury, messenger of, 31, 134; Deluge caused by, 36; same as Jove, 39-49; Juno courted by, 51; Minerva borne by, 55; Latona courted by, 61; AEsculapius slain by, 64; Amphion, son of, 80; Phaeton slain by, 87; Muses, daughters of, 88; Venus, daughter of, 103; Graces, daughters of, 105; Venus borrows thunderbolts of, 111; Mercury, son of, 131; Io courted by, 135, 136; Mars, son of, 138; Vulcan, son of, 144; thunderbolts of, 147, 155; Neptune exiled by, 151; Semele courted by, 171-174; Ceres, wife of, 183; Hercules, son of, 216, 218; games in honor of, 230, 239; Hercules saved by, 238; Danae courted by, 240, 241; Helen, daughter of, 260, 311; Bellerophon punished by, 295; Thetis loved by, 305, 306; Thetis seeks, 319; interference of, 320, 362, 375; Sarpedon, son of, 325; Apollo appeased by, 354; significance, 381, 384, 385, 386, 388, 389, 390, 394, 396, 398-400.

Jus'tice. Same as Themis, 44; mother of seasons, 105.

Ju-tur'na. Sister and charioteer of Turnus, 376.

Ju-ven'tas. Same as Hebe, goddess of youth, 41.

Ka'kia. Goddess of vice; tries to mislead Hercules, 218.

Lab'y-rinth. A maze in Crete, constructed by Daedalus for the Minotaur, 253-257.

Lac-e-dae-mo'ni-a. Province in Peloponnesus; capital Sparta, also name of Sparta, 312.

Lac-e-dae-mo'ni-ans. Inhabitants of Lacedaemonia, or Sparta, 212.

Lach'e-sis. One of the Fates; twists the thread of life, 165.

La'don. Dragon which guarded golden apples of Hesperides, 226.

La-er'tes. Father of Ulysses, 315, 345; Penelope weaves his shroud, 357.

Laes-try-go'ni-ans. Cannibals visited by Ulysses, 347.

La'ius. Father of Oedipus, 280; slain by him, 282; significance, 392-394.

Lam-pe'tia. One of the Heliades, 87; guards the cattle of the sun, 353, 354.

La-oc'o-on. Trojan priest; crushed to death by two serpents, 333-335.

La-od-a-mi'a. Wife of Protesilaus; dies of grief, 316, 317.

La-om'e-don. King of Troy; employs Neptune and Apollo to build walls, 151, 152; significance, 386.

Lap'i-thae. People who dwelt in Thessaly and fought the Centaurs, 230, 260; Ixion, king of, 169; Pirithous, king of, 259.

La'ra. Wife of Mercury; mother of the two Lares, 203.

La'res. Two tutelary divinities of ancient Roman households, 203; saved by Anchises, 362.

Lat'in. Names of days in, 207.

Lat'ins. People of Latinus and AEneas, 377; AEneas fights, 375.

La-ti'nus. King of Latium, 372; welcomes and then wars against AEneas, 373, 374, 376; AEneas makes peace with, 377.

La'ti-um. Province of Italy, ruled by Latinus, 377; AEneas comes to, 372.

Lat'mus. Mountain in Asia Minor, where Endymion lies asleep, 97; significance, 388, 392, 394.

La-to'na. Same as Leto; wife of Jupiter; mother of Apollo and Diana, 61, 62; boast of, 93; significance, 396.

Lau'sus. Hero slain by AEneas during wars against the Rutules, 376.

La-vin'i-a. Daughter of Latinus, 372, 373; AEneas' second wife, 376, 377.

Le-an'der. Youth of Abydus; Hero's lover, who swam the Hellespont, 111-117.

Le-ar'chus. Son of Athamas and Ino; slain by his father, 174.

Le'da. Mother of Castor and Pollux, Helen and Clytaemnestra, 311; significance, 394.

Le'laps. The tireless hunting dog given by Procris to Cephalus, 70.

Lem'nos. Island in the Grecian Archipelago; Vulcan landed there, 144; Philoctetes on, 330.

Ler'na. Marsh where the Hydra lay concealed, 220.

Le'the. River of forgetfulness, which separated the Elysian Fields from Hades, 161, 163, 208, 210.

Le'to. Same as Latona; mother of Apollo and Diana, 61; significance, 386, 388, 392, 394.

Leu-co'the-a. Same as Ino, Athamas' wife; sea goddess, 174; Ulysses rescued by, 355.

Li'ber. Same as Bacchus, god of wine and revelry, 174.

Lib-er-a'li-a. Festivals in honor of Liber, or Bacchus, held in the autumn, 182.

Lib'y-a. Ancient name of Africa; coast upon which AEneas landed, 48, 366.

Li'chas. Bearer of the Nessus robe; slain by Hercules, 236-238.

Light. Same as AEther, 13.

Lip'a-ri Islands. Same as AEolian Islands, where Ulysses landed, 213.

Little Bear. Arcas changed into the constellation of the, 52.

Lo'tis. Nymph changed into a lotus blossom, 299.

Lo-toph'a-gi. People whose food was the lotus; the Lotus-eaters, 338.

Love. Same as Eros, Cupid, etc., 13; Psyche courted by, 124-127.

Loves. Attendants of Venus, 148.

Lower Regions. Visited by AEneas, 372.

Lu'nae. Same as Diana, 207.

Lyc'i-a. Land ruled by Iobates, who sends Bellerophon to slay the Chimaera, 291, 295.

Lyc-o-me'des. King of Scyros; treacherously slays Theseus, 262; shelters Achilles, 314, 315.

Ly'cus. Antiope's second husband; slain by Amphion and Zethus, 80-82.

Lyd'i-a. Kingdom of Midas, in Asia Minor, 177, 230.

Lyn'ceus. Husband of Hypermnestra, who spared his life, 166.

Lyn'cus. King of Scythia; changed into a lynx by Ceres, 196.

Ly'ra. Orpheus' lute; placed in heavens as a constellation, 80.

Ma-cha'on. Celebrated leech; son of AEsculapius, 64; Philoctetes healed by, 331.

Ma'ia. Goddess of the plains; mother of Mercury, 131; significance, 399.

Ma'nes. Tutelary divinities of Roman households, with the Lares and Penates, 203.

Mar-pes'sa. Daughter of Evenus; marries Idas, 155.

Mars. Same as Ares; son of Jupiter and Juno, 52; god of war, 138-143; Venus courted by, 106-108; day of, 207; descendants of, 377; significance, 400.

Mar'sy-as. 1. Shepherd who enters into competition with Apollo, 73, 74. 2. Name of river, 74.

Mar'ti-us, Cam'pus. Roman exercising grounds, 143.

Mat-ro-na'li-a. Festivals in honor of Juno, in Rome, 54.

Me-de'a. Daughter of AEetes, 268, 269; wife of Jason, 271, 273, 274; wife of AEgeus, 252, 253; significance, 392.

Me'di-a. Country in Asia Minor, where Medea took refuge, 253.

Med-i-ter-ra'ne-an. Sea dividing world in two, 15.

Me-du'sa. Gorgon slain by Perseus, whose hair was turned into snakes, 242-249; Neptune marries, 154; Pegasus, offspring of, 294; significance, 391.

Me-gae'ra. One of the Furies, Eumenides, or Erinnyes, 163.

Meg'a-ra. First wife of Hercules, whose three children he burns in his madness, 219; significance, 390.

Me-le-a'ger. Son of Oeneus and Althaea; leader of Calydonian Hunt, 275, 276; significance, 392.

Me'li-an Nymphs. Nymphs who nursed Jupiter in infancy, 21.

Mel-pom'e-ne. One of the Muses; presides over tragedy, 88.

Mem'phis. Town in Egypt, founded by Epaphus, 136.

Men-e-la'us. King of Sparta; husband of Helen of Troy, 310-314; Paris fights, 320; return of, 335; Telemachus visits, 357; significance, 394.

Men'e-ti-us. One of the four sons of Iapetus and Clymene, 25.

Men'tor. Name assumed by Minerva to act as a guide for Telemachus, 357, 358.

Mer-cu-ra'li-a. Festivals in honor of Mercury, the messenger god, 137.

Mer'cu-ry. Same as Hermes; son of Jupiter and Maia, 131-137; Pandora guided by, 29, 31; Jupiter's ally, 43; Adonis guided by, 108; Mars delivered by, 139; Bacchus guarded by, 174; Proserpina guided by, 195; Lara loved by, 203; day of, 207; leader of dreams, 210; Perseus helped by, 243; Pan, son of, 300; Protesilaus guided by, 317; Priam led by, 329; Ulysses aided by, 349, 354; AEneas aided by, 369; significance, 385, 386, 399, 400.

Mer'o-pe. Daughter of Oenopion; promised bride of Orion, 99.

Met-a-nei'ra. Wife of Celeus, king of Eleusis; mother of Triptolemus, 188.

Me'tis. Daughter of Oceanus; gives a potion to Cronus, 22.

Me'tus. Attendant of Mars; god of war and strife, 138.

Me-zen'ti-us. Father of Lausus; slain by AEneas, 376.

Mi'das. King of Lydia, 74, 75; changed all he touched to gold, 177-179.

Mi-la'ni-on. Same as Hippomenes; husband of Atalanta, 278.

Mi'lo. Island where statue of Venus was found, 130.

Mi-ner'va. Same as Athene, goddess of wisdom; daughter of Jupiter, 55-60; man given soul by, 27; flute of, 73; Vulcan wooes, 147; contest of Neptune and, 152; Medusa punished by, 242; Perseus aided by, 243; gift to, 249; Argo built by, 266; Bellerophon helped by, 292; Juno and Venus dispute with, 306-308; Ulysses aided by, 354-358; significance, 395, 396.

Min-er-va'li-a. Festivals in honor of Minerva, in Rome, 60.

Mi'nos. 1. King of Crete, 223; father of Ariadne and Phaedra, 253, 256. 2. Son of Jupiter and Europa; judge in Hades, 45, 163.

Min'o-taur. Monster which Minos kept in the Labyrinth, 253-257; significance, 391, 401.

Mne-mos'y-ne. A Titanide, 17, 22; goddess of memory; wife of Jupiter; mother of the Muses, 88.

Moe'rae. The Fates, or Parcae, who spin, twist, and cut the thread of life, 165.

Mor'pheus. Prime minister of Somnus, god of sleep, 208, 212.

Mors. Same as Thanatos, god of death, 208-212, 213.

Mo-sych'lus. Mountain in Lemnos, where Vulcan fell from heaven, 144.

Mu-sag'e-tes. Apollo's name when he led the choir of the Muses, 88.

Mu'ses, the Nine. Daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 73-75, 88-90; mount of the, 294.

My-ce'nae. Favorite city of Juno, with Sparta and Argos, 52; Perseus exchanges Argos for, 249.

Myr'mi-dons. Achilles' followers; led by Patroclus, 324, 325; significance, 395.

Mys'ter-ies. Religious rites celebrated in honor of the God of Wine, 182.

Myths. Fabulous tales, 378-401.

Na-i'a-des. Fountain nymphs subject to Neptune, 297, 298.

Na-pae'ae. Valley nymphs, who looked after the flocks also, 297.

Nar-cis'sus. Youth loved by Echo; enamored with his own image, 118-120.

Nau-sic'a-a. Daughter of Alcinous and Arete; befriends Ulysses, 355.

Nax'os. Island visited by Theseus and Bacchus, 179, 257; significance, 391.

Nec'tar. Beverage of the gods, poured out by Hebe and Ganymede, 41, 84.

Ne'leus. Son of Neptune; brother of Pelias, 154.

Ne'me-a. Forest in Greece, devastated by a lion slain by Hercules, 220.

Ne'me-an Games. Games in honor of Jupiter and Hercules, 239.

Ne'me-an Lion. Monster slain by Hercules, 220.

Nem'e-sis. Goddess of vengeance, 163; pursues Orestes, 336.

Ne-op-tol'e-mus. Same as Pyrrhus; Achilles' son; slays Priam, 361.

Neph'e-le. Wife of Athamas; mother of Phryxus and Helle, 265; significance, 391, 397.

Nep'tune. Same as Poseidon, god of the sea, 149-158; son of Cronus, 22; kingdom given to, 25; Deluge controlled by, 36, 37; horse created by, 57; Delos created by, 62; walls built by, 65; Mars punished by, 139; girl protected by, 197; Vesta wooed by, 198; Minos punished by, 223; Pegasus created by, 244; Hippolytus slain by, 262; Thetis wooed by, 305; Trojans punished by, 332, 333; Polyphemus, son of, 339; Ulysses' men slain by, 354, 355; AEneas saved by, 366, 370; significance, 397, 400.

Ne-re'i-des. Water nymphs; daughters of Nereus and Doris, 153, 155; significance, 397.

Ne're-us. God of the sea; the personification of its pleasant aspect, 154, 226; father of Thetis, 305; significance, 397.

Nes'sus. The Centaur who carries Deianeira across the river; slain by Hercules, 234, 235; significance, 390.

Nes'tor. Greek hero during Trojan war; noted for wise counsel, 275, 314, 357.

Ni'ce. Same as Victory; attendant of Jupiter, 41.

Night. Same as Nyx or Nox, 13, 15, 57, 208.

Nightmares. Attendants of Somnus, crouching in his cave, 210.

Ni'o-be. Daughter of Tantalus, whose children are slain by Apollo and Diana, 93-96, 167; significance, 398.

Ni'sus. Youth who accompanies Euryalus to summon AEneas back to camp, 374.

No'man. Name assumed by Ulysses to mislead Polyphemus, 343, 344.

No'tus or Auster. Southwest wind; son of AEolus and Aurora, 213-215.

Nox. Same as Nyx, goddess of night; marries Chaos and Erebus, 13.

Nu'ma Pom-pil'i-us. Second king of Rome; built Vesta's temple, 200.

Nymphs. Name given to female minor divinities, 297.

Ny-si'a-des. Nymphs who cared for Bacchus, and form a constellation, 174.

Nyx. Same as Nox, goddess of night; mother of Day and Light, 13, 15, 17, 163.

O-ce-an'i-des. Daughters of Oceanus; nymphs of the ocean, 25, 103, 303; significance, 397.

O-ce'a-nus. 1. River surrounding the earth, according to ancients, 15, 16, 229. 2. One of the Titans; son of Uranus and Gaea, 17, 20, 22, 25, 149; significance, 397.

O-cris'i-a. A slave; wife of Vulcan; mother of Servius Tullius, 148.

O-dys'seus. Same as Ulysses; hero of the Odyssey, 337.

Od'ys-sey. Epic poem of Homer on the adventures of Ulysses, 337.

Oed'i-pus. Son of Laius and Jocasta; King of Thebes, 280-290; significance, 392, 393, 394.

Oe'neus. Father of Meleager and Deianeira; husband of Althaea, 232, 275.

Oe-no'ne. Wife of Paris, son of Priam, 307, 308; she dies on his funeral pyre, 331; significance, 394.

Oe-no'pi-on. Father of Merope; blinds Orion, 99.

Oe'ta. Mountain on whose summit Hercules builds his funeral pyre, 238.

O-gyg'i-a. Island where Calypso detains Ulysses seven years, 354.

O-lym'pi-a. City in Elis noted for its temple and games, 49, 230, 239.

O-lym'pi-ad. Time between Olympian Games; i.e., four years, 49.

O-lym'pi-an Games. Games instituted by Hercules in honor of Jupiter, 49, 230.

O-lym'pus. Mountain north of Greece; the abode of the gods, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22, 28, 29, 39, 51, 55, 58, 70, 76, 96, 106, 120, 128, 132, 135, 153, 171, 240, 297, 373, 375; gods fly from, 24; Prometheus visits, 28; Ganymede transported to, 43; Vulcan expelled from, 144; Ceres visits, 194; Bellerophon storms, 295; Thetis visits, 319; significance, 384.

Om'pha-le. Queen of Lydia; the taskmistress of Hercules, 230.

O-ne-i-co-pom'pus. Name borne by Mercury as conductor of dreams, 131, 137.

Ops. Same as Cybele; name given to Rhea, and also to Ceres, 20.

O-re'a-des. Mountain nymphs who guided travelers, 297.

O-res'tes. Son of Agamemnon and Clytaemnestra; friend of Pylades, 336.

O-ri'on. Youth loved by Diana, and accidentally slain by her, 98-100.

Or-i-thy'i-a. Wife of Boreas; mother of Calais, Zetus, Cleopatra, and Chione, 215.

Or'pheus. Musician; son of Apollo and Calliope, 75-80, 266; significance, 387, 388.

Os'sa. Mountain in Thessaly, upon which the Titans piled Pelion, 23.

O'tus. Giant son of Neptune; slain by Diana and Apollo, 139, 154; significance, 400.

Pac-to'lus. River in Asia Minor in which Midas washed, to remove his golden plague, 179.

Pa-lae'mon. Son of Athamas and Ino; changed into sea god, 174.

Pal-a-me'des. Messenger sent to summon Ulysses to war against Troy, 312.

Pal-i-nu'rus. AEneas' pilot; lost at sea off Cape Misenum, 370, 372.

Pal-la'di-um. Statue of Minerva, 60; stolen from Troy by Ulysses and Diomedes, 198, 332.

Pal'las. 1. Name given to Minerva in Athens, 27, 55, 57. 2. Son of Evander; slain by Turnus while fighting for AEneas, 374, 375.

Pal'lor. Special attendant of Mars; lover of strife, 138.

Pan. Same as Consentes, god of nature and the universe, 74, 127, 300, 301; significance, 400.

Pan-ath-e-nae'a. Festivals held in honor of Minerva, 60.

Pan-do'ra. First woman; created in heaven, she brings evil into the world, 29-35, 37.

Par'cae. The Fates, or Moerae; they spin the thread of destiny, 165.

Par'is. Son of Priam and Hecuba, 307; judgment of, 308; visits Troy, 308, 310; elopes with Helen, 312; duel with Menelaus, 320; in battle, 323; Achilles slain by, 330; death of, 331; significance, 394.

Par-nas'sus. Mountain in Greece, 37, 38; sacred to Apollo and the Muses, 90.

Par-the'ni-um. Mountain upon which Atalanta was exposed, 275.

Par'the-non. Temple dedicated to Minerva at Athens, 60.

Pa-tro'clus. Friend of Achilles; slain by Hector, 324-328; significance, 395.

Peg'a-sus. Steed born from the sea foam and the blood of Medusa, 154, 244; Bellerophon rides, 292-296; significance, 394, 397.

Pe'leus. Husband of Thetis; father of Achilles, 266, 275, 305, 314.

Pe'li-as. Uncle of Jason; brother of Neleus, 154; usurps the throne of AEson, 263-266, 273.

Pe'li-on. A high mountain in Thessaly, piled upon Ossa by the giants to reach Olympus, 23, 266.

Pel-o-pon-ne'sus. The peninsula south of Greece, 49, 167.

Pe'lops. Son of Tantalus; gave his name to the Peloponnesus, 167; father of Copreus, 153; significance, 389.

Pe-na'tes. Household gods worshiped in Rome with the Lares, 203, 204; AEneas saves the, 362.

Pe-nel'o-pe. 1. Wife of Ulysses, 312; suitors of, 357-359; significance, 395. 2. A nymph, the mother of Pan, 300.

Pe-ne'us. 1. River god; father of Daphne; changes Daphne into a laurel. 2. Name of a river in Greece, 68.

Pen-the-si-le'a. Queen of Amazons; slain during Trojan war, 329.

Pen'theus. King of Thebes; refuses to receive Bacchus, and is slain, 181, 182.

Per-i-phe'tes. Son of Vulcan, 148; encountered and slain by Theseus, 251.

Per-seph'o-ne. Same as Proserpina, goddess of vegetation, 183, 187, 194.

Per'seus. Son of Jupiter and Danae; slays Medusa, 240-249; significance, 390, 391, 393, 394, 395.

Pet'a-sus. Name given to the winged cap worn by Mercury, 134.

Phae-a'ci-ans. People who dwelt in Scheria, and sent Ulysses home, 355; significance, 395.

Phae'dra. Daughter of Minos; wife of Theseus, 262; significance, 391.

Pha'e-ton. Son of Apollo and Clymene; drives the sun car, and is slain, 83-88; significance, 388, 395.

Pha-e-tu'sa. Sister of Phaeton; one of the Heliades, 87; Apollo's flocks guarded by, 353.

Phe-re-phat'ta. Name given to Persephone, or Proserpina, 183.

Phid'i-as. Noted Greek sculptor; made statues of the gods, 49, 60.

Phi-le'mon. Husband of Baucis; changed into an oak, 43, 44.

Phil-oc-te'tes. Friend of Hercules; receives his arrows, 238, 330, 331.

Phi-lon'o-e. Daughter of Iobates; wife of Bellerophon, 292; significance, 394.

Phin'e-us. The blind king of Thrace; annoyed by the Harpies, 248, 249, 267.

Phleg'e-thon. One of the rivers of Hades; a river of fire, 161, 163, 350.

Pho'bos. One of the attendants of Mars, god of war, 138.

Pho'cis. Province in Greece, bounded by Doris, Locris, and the Gulf of Corinth, 336.

Phoe'be. One of the Titanides, 17, 20; same as Diana, 93.

Phoe'bus. Name given to Apollo, god of the sun and of medicine, 61, 67, 90, 94, 96, 318; significance, 386.

Phoe-nic'i-a. Province in Asia Minor, named after Phoenix, 47; significance, 386.

Phoe'nix. Brother of Europa, who gave his name to Phoenicia, 45, 47.

Phryx'us. Son of Athamas and Nephele; rides on golden-fleeced ram to Colchis, 154, 265; significance, 391, 397.

Pi-re'ne. Fountain near Corinth, where Pegasus drinks, 294.

Pi-rith'o-us. King of the Lapithae; friend of Theseus, 259, 260, 275.

Ple'ia-des. Seven of Diana's nymphs; pursued by Orion and changed into stars, 98.

Plu'to. Same as Hades, Dis, Aidoneus, etc., 159-170; god of the Infernal Regions, 25, 76, 77, 79, 110, 208, 350; birth of, 22; Proserpina kidnapped by, 183-187; Arethusa sees, 193; Ceres visits, 195; Perseus aided by, 243; Theseus punished by, 260; significance, 396, 401.

Plu'tus. Name given to Pluto when invoked as god of wealth, 159.

Pod-a-lir'i-us. Son of AEsculapius; skilled in medicine, 64.

Po-dar'ces. Same as Priam, King of Troy; slain by Pyrrhus, 152.

Po-li'tes. Last of Priam's sons; slain at his feet by Pyrrhus, 361.

Pol'lux. Son of Jupiter and Leda; brother of Castor, Helen, and Clytaemnestra, 260, 266, 275, 278, 279.

Pol'y-bus. King of Corinth; adopted Oedipus when forsaken by the servant, 280-282.

Pol-y-dec'tes. King of Seriphus; sends Perseus in quest of Medusa, 242, 249.

Pol-y-do'rus. Trojan youth, murdered in Thrace; his grave discovered by AEneas, 363.

Pol-y-hym'ni-a. Muse of rhetoric; daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 90.

Pol-y-ni'ces. Son of Oedipus, 285; slain by Eteocles, 287; buried by Antigone, 288.

Pol-y-phe'mus. Giant son of Neptune, 154; Ulysses visits, 339-346; Galatea loved by, 341; blinded by Ulysses, 344; Achemenides escapes from, 365.

Po-lyx'e-na. Daughter of Priam; affianced wife of Achilles, 330.

Po-mo'na. Goddess of the orchards; wife of Vertumnus, 303.

Pon'tus. Name given to the sea when first created, 13, 15.

Po-sei'don. Same as Neptune, god of the sea and of horse trainers, 149.

Po'thos. God of the amities of love; one of the numerous attendants of Venus, 106.

Pri'am. Same as Podarces, 152; King of Troy, 307; Paris received by, 310; duel witnessed by, 320; Hector, son of, 325; Hector's death seen by, 328; Mercury leads, 329; Polyxena, daughter of, 330; death of, 335, 361.

Pri-a'pus. God of the shade; pursues the nymph Lotis, 299, 301.

Pro'cris. Wife of Cephalus; slain by his unerring javelin, 70, 71; significance, 387, 389.

Pro-crus'tes (The Stretcher). Encountered and slain by Theseus, 252.

Proe'tus. Husband of Anteia, and kinsman of Bellerophon, 291, 292.

Pro-me'theus (Forethought). Son of Iapetus; man created by, 25; Olympus visited by, 27; chained to Caucasian Mountains, 28; Hercules delivers, 28, 227; Deucalion, son of, 37; significance, 379, 398.

Pro-ser'pi-na. Same as Proserpine and Persephone; goddess of vegetation, 183-197; Orpheus visits, 77; Adonis welcomed by, 110; Pluto kidnaps, 159; emblem of death, 212; significance, 396.

Pro-tes-i-la'us. First Greek who landed on Trojan coast, 316, 317.

Pro'teus. Inferior sea divinity; shepherd of the deep, 156; Menelaus consults, 336; significance, 381.

Psy'che. Fair princess loved by Cupid; the emblem of the soul, 121-130; significance, 381.

Psy-cho-pom'pus. Name given to Mercury as leader of souls to Hades, 131, 137.

Pyg-ma'li-on. 1. Celebrated sculptor, who loves a statue, 120, 121. 2. Brother of Dido; murderer of Sychaeus, Dido's husband, 366.

Pyg'mies. Race of small people in Africa; defended by Antaeus, 227, 228.

Pyl'a-des. Son of Strophius; intimate friend of Orestes, 336.

Pyr'a-mus. Faithful lover of Thisbe; commits suicide, 117, 118.

Pyr'rha. Wife of Deucalion; the only woman who survives the Flood, 37, 38.

Pyr'rhus. Same as Neoptolemus; son of Achilles, 361.

Pyth'e-us. Surname given to Apollo as python slayer, 61, 65.

Pyth'i-a. Name given to Apollo's priestess at Delphi, 91.

Pyth'i-an Games. Games celebrated at Delphi every three years, 91.

Py'thon. Serpent born of the Deluge slime; slain by Apollo, 65-67; significance, 387, 400.

Quin-qua'tri-a. Festivals in honor of the goddess Minerva, 60.

Quir'i-nal. One of the seven hills on which Rome is built, 142.

Quir-i-na'li-a. Festivals in Rome in honor of Quirinus, 142.

Qui-ri'nus. Name given to Romulus when deified, 142.

Re-gil'lus. Lake in Italy where occurred the battle in which the Dioscuri were supposed to assist, 279.

Re'mus. Son of Mars and Ilia; twin brother of Romulus, 140-142, 377.

Rhad-a-man'thus. Son of Jupiter and Europa; judge in Hades, 45, 163.

Rhe'a. Female Titan; daughter of Uranus and Gaea, 17; wife of Cronus, 18; Jupiter saved by, 20; Corybantes, priests of, 21; Cronus defeated by, 22; Juno, daughter of, 51; Pluto, son of, 159; Ceres, daughter of, 183; Vesta, daughter of, 198; significance, 396.

Rhodes. Island in the Mediterranean, where the Colossus stood, 91.

Rome. City founded by Romulus; it comprises seven hills, 142.

Rom'u-lus. Son of Mars and Ilia; founder of Rome, 140, 142, 372, 377.

Ru'tu-les. Nation in Italy, governed by Turnus, 374, 375.

Sa-git-ta'ri-us. The constellation formed by Chiron, the Centaur who taught Hercules, 221.

Sa-la'ci-a. Same as Amphitrite; wife of Neptune, 154.

Sa'li-i. Priests appointed to watch the sacred shields in Rome, 143.

Sal-mo'neus. King who wished to emulate Jupiter, 168.

Sar-pe'don. Son of Jupiter and Europa, 45; slain during the Trojan war, 325.

Sat'urn, or Cronus. Son of Uranus and Gaea, 18; father of Jupiter, 20; Italy ruled by, 23, 35; husband of Rhea, 25; day of, 207.

Sa'tyrs. Male divinities of the woods, half man, half goat, 300.

Scae'an Gate. Gate which led from Troy to the plain, 321.

Sci'ron. Giant encountered by Theseus on the Isthmus of Corinth, 251, 252.

Scyl'la. Sea nymph changed to monster by Circe. She lived under rock of same name, 352, 353, 365.

Scy'ros. Island in the Archipelago, the home of Lycomedes, visited by Achilles and Theseus, 262.

Scyth'i-a. Country north of the Euxine Sea, 196.

Seasons. The four daughters of Jupiter and Themis, 105.

Sec'u-lar Games. Games in honor of Pluto every hundred years, 160.

Se-le'ne. Name given to Diana as moon goddess, 93; significance, 388, 389.

Sem'e-le. Daughter of Cadmus; wife of Jupiter; mother of Bacchus, 171-174; significance, 397.

Se-ri'phus. Island where Danae and Perseus were cast ashore, 242, 249.

Ser'vi-us Tul'li-us. Sixth king of Rome; son of Vulcan and Ocrisia, 148.

Ses'tus. City opposite Abydus; the home of Hero, 111, 112, 116.

Seven Wonders of the World, 49, 91.

Sheet-lightning. Same as Arges, 18.

Sib'yl. Prophetess of Cumae, who led AEneas down to the infernal Regions, 370-372.

Si-ca'ni-a. Land where Anchises died; visited twice by AEneas, 365.

Sic'i-ly. Island home of Polyphemus; visited by Arion, 82; visited by Proserpina, 183; visited by Ulysses, 339; visited by AEneas, 365, 370.

Si-le'nus. Tutor of Bacchus; generally represented on an ass, 174-177, 300.

Sil-va'nus. God of the woods; one of the lesser Roman divinities, 301.

Silver Age. Second age of the ancient world, 35.

Sil'vi-a. Daughter of Latin shepherd; her stag was wounded by Iulus, 373.

Si'nis (The Pine-bender). Giant encountered and slain by Theseus, 251.

Si'non. Greek slave, who advised the Trojans to secure the wooden horse, 332, 335.

Sip'y-lus. Mountain where stood the statue of Niobe, 94.

Si'rens. Maidens who allured mariners by their wondrous songs, 350-352; significance, 397.

Sir'i-us. Favorite dog of Orion; a constellation, 98, 100.

Sis'y-phus. King condemned to roll a rock in Tartarus to the top of a steep hill, 77, 167; significance, 389.

Sol. Name frequently given to Apollo as god of the sun, 61.

Som'nus. God of sleep; the child of Nox, and twin brother of Mors, 208-212.

Spar'ta. Capital of Lacedaemon; favorite city of Juno, 52; home of Menelaus, 310-312.

Sphinx. Riddle-giving monster; slain by Oedipus, 283-285; significance, 393, 401.

Stel'li-o. Urchin changed to lizard by Ceres when searching for Proserpina, 197.

Ster'o-pes (Lightning). One of the Cyclopes; son of Uranus and Gaea, 18.

Sthe'no. One of the three Gorgon sisters, immortal, like Euryale, 242.

Stroph'a-des. Islands where the Harpies took refuge when driven from Thrace, 267; AEneas visits the, 364.

Stro'phi-us. Father of Pylades; shelters Orestes, 336.

Stym-pha'lus. Lake upon whose banks Hercules slew the brazen-clawed birds, 226.

Styx. River in Hades, by whose waters the gods swore their most sacred oaths, 43, 77, 84, 161, 172; Achilles bathed in the, 314.

Su-a-de'la. One of Venus' train of attendants; god of the soft speech of love, 106.

Sy-chae'us. King of Tyre; husband of Dido; murdered by Pygmalion, 366.

Sym-pleg'a-des. Floating rocks safely passed by the Argo, 268.

Sy'rinx. Nymph loved by Pan, and changed into reeds, 300, 301.

Taen'a-rum, or Taen'a-rus. The Greek entrance to Hades on Cimmerian coast, 160, 229.

Ta-la'ri-a. Mercury's winged sandals, given by the gods, 134.

Ta'lus. Brazen giant; son of Vulcan; the watchman of Minos, 256, 257.

Tan'ta-lus. Father of Pelops; condemned to hunger and thirst in Hades, 77, 93, 167; significance, 389, 390.

Tar'ta-rus. Abyss under the earth, where the Titans, etc., were confined, 17, 18, 22, 25; Orpheus' music heard in, 77; wicked in, 161-169; significance, 385, 391.

Tau'ris. Country to which Diana brought Iphigenia, 316; visited by Orestes, 336.

Tel'a-mon. Husband of Hesione, the daughter of Laomedon, 152.

Te-lem'a-chus. Son of Ulysses and Penelope, 312; adventures of, 357, 358.

Tel-e-phas'sa. Wife of Agenor; mother of Europa, 47; significance, 386.

Tel'lus. Same as Gaea; name given to Rhea, 13.

Ten'e-dos. Island off the coast of Troy, 332, 335.

Terp-sich'o-re. Muse of dancing; daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 88.

Ter'ra. Same as Gaea, goddess of the earth, 13.

Teu'cer. Ancient king of the Trojans, 364.

Tha-li'a. 1. One of the three Graces; daughter of Jupiter and Eurynome, 105. 2. One of the nine Muses; Muse of comedy, 88.

Than'a-tos. Same as Mors, god of death, 208.

Thebes. Capital of Boeotia; founded by Cadmus, 47, 48; Amphion, king of, 80-82; Athamas, king of, 174; Pentheus, king of, 181; Oedipus, king of, 280-290.

The'mis. One of the six female Titans, 17, 22; goddess of justice, 44, 105, 107, 163.

The-oph'a-ne. Maiden changed by Neptune into a sheep, 153.

The'seus. Son of AEgeus and AEthra; hero of Athens, 179, 250-262, 266, 275; significance, 391, 393.

Thes-mo-pho'ri-a. Festivals in Greece in honor of Ceres, 196.

Thes'sa-ly. A province of Greece, 311; fight of the gods in, 23; Admetus, king of, 64; Ceyx, king of, 211; AEson, king of, 263, 273; Protesilaus of, 316.

The'tis. 1. Mother of Achilles, 314; a sea nymph, 20. 2. One of the Titanides, 17; marriage feast of, 305, 306; Olympus visited by, 319; Achilles comforted by, 325; Achilles' armor brought by, 326-328; Achilles instructed by, 329.

This'be. Babylonian maiden loved by Pyramus, 117, 118.

Thrace. Country on the Black Sea; the home of Mars, 138, 223, 267, 363; significance, 400.

Thyr'sus. The vine-encircled wand borne by the followers of Bacchus, 182.

Ti'ber. River in Italy, 200, 202, 205; AEneas sails up the, 363, 372, 374.

Ti-re'si-as. The blind seer visited by Ulysses on the Cimmerian shore, 350, 353.

Ti-siph'o-ne. One of the three Furies, or Eumenides, 163, 165, 174.

Ti-tan'i-des. The six daughters of Uranus and Gaea, 17.

Ti'tans. Name given to the six sons of Uranus and Gaea, 17, 18; revolt of, 22, 23, 25; significance, 398.

Ti-tho'nus. Trojan prince who visited Aurora, 90.

Tit'y-us. Giant in Tartarus, whose prostrate body covered nine acres, 169.

Tra-chin'i-a. Land where Hercules died, 216.

Tri-na'cri-a. Land visited by Ulysses, whose men slay the cattle of the sun, 353, 354.

Trip-tol'e-mus. Nursling and protege of Ceres, 188, 196.

Tri'ton. Son of Neptune and Amphitrite; father of the Tritons, 154, 303; significance, 397.

Troe-ze'ne. Ancient city in Argolis, 152; birthplace of Theseus, 250, 251; significance, 391.

Tro'jans. Inhabitants of Troy, 316-335, 360-376.

Troy. City of Asia Minor, ruled by Laomedon and Priam; war of, 305-336.

Tuc'ci-a. Vestal virgin who stood the test of purity, 200.

Tur'nus. Chief of the Rutules; wars against AEneas, 372-377.

Tus'cans. People of Tuscania in Italy, governed by Evander; allies of AEneas, 374, 375.

Tyn-da're-us. Stepfather of Helen; binds her suitors by oath, 311.

Ty-phoe'us. Same as Typhon; monster sent to dethrone Jupiter, 23, 24.

Tyre. City in Phoenicia, governed by Sychaeus and Dido, 366.

U-lys'ses. Same as Odysseus, hero of the Odyssey; King of Ithaca, 214, 312, 315, 330, 332; adventures of, 337-359; significance, 386, 395.

U-ra'ni-a. Muse of astronomy, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 88, 90.

U'ra-nus (Heaven). Husband of Gaea, created by her, 15, 17, 18; significance, 385.

Ve'nus. Same as Aphrodite, goddess of beauty, 103-130; day of, 207; Hippomenes aided by, 278; Juno and Minerva dispute with, 306-308; Paris advised by, 310, 312; Paris saved by, 320; AEneas, son of, 360, 362, 366, 367, 370, 372, 376; significance, 389.

Ver-tum'nus. God of the orchards; loved by Pomona, 303.

Ves'ta. Same as Hestia, goddess of fire and of the family hearth, 198-204; birth of, 22; significance, 399.

Ves-ta'li-a. Festivals in honor of Vesta, held in Rome, 202.

Ves'tals. Virgins dedicated to the service of Vesta, 200-202, 377.

Vic-to'ri-a. Same as Nice, goddess of victory, 41.

Vol'scians. Tribe in Italy who join the Rutules against AEneas, 373, 374, 376.

Vul'can. Same as Hephaestus, god of the forge, 144-148; Jupiter's head cleft by, 55; Venus, wife of, 106, 107; armor made by, 326, 374; significance, 399.

Vul-ca-na'li-a. Festivals celebrated in honor of Vulcan, 148.

Zeph'y-rus. God of the south wind; son of AEolus and Aurora, 213; Hyacinthus slain by, 67; Venus conducted by, 105; Psyche saved by, 122, 128; Flora, wife of, 301.

Ze'tes. Son of Boreas and Orithyia; took part in Argonautic expedition, and drove away Harpies, 215.

Ze'thus. Twin brother of Amphion; son of Jupiter and Antiope, 80-82.

Zeus. Same as Jupiter; father of the gods, 39; significance, 379, 385, 388, 395.

Transcriber's Note

Variations in spelling of proper nouns are preserved as printed.

Minor punctuation errors have been repaired. Hyphenation and accent usage has been made consistent.

Page 260--capitivity amended to captivity--"... came to Athens, delivered her from captivity, ..."

The transcriptions of the genealogical table have been added by the transcriber for the convenience of the reader. Please note that the original table stated erroneously that Hemera was male and AEther was female. This has been corrected in the transcriptions.

End of Project Gutenberg's Myths of Greece and Rome, by H. A. Guerber