CHAPTER XI

THE CHARACTER OF THE MEDIEVAL LIBRARY, AND THE EXTENT OF CIRCULATION OF BOOKS

“Some ther be that do defye All that is newe, and ever do crye The olde is better, away with the new Because it is false, and the olde is true. Let them this booke reade and beholde, For it preferreth the learning most olde.” _A Comparison betwene the old learnynge and the newe_ (1537).[508]

§ I

After a storm a fringe of weed and driftwood stretches a serried line along the sands, and now and then--too often on the flat shores of one of our northern estuaries, whence can be seen the white teeth of the sea biting at the shoals flanking the fairway--are mingled with the flotsam sodden relics of life aboard ship and driftwood of tell-tale shape, which silently point to a tragedy of the sea. Usually the daily paper completes the tale; but on some rare occasion these poor bits of drift remain the only evidence of the vain struggle, and from them we must piece together the narrative as best we can. And as the sea does not give up everything, nor all at once, some wreckage sinking, or perishing, or floating upon the water a long time before finding a well-concealed hiding-place upon some unfrequented shore, so the past yields but a fraction of its records, and that fraction slowly and grudgingly. So far this book has been a gathering of the flotsam of a past age: odd relics and scattered records, a sign here and a hint there; often unrelated, sometimes contradictory. In more skilful hands possibly a coherent story might be wrought out of these _pièces justificatives_; but the author is too well aware of the difficulty of arranging and selecting from the mass of material, remembers too well the tale of mistakes thankfully avoided, and is too apprehensive that other errors lurk undiscovered, to be confident that he has succeeded in his aim. Whether the story is worth telling is another matter. Surely it is. To be able to follow the history of the Middle Ages, to become acquainted with the people, their mode of life and customs and manners, is of profound interest and great utility; and it is by no means the least important part of such study to discover what books they had, how extensively the books were read, and what section of the people read them.

Let us here sum up the information given in detail in the foregoing pages; adding thereto some other facts of interest. And first, what of the character of the medieval library?

During the earlier centuries monastic libraries contained books which were deemed necessary for grammatical study in the claustral schools, and other books, chiefly the Fathers, as we have seen, which were regarded as proper literature for the monk. The books used in the cathedral schools were similar. Such schools and such libraries were for the glory of God and the increase of clergy and religious. At first, especially, the ideal of the monks was high, if narrow. It is epitomised in the untranslatable epigram--_Claustrum sine armario (est) quasi castrum sine armamentario_.[509] “The library is the monastery’s true treasure,” writes Thomas à Kempis;[510] “without which the monastery is like ... a well without water ... an unwatched tower.” Again: “Let not the toil and fatigue pain you. They who read the books formerly written beautifully by you will pray for you when you are dead. And if he who gives a cup of cold water shall not lack his guerdon, still less shall he who gives the living water of wisdom lose his reward in heaven.”[511] St. Bernard wrote in like terms. Books were their tools, “the silent preachers of the divine word,” or the weapons of their armoury. “Thence it is,” writes a sub-prior to his friend, “that we bring forth the sentences of the divine law, like sharp arrows, to attack the enemy. Thence we take the armour of righteousness, the helmet of salvation, the shield of faith, and the sword of the Spirit which is the Word of God.”[512] With such an end in view Reculfus of Soissons required his clergy to have a missal, a lectionary, the Gospels, a martyrology, an antiphonary, a psalter, a book of forty homilies of Gregory, and as many Christian books as they could get (879). With this end in view were chosen for reading in the Refectory at Durham (1395) such books as the Bible, homilies, Legends of the Saints, lives of Gregory, Martin, Nicholas, Dunstan, Augustine, Cuthbert, King Oswald, Aidan, Thomas of Canterbury, and other saints.[513] With this end in view the monastic libraries contained a very large proportion of Bibles, books of the Bible, and commentaries--a proportion suggesting the Scriptures were studied with a closeness and assiduity for which the monks have not always received due credit.[514] A great deal of room was given up to the works of the Fathers--their confessions, retractations, and letters, their polemics against heresies, their dogmatic and doctrinal treatises, and their sermons and ethical discourses. Of all these writings those of Hilary, Basil, Ambrose, Chrysostom, Jerome, and the great Augustine were most popular. John Cassian, Leo, Prosper, Cassiodorus, Gregory the Great, Aldhelm, Bede, Anselm, and Bernard, and the two encyclopædists, Martianus Capella and Isidore of Seville, were the church’s great teachers, and their works and the sacred poetry and hymns of Juvencus the Spanish priest, of Prudentius, of Sedulius, the author of a widely-read and influential poem on the life of Christ, and of Fortunatus, were nearly always well represented in the monastic catalogues, as may be seen on a cursory examination of those of Christ Church and St. Augustine’s, Canterbury, of Durham, of Glastonbury in 1248, of Peterborough in 1400, and of Syon in the sixteenth century. In the earlier libraries the greater part of the books were Scriptural and theological; to these were added later a mass of books on canon and civil law; so that the monastic collection may be characterised as almost entirely special and fit for Christian service, as this service was conceived by the religious.

And classical literature was received into the fold for a like purpose. From the earliest days of Christendom prejudice against the classics was widespread among Christians. Such books, it was urged, had no connexion with the Church or the Gospel; Ciceronianism was not the road to God; Plato and Aristotle could not show the way to happiness; Ovid, above all, was to be avoided.[515] In dreams the poets took the form of demons; they must be exorcised, for the soul did not profit by them. The precepts--and for these the Christian sought--in the poems were like serpents, born of the evil one; the characters, devils. Some Christians sighed as they thrust the tempting books away. Jerome frankly confesses he cared little for the homely Latin of the Psalms, and much for Plautus and Cicero. For a time he renounced them with other vanities of the world; yet when going through the catacombs at Rome, where the Apostles and Martyrs had their graves, a fine line of Virgil thrills him; and later he instructed boys at Bethlehem in Plautus, Terence, and Virgil, much to the horror of Rufinus. Even in the eleventh century this feeling existed. Lanfranc wrote to Dumnoaldus to say it was unbefitting he should study such books, but he confessed that although he now renounced them, he had read them a good deal in his youth. Somewhat later Herbert “Losinga,” abbot of Ramsey, had a dream which led him to cease reading and imitating Virgil and Ovid; but elsewhere he recommends his pupils to accept Ovid as a model in Latin verse, while he quotes the _Tristia_.[516] The rules of some orders, as those of Isidore, St. Francis, and St. Dominic, forbade the reading of the classics, save by permission. For their value in teaching grammar and as models of literary style, however, certain classic authors--especially Virgil, Ovid, Cicero, Horace, Juvenal, and Statius--were regarded as supplementary to the grammatical works of Donatus, Victorinus, Macrobius, and Priscian, and were studied by the religious throughout the Middle Ages. They were grammatical text-books, as indeed they are still; but then they were very little else. A man would call himself Virgil, not from inordinate vanity, but from a naive pride in his profession of grammarian: to his way of thinking the great poet was no more.[517] “As decade followed decade,” writes Mr. H. O. Taylor, “and century followed century, there was no falling off in the study of the _Æneid_. Virgil’s fame towered, his authority became absolute. But how? In what respect? As a supreme master of grammatical correctness and rhetorical excellence and of all learning. With increasing emptiness of soul, the grammarians--the ‘Virgils’--of the succeeding centuries put the great poet to ever baser uses.”[518]

From time to time the use of the classics even for grammatical purposes was condemned, though unavailingly. They were necessary in the schools; evils, doubtless, but unavoidable. Then, again, some of the classics were looked upon as allegorical: from the sixth century to the Renascence the _Æneid_ was often interpreted in this way; and Virgil’s Fourth Eclogue was thought to be a prophecy of Christ’s coming. Ovid allegorised contained profound truths; his _Art of Love_, so treated, was not unfit for nuns.[519] Other writers, as Lucan, were appreciated for their didacticism; Juvenal, Cato and Seneca the younger as moralists. And some of the religious fell a prey to these evils, inasmuch as they assessed them at their true value as literature.

The classics therefore were accepted. Anselm recommended Virgil. Horace, in his most amorous moods, was sung by the monks. Ovid, either adapted or in his natural state, was a great favourite. In an appendix we have scheduled the chief classics found in English monastic catalogues to indicate roughly the extent to which they were collected and used. A glance at Becker’s sheaf of catalogues will show us that Aristotle, Horace, Juvenal, Lucan, Persius, Plato, Pliny the elder, Porphyry, Sallust, Statius, Terence, and especially Cicero, Ovid, Seneca, and Virgil are well represented. But it must not be supposed that they were in monastic libraries in excessive numbers. On the contrary. An inspection of almost any catalogue of

[Illustration: _PLATE XXXIII_

ENGLISH ILLUMINATED WORK UNDER FRENCH INFLUENCE

THIRTEENTH CENTURY

FROM “TENISON PSALTER,” BRIT. MUS. ADD. MS. 24686, F. 12]

such a library will prove that only a small proportion of it consisted of classical writings, especially in those catalogues compiled prior to the time when Aristotle’s works dominated the whole of medieval scholarship. The monastic library was throughout the Middle Ages the armoury of the religious against evil, and the few slight changes of character which it underwent at one time and another do not alter the fact that on the whole it was a fit and proper collection for its purpose.[520]

§ II

After the twelfth century broadening influences were at work. The education given in the cathedral and monastic schools was found to be too restricted; the monasteries, moreover, now began to refuse assistance to secular students.[521] To some extent the catechetic method of the theologians was forced to give place to the dialectic method, equally dogmatic, but more exciting and stimulating. Hence was compiled such a book as Peter Lombard’s _Sentences_ (1145-50), a cyclopædia of disputation, wherein theological questions were collected under heads, together with Scriptural passages and statements of the Fathers bearing on these questions. By the thirteenth century Lombard was the standard text-book of the schools: a work of such reputation that it was studied in preference to the Scriptures, as Bacon complained.

A demand also arose for instruction in civil and canon law, which the existing schools did not supply. This broader learning was provided in the early universities, at first to the dislike of the Church, and sometimes to the annoyance of royal heads. Particular objection was taken to the study of law. An Italian named Vicario (Vacarius) lectured on Justinian at Oxford in 1149. Then he abridged the _Code_ and _Digest_ for his students there. King Stephen forbade him to proceed with his lectures, and prohibited the use of treatises on foreign law, many manuscripts of which were consequently destroyed. But these measures were not very effectual. Within a short time civil law became recognised in the University as a proper subject of study. By 1275, when another Italian jurist named Francesco d’Accorso, a distinguished teacher at Bologna, came to Oxford to lecture, the study of civil law was pursued with the royal favour.[522]

The searcher among old wills cannot fail to be struck with the number of law books in the small private libraries. Sometimes the whole of one of these little collections consists of law books; often there are more books of this kind than of any other. For example, of eighty books bequeathed by Prior Eastry to Christ Church, Canterbury, forty-three were on canon and civil law: of eighty-four books given to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, by the founder, exactly one-half were juridical. A wealthy canon of York left but half a dozen books, all on law. The books bequeathed to Peterborough Abbey by successive abbots were chiefly on law. Many other examples could be recited. There was a reason for this. Friar Bacon, writing in 1271, complained that jurists got all rewards and benefices, while students of theology and philosophy lacked the means of livelihood, could not obtain books, and were unable to pursue their scientific studies. Canonists, even, were only rewarded because of their previous knowledge of civil law: at Oxford three years had to be devoted to the study of civil law before a student could be admitted as bachelor of canon law. Consequently a man of parts, with a leaning towards theological and philosophical learning, took up the study of civil law, with the hope of more easily winning preferment.[523] “Compared with such [legal] lore,” writes Mr. Mullinger, “theological learning became but a sorry recommendation to ecclesiastical preferment; most of the Popes at Avignon had been distinguished by their attainments in a subject which so nearly concerned the temporal interests of the Church; and the civilian and the canonist alike looked down with contempt on the theologian, even as Hagar, to use the comparison of Holcot, despised her barren mistress.”[524] The most casual glance through some pages of monastic records will show how frequent and endless was the litigation in which the Church was engaged, and consequently how useful a knowledge of civil law would be.

But these changes were trifling compared with the stimulus given to medieval learning by the influx of Greek books and of Arabic versions of them. In the second half of the eleventh century the works of Galen and Hippocrates were re-introduced into Italy from the Arabian empire by a North African named Constantine, who translated them at the famous monastery of Monte Cassino. These translations, with the numerous Arabian commentaries, and the conflict of the physicians of the new school with those of the old and famous school of Salerno, constitute the revival of medical studies which occurred at that time.[525] It would seem that this revival was felt quickly in England, as in the twelfth century four books by Galen and two by Hippocrates, with some Arabian works, were to be found in the monastic library of Durham; a number significant of the liberal feeling of the monks of this house, inasmuch as in all the catalogues transcribed by Becker appear only ten books by Galen and nine by Hippocrates.[526] Before 1150 the whole of the _Organon_ of Aristotle was known to scholars;[527] but not till about that time did the other works begin to be exported from Arabic Spain. Then Latin versions of Arabic translations of the _Physics_ and _Metaphysics_ were first made.

Daniel of Morley (_fl._ 1170-90) brought into this country manuscripts of Aristotle, and commentaries upon him got in the Arab schools of Toledo, then the centre of Mohammedan learning. Michael the Scot (_c._ 1175-1234), “wondrous wizard, of dreaded fame,” was another agent of the Arab influence. He received his education perhaps at Oxford, certainly at Paris and Toledo. From manuscripts obtained at the last place he translated two abstracts of the _Historia animalium_, and some commentaries of Averroës on Aristotle (1215-30).[528] A third pilgrim from these islands, Alfred the Englishman, also made use of Arabic versions; and most likely both he and Michael brought home with them manuscripts from Toledo and Paris. Of the renderings made by these men and by some foreign workers in the same field, Friar Bacon speaks with the utmost contempt. Their writings were utterly false. They did not know the sciences they dealt with. The Jews, the Arabs, and the Greeks, who had good manuscripts, destroyed and corrupted them, rather than let them fall into the hands of unlettered and ignorant Christians.[529] Aristotle should be read in the original, he also says; it would be better if all translations were burnt. The criticism is acrid; but the men he contemns served scholarship well by quickening the interest in Greek books, and they succeeded so well because they gave to the schoolmen not only versions of Aristotle’s text, but commentaries and elucidations written by Arabs and Jews who had carefully studied the text, and could explain the meaning of obscure passages in it.[530]

When these translations were coming to England, travellers were bringing Greek books directly from the East. A doctor of medicine named William returned to Paris from Constantinople in 1167, carrying with him “many precious Greek codices.”[531] About 1209 a Latin translation of Aristotle’s _Physics_ or _Metaphysics_ was made from a Greek manuscript brought straight from Constantinople. Some of these few importations were certainly destroyed at once, probably all were, for Aristotle was proscribed in Paris in the following year, and again in 1215, at the very time when Michael the Scot was procuring versions in another direction, at Toledo.[532] Not until mid-thirteenth century was the ban wholly removed.

For a time, owing to the capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders, intercourse between East and West had become far freer than it had been for centuries (1203-61). Certain Greek philosophers of learned mien came to England about 1202, but did not stay; and some Armenians, among them a bishop, visited St. Albans. Whether they or Nicholas the Greek, clerk to the abbot of that monastery, brought books with them we do not know; Nicholas, at any rate, seems to have assisted Grosseteste in his Greek studies.[533] John of Basingstoke, Grosseteste’s archdeacon, carried Greek manuscripts--many valuable manuscripts, we are told--from Athens, whither Grosseteste had sent him. The bishop himself imported books to this country, probably from Sicily and South Italy.[534] He had a copy of Suidas’ _Lexicon_, possibly the earliest copy brought to the West. The _Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs_ was also in Grosseteste’s possession: the manuscript was brought home by John of Basingstoke, and still exists in the Cambridge University Library.[535] These forged _Testaments_ were translated by Nicholas the Greek, and as no fewer than thirty-one copies of the Latin version still remain they must have had a good circulation.[536] Possibly the Greek Octateuch (Genesis to Ruth), now in the Bodleian Library, was imported into this country by Grosseteste or by somebody for him; at one time the manuscript was in the library of Christ Church, Canterbury.[537] Among other Greek books which Grosseteste used and translated, or had translated under his direction, were the Epistles of St. Ignatius, a Greek romance of Asenath, the Egyptian wife of the patriarch Joseph, and some writings of Dionysius the Areopagite. At Ramsey, where the bishop’s influence may be suspected, Prior Gregory (_fl._ 1290) owned a Græco-Latin psalter, still extant.[538] Possibly all the importations were of similar character, and the number of them cannot have been great or we should have heard more of them.

Friar Bacon, writing about 1270, complains that he could not get all the books he wanted, nor were the versions of the books he had satisfactory. Parts of the Scriptures were untranslated, as, for example, two books of Maccabees, which he knew existed in Greek, and books of the Prophets referred to in the books of Kings and Chronicles; the chronology of the _Antiquities_ of Josephus was incorrectly rendered, and biblical history could not be usefully studied without a true version of this book. Books of the Hebrew and Greek expositors were almost wanting to the Latins: Origen, Basil, Gregory, Nazianzene, John of Damascus, Dionysius, Chrysostom, and others, both in Hebrew and Greek.[539] The scientific books of Aristotle, of Avicenna, of Seneca, and other ancients could only be had at great cost. Their principal works had not been translated into Latin. “The admirable books of Cicero _De Republica_ are not to be found anywhere, as far as I can hear, although I have made anxious inquiry for them in different parts of the world and by various messengers.”[540]

The period during which the intellectual life of the Middle Ages was broadened by the introduction of new knowledge and ideas originally from Greek sources, began, as we have said, with the influx of translations from the Arabic. The movement culminated with the work of William of Moerbeke, Greek Secretary at the Council of Lyons (1274), who, between 1270 and 1281, translated several of Aristotle’s works from the Greek, including the _Rhetorica_ and the _Politica_. Fortunately we have a record belonging to this time of a collection of books which shows admirably the character of the change. A certain John of London (_c._ 1270-1330), believed to have been Bacon’s pupil, probably became a monk of St. Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury, and in due course bequeathed a library of books to his house. This collection amounted to nearly eighty books, of which twenty-three were on mathematics and astronomy, a like number on medicine, ten on philosophy, six on logic, four historical, three on grammar, one poetry, and the rest collections.[541] Such a collection is remarkable not only for its character, but on account of its size, which was very large for anybody to own privately in that age.

§ III

On one occasion, after spending much time in searching wills and in examining catalogues without finding a reference to an interesting book--to either an ancient or a medieval classic--the writer well remembers the little shock of pleasure he felt when, in a single half-hour, he noted _Piers Plowman_ in one brief unpromising will, and six English books among the relics of a mason. Nearly all the libraries of private persons and of academies are depressing in character. Rarely can be found a bright human book gleaming like a diamond in the dust. Score after score of decreta, decretales, Sextuses, and Clementines, and chestsful of the dreariest theological disquisition impress upon the weary searcher the fact that academic libraries were usually even more dryasdust than monastic collections, and he begins to understand how prosperous law may be as a calling, and to have an inkling of what is known, in classic phrase, as a good plain Scotch education.

Between an academic library and a monastic collection there were differences of character and in the beauty and value of the manuscripts. As a general rule a large proportion of the monks’ books were more or less richly ornamented: they were the treasures as well as the tools of the community. The books of the colleges were usually for practical purposes: they were tools, treasured, doubtless, for their contents, not for the beauty of the writing or because they were decorated. The difference in character of the collections as a whole was one of proportion in the

[Illustration: _PLATE XXXIV_

FRESCO OF THE SEVEN LIBERAL ARTS

BY T. GADDI

CHURCH OF S. M. NOVELLA, FLORENCE]

representation of the various classes of books. Generally speaking, the monastic collection comprised proportionately more theology and less canon and civil law than the academic library. In the subjects of the _trivium_ and the _quadrivium_, and in philosophy, a college was more strongly equipped than a monastery; on the other hand, a monastery frequently had a larger proportion of classical literature, and always more “light” or romance literature.

Early university studies were in two parts, the _trivium_--grammar, rhetoric, and logic, and the _quadrivium_--music, astronomy, geometry, and arithmetic. These were the seven liberal arts. A fresco in a chapel in the Church of S. Maria Novella at Florence illustrates these arts. On the right of the cartoon is the figure of grammar; beneath is Priscian. For the study of this subject John Garland recommended Priscian and Donatus. Priscian was a leading text-book on the subject, and it was supported by a short manual compiled from Donatus. At Oxford extracts from these authors were thrown into the form of logical _quaestiones_ to afford subjects of argument at the disputations held once a week before the masters of grammar.[542] To these books should be added a dictionary, with some peculiar and quaint etymologies, by Papias the Lombard; grammatical works by John Garland; Bishop Hugutio’s etymological dictionary (_c._ 1192); a dreary hexameter poem by Alexander Gallus, the Breton Friar (_d._ 1240)--“the olde _Doctrinall_, with his diffuse and unperfite brevitie”; Eberhard’s similar poem (_c._ 1212), called _Graecismus_, because it includes a chapter on derivations from the Greek; and a very large book, the _Catholicon_ (_c._ 1286),

## partly a grammar and partly a dictionary, with copious quotations from

Latin classics, which had been compiled with some skill and care by John Balbi, a Genoese Black Friar. Papias and Hugutio were sharply condemned by Friar Bacon, but they remained in use long after his time, and Balbi owed much to both of them. Many copies of the _Catholicon_ seem to have been made, although the transcription of so large a book was costly: even before it was printed (1460), copies for reference were sometimes chained up in English churches, and after it was printed this practice became more general, at any rate in France. By the fourteenth century Priscian was almost superseded by Alexander and Eberhard, whose versified grammars came into common use; a jingle, whether it be--

“‘_Ne facias_’ dicas ‘_oroque ne facias_.’ _Humane_, _dure_, _large_, _firme_que, _benigne_, _Ignave_que, _probe_, vel _avare_ sive _severe_, Inde _nove_, _plene_, vel _abunde_ sive _proterve_, Dicis in _er_ vel in _e_, quamvis sint illa secundae,”

in the fourteenth century, or

“Feminine is Linter, boat Learn these neuters nine by rote,”

in the twentieth century, seems to help the harassed student along the linguistic path. The reading of Virgil and Statius and some other writers put flesh upon these grammatical dry bones. But as the masters of grammar at Oxford were expected to be guardians of morals as well, they were expressly forbidden to read and expound to their pupils Ovid’s _Ars amandi_, the _Elegies_ of Pamphilus, and other indecent books.[543]

Next to the figure of Grammar is Rhetoric, with Cicero seated beneath. Cicero, with Aristotle, Quintilian and Boëthius were the chief exponents of rhetoric; with Virgil, Ovid, Statius, and sometimes such a book as Guido delle Colonne’s epic of Troy, as examples of literary style. John Garland (_fl._ 1230) recommended Cicero’s _De Inventione_ (_Rhetorica_), _De Oratore_, the _Ad Herennium_ ascribed to Cicero, Quintilian’s _Institutes_ and the _Declamationes_ ascribed to him. The third figure is Logic, coupled with the figure of Aristotle. The _Categories_ and Porphyry’s _Isagoge_ were the books of greatest service in the study of this subject; with Boëthius’ translations and expositions of Aristotle and Porphyry. All the foregoing and Cicero’s _Topica_ are selected by John Garland. Later the _Summulae logicales_ of Peter the Spaniard (_fl._ 1276), William of Heytesbury’s _Sophismata_ (_c._ 1340), the _Summa logices_ of the great English schoolman, William of Ockham (_d. c._ 1349), and the _Quaestiones_ of William Brito (_d._ 1356) were the chief manuals of dialectic.

The first figure in the representation of the _quadrivium_ is Music, with Tubal Cain beneath. In this subject, for which few books were necessary, Boëthius was the guide. With Astronomy is associated Ptolemy. The _Cosmographia_ and _Almagest_ of Ptolemy, and the works of some Arabian authors, with books of tables, were the student’s manuals. In our cartoon Geometry has Euclid for companion. Arithmetic is associated with Pythagoras in the picture: for this subject Boëthius was the text-book.[544]

Besides the seven liberal arts, natural, metaphysical, and moral philosophy, or the three philosophies, were added in the thirteenth century. For these studies Aristotle and his commentators were the chief guides. The medical authorities of the middle ages have been catalogued for us by Chaucer in his description of a doctor of “phisyk”--

“Wel knew he the olde Esculapius And Deiscorides, and eek Rufus, Old Ypocras, Haly and Galien; Serapion, Razis and Avicen; Averrois, Damascien and Constantyn; Bernard, and Gatesden, and Gilbertyn.”

Of these names eight are included in Duke Humfrey’s gifts to Oxford in 1439 and 1443; and ten of them are represented in the catalogue of Peterhouse Library in 1418. Besides the writers mentioned by Chaucer, works on fevers by Isaac the Arab, the _Antidotarium_ of Nicholas, and the _Isagoge_ of Johannicius were in general use.

Next to theology--in which class the chief books were the same as in the claustral library, although liturgical books are more rarely found--the largest section of an academic collection was that of civil and canon law. It comprised the various digests, the works of Cinus of Pistoia and Azo; texts of decrees, decretals, _Liber Sextus Decretalium_, _Liber Clementinae_, with many commentaries, the _Constitutions_ of Ottobon and Otho, the book compiled by Henry of Susa, Cardinal Bishop of Ostia, called _Summa Ostiensis_, the _Rosarium_ of Archdeacon Guido de Baysio, and Durand’s _Speculum Judiciale_. The last three books are frequently met with, and were highly esteemed by medieval jurists.[545]

In a previous chapter we have noted the somewhat fresher character of the library given to Oxford University by the Duke of Gloucester. We have two later records which may be referred to now to indicate the change wrought by the Renascence. A catalogue of William Grocyn’s books was drawn up soon after his death in 1519. This collection proves its owner to have been conservative in his tastes, as the medieval favourites are well represented. Of Greek books there are only Aristotle, Plutarch in a Latin translation, and a Greek and Latin Testament--a curiously small collection in view of his interest in Greek, and in view of the fact that many of the chief Greek authors had been printed before his death. It seems likely that his Greek books had been dispersed. But the change is apparent in the excellent series of Latin classics, which included Tacitus and Lucretius, and in the number of books by Italian writers, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Ficino, Filelfo, Lorenzo della Valle, Æneas Sylvius, and Perotti.

Still more significant of the change are the references to the course of study in the statutes of Corpus Christi College, Oxford (1517). The approved prose writers are Cicero--an apology is offered for the use of barbarous words not known to Cicero--Sallust, Valerius Maximus, Suetonius, Pliny, Livy, and Quintilian. Virgil, Ovid, Lucan, Juvenal, Terence and Plautus are approved as poets. Suitable books to study during the vacations are the works of Lorenzo della Valle, Aulus Gellius, and Poliziano. In Greek the writings--most of them quite new to the age--of Isocrates, Lucian, Philostratus, Aristophanes, Theocritus, Euripides, Sophocles, Pindar, Hesiod, Demosthenes, Thucydides, Aristotle, and Plutarch are recommended. Such a list bears few resemblances to the academic library we have attempted to describe.[546]

§ IV

In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries romances began to creep into all libraries, save the academic, in which they are rarely found. As soon as romance literature took a firm hold upon public favour the monks added some of it to their collections. Probably romances were first bought to be copied and sold to augment the monastic income; and more perhaps were sold than preserved. Ascham avers that “in our fathers tyme nothing was red, but bookes of fayned cheualrie, wherein a man by redinge, shuld be led to none other ende, but onely to manslaughter and baudrye.... These bokes (as I haue heard say) were made the moste parte in Abbayes and Monasteries, a very lickely and fit fruite of suche an ydle and blynde kinde of lyuyne.”[547] Thomas Nashe, in his story of _The Unfortunate Traveller_, describes romances as “the fantasticall dreams of those exiled Abbie lubbers,” that is, the monks.[548] These writers were but echoing such charges as that in _Piers Plowman_, which declares that a friar was much better acquainted with the _Rimes of Robin Hood_ and _Randal Erle of Chester_ than with his Paternoster. A number of romances are indeed found in monastic catalogues. The library at Glastonbury included four romances (1248); that at Christ Church, Canterbury, contained a few in late thirteenth century. Guy de Beauchamp bequeathed romances to Bordesley Abbey (1315). In the first year of the fifteenth century Peterborough had some romances. At the end of the same century St. Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury, had in its library of over eighteen hundred books only a few romances; while in Leicester Abbey, among a library of about three hundred and fifty books, we find only the Troy book, _Drian and Madok_, _Beves of Hamtoun_, all in French, _Gesta Alexandri Magni_, and one or two others. Edward III bought a book of romance from a nun of Amesbury in 1331--a work of such interest that he kept it in his room. There are plenty of other instances. But in no case have we found an excessive number of romances in monastic libraries, and the charges--if they can worthily be called charges--so often made against monks on this score fall to the ground.[549]

The romances oftenest appearing in monastic catalogues and other records are the following: The Story of Troy, especially Joseph of Exeter’s Latin version, the great Arthurian cycle, the beautiful story of _Amis and Amiloun_, renowned all over Europe, _Joseph of Arimathea_, Charlemagne, Alexander, which was of the best of romances, _Guy of Warwick_, which was very popular, and the semi-historical _Richard Cœur de Lion_. But many others were in circulation. In _Cursor mundi_ a number of the popular stories of the day are mentioned--

“Men lykyn jestis for to here, And romans rede in divers maneree, Of _Alexandre_ the conquerour, Of _Julius Cæsar_[550] the emperour, Of Greece and _Troy_ the strong stryf, Ther many a man lost his lyfe; Of _Brut_,[551] that baron bold of hond, The first conquerour of Englond, Of _King Artour_ that was so ryche; Was non in hys tyme so ilyche [alike, equal]: Of wonders that among his knyghts felle, And auntyrs [adventures] dedyn as men her telle As _Gaweyn_, and othir full abylle, Which that kept the round tabyll, How _King Charles_ and Rowland fawght, With Sarazins, nold thei be cawght; Of _Tristram_ and Ysoude the swete, How thei with love first gan mete, Of _Kyng John_, and of _Isenbras_, Of Ydoine and _Amadas_.”[552]

Again, many “speak of men who read romances--

Of _Bevys_,[553] _Gy_, and _Gwayane_, Of _Kyng Rychard_, and _Owayne_, Of _Tristram_ and _Percyvayle_, Of _Rowland Ris_,[554] and _Aglavaule_, Of _Archeroun_, and of _Octavian_, Of _Charles_, and of _Cassibelan_. Of _Keveloke_,[555] _Horne_, and of _Wade_ In romances that ben of hem bimade, That gestours dos of hem gestes, At maungeres, and at great festes, Her dedis ben in remembrance, In many fair romance.”

Popular romances of this kind had a great influence upon the lives of the people. The long lists of medieval theology and sophistry usually laid before us, and the great majority of the writings which have survived, sometimes lead us to believe the culture of the Middle Ages to have been of a more serious cast than it really was. The oral circulation of romance literature must have been enormous. The spun-out, dreary poems which now make such difficult reading are infinitely more entertaining when read aloud: the voice gives life and character to a humdrum narrative, and the gestour would know how to make the best of incidents which he knew from experience to be specially interesting to an audience. Such yarns would be most attractive to “lewd” or illiterate men--

“For lewdë men y undyrtoke On Englyssh tunge to make thys boke: For many ben of swyche manere That talys and rymys wyl blethly[556] here, Ye gamys and festys, and at the ale.”[557]

[Illustration: _PLATE XXXV_

ANCIENT VELLUM BOOK-MARKER WITH REVOLVING DISC

FROM A DOUBLE-COLUMN CANTERBURY BIBLE; THE DISC CAN BE USED TO MARK COLUMN AND LINE. MS. 49 C.C. COLL. CAMB.]

The need of multiplying manuscripts of these poems would not be greatly felt. The reciter would be obliged to learn them off by heart; he need not, and often did not, possess written versions of the poems he recited. And even literate men, as Bishop Grosseteste, preferred to listen to these gestours, rather than to read the narrative themselves. Therefore, any estimate we may form of the number of manuscripts of romances in existence at any time in the fourteenth century, for example, would give not the smallest idea of the extent to which these tales were known.

§ V

The medieval collector of books sometimes, and the monastic librarian nearly always, took care that his library was strong in hagiology and history. He felt the need of books which would tell him of the past history of his church and of the lives of her greatest teachers. When collected these books were an incentive to the more cultivated of the monks to begin the history of his country or his house, or to write or re-write the lives of saints. The fruit is preserved for us in a long line of monkish historians and hagiographers. As a rule the histories they wrote were of little value; but when they had brought the tale down to their own times they continued it with the help of records to their hand, narrated events within their own memory, and maintained the narrative in the form of annals. The method of annalising was simple. At the end of the incomplete manuscript a loose or easily detachable sheet was kept, whereon events of importance to the nation and the monastery and locality of the annalist were written in pencil from time to time during the year. At the end of the year the historian welded these jottings into a narrative. When this was done another leaf for notes was placed after the manuscript. The value of the work so accomplished is incalculable. Without these records it would now be impossible for us to realise what the Middle Ages were like. This service, added to the enormously greater service which monachism did for us in preserving ancient literature, will always breed kind thoughts of a system so repugnant to our modern view of human endeavour.

§ VI

What was the extent of circulation of books during the manuscript age? For the period before the Conquest we can only offer the merest conjecture, which does not help us materially. The rarity of the extant manuscripts of this age is no guide to the extent of their production. During the raids of the northmen the destruction and loss must have been very great indeed. After the Conquest the indifference and contempt with which the conquerors regarded everything Saxon must have been responsible for the destruction of nearly every manuscript written in the vernacular. But, on the other hand, we find suggestions of a greater production than is commonly credited to this period. Religious fervour to make books was not wanting, as some of our most beautiful relics--works exhibiting much painstaking and skilful and even loving labour, calligraphy, and decoration aflame with high endeavour--belong to the Hiberno-Saxon period and the days of Ethelwold. Nor after Alfred’s day was regard lacking for vernacular literature itself rather than for the glory of a faith: how else are we to explain the precious fragments of Anglo-Saxon manuscript which have been preserved for us, especially the Exeter book and the Vercelli book? That the production was considerable is suggested by the records we have. Think of the Irish manuscripts now scattered on the continent; of the library of York; of Bede’s workshop and the northern libraries; and of those in the south, at Canterbury, Malmesbury, and elsewhere. But the use of such manuscripts as were in existence was restricted to monks, wealthy ecclesiastics, and a few of the wealthy laity.

After the Conquest the state of affairs was the same. The period of the greatest literary activity in the monasteries now began, and large claustral libraries were soon formed. The monks then had plenty of books; wealthy clergy also had small collections. An ecclesiastic or a layman who had done a monastery some service, or whose favour it was politic to cultivate, could borrow books from the monastic library, under certain strict conditions. Some people availed themselves of this privilege; but not at any time during the manuscript period to a great extent.[558]

Outside this small circle the people were almost bookless: nearly the whole of the literary wealth of the Middle Ages belonged to the monks and the church. Books were extremely costly. The medieval book-buyer paid more for his book on an average than does the modern collector of first editions and editions _de luxe_, who pays in addition several guineas a volume for handsome bindings. The prices we have tabulated will fully bear out this statement. But even more striking evidence of the high value set upon books is the care taken in selling or bequeathing them. To-day a line or two in a wealthy man’s will disposes of all his books. He commonly throws them in with the “residue,” unmentioned. In the manuscript age a testator distributed his little hoard book by book. Often he not only bequeaths a volume to a friend, but determines its fate after his friend’s death. For example, a daughter is to have a copy of the _Golden Legend_, “and to occupye to hir

[Illustration: RECORD OF SALE OF BOOK CAPTURED AT POITIERS (see p. 247)]

owne use and at hir owne liberte durynge hir lyfe, and after hir decesse to remayne to the prioress and the convent of Halywelle for evermore, they to pray for the said John Burton and Johne his wife and alle crystene soyles (1460).”[559] A manuscript now in Worcester Cathedral Library bears an inscription telling us that, likewise, one Thomas Jolyffe left it to Dr. Isack, a monk of Worcester, for his lifetime, and after his death to Worcester Priory. A manuscript now in the British Museum was bought in 1473 at Oxford by Clement of Canterbury, monk and scholar, from a bookseller named Hunt for twenty shillings, _in the presence of Will. Westgate, monk_.[560] In a manuscript of the _Sentences_ is a note telling us that it was the property of Roger, archdeacon of Lincoln: he bought it from Geoffrey the chaplain, the brother of Henry, vicar of North Elkington, the witnesses being master Robert de Luda, clerk, Richard the almoner, the said Henry the vicar, his clerk, and others.[561] An instance of a different kind will suffice. When, after a good deal of rioting at Oxford, many of the more studious masters and scholars went to Stamford, the king threatened that if they did not return to Oxford they would lose their goods, and especially their books. The warning was disregarded, but the threatened forfeiture of their books was evidently thought to be a strong measure.[562]

In his poems Chaucer endows two poor clerks with small libraries. His first portrait of an Oxford clerk is delightful--

“For him was lever have at his beddes heed [rather] Twenty bokes, clad in blak or reed, Of Aristotle and his philosophye, Than robes riche, or fithele, or gay sautrye [fiddle, psaltery]. But al be that he was a philosophre, Yet hadde he but litel gold in cofre; But al that he mighte of his freendes hente [get], On bokes and on lerninge he it spente, And bisily gan for the soules preye Of hem that yaf him wher-with to scoleye [gave, study]. Of studie took he most cure and most hede. Noght o word spak he more than was nede, And that was seyd in forme and reverence, And short and quik, and ful of hy sentence [high]. Souninge in moral vertu was his speche [conducing to], And gladly wolde he lerne, and gladly teche.”

Almost equally pleasing is his picture of another who lived with a rich churl--

“A chambre hadde he in that hostelrye Allone, with-outen any companye,

* * * * *

His Almageste and bokes grete and smale, His astrelabie, longinge for his art, His augrim-stones layen faire a-part On shelves couched at his beddes heed.”

Both descriptions have been used as evidence that books were not so scarce as supposed; that poor people could get books if they specially needed them. But are these pictures quite true? Has not the poet taken advantage of the licence allowed to his kind? The records preserved at Oxford do not corroborate him. Some of the students were very poor. It seems likely that a would-be clerk attached himself to a master or scholar as a servant in return for teaching in the “kunnyng of writyng” and perhaps other knowledge--

“This endenture bereth witnesse that I, John Swanne, þ^{e} sone of John Swanne of Bridlington, in þ^{e} counte of Yorke, have putte me servante unto William Osbarne, forto serve him undir þ^{e} foorme of a servante for þ^{e} terme of iiii. yere, and þ^{e} seide William Osbarne forto enfoorme þ^{e} seide John Swann in þ^{e} kunnyng of writyng, and þ^{e} seide John Swann forto have þ^{e} first yere of þ^{e} seide William Osbarne iijs. iiijd. in money, and ij. peier [pairs] of hosen, and ij. scherts [shirts] and iiij. peire schoon [pairs of shoes], and a gowne, and in þ^{e} secunde yeere xiijs. iiijd., and in þ^{e} iij. yere xxs. and a gowne, and in þ^{e} iiij. yeere xls. And in þ^{e} witnesse hereof, etc.” (1456).[563]

Mr. Anstey points out that a very large number, probably the majority of scholars, were not well provided for. They eked out their precarious allowances by begging, by learning handicrafts, and by “picking up the various doles at funerals and commemoration masses, where such needy miserables were always to be found.”[564] Such students would not be likely to have many or perhaps any books. “The stock of books possessed by the _younger_ scholars seems to have been almost _nil_. The inventories of goods, which we possess, in the case of non-graduates contain hardly any books. The fact is that they mostly could not afford to buy them.... The chief source of supplying books was by purchase from the University sworn stationers, who had to a great extent a monopoly, the object of which was to prevent the sale and removal from Oxford of valuable books. Of such books there were plainly very large numbers constantly changing hands; they were the pledges so continually deposited on borrowing from chests, and seem, from scattered hints, to have been a very fruitful source of litigation and dispute.”[565] Most of these books were in the hands of seniors. Truly enough many a poor clerk would as lief have twenty “bokes” to his name as anything else treble the value. But he would undergo much sharp self-denial and receive much “wher-with to scoleye” ere he got together so considerable a collection of “bokes grete and smale,” to say nothing of instruments. As such a large proportion of the scholars were poor, and unable to acquire books, nearly all the instruction given was oral. Well-to-do scholars would not find, therefore, books of very great service; and indeed they were as ill-equipped in this respect as their poorer brethren. The accounts of the La Fytes, two scholars whose expenses were paid by Edward I himself, contain records of the purchase of two copies of only the _Institutions_ of Quintilian (_c._ 1290).[566] Is not Chaucer describing his own room in both passages--the room he loved to seek after his day’s work at the desk? Here at the bedhead are his books, including the astronomical treatise of Ptolemy called _Almagest_. Beside them is the astrolabe, an instrument about which he wrote; and trimly arranged apart his augrim-stones, or counters for making calculations. Such an outfit we might expect him to have: just such a library, neither smaller nor larger.

This supposition calls to mind another argument sometimes used to prove how easy it was to make a small collection of books. Chaucer’s poems display his acquaintance, more or less thoroughly, with many authors. Surely, it is urged, his library was a good one for the time: then how was it possible for a man of his means to own such? He was not wealthy. As a courtier and a public officer the calls upon his purse must have been heavy: little indeed could be left for books. The explanation is probably simple. Books were freely lent, more freely than nowadays; and Chaucer would be able to eke out his library in this way. Another point is important. Professor Lounsbury, who has spent years in an exhaustive study of Chaucer, points out a curious circumstance. “It must be confessed,” he says--a shade of disparagement lurks in the phrase--“it must be confessed that Chaucer’s quotations from writers exhibit a familiarity with prologues and first books and early chapters which contrasts ominously with the comparative infrequency with which he makes citations from the middle and latter parts of most of the works he mentions.”[567] Surely the implication is unjust. Stationers used to let out on hire parts of books or quires. Manuscript volumes were also often made up of parts of works by several authors. Books being scarce, it was preferable to make some volumes select miscellanies, little libraries in themselves. Hear Chaucer himself--

“And eek ther was som-tyme a clerk at Rome, A cardinal, that highte Seinte Jerome, That made a book agayn Jovinian; In whiche book eek ther was Tertulan, Crisippus, Trotula, and Helowys, That was abbesse nat fer fro Parys; And eek the Parables of Salomon, Ovydes Art, and bokes many on, And alle thise were bounden in o volume.”[568]

In composite volumes often only the earlier parts of authors’ works were included. If Chaucer owned a few books of this kind, his familiarity with parts of authors--and oftenest with the earlier parts--is accounted for satisfactorily; so also is the range and variety of his reading. Examine the Christ Church Canterbury catalogue in Henry Eastry’s time, and note what a remarkable variety of subjects is comprised in what we nowadays consider rather a paltry number of books. There is another point worth bearing in mind. Speaking of Bishop Shirwood’s books, a writer in the _English Historical Review_ says: “Many of the books bear his mark, _Nota_, scattered over the margins, or a hand with a long pointing finger. These notes occur usually at the beginnings. In the days when chapters and sections were unknown and division into books rare, when headlines were not and pages sometimes had no signatures even, not to speak of numbers, a reader had to go solidly through a book, and could not lightly turn up a passage he wished for, by the aid of a reference. But except in Cicero and in Plutarch--which is read almost from beginning to end--the marks do not often go far. Shirwood was doubtless too busy to find much time for reading, and before he had made much way with a book a new purchase had come to arouse his interest.”[569]

But to the general rule of scarcity of books some exceptions are known. When a book won a reputation, the cost of producing copies was not wholly restrictive of circulation. Copies of some works of the Fathers were produced in great numbers. The Bible, whole or in part, was copied with such industry that it became the commonest of manuscripts, as it now is the commonest of printed books. Peter Lombard’s _Sentences_ became a famous book: the standard of the schools; everywhere to be found side by side with the Bible, everywhere discussed and commented upon. A twelfth century author of quite different character had a good hold upon the people; the number of copies of Geoffrey of Monmouth must have been considerable, for the British Museum now has thirty-five copies and Bodley’s Library sixteen. “Possibly, no work before the age of printed books attained such immediate and astonishing popularity ... translations, adaptations, and continuations of it formed one of the staple exercises of a host of medieval scribes.”[570] A glance at the monastic and academic library catalogues of later date than mid-thirteenth century will prove more clearly than a shelf full of books how enormous was the influence of Aristotle. If such a collocation as the Bible and Shakspere sums up the present-day Englishman’s ideals of spiritual sustenance and literary power, a similar collocation of the Bible and Aristotle would sum up, with a greater approach to truth, the ideals of the medieval schoolman. Popularity fell to _Piers Plowman_. Apart from the large currency given to it by ballad singers, many manuscripts were in existence, for even now forty-five of them, more or less complete, remain. As M. Jusserand aptly remarks: “This figure is the more remarkable when we consider that, contrary to works written in Latin or in French, Langland’s book was not copied and preserved outside his own country.”[571] Again, but a few years after the writing of the _Canterbury Tales_, a copy of it was bequeathed, among other books, by a clerk named Richard Sotheworth of East Hendred, Berks (1417).[572] The impression is left upon one’s mind that this work had found its way quickly and in many copies into country places.

But as only a few books had a comparatively large circulation, these few had a disproportionately powerful influence. The Bible was paramount. Aristotle dominated the whole mental horizon of the schoolmen. Alfred of Beverley tells us that Geoffrey of Monmouth’s book “was so universally talked of that to confess ignorance of its stories was the mark of a clown.”[573] So great was the influence of _Piers Plowman_, that from it were taken watchwords at the great rising of the peasants.[574] The power of such works could not be wholly hemmed in by the barrier of manuscript: like a spring torrent it would burst forth and carry all before it. In the manuscript period a book of great originality and power, or a work which reproduced the thought of the time accurately and with spirit, ran no great risk of being passed over and forgotten; too little was produced for much that was good to be lost. It was copied once and again; became very slowly but very surely known to a few, then to many; and all the time waxed more and more influential in its teaching. The growth was slow, but then the lifetime was long. Now the chance of a good book going astray is much greater. What watcher of the great procession of modern books does not fear that something supremely fine and great has passed unobserved in the huge, motley crowd?

APPENDIX A

PRICES OF BOOKS AND MATERIALS FOR BOOKMAKING

_Note._--Following is a selection from a large number of prices recorded in various places. In making the selection I have included books of various prices. An asterisk (*) before the reference signifies that additional prices will be found in the same place.

_These prices must be multiplied at least ten times before the value set upon books in the Middle Ages can be compared with the value set upon them to-day._

----------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------ DATE | DESCRIPTION | PRICE ----------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------ | BIBLES | 1344 | Bible for Merton College | £3 | Rogers, i. 646 | 1354-74 | For redeeming a Bible which lay in Langeton | | chest (1354) | £3 | For a Bible pledged in Chichester chest (1357) | £3 | For a Bible redeemed from Chichester chest (1358) | £3 | For Bible pledged in Winton chest (1358) | £3 | To our barber for a Bible pledged to him in time | | of John Dagenet | 4 marks. | _O. H. S._, 27, Boase, xlviii. | 1376 | Bible, small | 12 fr. | Robinson, 5 | _c._ 1387 | Bible for New College | £2, 13s. 4d. | Another | £1, 6s. 8d. | Another | £1, 0s. 0d. | _O. H. S._, 32, _Collect._, 220 | 15 c. | Bible, 13 cent., 358 ff., double cols. of 53 | | lines, in good small hand | 5 marks. | James^{4}, 1 9 | 1423 | Pro j Biblia, cum ij signaculis deauratis | £6, 13s. 4d. | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 76 | 1439 | Bible | £3, 6s. 8d. | James^{10}, xxiv. | 1444 | Bible | £2, 13s. 0d. | James^{10}, xxiv. | 1449 | Bible covered with red leather, and having | | gilded clasps | £6, 13s. 4d. | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 110 | 1452 | Bible | £6, 13s. 4d. | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 132 | 1471 | Bible, in 5 vols. | £2 | James^{10}, xxiv. | 1473 | Bible bought at Oxford. Now Brit. Mus. MS. | | Burney 11 | 20s. | James, 515 | | MISSALS | 1358 | Missal pledged in Burnel chest | 8s. 4d. | _O. H. S._, 27, Boase, xlviii. | 1383-4 | Abbot Litlington’s missal |£34, 14s. 7d. | Robinson, 7-8 | 1449 | Old Missal, de usu Ebor. | 26s. 8d. | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 110 | 1452 | Missal, de usu Ebor. | £4, 13s. 4d. | Old Missal | 10s. | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 132-33 | 1459 | A fair mass book | £10 | Rogers, iv. 600 | 1468 | Missal | £4 | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 163 | 1491 | Missal | 40s. | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 161 n. | 1509 | A new masboke couered with white lether and ij | | longe claspes of latyn | £4 | A little massebooke after the ffrenche use | 3s. 4d. | _C. A. S._ (N.S.) 8vo ser., iii. 361 | | BREVIARIES | 1370 | Portiforium | 10s. | _Cam. Soc._, Bury Wills, 1 | 1395 | Portiforium notatum | 20s. | Parvum portiforium | 33s. 4d. | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 6 | 1400 | Portiforium de usu Sarum | 66s. 8d. | _Ibid._, 13 | 1449 | Great portiforium de usu Ebor. |£11, 3s. 6d. | Great portiforium de usu Sarum | 53s. 4d. | _Ibid._, 110 | 1451 | Portiforium | 6s. 8d. | _Mun. Acad._, 609 | 1452 | Portiforium de usu Sarum | 53s. 4d. | Portiforium de usu Ebor. | 53s. 4d. | Portiforium | 13s. 4d. | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 132-33 | 1491 | Portiforium de Ebor. | 43s. 4d. | _Ibid._, 161n. | 1518 |A little portuos lyinge to plegge in teamce street | 53s. 4d. | _Reliquary_, vii. 18 | | PSALTERS | Before | | 1300 | Psalter, with glosses | 10s. | Warton, i. 188n. | 1376 | Psalter, glossed | 12 fr. | Robinson, 6 | _c._ 1380 | Psalter, glossed | 26s. 8d. | _O. H. S._, 32, _Collect._, 226 | 1395 | Psalter, in large letters; price 6_s._ 8_d._ | | sold for | 13s. 4d. | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 6 | 1447 | Psalter | 3s. 8d. | Rogers, iv. 600 | 1449 | Psalter, glossed | 11s. | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 110 | 1451 | Psalter, glossed | 6s. 8d. | _Mun. Acad._, 609 | 1452 | Psalter, glossed | 13s. 4d. | Illuminated Psalter | 13s. 4d. | Small Psalter | 6s. 8d. | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 132-33 | 1468 | Psalter | 8s. 4d. | _Ibid._, 163 | _c._ 1470 | Psalter | 6s. 8d. | _Paston Letters_, ed. Gairdner, vi. 175-77 | | ANTIPHONARIES | _c._ 1420-40| Antiphonary for S. Albans | £6s, 13s. 4d. | Another | £6 | _Ann. mon. S. Alb. a J. Amund._, ii. 256-71 | 1459 | 2 new great antiphons | £13, 6s. 8d. | Rogers, iv. 600 | 1491 | Antiphonary [with musical notation] | 33s. 4d. | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 161 n. | 1509 | A grete antyphoner in parchement with legent | | couered with white lether with ij long claspes of | | latyn | £8 | An olde litle antyphoner withoute couer and | | claspes | 3s. 4d. | _C. A. S._ (N.S.), 8vo ser., iii. 361 | | PROCESSIONALS | 1449 | 20 new Processionals for All Souls College | £5, 13s. 4d. | Rogers, iv. 600 | 1509 | A Processionall noted [with musical notation] | | couered with Tawny lether and ij long claspes | 26s. 8d. | A processionall couered with Tawny lether with | | oon claspe | 5s. | _C. A. S._ (N.S.), iii. 361 | | MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS | _c._ 690 | Land sufficient for 8 families exchanged for a book | | on cosmography, of admirable workmanship. | | _Vitæ Abb._ § 15 | 1174 | Bede’s _Homilies_ and S. Austin’s Psalter exchanged | | for 12 measures of barley and a pall, on which | | was embroidered in silver the history of | | S. Birinus converting a Saxon king. | | Warton, i. 186 | Before | | 1300 | Historia Scholastica [Peter Comestor], [Cf. 1452.] | £1 | Concordance | 10s. | Four greater prophets, with glosses | 5s. | *Warton, i. 188n. | 1300 | Book of Decretals | 3s. | *Stevenson, _Hist. of Ely_ | 1306 | A school book | 2d. | Rogers, i. 645-56 | 1322 | Liber gardanarum | £3, 6s. 8d. | Rogers, i. 646 | 1357 | For book on Prophets and the third part of | | Thomas Aquinas (tertia pars Summae), pledged | | in Tykeford chest | 13s. 4d. | _O. H. S._, 27, Boase, xlviii. | _c._ 1360 | La Bible Hystoriaus, ou Les Histories escolastres. | | B.M. Reg. 19 D ii. Taken from King of | | France at Poitiers; bought by Wm. Montagu, | | for | 100 marks. | Ordered to be sold by the Last will of his | | Countess Elizabeth for | 40 livres. | Warton, i. 187 | 1376 | Dictionary in 3 volumes | 200 francs. | Gospels glossed in 1 volume | 15 francs. | N. de Lyra on the Gospels and the Epistles of Paul | 37½ francs. | Quodlibeta of Herveus Natalis Brito | 3 francs. | Milleloquium Augustini [anthology of S. Augustine | | by Bartholomew of Urbino] | 80 francs. | Augustine, super psalterium abbreviatus cum | | septem quaternis non ligatis | 1 franc. | N. de Lyra, third part | 37½ francs. | Small concordance | 1 franc. | Speculum Historiale, first part, by Vincent of | | Beauvais | 50 francs. | Augustine, de Civitate Dei | 12 francs. | Lombard’s Sentences. [Cf. 1423, 1452.] | 6 francs. | Boëthius, de Consolatione philosophiae, cum aliis. | 10 francs. | Summa Hostiensis [one of the chief books on | | canon law]. [Cf. 1380.] | 20 francs. 1376 | Cronica Martiniana, by Martinus Polonus; Bede, | | de Gestis Anglorum; Life of S. Thomas, in | | 1 volume | 10 francs. | Anselm, de Similitudinibus | 2 francs. | *Robinson, 5-7 | 1378 | Wylliott’s book on natural philosophy | £3, 6s. 8d. | Rogers, i. 646 | 1379 | 11 quires of Bacon’s Mathematics | 5s. 6d. | Rogers, i. 646 | _c._ 1380 | Lectura T. Alquini super 410 sententiarum | 10s. | Evangelium Johannis et Apocalypsis glosatum | 20s. | Concordantiae Bibliae | 8s. | Sermones veteres | 3s. 4d. | Sermones N. Gorham de communi sanctorum | 5s. | Liber Genesis glosatus | 20s. | Legenda Aurea | 20s. | Augustine, de Civitate Dei | 53s. 4d. | Haymo super epistolas Pauli | 100s. | Evangelium Mathaei | 2s. | “ Johannis glos. | 3s. 4d. | Biblia versificata | 5s. | Quaternus sermonum | 2s. 6d. | Epistolae Sidonii, in quaterno | 12d. | Albertus Magnus, de vegetabilibus et plantis cum | | multis aliis | 53s. 4d. | Textus Metha[physi]cae | 10s. | Commentator super libros caeli et mundi | 5s. | Liber de Anima, continens 3 libros cum aliis | 3d. | Textus naturalis philosophiae | 16s. | “ | 13s. 4d. | “ | 13s. 4d. | Tractatus de Animalibus | 4s. | Liber Decretalium non glosatus | 3s. 4d. | Liber Decretalium | 16s. 8d. | Summa Hostiensis. [Cf. 1376.] |£4, 13s. 4d. | Liber Sextus decretalium. [Cf. 1423, 1445, | | 1451.] | 75s. | Codex. [Cf. 1423.] | 31s. 4d. | Liber inforciatus. [Cf. 1423, 1445.] | 20s. | Digestum vetus. [Cf. 1423.] | 5s. | _O. H. S._, 32, _Collect._, 224-41 | 1389 | Problems of Aristotle for Exeter College | £4 | Boëthius, De Disciplina Scholarum, and De | | Consolatione philosophiæ | 5 marks. | _O. H. S._, 27, Boase, xxxvi. | 1394 | Parchment for 4 choir books, and writing them |£11, 13s. 3d. | _Surtees Soc._, xxxv. 130 | _c._ 1394 | Writing, illuminating and other expenses of a | | primer, given to the Lady Queen of Castile, | | _i.e._ Constance, 2nd wife of John of Gaunt | 63s. 6d. | _C. A. S._ (N.S.), iii. 401 | 1395 | Cronica Martiniana, cum aliis. | | Priced 3_s._ 4_d._, sold for [Cf. price in 1376] | 3s. 4d. | Libellus cum causa T. Cantuariensis, et aliis. | | Priced 2_s._, sold for | 3s. 4d. | Repertorium Willelmi Durand. | | Priced 6_s._ 8_d._, not sold | 6s. 8d. | William de Mandagoto de Electionibus. Priced | | 5_s._, sold for | 6s. 8d. | Constitutions of Ottobonus, cum aliis. Priced | | 18_d._, not sold | 18d. | Petrus de Formâ dictandi, quire. Priced 2_s._, | | not sold [Cf. 1443] | 2s. | Bernard, Meditationes, cum aliis 5_s._, | | sold for | 6s. | Mandeville on paper, in French. 2_s._, not sold | 2s. | Quire, de Arte dictandi, with letters of Peter of | | Blois. 2_s._, not sold | 2s. | Textus Clementinarum [Decretals of Clement] | | 12_d._, not sold | 12d. | Brut in French. 2_s._, not sold | 2s. | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 6 | 1397 | Vellum for 6 Processionals, and writing, noting | | (notatio, musical notation), illuminating and | | binding them | 73s. 4d. | _Surtees Soc._, vii. xxvi.-vii. n. | 15 c. | Liber Scintillarum | 2s. | Augustine on John | 10 marks. | _C. A. S._ (N.S.), iii. 403 | 15 c. | For 39 quires parchment at vi_d._=xx_s._ | | vi_d._ (_sic_) | 19s. 6d. | For writing same at xx_d._ quire | 65s. | For illuminating | 12d. | For binding | 2s. 6d. | Summa | £4, 8s. 0d. | James^{3}, 105 | 15 c. | 27 quires parchment at iii_d._ | 6s. 9d. | For writing same at 16_d._ | 36s. | Illumination | 8d. | Binding | 2s. | Summa | 45s. 5d. | _Ibid._, 128 | 15 c. |27 quires and 6 fo. parchment at iii_d._ | 6s. 9d. |For writing same at 16_d._ | 36s. |Illumination | 6d. |Binding | 2s. |Total | 45s. 3d. | _Ibid._, 133| 15 c. |33 quires parchment | 8s. 3d. |For writing same at 16_d._ | 44s. |Illumination | 12d. |Binding | 2s. |Total | 55s. 3d. | _Ibid._, 169| 15 c. |29 quires parchment at iii_d._ | 7s. 3d. |For writing same at 16_d._ | 38s. 8d. |Illumination | 12d. |Binding | 2s. |Total | 48s. 11d. | _Ibid._, 226| 15 c. | Antonius Andreas, super Metaphysica, etc., 153ff., | | on paper | 13s. 4d. | James^{3}, 290| 1400 |John of Meun’s Roman de la Rose, sold before | | the palace gate at Paris | £33, 6s. 6d. | Warton, i. 187| 1400 |Tabula Martiniana | 3s. 4d. |Gradual, de usu Ebor. | 40s. |Catholicon. [Cf. 1452.] | £4, 10s. 0d. | *_Surtees Soc._, xlv. 13| 1414 |For mending one old mass book almost worn out; | | for parchment and new writing in divers parts | | and for the binding and new clasps, and a skin | | to cover the book | 11s. 2d. | _Archæologia_, lvii. 208-9| 1420-40 |Three books given to the Duke of Gloucester, | | Cato glossed, and two books of Abbot Whethamstede’s| | own composition | £10 |Book of astronomy, given to the Duke of Bedford | £3, 6s. 8d. |Boëthius, de Consolatione philosophiae, glossed | £5 |Holkot, super Sapiéntiam Salomonis | 13s. 4d. |Holkot, Sermons | £3, 6s. 8d. |Thos. Netter of Walden and Wm. Wodeford | | against Wyclif. 2 vols. | £6, 13s. 4d. |*_Ann. mon S. Alb. a J. Amund._ ii. 256, 259, 268-71.| 1420-40 |Alan de Lisle’s Anticlaudianus, cum quaestionibus | | in eodem | 13s. 4d. | Unus parvus libellulus, cum metris et tabulis | | diversis | 13s. 4d. | * _Ann. mon S. Alb. a J. Amund._ ii. 256, | | 259, 268-71. | 1423 | Magister Sententiarum. [Cf. 1376, 1452.] | 16s. | Concordance | 20s. | Gregory’s Pastoral care | 4s. | Anselm, Cur Deus homo. [Cf. 1451.] | 10s. | Archdeacon Guido de Baysio’s Rosarium | 40s. | Liber Sextus Decretalium. [Cf. 1380, 1445, 1451.] | 40s. | Digestum Inforciatum. [Cf. 1380, 1445.] | 13s. 4d. | Digestum vetus. [Cf. 1380.] | 13_s._ 4_d._ | Codex. [Cf. 1380.] |£1, 6_s._ 8_d._ | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 76 | 1432 | Dr. Thomas Gascoigne gave 6 books to Lincoln | | College, value | £17, 10s. | Clark, _Linc. Coll._ (Coll. Hist.) | 1438 | Thomas Aquinas super primum Sententiarum | £1 | Thomas Aquinas in secundum Sententiarum | £1, 6s. 8d. | James^{10}, xxiv. | 1441 | Tabula super Senecam et Boetium de Consolat. et | | de disciplina scholarium | 1s. 8d. | James^{10}, xxiv. | 1442 | One part of Lyra | £3, 6s. 8d. | James^{10}, xxiv. | 1443 | 27 volumes bought from John Paston’s Exors. for | | King’s Hall, Cambridge. | £8, 17s. 4d. 1443 | For an old book, Postillae super Lucam | 2s. | James^{10}, xxiv. | 1443 | Petrus de formâ dictandi. [Cf. 1395.] | 1s. 8d. | _Mun. Acad._, 532 | 1445 | Book of philosophy, cum tractatibus Alberti | 13s. 4d. | James^{10}, xxiv. | 1445 | Liber Sextus Decretalium, pledged for. [Cf. 1380, | £1, et ob. | 1423, 1451.] | | Digestum Inforciatum, pledged for. [Cf. 1380, | 3s. 4d. | 1423.] | | * _Mun. Acad._, 543 | 1449 | Cicero, Rhetoric | 3s. 4d. | James^{10}, xxiv. | 1451 | Petrus de Palude [? in Sententiis] | 2s. | Epistles of Seneca ad Lucilium | 2s. | Gregory’s Sermons | 6s. 8d. | Plato, Timaeus | 6d. | Digestum vetus. [Cf. 1380, 1423] | 4s. | Liber Sextus Decretalium, cum glossa cardinali. | | [Cf. 1380, 1445, 1423.] | 5s. | Codex. [Cf. 1423.] | 4s. | Bernardus Parmensis de Botone, Casus longus | 5s. | Martial | 1s. | Anselm, Cur Deus homo. [Cf. 1423.] | 2s. 4d. | Decretals of Clement | 3s. 4d. | Vetus liber Decretalium | 1s. 4d. | * _Mun. Acad._, 609 | 1452 | Isidore, Etymologies; Bede, Historia | | Ecclesiastica | 30s. | Augustine, de spiritu et anima, with | | the Meditations of S. Bernard, and many | | other contents | 40s. | Guillelmus Parisiensis de virtutibus | 20s. | Bartholomeus Anglicus [Bartholomew de Glanville] | | de proprietatibus rerum | 6s. 8d. | Pupilla oculi. [There were several books of this | | title.] | 20s. | Catholicon. [Cf. 1400.] | £4 | Polichronica | 20s. | Historia Scholastica. [Cf. bef. 1300.] | 5s. | Lombard’s Sentences. [Cf. 1376, 1423.] | 16s. | * _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 132-3 | 1453 | Book by Wyclif | 7s. 6d. | Book against Wyclif | 3s. 6d. | More’s book on Wyclif and other books | £2, 2s. 0d. | Rogers, iv. 600 | 1455 | Nicolaus de Gorham super Psalterium, pledged | | for | £1, 6s. 8d. | James^{10}, xxiv. | 1455 | Gregory the Great’s Works, 157 leaves | £3, 6s. 8d. | _Library_ (N. S.), viii. 172 | 1456 | Avicenna, redeemed for | £1, 6s. 4d. | James^{10}, xxiv. | 1457 | Aegidius super Physica | 16s. 8d. | James^{10}, xxiv. | 1457 | Aristotle de animalibus | 5s. 6d. | James^{10}, xxiv. | 1459 | A Holy Legend | £10 | Rogers, iv. 600 | 1462 | Aristotle, Rhetor. Polit., etc. | 8s. 5d. | James^{10}, xxiv. | 1462 | Map of the world, bought for New College | £5 | Rogers, iv. 600 | 1467 | Cicero, de Officiis and Ambrosius super eodem | 6s. | James^{10}, xxiv. | _c._ 1468 | S. Augustine’s Epistles | £1, 13s. 4d. | _Library_ (N.S.), viii. 172 | 1468 | Richard Rolle’s Meditatio de passione domini | 4d. | *_Surtees Soc._, xlv. 163 | 1469 | Jerome’s Epistles | £1 | James^{10}, xxiv. | 1469 | Vellum, writing, correcting, illuminating, and | | binding a Lectionary in redskin, and cleaning | | the book | 64s. 3d. | _Library_, ii. (1890), 243 | _c._ 1470 | iij bokes of soffistre | 1s. 8d. | A red boke with Hugucio and Papie | £1 | A boke of Seynt Thomas de Veritatibus | 10s. | 1 boke of xij chapetyrs of Lyncoln, | | and a boke of Safistre | 10s. | 1 premere (primer?) | 2s. | * Gairdner, _Paston Letters_, vi. 175, 177 | 1472 | Thomas Aquinas, Tabula on works | 5s. 4d. | James^{10}, xxv. | 1481 | Alexander Aphrodisaeus, super libros de Anima | £1, 13s. 4d. | Rogers, iv. 600-1 | 1502 | Hugo de Vienna’s works in 7 volumes [printed] | £2, 6s. 4d. | Rogers, iv. 600-1 | 1509 | A printed legende in paper de usu Saris coueryd | | with white lether with ij short claspes of latyn | 3s. 4d. | _C. A. S._ (N.S.), 8vo ser., iii. 361 | 1509 | A graile couered with white lether with ij long | | claspes | £4, 6s. 8d. | A graile couered with white lether having ij | | longe claspes | 53s. 4d. | A prikesong boke in parchement | 13s. 4d. | _C. A. S._ (N.S.), 8vo ser., iii. 361 | _c._ 1525 | Cicero, de Officiis, bought by Thos. Linacre; | | now B. M. Reg. 15 A vi. | 8d. | James, 519 | 1531 | 4 hymnaria for the quire at ⅓ | 5s. | Rogers, i. 600-1 | 1538 | 1 Statutes of the Kingdom | 14s. | Polydore Vergil’s history | 6s. 8d. | Rogers, i. 600-1 | 1539 | Giorgio della Valle [? Aristotle’s Poetics] | 10s. | Rogers, iv. 600-1 | 1540 | Map of the World | 4s. 0d. | Suidas in Greek [? printed ed. 1499] | £1, 12s. 0d. | Erasmus on New Testament | 9s. | Rogers, iv. 600-1 | 1542 | Theophylact and Eustathius [? printed ed. 1542] | £2, 2s. 0d. | Epiphanius | 8s. | Rogers, iv. 600-1 | | Parchment for, writing, rubrishing and binding a | | book called “Domyltone,” also rubrishing | | Heytesbury’s Sophismata. [“Domyltone” was | | perhaps one of John of Dumbleton’s books] | 15s. 4½d. | _Hist. MSS._, 2nd Rept., App. 129; | | _Bibliographica_, iii. 148 | | _Note._--Many prices of books at Winchester | | College, temp. Henry VI will be found in | | _Archæol. Jour._ xv. (1858) 62-74. | | WRITING | 1346 | For writing a Psalter with Kalendar | 5s. 6d. | And a “placebo et dirige cum ympnario et | | collectario” | 4s. 3d. | _Surtees Soc._, xxxv. 165 | 1383-4 | For writing Abbot Litlington’s Missal during | | two years | £4 | Robinson, 7-8 | 1383-4 | Livery for the scribe | 20s. | For writing notes (musical notation) in Abbot | | Litlington’s Missal | 3s. 4d. | Robinson, 7-8 | 1393 | Writing 2 Graduals | £4, 6s. 8d. | _Surtees Soc._, xxxv. 130 | 1397 | For writing a Legenda of 34 “quires” | 72s. | _Surtees Soc._, vii. xxvi-xxvii n. | 15c. | Writing 25 quires at 16d. | 33s. 4d. | James^{3}, 234 | ? 15 c. | Writing per quire. | 16d. | _C. A. S._ (N.S.), iii. 398 | 1430 | N. de Lyra transcribed | 100 marks | Warton, i. 187 n. | 1467 | Item, for wrytynge of a quare and demi ... prise | | the quayr, xx_d._ | 2s. 6d. | Item, for wrytenge of a calendar | 12d. | Item, for notynge (musical notation) of v. | | quayres and ij leves, prise of the | | quayr, viij[_d._] | 3s. 7d. | Gairdner, _Paston Letters_, v. 4 | 1469 | For writing a “litill booke of Pheesyk” | 2d. | For writing “the tretys of Werre in iiij books, | | which conteyneth lx levis aftir ij_d._ a leaff” | 10s. | For writing “De Regimine Principum, which | | conteyneth xlv^{ti} leves, aftir a peny a leef, | | which is right wele worth” | 3s. 9d. | *Gairdner, _Paston Letters_, v. 2-4 | 1469 | For writing a Lectionary of 18 quires and 9 skins | 28s. 4d. | _Library_, ii. (1890) 243 | | ILLUMINATING | 1374 | Church of Norwich paid for illuminating a | | Graduale and Consuetudinary | £22, 9s. | Merryweather, 36n. | 1383-4 | For illumination of the large letters in Abbot | | Litlington’s Missal | £22, 0s. 3d. | Robinson, 7-8 | 1393 | Illuminating 2 graduals | £2 | _Surtees Soc._, xxxv. 130 | 1395 | Illuminating 3 graduals | £2 | _Surtees Soc._, xxxv. 130 | 1397 | Illuminating and binding Legenda of 34 “quires” | 30s. | _Surtees Soc._, vii. xxvi-xxvii n. | 1445 | Yearly wages of an illuminator at Oxford, four | | marks, ten shillings | | _Mun. Acad._, 551 | 1467 | Sir John Howard paid Thomas Lympnour of | | Bury St. Edmunds for illuminating, and other | | work | | For viij. hole vynets [or small miniatures] | | prise the vynett, xij_d_ | 8s. | Item, for xxj. demi-vynets ... prise the | | demi-vynett, iiij_d._ | 7s. | Item, for Psalmes lettres xv^{c} and di’ ... the | | prise of C. iiij_d._ [_I.e._, 1550 at 4_d._ | | a hundred] | 5s. 2d. | Item, for p’ms letters lxiij^{c} ... prise of a | | C., j_d._ | 5s. 3d. | Item, for floryshynge of capytalls, v^{c} | 5d. | Gairdner, _Paston Letters_, v. 4 | 1469 | For rubrishing a book | 3s. 4d. | Gairdner, _Paston Letters_, v. 4 | 1469 | Illuminating a Lectionary | 13s. 6d. | _Library_, ii. (1890) 243 | | BINDING | 1383-4 | Binding Abbot Litlington’s Missal | 21s. | Robinson, 7-8 | 1384-5 | Covering a great Portiforium | 3s. 2d. | Covering a book and making three silver clasps | 5s. 8d. | Robinson, 8 | 1392 | Binding seven books | 4s. 0d. | _O. H. S_., 27, Boase, xlviii. | 1395 | Binding large gradual (York Cathedral) | 10s. | _Surtees Soc._, xxxv. 130 | ? 15c. | Binding (in white skin over wooden boards) | 2s. | _C. A. S._ (N.S.), iii. 398 | 1412-13 | Stitching 67 books at 1½_d._ a book, with | | 13_d._ in addition | 9s. 5½d. | Stitching covers of 52 books at 1_d._ | 4s. 4d. | _C. A. S._ (N.S.), iv. 300-3 | 1428 | Binding Bible in 2 vols. | 5s. 3d. | Rogers, iv. 600 | 1467 | Item, for byndynge of the boke [a Psalter or | | other liturgical book] | 12s. | Gairdner, _Paston Letters_, v. 4 | 1469 | Binding a Lectionary in redskin, and correcting | | the book | 5s. 5d. | _Library_, ii. (1890) 243 | | _Note._--For many prices for binding, | | repairing, and chaining books, see | | Bibliographical Society’s Monograph 13, | | p. 18-19. | ----------+-----------------------------------------------------+-----------

MATERIALS

A very large number of prices of vellum and parchment might be quoted. These will suffice: (1301) vellum per skin, 1¼d.; (1312-13) 6 doz. parchment, 8s. 8d.; (1358-59) 2 doz. parchment, 6s.; (1359-60) 2½ doz. parchment, 7s. 6d.; (1383-84) 13 doz. vellum, £4, 6s. 8d.; (1395) 12 parchment skins, 5s. 0d.; (1397) vellum per dozen skins, 4s. 6d.; (1412-13) vellum cost a dozen skins 2s. 10d.; (1412-13) 9 skins of parchment 13½d., and 6 skins of parchment, 16d.; (1467) 3 quires of vellum, 5s.; 17 quires for a Lectionary, 10s. 6d.

Skins for binding were sold in (1395) 1 deerskin, 3s. 2d.; (1397) 6 deerskins for processionals, 13s. 4d; (1412-13) 97 calfskins @ 4d. a skin, 82 sheepskins @ 3d., 3 sheepskins for 5d., 12 redskins @ 6d.; (1469) 1 redskin, 5d.

APPENDIX B

LIST OF CERTAIN CLASSIC AUTHORS FOUND IN MEDIEVAL CATALOGUES

This list is brief, but it should be long enough to show clearly what Greek and Latin authors were read in the Middle Ages, and to indicate roughly their comparative popularity. A note has been made of only one copy of a work found at a particular place at a certain time; often there were duplicates, sometimes many copies: for example, consult Appendix C, under date _c._ 1170.

The following abbreviations are used: August. Fr. York = Augustinian Friary, York; C. U. L. = Cambridge University Library; Cant. Coll. = Canterbury College, Oxford; Ch. Ch. C. = Christ Church, Canterbury; Durh. = Durham Priory; Lanthony = Lanthony Priory, nr. Gloucester; Ox. U. L. = Oxford University Library; S. Cath. H. = S. Catharine’s College; Rochester = S. Andrew’s Priory, Rochester; S. Aug. C. = S. Augustine’s Monastery, Canterbury; S. Mart. Dov. = S. Martin’s Priory, Dover. Other abbreviations are self-explanatory.

AESCHINES.--_Orations_ (1443, Ox. U. L.).

ARISTOTLE.--(8 cent., York; 1248, Glastonbury; 1315, Durh.; _c._ 1387, New Coll.; 1418, Peterhouse). _Organon_ (_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 1202, Rochester; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York; _c._ 1385, Pembr. Coll.; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1391 and 1395, Durh.; 1435 and 1473, C. U. L.; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1524, Cant. Coll.; _c._ 1526, Syon). _Topica_ (bef. 13 cent., Reading; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1387, Exeter Coll.; 1448, Hospital of S. Mary within Cripplegate, London). _De Sophisticis elenchis_ (bef. 13 cent., Reading). _Natural sciences_ (1274, Peterborough; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 14 cent., Ramsey; 1435 and 1473, C. U. L.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C., _de nova translacione_; 1524, Cant. Coll.; _c._ 1526, Syon). _Physica_ (_c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 14 cent., Ramsey; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1391 and 1395, Durh.; 1435, C. U. L.; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1508, Ch. Ch. C.; 1524, Cant. Coll.). _Meteorologica_ (1435 and 1473, C. U. L.). _Historia animalium_ (_c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C., _de animalibus_; 1372, August. Fr. York, _de animalibus_; 1389, S. Mart. Dov., _de natura animalium_; 1473, C. U. L.; 1520, Wm. Grocyn, _de animalibus_). _De generatione animalium_ (_c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1443, Ox. U. L.). _De anima_ (_c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1439, Ox. U. L.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1524, Cant. Coll.; _c._ 1526, Syon). _Metaphysica_ (_c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; 1473, C. U. L.; 1487, Pembr. Coll.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1524, Cant. Coll.; _c._ 1526, Syon). _Ethica_ (_c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1387, Exeter Coll.; 1391, Durh.; 1428, Pembr. Coll.; 1439, Ox. U. L.; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; 1473, C. U. L.; 1475, S. Cath. H.; 1487, Pembr. Coll.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1508, Ch. Ch. C.; 1524, Cant. Coll., _noviter translatus_; _c._ 1526, Syon). _Magna Moralia_ (1487, Pembr. Coll.; _c._ 1526, Syon). _Politica_ (_c._ 1428, Pembr. Coll.; 1439, Ox. U. L.; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; 1487, Pembr. Coll.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1508, Ch. Ch. C.; 1524, Cant. Coll.; _c._ 1526, Syon). _Rhetorica_ (_c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1475, S. Cath. H.; 1487, Pembr. Coll.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1508, Ch. Ch. C.; 1524, Cant. Coll.; _c._ 1526, Syon). _Problemata_ (1435 and 1473, C. U. L.; 1520, Wm. Grocyn; _c._ 1526, Syon). _Oeconomica_ (1372, August. Fr. York).

CAESAR.--_Commentaries_ (1443, Ox. U. L.; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; 1520, Wm. Grocyn).

CICERO.--(8 cent., York; 1439, Ox. U. L., _Opera viginti duo in magno volumine_; 1520, Wm. Grocyn, _Opera omnia_). _Epistolae_ (1480, Bp. Shirwood; 1498, Coll. of Bishop Auckland; 1524, Cant. Coll.; 1439, Ox. U. L., 1520, Wm. Grocyn, and _c._ 1526, Syon, _ad familiares_; 1439, Ox. U. L., _ad Quintum_). _Orationes_ (beg. 14 cent., Lanthony, _in Catilinam_; 1439, Ox. U. L.; 1474, Bp. Shirwood; 1478, Balliol Coll.; 1500, Jesus Coll., Rotherham; 1520, Wm. Grocyn; 1372, August. Fr. York, _Tullii invectivarum_; 1391, Durh.; 1439, Ox. U. L.; and 1520, Wm. Grocyn, _Philippics_; 1439, Ox. U. L., _in Verrem_). _De Senectute_ (_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 1180, Whitby; 12 cent., Durh.; 1217-18, Evesham; 1248, Glastonbury; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; _c._ 1400, Meaux; 1418, Peterhouse; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; _c._ 1526, Syon. Frequently found). _De Legibus_ (12 cent., Durh.). _De Officiis_ (1202, Rochester; beg. 14 cent., Lanthony; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1418, Peterhouse; 1439, Ox. U. L.; 1475, S. Cath. H.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; _c._ 1526, Syon). _De Republica_ (_Somnium Scipionis_ (_c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 14 cent., Ramsey; 1418, Peterhouse;? 1482, Leicester; _c._ 1526, Syon). _De Amicitia_ (_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 1180, Whitby; 1195, Durh.; 1217-18, Evesham; 1248, Glastonbury; beg. 14 cent., Lanthony; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1391, Durh.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; _c._ 1526, Syon--one of the commonest of classic works in the M.A.). _Paradoxa_ (1217-18, Evesham; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1391, Durh.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; _c._ 1526, Syon). _Tusculanae disputationes_ (beg. 14 cent., Lanthony; 1418, Peterhouse; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1524, Cant. Coll.; 1526, Syon). _De Inventione_ (_Rhetorica_) (_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 or 13 cent., Bury; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1391, Durh.; 1439, Ox. U. L.; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; 1458, S. Paul’s; 1473, C. U. L.;? 1482, Leicester; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1524, Cant. Coll.; _c._ 1526, Syon, _nova rhetorica_). _De Oratore_ (1477, Bp. Shirwood). _Topica_ (_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.). _De Natura Deorum_ (_c._ 1526, Syon). _De Finibus_ (1472, Bp. Shirwood).

GELLIUS.--_Noctes Atticae_ (_c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1391, Durh.; 1439, Ox. U. L.; 1476, Bp. Shirwood; 1520, Wm. Grocyn; _c._ 1526, Syon).

“HOMER.”--(12 cent., Durh.; 1180, Whitby). _Iliad_ (_c._ 1526, Syon).

HORACE.--(_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 or 13 cent., Bury; bef. 13 cent., Reading; 1202, Rochester; 1248, Glastonbury; beg. 14 cent., Lanthony; 14 cent., Ramsey; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; _c._ 1480, Bp. Shirwood;? 1482, Leicester; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1500, Jesus Coll., Rotherham; _c._ 1526, Syon). _Epistles_ (bef. 13 cent., Reading; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.).

JUVENAL.--_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 1180, Whitby; 12 cent., Durh.; 12 or 13 cent., Bury; bef. 13 cent., Reading; 1217-18, Evesham; 1248, Glastonbury; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1391, Durh.; 1487, Bp. Shirwood; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1520, Wm. Grocyn; _c._ 1526, Syon.

LIVY.--(1248, Glastonbury; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1443, Ox. U. L.; 1475, Bp. Shirwood; 1508, Ch. Ch. C.; 1520, Wm. Grocyn; _c._ 1526, Syon, epitome by Florus).

LUCAN.--(8 cent., York; _c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent., Durh.; 1202, Rochester; 1217-18, Evesham; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; beg. 14 cent., Lanthony; 14 cent., Ramsey; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1418, Peterhouse; 1473, C. U. L.;? 1482, Leicester; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1524, Cant. Coll.; _c._ 1526, Syon).

LUCRETIUS.--_De Rerum natura_ (1520, Wm. Grocyn).

MARTIAL.--(12 cent., Peterboro’; 14 cent., Ramsey; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York, _Epigrammata marcii valerii, libri 15_; _c._ 1400, Meaux; 1418, Peterhouse; 1451, Henry Calder, vicar of Cookfield; 1476, Bp. Shirwood).

OVID.--(_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent., Durh.; beg. 14 cent., Lanthony; 1202, Rochester, _Ovidius magnus_; 14 cent., Ramsey; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.;? 1482, Leicester). _Ars amatoria_ (12 cent., Durh.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1500, Jesus Coll., Rotherham). _Remedia Amoris_ (12 cent., Durh.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1438, T. Cooper, a scholar of Oxford; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1500, Jesus Coll., Rotherham). _Mendicamina faciei_ (_c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.). _Metamorphoses_ (1372, August. Fr. York; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1443, Ox. U. L.; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; 1470, Pembr. Coll.; 1473, C. U. L.;? 1482, Leicester, _de mirabilibus mundi_; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1500, Jesus Coll., Rotherham; _c._ 1526, Syon). _Fasti_ (12 cent., Durh.; 1202, Rochester; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1389, S. Mart. Durh.; 1418, Peterhouse; 1443, Ox. U. L.). _Tristia_ (_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent., Durh.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1418, Peterhouse; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.). _Ibis_ (_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent., Durh.; 1372, August. Fr. York; _c._ 1400, Meaux; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.). _Heroides_ (1372, August. Fr. York). _Ex Ponto_ (_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent., Durh.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1391, Durh.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.).

PERSIUS--(_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 1180, Whitby; 12 cent., Durh.; 1202, Rochester; 1248, Glastonbury; beg. 14 cent., Lanthony; 1520, Wm. Grocyn).

PLATO--(1180, Whitby; bef. 13 cent., Reading; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1439, Ox. U. L.;? 1482, Leicester; _c._ 1526, Syon). _Timaeus_ (_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent., Durh.; 1248, Glastonbury; beg. 14 cent., Lanthony; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August Fr. York; 1418, Peterhouse; 1451, Hy. Caldey, vicar of Cookfield; 1478, Balliol Coll., new translation; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.). _Republic_ (1443, Ox. U. L., new translation; 1452, King’s Coll., Camb.; 1475, S. Cath. H.). _Euthyphro_ (1478, Balliol Coll., new translation).

PLAUTUS--12 or 13 cent., Bury [_James_^{1}, 27]; beg. 14 cent., Lanthony, _Aulularia_; 1481, Bp. Shirwood; 1520, Wm. Grocyn.

PLINY THE ELDER--(8 cent., York; 1126-71, Glastonbury, _de naturali historia_; 12 or 13 cent., Bury; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C., _Prima pars Plinii, et secunda pars_; 1418, Peterhouse, _Hist. nat._; 1439, Ox. U. L., _Plinius de naturis rerum_; 1443, Ox. U. L., _Physica_; 1464, Bp. Shirwood; 1520, Wm. Grocyn; _c._ 1526, Syon). Extracts, _Medicina Plinii_ (_c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C., _Liber Plinii junioris [sic] de diversis medicinis_).

PLINY THE YOUNGER.--_Letters_ (1443, Ox. U. L.).

PLUTARCH.--_Vitae_ (1480, Bp. Shirwood, printed, Latin; 1520, Wm. Grocyn).

QUINTILIAN.--_Institutio oratoria_ (12 cent., Durh.; _c._ 1290, the La Fytes, scholars at Oxford; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1326-35, S. Albans; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1391, Durh.; 1418, Peterhouse; 1439, Ox. U. L.; 1475, S. Cath. H.; 1478, Balliol Coll.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.)

SALLUST--(_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent. Durh.; 1202, Rochester; 1248, Glastonbury; beg. 14 cent., Lanthony; _c._ 1400, Meaux; 1418, Peterhouse). _Bella_ (12 cent., Bury; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb., _de bello Cat._; 1500, Jesus Coll., Rotherham; _c._ 1526, Syon). SENECA THE YOUNGER--_c._ 1170, Peterboro’; 1260-9, S. Albans; 12 cent., Durh.; 14 cent., Ramsey; 1478, Balliol Coll.; 1520, Wm. Grocyn). _Opera_ (_c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.). _De Beneficiis_ (_c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1395, Durh.; _c._ 1400, Meaux; 1418, Peterhouse). _De Clementia_ (_c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1395, Durh.; 1418, Peterhouse; 1458, S. Paul’s). _Epistolae morales_ (12 cent., Peterboro’; 12 or 13 cent., Bury; bef. 13 cent., Reading; 13 cent., Rievaulx; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1395, Durh.; _c._ 1400, Meaux; 1418, Peterhouse; 1451, Hy. Caldey, vicar of Cookfield; 1452, King’s Coll., Camb.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.). _Naturales quaestiones_ (1418, Peterhouse; 1458, S. Paul’s). _Tragædiae_ (1372, August. Fr. York; 1439, Ox. U. L.; 1452, King’s Coll., Camb.; _c._ 1480, Bp. Shirwood). Innumerable.

STATIUS--(8 cent., York; 1180, Whitby; 12 or 13 cent., Bury; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; _c._ 1526, Syon). _Thebais_ (_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent., Durh.; 1418, Peterhouse; 1479, Bp. Shirwood). _Achilleis_ (_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent., Durh.; 1372, August Fr. York; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.). _Silvae_ (1478 Bp. Shirwood).

SUETONIUS.--_De Vita Caesarum_ (12 or 13 cent., Bury; 1126-71, Glastonbury; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York; _c._ 1400, Meaux; 1443, Ox. U. L.; 1458, S. Paul’s; 1476, Bp. Shirwood; 1508, New Coll.; 1520, Wm. Grocyn; _c._ 1526, Syon).

TACITUS.--_De Oratoribus_ (1520, Wm. Grocyn; 1526, Syon).

TERENCE--(12 cent., Durh.; 12 cent., Peterboro’; 12 or 13 cent., Bury; _c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 1202, Rochester; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; beg. 14 cent., Lanthony; 14 cent., Ramsey; 1326-35, S. Albans; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1391, Durh.; 1443, Ox. U. L.; 1471, Bp. Shirwood; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1500, Jesus Coll., Rotherham; _c._ 1530, Wells Cath.).

TROGUS, POMPEIUS--(8 cent., York; 1095, Durh.; 12 cent., Durh.; 1391, Durh.; 1443, Ox. U. L.; 1465, Bp. Shirwood).

VALERIUS MAXIMUS.--_Facta et dicta memorabilia_ (13 cent., Bury; 1391, Durh.; 1418, Peterhouse; 1420-40, S. Albans; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; 1520, Wm. Grocyn; _c._ 1526, Syon).

VARRO.--_De Lingua Latina_ (1443, Ox. U. L.; _c._ 1526, Syon).

VIRGIL--(8 cent., York; 12 or 13 cent., Bury; 12 cent., Durh.; _c._ 1150, Lincoln Cath.; _c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C., _Virgilius totus_; 14 cent., Ramsey; 1326-35, S. Albans;? 1482, Leicester; _c._ 1526, Syon, _Opera_). _Bucolics_ (12 cent., Durh.; 1180, Whitby; bef. 13 cent., Reading; 1202, Rochester; 1248, Glastonbury; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1391, Durh.; 1418, Peterhouse; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb., _Virgilius in bucolicis cum ceteris_; 1458, S. Paul’s; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.). _Georgics_ (12 cent., Durh.; bef. 13 cent., Reading; 1202, Rochester; 1248, Glastonbury; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1391, Durh.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.). _Aeneid_ (1202, Rochester; 1248, Glastonbury; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1391, Durh.; 1418, Peterhouse; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1524, Cant. Coll.).

_NOTE._

In compiling the above list use has been made of Bateson; Becker; Bradshaw; _C.A.S._; _Chron. Mon. de Melsa_, iii.; Dugdale, _Hist. of S. Paul’s_; _E.H.R._ iii.; James; James^{1}; James^{2}; James^{9}; James^{10}; _Mun. Acad._; Robinson; _Sur. Soc._ vii.; _Archaeologia Cantiana_; _Fasciculus Ioanni Willis Clark dicatus_ (art. by Dr. M. R. James), and other works.

APPENDIX C

LIST OF MEDIEVAL COLLECTIONS OF BOOKS

_Note._--This list aims (i) to bring together in brief form a number of records which are better removed from the main text of this book, and (ii) to present in chronological order facts carefully selected to show the variety of medieval libraries, in size and character.

----------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------- DATE | DESCRIPTION | SOURCE ----------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------- 778 | Alcuin’s library at York. Aristotle, | Alcuin, _De Pont. | Virgil, Lucan, Statius, Cicero, | Eccle. Ebor._, | Aldhelm, Bede, etc. | 1535-61; Becker, | | 2. 10 c. | Books given to Peterborough by | Dugdale, i. 382. | Ethelwold. Bede _in Marcum_, _Liber | | Miraculorum_, _Expositio Hebraeorum | | nominum_, _De Literis Graecorum_, etc. | | About 20. | 10 c. | King Athelstan gave some nine books to | _B. M. Cott._, A 1. | S. Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury: | viii. fo. 56^{b}; | Persius, Isidore, Bede (?), etc. | James, lxix. _c._ 1034 | “Many” books on theology and grammar | _Chron. Abb. de E._ | given to Evesham Abbey by Bp. | (Rolls S.), 83. | Aelfward. | 1045 | Two books bequeathed to Glastonbury | Wm. of Malm., _De | by Bp. Brithwold. | Ant. Glaston._, | | Wharton, _Angl. | | Sacra_ (1691), i. | | 578-83. _c._ 1060 | At St. Peter’s Exeter books given by | Dugdale, ii. 527. | Bp. Leofric; Exeter Book, Leofric | | Missal, etc. | 1077-93 | Church books given to S. Albans by | _Gesta ... S. | Abbot Paul. | Albani_, i. 58. 1078-99 | Bp. Osmund collected and wrote books | W. of Malm., _Gesta | for Old Sarum Church. | Pont._, 183. _c._ 1080 | Abbot Walter made many books for | _Chron. Abb. de E._ | Evesham. | (Rolls S.), 97. 1095 | Bp. William de Carilef gave about 52 | _Surtees Soc._, vii. | books to Durham [not Lindisfarne, as | 117-8; Becker, 172. | in Becker]. | 12 c. | Nearly 370 pieces at Durham Priory: | _Surtees Soc._, vii. | Quintilian, Plato’s _Timaeus_, | 1-10. | Sallust, Cicero (_de Legibus_, _de | | Amic._, _de Senectute_), Terence, | | Virgil, Ovid (_Epp._, _Tristia_, _Ars | | amandi_, _Remedia amoris de Fastis_), | | Lucan, Juvenal; grammar, rhetoric, | | arithmetic, geometry, medicine; some | | English books. | 12 c. | At Burton-on-Trent Abbey, after 1175, | B. M. Add. MS. 23944, | there were 78 vols. Incl. Augustine, | fo. 157; | Gregory, Bede, Anselm, etc. | _Zentralblatt_, | | ix. 201-3. 12 c. | Catalogue of 68 pieces belonging | MS. Bodley, 163, f. | probably to one of the great | 261; Becker, 216. | Southern abbeys. | 1104 | Abbot Peter gave many books to | _Hist. et cart. mon. | Gloucester Abbey. | Glouc._, i. xxiv. 1119-46 | Abbot Geoffrey gave church books to S. | _Gesta ... S. Alb._, | Albans. | i. 94. 1126-71 | At Glastonbury Abbot Henry had 54 | Adam de Domerham, | books transcribed, incl. Pliny’s | _Hist._, ed. Hearne | _Nat. Hist._, Suetonius _De Vita | (1727), ii. 317-18; | Caesarum_, _Gesta Britonum_, _Gesta_ | Hearne, _Hist. and_ | _Anglorum_. | _Ant. of G._ (1722) | | 141-3. 1130 | Abbot Reginald acquired for church of | _Chron. Abb. de E._ | Evesham Ab. books and ornaments. | 99. 1150 | Hugh of Leicester gave books to Lincoln | _Girald. Cambrensis_ | Cath. 42 vols. and map of world in | (Rolls Ser.), vii. | library now; 31 added soon after. | 165. | Some parts of Bible given by Bp. | | Alexander; 9 books given by Bp. | | Chesney. Library included Augustine, | | Gregory, Bede, Ambrose, Jerome, | | Virgil, Vegetius (_de re Militari_). | _c._ 1170 | Over 223 volumes in Christ Church, | James, 7. | Canterbury: catalogue, which is but a | | fragment, contains books of grammar, | | rhetoric, music, arithmetic, poetry, | | logic, astronomy, geometry--Donatus | | in Greek, Donatus in English, | | Cicero’s Rhetoric, _de Senectute_, | | _de Amicitia_ (2), Plato’s _Timaeus_, | | Terence (5 volumes), Sallust (8 | | volumes), Virgil (8 volumes), Horace | | (8), Lucan (5), Statius (6), Juvenal | | (4) Persius (9), Cato (2), Ovid (5). | _c._ 1177 | Nearly 80 books in Peterboro’ | _Hist. Angl. | Abbey--Seneca, Terence, Martial. | Script. Varii_ | | [Sparke], 98-9; | | Merryweather, | | 96-97; Becker, | | 238. _c._ 1180 | 74 pieces in Whitby Abbey--42 theology, | Becker, 226. | 15 history: Cicero (_de Amicitia_, | | _de Senectute_), Homer, Juvenal, | | Plato, Sedulius, Statius, Virgil? | | (_Bucolica_), Persius, etc. | 1184 | Bp. Bartholomew left books to church at | _B.M. Cotton Roll._ | Crediton and to another church. | II., 11 (at end). 12 or 13 c.| At Bury S. Edmunds Abbey there was | James^{1}, 23. | a fair library at this period; | | including average number of classics. | 13 c. | Before this Reading Abbey had 228 | _E. H. R._ (1888), | volumes--Seneca, Aristotle, Virgil, | 117-23. | Juvenal; _Gesta R. Henrici secundi_, | | _Ystoria Rading_, _Hist. Anglorum_. | 13 c. | At Lanthony there were 486 volumes, | _B. M. Harl. MS._ | including Plato, Plautus, Cicero, | 460, ff. 3-11; | Sallust, Persius, Ovid, Lucan, | _Zentralblatt_, | Horace, Terence. | ix. 207-22. 13 c. | Prior John de Marcle gave 6 treatises | _Chron. Abb. de E._ | on law to Evesham Abbey. | (Rolls Ser.), xxii | | n. 13 c. | At Leominster church, a dependency of | _E. H. R._ (1888), | Reading Abbey, 130 books: _Rotula | 123-5. | cum vita sancti Guthlaci anglice | | scripta_, _Medicinalis unus anglicis | | litteris scriptus_, _Liber qui | | appellatur landboc_. | 13 c. | At Rievaulx there was a large library | James^{9}, 45-56. | of the usual medieval character: | | incl. Seneca, Justinian. | 13 c. | Flexley or Dene Abbey owned 79 | _Zentralblatt_, ix. | volumes: incl. three English books. | 205-07. _c._ 1200 | About 46 writers used as authorities by | R. de Diceto, _Op._ | Ralph of Diss for his _Abbreviationes_ | _Hist._ i. 20. | _Chronicorum_. | 1202 | At S. Andrew’s Priory, Rochester, there | _Archæologia | were about 280 volumes, many including | Cantiana_, iii. | several distinct treatises. Scriptures, | 47-64 (1860). | liturgical and devotional books, | | Fathers, schoolmen, philosophical and | | medical treatises, grammatical works: | | Horace, Virgil, Sallust, Terence, | | Persius, Lucan, Ovid, Aristotle’s | | _Organon_, Cicero. | 1208 | Eight books presented to King John by | _Sussex Archæol. | the sacristan of Reading, all scriptural| Collections_, ii. | and theological. | (1849), 134-5. 1222 | Peterborough receives 7 books, incl. | Dugdale, i. 354. | 2 Psalters, from Abbot R. de | | Lyndesheye. | 1215 | At Glastonbury, 14 or 15 books were | Adam de Domerham, | written for Prior Thomas: books of | _Hist._ ed. Hearne | the Bible, missals. | (1727), ii. 441. 1217-18 | Prior Thos. de Marleberge gave a “large | _Chron. Abb. de E._ | collection”--including law, medicine, | (Rolls Ser.), 267. | philosophy, poetry, theology, grammar; | | Cicero (_de Amicitia_, _de Senectute_, | | _Paradoxa_), Lucan, Juvenal--to Evesham | | Abbey. | 1226 | At Peterborough a dozen books were | Dugdale, i. 354. | left by Abbot Alex. de Holdernesse. | 1245 | At Peterborough about 20 books, ordinary | _Ibid._, i. 355. | in character, were left by Abbot Walter | | de St. Edmund. | _c._ 1240 | Bp. Ralph of Maidstone gave service | | books and a _Legend_ to Hereford | | Cathedral. | 1245 | 35 vols. at St. Paul’s Cathedral; ordinary| _Archæologia_, I. | medieval character. | 496. 1247-48 | At Glastonbury there were nearly 500 | Joh. Glaston, | books. Incl. much theology, chronicles, | _Chron._, ed. | classics. Aristotle, Livy, Sallust, | Hearne (1726), II. | Virgil, Cicero, Plato, Persius, Horace, | 423-44. | Juvenal. | 1249 | Peterborough receives 5 books from | Dugdale, i. 356. | Abbot Wm. de Hotot. | 1253 | Richard de Wyche, Bp. of Chichester, | _Sussex Archæol. | left a number of books to the | Coll._, i. (1848) | friars: chiefly glossed books of | 168-187. | the Bible, a glossed psalter, the | | _Sentences_, etc. | _c._ 1255 | John of Basingstoke imports Greek MSS. | Gasquet^{3}, 158-59; | from Athens. | Stevenson, 224, 227. 1258-59 | Prior Jno. of Worcester gave a number | _Chron. Abb. de E._ | of books to Evesham Abbey. Grammar, | (Rolls Ser.), xxii | logic, physics, theology, canon and | n. | civil law. | 1259 | Master of Sherborne Hospital left | _Surtees Soc._, ii. 6. | church books, and a _liber phisica_ | | to the Hospital. | 1260-90 | Many books, including Seneca, given to | _Gesta ... S. Alb._, | S. Albans by Abbot Roger. | i. 483. 1262 | Peterborough receives 5 books from | Dugdale, i. 356. | Abbot J. de Kaleto. Incl. . | | _Testamentum_ xii _Patriarcharum_. | 1266 | Roger de Thoris gave books to Grey | Oliver, _Mon. D. | Friars’ Convent, Exeter. | Exon._ (1846), | | 322-33. 1274 | Abbot R. de Sutton left some 17 books | Dugdale, i. 357 | to Peterborough. Incl. psalters, | | canon law, liber Naturalium | | Aristotelis. | 1295 | Abbot R. de London leaves 10 books to | Dugdale, i. 357. | Peterborough. Boëthius _de | | Consolatione philosophiae_, _Nova | | logica_, psalters, etc. | 1280-1303 | Bp. Richard of Gravesend. Over 100 | _Misc. of Philobiblon | volumes, worth about £100. | S._ 1856; Edwards, | | i. 373. 1285-1331 | Library of about 1850 volumes now at | James, 13-142. | Christ Ch., Canterbury. A fine | | collection. Many classics. English | | books: Genesis Anglice depicta, | | Boëthius _de Consolatione_, | | Herbarius Anglice depictus, Chronica | | vetustissima, Chronica Latine et | | Anglice, etc. | 1287-1345 | Richard of Bury owned a large library. | R. de B., _passim._ 1290 | John of Taunton added 40 works to | Joh. Glast. _Hist._, | Glastonbury Library. Ordinary. | ed. Hearne (1726), | | ii. 251-52; A. de | | Domerham, _Hist._, | | ii. 574-75. 1295 | 13 Gospels and other parts of the | | Scriptures, and a commentary of | | Aquinas at S. Paul’s Cathedral. | 1299 | Abbot W. de Wodeforde left 18 books to | Dugdale, i. 358. | Peterborough. Liturgical, theological, | | and law. | 1299-1300 | Edward I. owned a few books; including | Edwards, i. 391. | book of romance. | Late 13 c. | Galfridus de Lawað, rector of the church | James^{10}, 158. | S. Magnus, London, had 49 books. | | Canon law, grammar, logic, medicine, | | theology. | 14 c. | More than 600 books and 170 service | _Chron. Abb. Ram._, | books in Ramsey Abbey. Aristotle, | 356 (Rolls Ser.). | Plato (_Timaeus_), Greek Psalters, | | _Ars Loquendi Linguam Graecam_, Greek | | and Latin Psalter; Virgil, Ovid, | | Martial, Terence, Lucan, Prudentius, | | Seneca; French Bible, three Hebrew | | books, Hebrew Psalter, two parts of | | Hebrew Bible, _Liber expositionum | | dictionum Hebraicum_, glossary of | | Hebrew Bible, _Expositio nominum | | Hebraeorum_, _Interpretationes | | Hebraicorum_, _Ars loquendi et | | intelligendi in Lingua Hebraica_. | 14 c. | Small and unimportant collection at St. | Oliver, _Mon. D. | Andrews Priory, Tywardreath. | Exon._, 36. 14 c. | Richard of Stowe gave to St. Peter’s, | _B. M. Harl. MS._, | Gloucester, 7 vols., including | 627, fo. 8 a. | Boëthius _de Consolatione P._ | 14 c. | John de Bruges wrote 33 books, ordinary | Hearne, _Hist. and | in character, for Coventry Priory. | Ant. Glast._, App. | Incl. Palladius, _de Agricultura_. | 291-93 (1722); | | Dugdale, iii. 186. 14 c. | 23 books at Deeping Priory, | Dugdale, iv. 167. | Lincolnshire: including _Gesta | | Britonum_. | 14 c. | About 350 vols. at Peterboro’: including | Gunton, _Hist. of Ch. | Aristotle, Cicero, Virgil, Ovid, | of Peterboro’_ | Seneca, Sallust; a good deal in French.| (1686), 173-224. 1300 | Bp. Bek had a number of books which he | _Surtees Soc._, vii. | refused to return to the Prior of | 121-22. | Durham; included _Historia Anglorum_, | | and _Liber qui vocatur Liber S. | | Cuthberti, in quo secreta Domus | | scribuntur_. | 1313 | 15 works, chiefly theological, beq. by | _Hist. MSS._, 9th Rep., | Bp. Baldock to St. Paul’s Cathedral. | Pt. i. 46a. 1315 | Church books and Bibles in Christ | Dart, _Cath. of Cant._ | Church, Canterbury (list). | (1726), App. vi., | | xv.-xvii. 1315 | Guy de Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, left | Todd, _Ill. of Lives of | books to Bordesley Abbey: French | Gower and Chaucer_ | romances, etc. | (1810), 161, 162; | | Merryweather, 193-4; | | Edwards, i. 375-6. 1315 | Some 40 volumes at Durham College, | _O. H. S._, 32, | Oxford; sent from Durham. Chiefly | _Collect._ 36. | theology; Aristotle. | 1321 | Abbot Godfrey de Croyland left about | Dugdale, i. 358-59. | a dozen books to Peterborough. | | Theology, law, etc. | 1322 | Abbot Walter of Taunton gave 7 volumes | Williams, 81. | to Glastonbury. | 1325 | A small collection of church books at | _Surtees Soc._, ii. 22. | St. Edmund’s Hospital, Gateshead. | 1327 | Abingdon Abbey had 100 Psalters, 100 | _Ibid._, vii. xxxiii. | Graduals, 40 Missals; 22 codices, | | probably not church books. | 1327 | About 230 volumes at Exeter. Civil and | Oliver, _Lives of Bps. of | canon law, theology. | E._, 301-10. 1327 | Bp. Cobham bequeathed his books and | _Mun. Acad._, i. 227. | 350 marks to found common library at | | Oxford. | 1331 | Prior Henry Eastry bequeathed 80 books | James, 143. | to Christ Church, Canterbury--26 | | theology, 29 canon law, 14 civil law, | | 11 church books. | 1335 | Abbot Adam de Sodbury gave 7 vols. to | _Joh. Glaston. Hist._, ed. | Glastonbury. | Hearne (1726), 265. 1335 | 4 books given and 32 sold to Richard of | _Gesta ... S. Alb._, ii. | Bury from S. Albans Abbey. | 200. 1335-49 |Books given to S. Albans by Abbot | _Ibid._, ii. 363. | Michael. | 1336 |Bp. Stephen Gravesend bequeathed books | Lyte, 181. | to four colleges, Merton, University, | | Balliol, Oriel. | 1337 |93 books missing at Christ Church, | James, 146. | Canterbury. Many books of offices; | | includes _Brutus_ in French. | 1338 |Abbot Adam de Botheby left about a | Dugdale, i. 360. | dozen books on canon law, theology, | | and liturgical books to Peterborough. | 1343 |Hinton Priory lent about 23 books to | Hunter, 17; | another house--Gospels, homilies, lives | _Surtees Soc._, | of saints, etc. | vii. xxxviii. 1345 (6) |Over 50 volumes in Lichfield Cathedral | _W. Salt Arch. S._ |-all church books, except 2 martyrologies,| vi., pt. 2, | 4 quires of lives of saints, and | Sacrist’s roll, | _De gestis Anglorum_. St. Chad’s Gospels.| 211. 1349-96 |Abbot Thomas’ study or library at St. | _Gest a ... S. | Albans enlarged; many books added. | Alb ._, iii, 389; | | cf. ii. 399. 1350 |Trinity Hall, Cambridge, receives 84 | _C. A . S._ (1864), | vols. from founder, Dr. Bateman: | ii. 73-78; Clark, | Canon law (32), civil law (10), theology| 138 . | (28), chapel books (14). | 1353 | Abbot de Morcote left some 11 books to | Dugdale, i. 360. | Peterborough: Canon law, a _Catholicon_.| 1355 | Elizabeth de Clare bequeathed to Clare | Edwards, i. 374. | Hall, a few books: including Hugutio. | 1358 | John Trevaur, Bp. of St. Asaph. Chiefly | B. M. Add. MS. | ecclesiastical books. | 25459, fo. 291. 1358 | Thomas de la Mare, wealthy canon of | _Surtees Soc._, | York, owned some six law books. | iv. 69. 1360 | Bp. Grandisson of Exeter appears to have | | owned a good library. He gave 4 | | books to Exeter; Aquinas’ works to | | Black Friars of Exeter; 1 to Windsor | | Chapel; remainder to his Chapter, to | | the collegiate churches of Ottery, | | Crediton, and Boseham, and Exeter | | College, Oxford. His copy of Anselm’s | | _Letters_ is now in Brit. Mus. | 1361 | Peterborough received 7 books from | Dugdale, i. 361. | Abbot Robt. Ramsey. Canon law. | 1362 | A small collection, nearly all church | _Surtees Soc._, xii., | books, at Coldingham Priory. | App. xl. 1368 | Simon of Bredon bequeathed books to six | _Hist. MSS._, 9th | Oxford Colleges. | Rept., pt. i., 46. 1370 | A Chaplain (Adam de Stanton) left 4 | _Cam. Soc._, Bury | books, including one of romance. | wills (1850), 1. 1372 | At York the Friars Eremites of S. | _Fasciculus J. W. | Augustine owned 646 books. Bibles | Clark dicatus_, | and glossed books of Bible, Greek | 2-96. | Psalter, patristic and later church | | writers (91), logic and philosophy | | (100), astronomy and astrology (36), | | civil law (14), canon law (35), | | grammar and Latin poets (50), | | medicine (22), sermons (42), | | arithmetic, music, geometry, | | perspective. | 1374 | Archbp. W. Whittlesey bequeathed his | Hook, _Archbps._, iv. | library to Peterhouse. | 242-43. 1375 | Nearly 100 volumes at Oriel College, | _O. H. S._ 5, | Oxford; half the collection theology | _Collect._, i. 66. | and philosophy; translations of | 1376 | 116 books bequeathed to Westminster | Robinson, 5-7. | Abbey by Simon Langham, Archbp. | | of Canterbury. Valued at 1121 francs | | and 14 shillings. Chiefly theology. | | Aristotle. | 1377-1400 | In the Royal Chapel of Windsor Castle | Dugdale, vi., pt. 3, | 34 books were chained up, incl. | 1362. | _Catholicon_, Hugutio, Legenda Aurea, | | French romances, one “Romaunce de | | two la Rose, et alius difficilis | | materiae.” Also liturgical and | | Scriptural books. | 1378 | Sir John de Foxle left a large missal | _Archæol. Cantiana_, | and a few service books. | iii. 267; _Archæol. | | Jour._, xv. (1858), | | 267. 1378 | Thos. de Farnylaw, Chancellor of York, | _Surtees Soc._, iv. | left Bible and concordances to St. | 102-03. | Nicholas’ Church, Newcastle; a book | | of sermons to Embleton Church; other | | books to Vicar of Waghen; others to | | Merton and Balliol. | 1379 | Wm. de Feriby, canon of York, archd. | _Ibid._, iv. 103-04. | of Cleveland. “Item lego ad novam | | fabricam Ecclesiae Ebor. xx marcas et | | omnes libros, qui fuerint domini mei | | domini Willielmi de Melton.” Several | | law books specifically mentioned. | _c._ 1380 | Bp. Reed left many manuscripts to | _O. H. S._, 32, | Merton College. | _Collect._ 214. 1387 | William of Wykeham furnished New | _Ibid._, 223. | College with over 240 books--135 | | (138) theology, 28 philosophy, 41 canon| | law, 36 civil law. | _c._ 1387 | 52 books added to New College by somebody| _Ibid._, 223. | unnamed: 37 medicine. | _c._ 1387 | 63 books given to New College by Bp. | _Ibid._, 223. | Reed: 58 theology, 2 philosophy, 3 | | canon law. | 1387 | Sir Simon Burley owned a few romances. | B. M. Add. MS. | | 25459, fo. 206. 1387 | Hy. Whitefield left books and money to | _O. H. S._, 27, | buy books for Exeter College, and | Boase, 7. | Burley on logic and Aristotle’s _Ethica| | and _Topica_ were bought and chained | | up in library. | 1389 | 450 volumes at S. Martin’s Priory, | James, xc. 407. | Dover--Bibles, theology, civil and canon| | law, logic, philosophy, rhetoric, | | medicine, chronicles, romances (_le | | Romonse du roy Charles_, _le Romonse de | | Athys_, _le Romonse de la Rose_, etc.), | | grammar, dictionaries. Plato, Aristotle,| | poetry, Horace, Statius, Ovid, Virgil, | | Juvenal, Terence, Lucan. | 1389-1435 | John, Duke of Bedford, bought portion of | Delisle, _Le Cabinet | French Royal Library. | des manuscrits_. _c._ 1390 | 14 books given to Evesham Abbey by | _Chron. Abb. de E._ | John de Brymesgrave, sacrist. | (Rolls Ser.), | | xxii n.; Dugdale, | | ii. 7 n. _c._ 1390 | 96 books given to Evesham Abbey by | _Chron. Abb. de E._ | Prior Nich. Herford; not the Lollard | (Rolls Ser.), | of this name. | xxii n. 1391 | Peterborough received 8 books, incl. | Dugdale, i. 361. | _Catholicon_, from Abbot Henry de | | Overton. | 1391 | 508 volumes in common case within | _Surtees Soc._, | spendiment and in inner room of | vii. 10-39. | spendiment at Durham Priory--Bibles, | | theology, logic, philosophy, medicine, | | grammar, law. Seneca, Cicero, | | Quintilian, Valerius Maximus, Palladius | | (_de Agricultura_), A. Gellius, Juvenal,| | Terence, Virgil, Ovid, Aristotle. | 1391 | The Rector of Adell Church, Thos. de | _Ibid._, iv. 156. | Halton, left 5 books of canon law. | 1391 | John Percyhay of Swynton left small | _Ibid._, iv. 164. | collection of books, incl. _Brut_ in | | French. | 1392 | Robert de Roos, a soldier, left church | _Ibid._, iv. 178. | books, and several volumes in French: | | incl. _Roumans de Sydrach_ (a curious | | medley of medieval mystery and science, | | in prose). | 1394 | King’s Hall, Cambridge, had a library of | Willis, _Arch. | 87 volumes. | Hist. of Camb._, | | ii. 442. 1394 |John Hopton, a chaplain, left a few books,| _Surtees Soc._, | four mentioned: incl. Gospels in | iv. 196. | English. (? Wyclif’s). | 1394 | John de Pykering, rector of S. Mary’s, | _Ibid._, iv. 194. | Castlegate, York, left small collection| | of church books. | 1395 | Thomas of England, an Augustinian, | Gherardi, _Statuti | bought MSS. in Italy. | della Univ. e | | Studio | | Fiorentino_, | | 364; Einstein, | | 15; Sandys, ii. | | 220. 1395 | 411 volumes in common library, for | _Surtees Soc._, | refectory, and in case of novices at | vii. 46-84. | Durham Priory. Theology, law, history; | | Seneca, Aristotle, Galen, Hippocrates. | 1395 | John de Scardeburgh, rector of Tichmarsh,| _Ibid._, xlv. 6. | left over 26 books: incl. _Brut_ in | | French, Mannedevile “in paupiro” in | | French. | _c._ 1395 | 79 volumes at Hulne. Theology, history, | _Ibid._, vii. | grammar, logic, law, church books. | 131-35. 1396 | Walter de Bragge, canon of York, left | _Surtees Soc._, | small collection of theology and | iv. 207. | service books: incl. _Piers Plowman_ | | and _Catholicon_. | 1396 | Abbot Nich. Elmstow left liturgical and | Dugdale, i. 361. | law books to Peterborough. | 1397 | Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of | B. M. Add. 25459, | Gloucester, left a collection of | fo. 212-16. | books, theological and French. | 1399 | Eleanor of Gloucester, left about 15 | Nicolas, | mostly in French; richly bound. | _Testamenta | | vetusta_, i. | | 146; Edwards, i. | | 385. 14 and 15 c. | 158 titles given to Pembroke College, | _C. A. S._, ii. | Cambridge, by various donors. | (8vo ser.) | Aristotle, Seneca, Aulus Gellius, | 13-21; | Ovid. | James^{10}, | | xiii.-xvii. 15 c. | Robert de Wycliff, rector of Hutton | _Surtees Soc._, | Rudby in Cleveland, left 5 books: | ii. 66; iv. 405. | incl. _Catholicon_. | 1400 | 326 volumes at Titchfield Abbey. 102 | Madan, 78-79. | liturgical volumes. Theology, canon | | and civil law, English law, medicine, | | grammar, logic and philosophy. 18 | | French books. | _c._ 1400 | Meaux Abbey had nearly 350 books, not | _Chron. mon. de | counting church books: incl. | Melsa_ (Rolls | _Historia Anglorum_, Martial, Seneca, | Ser.) iii. | Ovid, Plato, Suetonius, Cicero. | lxxxiii. 1400 | Thos. de Dalby, archdeacon of Richmond, | _Surtees Soc._, | left a few church books; Decretals, | xlv. 13. | _Catholicon_. | 1403 | John de Scarle, Lord Chancellor, left a | _Ibid._, xlv. 22. | few books: Bible, missal, psalter, | | breviary, _Speculum Sacerdotum_. | 1404 | Bp. Skirlaw of Durham gave 6 books to | _Ibid._, vii. 127; | University College, Oxford, where he | iv. 319. | had endowed Fellowships. Left 13 | | church books when he died. | 1409 | Wessington sent 20 books--Bible, | _Ibid._, vii. | commentaries, etc.--to Durham | 39-41; cp. | College, Oxford; 19 books bought in | _O. H. S._, 32, | their stead. | _Collect._ | | 39-40. _c._ 1410 | Robert Rygge, Chancellor of the | _O. H. S._, 27, | University of Oxford, left books to | Boase, 11. | Exeter College, Oxford. | 1411 | 34 books added to Christ Church, | _Lit. Cant._ (Rolls | Canterbury, during time of Prior | Ser.), iii. 121; James, | Chillenden: all canon and civil law. | 150-51. 1412 | Roger de Kyrkby, vicar of Gainford, left | _Surtees Soc._, ii. 54. | a few books: _Legenda Aurea_, _Gemma | | Ecclesiae_, and others not named. | 1413 | N. de Lyra chained in chancel of St. | _Mun. Acad._, 270. | Mary’s Church, Oxford. | 1414 | Archbp. Arundel left many books: | Hook, _Lives of Abps._, | “ornamenta oratorii” and books valued | iv. 527. | at over £352. | 1416 | Catalogue of Durham library bears this | _Surtees Soc._, vii. | date, but it is either the foundation | 85-116. | of the catalogue of 1391 or a copy of | | it. This inventory has been used to | | take stock. | 1416 | William de Waltham, canon of York, left | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. | a collection of books, only a few of | 57-59. | which are mentioned. Chiefly | | law-books. | 1416 | St. Mary Redclyffe Church, Bristol, had | Cox and Harvey, _Eng. | 2 books of canon law. | Ch. Furniture_, 331. 1418 | Stephen Scrope, Archdeacon of Richmond, | _Surtees Soc._, iv. 385. | Chancellor of Cambridge University, | | left a few books of canon law; also | | _Catholicon_. | 1418 | John de Newton left books to Church of | Hunter, _Notes of Wills | York, and to Peterhouse, Cambridge. | in Registers of York_, | Bibles, commentaries, theology: incl. | 15; Edwards, i. 386. | Richd. Hampole, Petrarch’s _de | | Remediis utriusque fortunae_, Seneca, | | Valerius Maximus. | 1418 | 380 volumes now at Peterhouse. Theology | James^{3}, 3-26; Mullinger, | (124), natural and moral philosophy | 324; Clark, 139-41; | and metaphysics (53), canon and civil | cf. _Camb. Lit._, ii. | law (66), grammar and poetry (23), | 362-67. | logic (20), medicine (18), astronomy | | (13), alchemy, arithmetic, music, | | geometry, rhetoric. Aristotle, Plato, | | Cicero, Ovid, Lucan, Statius, Sallust, | | Quintilian, Seneca, Virgil, Petrarch’s | | _Epistles_. | 1419 | Wm. Cawod, canon of York, left 13 | _Surtees Soc._, iv. | books, uninteresting in character. | 395-96. 1420-40 | 49 volumes added to S. Albans in Abbot | _Ann. mon. S. Alb. | Whethamstede’s time: incl. some books | a J. Amund._, ii. | for the choir, and other books of the | 268-71. | Abbot’s own compilation. | 1420-60 | The library of Winchester College was a | _Archæol. Jour._, xv. | large collection of liturgical books; | (1858), 62-74. | philosophy, chronicles, canon and | | civil law, grammar. | 1421 | Thos. Greenwood, canon of York, left | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. | books valued at £31, 4s. Canon and | 64. | civil law. | 1422 | Roger Whelpdale, Bp. of Carlisle, left | _Ibid._, xlv. 67. | a small number of books to Balliol | | College, Oxford. | 1422 | 9 books sent from Durham to cell of | _Ibid._, vii. 116. | Stamford, which was in control of | | Durham. | 1423 | Henry Bowet, Archbp. of York, left 33 | _Ibid._, xlv. 76; | books, worth £33. Bible, theology, | _Historians of York_ | law. | (Rolls Ser.), iii. | | 314. _c._ 1424 | 10 volumes given to Wells Cathedral by | _Hist. MSS._, 3rd | Bp. Stafford. Canon law, etc. | Rep., App. 363; | | _Archæologia_, lvii. | | 208. 1424-40 | 122 volumes in Cambridge University | _C. A. S. Comm._, ii. | Library. Theology (69), natural and | 242-57; Bradshaw, | moral philosophy (17), canon law | 19-34. | (23), medicine, logic, poetry, | | grammar, history. | 1425 | Sheriff Wm. Chichele bequeathed £10 for | _L. A. R._, x. 382. | books to Guildhall Library. | 1430 | Robert Ragenhill, advocate of court of | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. | York, left 5 law books and N. de Lyra | 89. | to Church of York. | 1432 | George Darell de Seszay left 5 books: | _Ibid._, xxx. 27, 28. | incl. Mandeville. | 1432 | John Raventhorpe, a chaplain, left | _Ibid._, xxx. 28-29. | service books and grammatical books; | | also _Liber Angliae de Fabulis et | | Narracionibus_. | 1432 | Robert Wolveden, treasurer of Church of | _Ibid._, xlv. 91. | York, left theological books to | | Church of York. Cato glossed and | | _Golden Legend_ also left. | 1432 | Dr. Thos. Gascoigne gave 6 books to | Clark, _Lincoln College_. | Lincoln College, valued £17, 10_s._ | 1432 | Robert Semer, sub-treasurer of Church of | _Surtees Soc._, | York, left 5 books, unimportant. | xlv. 91 n. 1434 | J. de Manthorp, vicar of Hayton, left a | _Ibid._, xxx. 36. | few church books. | 1435 | Æneas Sylvius saw Latin translation of | Creighton, | Thucydides in S. Paul’s Cathedral. | _Papacy_, iii. | | 53 n. 1435 | T. Hebbeden, dean of Collegiate Church | _Surtees Soc._, | of Auckland, left a few books; 6 | ii. 82. | mentioned, incl. Guido delle Colonne, | | _Lancelot_ in French. | 1435-36 | Robert Fitzhugh, Bp. of London, left 13 | Simpson, W.S., | books, incl. Textus moralis philosophiae.| _Registrum ... | | Eccl. Cath. S. | | Pauli_ (1873), | | 399. 1436 | Thomas Langley, Bp. of Durham, left over | _Surtees Soc._, | 40 books. Theology, civil and canon | vii. 119. | law, N. de Lyra. | 1438 | Thomas Cooper of Brasenose Hall left 6 | _Mun. Acad._, 515. | books: incl. Boëthius, book on | | geometry, Ovid’s _Remedia Amoris_. | 1439 | Thomas Markaunt, presented to Corpus | C. C. C. MS., 232; | Christi College, Cambridge, 76 books, | _C. A. S. Misc. | worth about £104. | comm._, 4to | | ser., No. 14, | | pt. 1, 16-20. 1439 | Humfrey, Duke of Gloucester, gave 129 | _Mun. Acad._, | books to Oxford University Library. | 758-65. | See p. 140. | 1440 | 23 books given to All Souls’ College by | B. M. Add. MS., | Henry VI. Civil and canon law, | 4608; Vickers, | theology, philosophy. | _H. Duke of | | Gloucester_, | | 404. 1440 | Robert Alne, an officer in the | _Surtees Soc._, | ecclesiastical court of York, left about | xxx. 78-79. | a dozen books. Canon law, etc.; Petrarch,| | _de Remediis utriusque fortunae_. | 1441 | Andrew Holes, political agent of Henry | Sandys, ii. 222. | VI, bought many manuscripts in Italy. | 1443 | Humfrey, Duke of Gloucester, gave 135 | _Mun. Acad._, | volumes to Oxford University Library. | 765-72 | See p. 142. | 1443 | John Carpenter bequeathed books to | _L. A. R._, x. | Guildhall Library, London. | 382. 1443 | John Brette, student at Oxford, owned | _Mun. Acad._, 531. | 1 book, _de Formd dictandi_, and a | | pamphlet, worth together 1_s._ 11_d._ | 1445 | Jas. Hedyan, Bachelor of canon and civil | _Ibid._, 544. | law, principal of Eagle Hall, Oxford, | | owned 8 books of law. | 1447 | Reginald Mertherderwa, a rector, owned 6 | _Ibid._, 559-61. | books: grammar, book of civil law, etc.| 1448 | Ralph Dreff, of Broadgates Hall, Oxford, | _Ibid._, 582. | owned 23 books. Bible, law. | 1448 | At the Hospital of S. Mary within | B. M. Cott. Roll., | Cripplegate, called Elsingspital, | xiii. 10; | London, there were 63 volumes. Bible, | Malcolm, | theology, canon law; Hippocrates, | _Londinium | Galen. | Redivivum_ | | (1807), i. 27; | | _Vict. Hist. of | | London_, i. 536. 1449 | Thomas Morton, canon of York, left a | _Surtees Soc._, | small number of church books. | xlv. 110. 1450 | 107 volumes at Lincoln Cathedral at this | Clark, III. | time. | 1450 | Robert Hoskyn, rector, left a small | _Mun. Acad._, | collection. Church books, canon law. | 605-06. 1451 | Henry Caldey, vicar of Cookfield, left 25| _Ibid._, 609. | books. Theology, law. Seneca, _ad | | Lucilium_, Martial, Plato. Value | | £5, 0_s._ 6_d._ | 1451 | John Moreton, chaplain, left 6 physical | _Ibid._, 613. | books. | 1452 | Richard Browne or Cordone, Archdeacon of | _Ibid._, 639-53. | Rochester, left more than 30 books. | | Theology and law. | 1452 | Wm. Duffield, canon of York, left 40 | _Surtees Soc._, | volumes, worth £46, 16_s._ Theology, | xlv. 132-33. | law; _Catholicon_. | 1453 |King’s College, Cambridge, had a | James^{2}, 72-83. | library of 174 volumes: philosophy, | | theology, medicine, astrology, | | mathematics, canon law, grammar, | | classical and general literature, | | inclu. Aristotle, Plato, Cicero, | | Seneca, Sallust, Cæsar, Ovid, Virgil, | | etc. | 1454 |Richard Plane, rector, left a few church | _Surtees Soc._, | books. | xxx. 180. 1454 |Cardinal John Kempe left books worth | Hook, _Lives of Abps._, v. 267. | £263, 8_s._ 10_d._ Theology, canon and | | civil law, etc. | 1454 |Wm. Brownyng, canon of Exeter, left | _O. H. S._, 27, | books to be chained in library of | Boase, xxxvii. n. | Exeter College. | 1455 |John Lassehowe, a scholar, left six | _Mun. Acad._, 663. | books: grammar, sermons, breviary. | 1455 |Thomas Spray, chaplain, left 2 books: | _Ibid._, 660. | _Liber Sermonum Magdalenae_, _Manipulus | | curatorum_. | 1457 |Thomas Aleby, rector of Kirkby in | _Surtees Soc._, | Cleveland, left 6 church books. | xxx. 210. 1457 |John Edlyngton, rector of Kirkby | _Ibid._, xxvi. 2, 3. | Ravensworth, left small collection. | | Bible, liturgical books, _Legenda | | Aurea_, _Polichronicon_, etc. | 1457 |John Seggefyld, M.A., Fellow of Lincoln | _Mun. Acad._, 666. | College, left two books, Boëthius _de | | Consol. philos._ in English, one of | | Richard Rolle’s works. | 1457 |Doctor Thos. Gascoigne, Chancellor of | _Mun. Acad._, 671; | Oxford, left books and “quires” | Bateson, xxv. | written on paper to Syon Monastery, | | Isleworth. | 1457 |John Baringham, treasurer of York, left a | _Surtees Soc._, | small number of liturgical books. | xxx. 203. _c._ 1458 |John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester, bought | _O. H. S._, 36, | many manuscripts in Italy. | Anstey, ii. 354, | | 390. 1458 1| 71 books at S. Paul’s Cathedral. | Dugdale, _Hist. of S. | Grammar (6), philosophy (5), classics | Paul’s_ (1818), 392-98. | (7), medicine (6), history (8), canon | | law (21), remainder Bible commentaries, | | theology. Cicero, Virgil, Seneca, | | Suetonius, Hippocrates, Galen. | 1458 |Nicholas Holme, canon of the collegiate | _Surtees Soc._, xxx. 219. |Church of Ripon, left 15 books. | | Liturgical, Richard Rolle of Hampole, 1 | | book of medicine. | 1458 |Wm. Port gave books to New College, | _O. H. S._ 32, _Collect._ | Oxford. | 232-33. 1463 | John Baret, lay officer in Bury Abbey, left| _Cam. Soc._, Bury Wills, | 3 books, _Disce mori_, “book of ynglych | 35, 41, 246. | and latyn with diuerse maters of good | | exortacons, wretyn in papir,” Lydgate’s | | _Story of Thebes_. | 1464 | Wm. Downham, chaplain of York, left a | _Surtees Soc._, xxx. 268. | few books. | 1464 | St. Mary’s Church, Warwick, had 5 | _Notices of Churches of Warwickshire_, i. 15-16. | books. Bible versified, _Pharetra de | | Auctoritatibus_, etc. | 1464 | Books bequeathed by John Rowe to Exeter | _O. H. S._ 27, Boase. | College, Oxford; also Ralph Morewell. | 1464-67 | William Selling, Benedictine monk, | James, li.; Sandys, ii. | collected Greek and Latin books in Italy.| 225. 1466 | John Fernell, chaplain, left a few | _Surtees Soc._, xxx. 275. | grammatical and other books. | 1466 | At Ewelme Almshouse, Oxford, were | _Hist. M.S.S._, 8th Rept., |delivered some liturgical books, 4 French| pt. i. 629 a. | books, a “boke of English, in paper, of| | ye pilgrymage, translated by dom John | | Lydgate out of frensh,” and other | | books. | 1468 | Elizabeth Sywardby left 8 books, several | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 163. | in English. | 1469 | Sir Richard Willoughby of Woollaton, | _Ibid._, xlv. 171. | left to parish church of Woollaton | | liturgical books and _Crede mihi_. | 1469 | Sir Edward Bethum gave books for chaining| _Ibid._, vii. 126. | in church of Lytham Cell, Lancs. | 1471-72 | Wm. Hawk, rector of Berwick in Elmet, | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 220 n. | left 1 psalter. | 1472-73 | Queens’ College, Cambridge, had 224 | _C. A. S. Comm._, ii. | volumes in the library. Theology, law. | (1864) 165-81. | Aristotle. _Catholicon._ | 1472 | John Hamundson, master of grammar | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 198-99. | school attached to York Minster, left | | book of Chronicles in English, Papias, | | a book called _Horsehede_. | 1473 | Cambridge University Library comprised | _C. A. S. Comm._, ii. | 330 volumes. Lucan, Ovid, Aristotle, | (1864) 258-76. | Seneca, Cicero. Petrarch, _de Remediis_| 1473 | 68 books, mostly Scriptural commentaries,| Carr, _Univ. Coll._ | given to University College, Oxford, by| (1902), 68. | an old Fellow, Wm. Aspylon. | 1470-75 | Thomas Rotherham gave many books to | Willis, _Camb._, iii. 25. | the University Library, Cambridge. | 1474-75 | Robert Est, possibly chantry-priest in | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 159. | York Minster, left to parish church of | | Brigsley, Lincs., a small collection: | | incl. _Legenda Sanctorum_, _liber de | | Gestis Romanorum cum aliis fabulis Isopi| | et multis narrationibus_. | 1475-76 | Thos. Worthington, vicar of Sherburn in | _Ibid._, xlv. 220 n. | Elmet, left 3 volumes to Balliol College,| | Oxford; unimportant. | 1475-76 | Robt. Echard, rector of East Bridgeford, | _Ibid._, xlv. 219. | left 10 books, several liturgical, the | | rest unimportant. | 1475 | 104 volumes in library at S. Catharine’s | _C. A. S._, i. (1840) 1-11. | College, Cambridge. Plato, Aristotle | |(_Ethica_ and _Politica_), Cicero, Petrarch,| |_de Remediis_ (2 copies), Boccaccio, _de | |Casis virorum illustrium_, in English. | 1476 | John Hurte, vicar of S. Mary’s, | _Surtees Soc._, xiv. |Nottingham, left 21 books. Liturgical books,| 220-22. | theology, astronomy, Guido delle | | Colonne’s Troy book. | 1478 | Bp. William Grey gave 200 books to | Coxe, _Cat. Cod. Oxon.-Balliol_; |Balliol College, Oxford. Nearly all | Mullinger, |were collected in Italy. Plato (_Timaeus_ | _Hist. of Univ. of Camb._, 397. |and _Euthyphro_, new translations), the | |Golden Verses of Pythagoras, Cicero, | |incl. some hitherto unknown speeches, | |Quintilian, Seneca. Petrarch’s _Letters_, | | orations of Poggio Bracciolini, Leonardo | | Bruni, and Guarino da Verona. | 1479 | Thomas Pynchebek of York left 4 books: | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 199n. | incl. Richard Rolle of Hampole. | 1479-80 | Robt. Lythe, chaplain, left 6 books, and | _Ibid._, xlv. 199 and n. | John Burn, another chaplain, | | 5--unimportant. | _c._ 1480| Bishop John Shirwood of Durham owned | _E. H. R._, xxv. 455. | a good library, including a fair | | collection of the classics, and Theodore| | Gaza’s Greek grammar. | 1481 | William of Waynflete gave 800 books to | Warren, _Magd. Coll._, | Magdalen College, Oxford. | 18. 1481 | Sir Thos. Lyttleton left a _Catholicon_, | _Library_, i. 411. | _Constitutiones Provinciales_, and | | _Gesta Romanorum_ to Halesowen Church, | | Worcester. | 1482 | Dr. John Warkworth gave 55 books to | James^{3}, 23-26. | Peterhouse. Terence, Statius: Liber | | Cronic’ in Anglicis, Liber in Gallicis;| | much theology. | 1482 | At Leicester Abbey there were over 350 | Nichols, _Hist. of Leicester_ | books in the library. Bibles and | (1815), i. pt. 2, |commentaries, medieval schoolmen, grammar,| App. 102-08. |sermons, Lucan, Ovid, Horace, | |Virgil, Cicero, Plato, French books, | |Mandevile, Gower; logic, astronomy, | |physics. | 1483 | Robert Flemming left books, which he | Einstein, 23. | had collected in Italy, to Lincoln | | College, Oxford. | 1486 | Church of S. Christopher le Stocks, | _Archæologia_, xlv. (1880) | London, had a collection of church | 118. | books only. | 1486 | At this time only 52 volumes were in St. | Dugdale, _Hist. of S. | Paul’s Cathedral; chiefly liturgical. | Paul’s_, 399. 1486 |John Lese of Pontefract left 5 theological| _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 220-21 n. | books. | 1488 | 31 books presented to Oxford University | | Library by an old scholar. | 1489 |128 volumes presented to Oxford University| _Mun. Acad._, 357. | Library by Dr. Litchfield, archdeacon | | of Middlesex. | 1489-94 | John Auckland, Prior, presented to | Rudd, _Codd. MSS. | Durham Priory, some 33 books; ordinary | Eccles. Cath. Dun. | medieval character. | Catal._, 1825, _passim_. 1491 | Richard Lovet, vicar of Ruddington, left | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 221 n. | a few theological books. | 1491 | Thomas Symson of York left 7 theological | _Ibid._, xlv. 160 n. | books. | 1491 | Over 40 books given to All Souls College,| Robertson, _All Souls_ | Oxford, by John Stokys, Warden. | (Coll. Hist.), 33. 1493 | Roger Drury left “ij Ingyshe bocks, called| _Cam. Soc._, Bury Wills, | Bochas, of Lydgat’s makyng.” | 246. _c._ 1497 | St. Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury, | James, lvii. 173. | contained 1837 books. Scriptures, theology,| | natural history, history, philosophy, | | music, geometry, astronomy, medicine, | | logic, grammar, poetry, alchemy, canon | | law. Plato (_Timaeus_), Aristotle (a great| | deal: _Metaphysica_, _Physica_, _Rhetorica_, | | _Ethica_, _Politica_, new trans. of _Historia| | naturalium_), Terence, Cicero, Horace, | | Virgil (_Aeneid_, _Georgics_, _Bucolics_),| | Ovid, Lucan, Seneca (incl. _Tragedies_), | | Juvenal, Quintilian, Statius; French | | books--_Charlemagne_, _Historia Britonum_,| | _Guy of Warwick_, _Lancelot_, _Perceval | | of Galles_, _Holy Graal_, _Guillaume | | le Maréchal_, etc. | 1498 | Collegiate Church of Auckland possessed | _Surtees Soc._, ii. 101-03. | some 40 volumes. Bible, theological | | and liturgical books, canon law; | | Cicero’s _Letters_. | 1498 | John Gunthorpe, Dean of Wells, bequeathed | James^{16}, 13. | to Jesus College, Cambridge, | | some manuscripts collected in Italy. | 1499 | William Holcombe left books to Exeter | Oliver, _Mon. D. Exon._, | College and to friends: including | 278. | Hugutio, _Gesta Alexandri_. | 1500 | Archbp. Rotherham left to Jesus College, | James^{13}, 5-8. | Rotherham, some hundred volumes. | | Chiefly theology. Terence, Cicero’s | | _Orations_, _ad Familiares_, Horace, | | Sallust’s _Catilina_ and _Jugurtha_, Ovid’s| | _Metamorphoses_, _Ars amandi_, _Remedia | |Amoris_, etc., Petrarch (_de Vita solitaria_,| |_de Remediis utriusque fortunae_). | 1506 | 363 volumes in Exeter Cathedral. | Oliver, 366-75. 1508 | 306 books repaired at Christ Church, | James, 152. | Canterbury. Theological, homiletic | | and law books. Livy, _Liber grecorum_. | 1508 | Abp. Warham gave books to New College. | _O. H. S._ 32, _Collect._ | | 232-33. 1509 | Christ’s College, Cambridge, received 57 | _C. A. S._, iii. (N.S., | liturgical books bequeathed by the | 8vo), 361. | Lady Margaret. | 1519-20 | William Grocyn’s Library comprised 105 | Leland, ii. 317; _O. H. S._ | printed books and 17 manuscripts. | 16, _Collect._ 319-23. | Much theology; leading Latin classics. | | Greek and Latin New Testament. | | Petrarch, Boccaccio, Ficino, Filelfo, | | Lorenzo della Valle, Aeneas Sylvius, | | Perotti. _Adagia_ of Erasmus. | 1519 | Robert Same, chaplain, bequeathed 1 | _Cam. Soc._, Bury Wills, | book to Wetheringsett Church. | 253. 1524 | 292 books at Canterbury College, Oxford, | James, 165. | theology, law, philosophy. Aristotle | | (incl. _Ethica_ newly translated); Cicero,| | Horace, Virgil, Lucan; Boccaccio, | | Lorenzo della Valle. | 1504-26 | At least 1421 volumes in Syon Monastery, | Bateson, _passim_. | Isleworth. Of the rough classification | | Miss Bateson wrote: “Generally speaking | | A includes grammar and classics (77 | | volumes); B, medicine, astrology, a few | | classics (55); C, philosophy (46); D, | | commentaries on the Sentences (128); | | E, Bibles and concordances (75); F-I, | | commentaries on the Old and New | | Testament (232); K, History (65); L, | | dictionaries (58); M, Lives of the Saints | | (121); N, Fathers (88); O, devotional | | tracts (98); P to S, chiefly sermons, | | over 70 books in each class; T, canon | | law (104); V, civil law (21),”--p. vii. | | Of Latin Renascence literature there | | are works by Coluccio Salutati, Leonardo | | Bruni, Poggio, Bessarion, Platina, | | Poliziano, Pico della Mirandola; and | | translations from the Greek by Hermolaus | | Barbarus, Gaza, Erasmus, and | | others. Also Petrarch (_Psalmi poenitentiales_), | | Boccaccio (_de geneal. deor. | | gent._), Savonarola (_de virtute fidei_), | | Reuchlin. This catalogue is of the | | men’s library only: there was another | | library for women. Many of the books | | were printed; nearly 400 editions have | | been identified. | ----------+----------------------------------------------+-----------------

APPENDIX D

LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS REFERRED TO FOR THIS BOOK

ADAMNAN Adamnan. Vita S. Columbae. Ed., Reeves. 1874.

ALLEN Allen, J. R. Celtic Art. 1904. Antiquary’s books.

ARCHÆOLOGIA Archæologia, various volumes; especially vol. xliii. and vol. lvii. (Church, Rev. C. M., Library of Wells Cathedral).

ARCHDALL Archdall, M. Monasticon Hibernicum. 2 vols. 1786.

*BATESON Bateson, Mary, ed. Catalogue of the Library of Syon Monastery, Isleworth. 1898.

*BECKER Becker, G. Catalogi Bibliothecarum antiqui. Bonn, 1885.

*BIBLIO. SOC. Bibliographical Society’s Transactions and Monographs. Especially Monogr. 10 and 13, Strickland Gibson, early Oxford bindings; and G. J. Gray, earlier Cambridge stationers.

BOTFIELD Botfield, B. Notes on the Cathedral Libraries of England. 1849.

BRADLEY Bradley, J. W. Dictionary of Miniaturists, Calligraphers, and Copyists. 3 vols. 1887-9.

BRADSHAW Bradshaw, H. Collected papers. 1889.

BRADSHAW SOC. Henry Bradshaw Society. Customary of the Benedictine Monasteries, Canterbury. 2 vols. 1902.

B. M. COTT. CLAUD., E. iv.

B. M. COTT. DOMIT., A. viii.

B. M. COTT. GALBA, C. iv.

B. M. COTT. NERO, D. vii.

B. M. REG. 2, E. ix.

B. M. REG. 13, D. iv.

BRYCE Bryce, W. M. Scottish Grey Friars. 2 vols. 1909.

BURY Bury, J. B. Life of Saint Patrick. 1905.

CAMBRIDGE STAT. Documents relating to the University and Colleges. 3 vols. 1852.

C. A. S. Cambridge Antiquarian Society. Publications and communications. Various volumes.

CAM. SOC. Camden Society Publications. Various volumes.

CAMB. LIT. Cambridge History of English Literature, vols. i.-iv. 1907-9. Especially vol. i. ch. ii., Runes and MSS., and ch. x., English Scholars of Paris and Franciscans of Oxford; vol. ii. ch. xv., English and Scottish Education; vol. iii. ch. i., Englishmen and the Classical Renascence; vol. iv. ch. xix., Foundation of Libraries. [And bibliographies to these chapters.]

*CLARK Clark, J. W. Care of Books: Essay on the Development of Libraries and their Fittings. 1909. 2nd ed.

COOPER Cooper, C. H. Annals of Cambridge. 5 vols. 1842-{53}, 1908.

DAVENPORT Davenport, C. The Book: Its History and Development. 1907.

DELISLE Delisle, L. Le Cabinet des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Impériale. 1868-74.

D. C. B. Dictionary of Christian Biography.

D. N. B. Dictionary of National Biography.

*DUGDALE Dugdale, Sir W. Monasticon Anglicanum. Ed., Caley, Ellis, and Bandinel. 9 vols. 1817-30.

EDWARDS Edwards, E. Memoirs of Libraries. 2 vols. 1859.

EDWARDS^{2} Edwards, E. Free Town Libraries. 1869.

EDWARDS^{3} Edwards, E. Libraries and Founders of Libraries. 1864.

EINSTEIN Einstein, L. Italian Renaissance in England. New York, 1892.

E. H. R. English Historical Review.

FLOYER Floyer, Rev. J. K. Catalogue of MSS. preserved in the Chapter House of Worcester Cathedral. 1906.

FLOYER Floyer, Rev. J. K. Thousand Years of a Cathedral Library. _Reliquary_, Jan. 1901.

GASQUET Gasquet, F. A. English Monastic Life. 1905. Antiquary’s Books.

GASQUET^{2} Gasquet, F. A. Eve of the Reformation. 1909.

GASQUET^{3} Gasquet, F. A. Last Abbot of Glastonbury, etc. 1908.

GASQUET^{4} Gasquet, F. A. Old English Bible and other Essays. 1897.

*GOTTLIEB Gottlieb, T. Ueber Mittelalterliche Bibliotheken. Leipzig, 1890.

GRACE B. Grace Books Δ and I. Proctor’s Accounts and Other Records of the University of Cambridge. Ed., Leathes and Bateson. 1897.

HADDAN Haddan, A. W. Remains. 1876.

HARDY Hardy, Sir T. D. Descriptive Catalogue of MSS. relating to the History of Great Britain and Ireland. 4 vols. Rolls Series.

HEALY Healy, J. Ireland’s Ancient Schools and Scholars. 4th ed. 1902.

HIST. MSS. Historical MSS. Commission Reports.

HUNTER Hunter, J. English Monastic Libraries. 1831.

HYDE Hyde, D. Literary History of Ireland. 1899. Library of Literary History.

*JAMES James, M. R. Ancient Libraries of Canterbury and Dover. 1903.

*JAMES^{1} James, M. R. Abbey of St. Edmund at Bury. 1895.

JAMES^{2} James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in the Library of King’s College. 1895.

*JAMES^{3} James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in the Library of Peterhouse. 1899.

JAMES^{4} James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the Western MSS. in the Library of Emmanuel College.

JAMES^{5} James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the Western MSS. in the Library of Christ’s College. 1905.

JAMES^{6} James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in the Library of Trinity Hall. 1907.

JAMES^{7} James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the Western MSS. in the Library of Clare College. 1905.

JAMES^{8} James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in the Library of Gonville and Caius College. 2 vols. 1907-8.

JAMES^{9} James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in the Library of Jesus College. 1895.

JAMES^{10} James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in the Library of Pembroke College, Cambridge. 1905.

JAMES^{11} James, M. R. The Western MSS. in the Library of Trinity College: Descriptive Catalogue. 4 vols. 1900-04.

JAMES^{12} James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the Western MSS. in the Library of Queens’ College, Cambridge. 1905.

JAMES^{13} James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in the Library of Sidney Sussex College. 1895.

JAMES^{14} James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in the Library of Eton College. 1895.

JAMES^{15} James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in the Fitzwilliam Museum. 1895.

JAMES^{16} James, M. R. Archbishop Parker’s MSS. 1899.

JAMES^{17} James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Part I. 1909.

JAMES^{18} James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the College Library of Magdalene College, Cambridge. 1909.

JOYCE Joyce, P. W. Social History of Ancient Ireland. 2 vols.

LECOY DE LA MARCHE Lecoy de la Marche, A. Les Manuscrits et la Miniature. [1884.] Bibliothèque de l’Enseignement des Beaux-Arts.

LELAND Leland, J. Collectanea. 6 vols. 1715.

LELAND^{2} Leland, J. Itinerary. Ed., Smith. 1907-8.

LELAND^{3} Leland, J. De Scriptoribus Britannicis. 1709.

LIBRARY The Library, vols. i.-x. New series, vols. i.-x.

L. A. R. Library Association Record, vol. i. to date.

LYTE Lyte, H. C. Maxwell. History of the University of Oxford to 1530. 1886.

MACLEAN Maclean, M. Literature of the Celts. 1902.

MACRAY Macray, W. D. Annals of the Bodleian Library. 1890.

MADAN Madan, F. Books in Manuscript. 1893. Books about Books.

*MAITLAND Maitland, S. R. The Dark Ages. 1844.

MERRYWEATHER Merryweather, F. S. Bibliomania in the Middle Ages. 1849.

*MON. FR. Monumenta Franciscana. Ed., Brewer. 1858. Rolls series.

*MUN. ACAD. Munimenta academica. Ed., Anstey. 2 vols. 1858. Rolls series.

MULLINGER Mullinger, J. B. University of Cambridge to 1535. 1873.

OXFORD STAT. Statutes of the Colleges of Oxford. 3 vols. 1853.

O. H. S., 27, BOASE Oxford Historical Society, vol. xxvii. Boase, C. W. Registrum Collegii Exoniensis.

O. H. S., 35, 36, O. H. S. Anstey, H. Epistolae academicae. 2 vols. ANSTEY 1898.

O. H. S., 5, 16 O. H. S. Collectanea. Series 1-3. 1885, 1890, and 32, COLLECT. 1896.

O. H. S., 20, LITTLE O. H. S. Little, A. G. Grey Friars in Oxford. 1892.

PIETAS Pietas Oxoniensis in Memory of Sir Thomas Bodley. 1902.

PUTNAM Putnam, G. Books and their Makers in the Middle Ages. 2 vols. 1896-7.

RASHDALL Rashdall, H. Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages. 2 vols. 1895.

R. DE B. Richard of Bury. Philobiblon. Ed., Thomas. 1888.

ROBINSON Robinson, J. A., and James, M. R. The MSS. of Westminster Abbey. 1909.

ROGERS Rogers, J. E. T. History of Agriculture and Prices. 6 vols. 1866-87.

ROUVEYRE Rouveyre, Edouard. Connaissances nécessaires à un bibliophile. 10 vols. 1899.

R. H. S. Royal Historical Society. Transactions.

*SANDYS Sandys, J. E. History of Classical Scholarship. Vols. i. (2nd ed., 1906) and ii.

S. H. R. Scottish Historical Review.

STEVENSON Stevenson, F. S. Robert Grosseteste. 1899.

STOKES (G. T.) Stokes, G. T. Ireland and the Celtic Church. 1886.

STOKES (M.) Stokes, Margt. Early Christian Art in Ireland. 1887.

STOKES (M.)^{2} Stokes, M. Six Months in the Apennines. 1892.

STOKES (M.)^{3} Stokes, M. Three Months in the Forests of France. 1895.

STOKES (W.) Stokes, W., ed. Tripartite Life. 2 vols. 1887. Rolls series.

STOW Stow, J. Survey of London. Ed., C. L. Kingsford. 2 Vols. 1908.

*SURTEES SOC. Surtees Society Publications. Various volumes; especially vol. vii., Catalogi veteres librorum. 1840.

TAYLOR Taylor, H. O. Classical Heritage of the Middle Ages. New York, 1901.

THOMPSON Thompson, Sir E. M. Greek and Latin Palæography. 3rd ed. 1906.

WARTON Warton, T. History of English Poetry. 4 vols. 1871.

WATTENBACH Wattenbach, W. Das Schriftwesen im Mittelalter. 3rd ed. Leipzig, 1896.

WILLIAMS Williams, J. W. Somerset Medieval Libraries.

WORDSWORTH Wordsworth, C., and Littlehales, H. Old Service Books of the English Church. Antiquary’s Books.

ZENTRALBLATT Centralblatt für Bibliothekswesen. Various volumes.

NOTE.--_Books marked with an asterisk * are important._

INDEX

Abdy, Robert, 150-151

Abingdon Abbey, 33, 39, 41, 78, 87, 88, 97, 98, 269

Abyssinian libraries, 18

Academic libraries, 133 _seqq._; Cambridge, 155 _seqq._; Character of books in, 222 _seqq._; economy, 165 _seqq._; Oxford, 133 _seqq._

Acca, Bp., 34

Adam de Brome, 135

Aelfric, 44, 85

Aelfric, Abp., 44

Aelfward, Abbot, 44, 263

Aeneas Silvius, 120, 277

Aethelwold, 40-41, 263

Aidan, St., 30

Aileran, 8

Albinus, 25, 28

Alcuin, 9, 10, 35-36, 78, 80, 263

Aldfrith of Northumbria, 9, 31

Aldhelm, 8, 28-29, 31

Aleby, Thomas, 279

Alfred the Great, 37-39

All Souls College, 147, 149, 151, 153, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 186, 277, 283

Alne, Robert, 156, 277

Annalists, monastic, 231-232

Anselm, 83, 214

Antiphonaries, value of, 246

Antiphonary of Bangor, 11

Arabian works imported, 217-218

Aristotle, works introduced, 53, 217-222; influence, 240

Armagh, Book of, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20

Armagh monastery, 4, 9, 12

_Armaria_, 91

_Armarius_, 96-97

Arnoul of Metz, Gospels of, 20

Arundel, Abp., 139, 190, 275

Asser, 38

Assicus, Bp., 20, 21

Astronomical text-books, 225

Athelney monastery, 39

Athelstan, King, 263

Audit of books in monasteries, 102-103

Augustine, St., 14, 24

Augustine, Irish Monk, 8

Aumbries, 91, 92

Austin Friars’ libraries, 55, 56, 67-68, 103, 271

Bacon, Friar, 178, 216, 218-219, 220-221

Baldock, Ralph, 119-120, 269

Bale, John, 66-67

Balliol College, 54, 146, 148, 150, 153, 186, 192, 193, 281, 282

Balsham, Hugh of, 158

Bangor monastery, 7

Baret, John, 280

Baringham, John, 279

Barking nunnery, 33

Basil the Great, 2

Basingstoke, John of, 219-220, 267

Bateman, Bp. William, 158-159, 270

Battle Abbey, 62

Beauchamp, Guy de, 177, 269

Beaufort, Card., 188, 190

Beaufort, Sir Thomas, 162

Beaulieu Abbey, 93

Becket, Thomas à, 89

Beckford Cell, 47

Bede, 26 _n._, 27, 32-33; his library, 33 _n._; _Ecclesiastical History_, MSS., 15, 110; _Apocalypse_ MS., 110-111

Bedford, Duke of. _See_ John of Lancaster

Bedyll, Thomas, 68

Bek, Bp., 269

Bekynton, Bp., 123 _n._, 190

Benedict Biscop, 31-32, 33, 86

Benedictines, use of books among, 23-24, 49, 63

_Benedictional_ of Abp. Robert, 42

_Benedictional_ of Ethelwold, 42, 43

Bethum, Sir Edward, 280

Beverley Minster, 128

Bible, Latin, correcting text, 58; circulation, 239; prices of, 243-244

Biblical literature in monasteries, 210-212

Bicchieri, Guala, Card., 86-87

Bicester Priory, 175

Binding, 107-108; prices, 256-257

Birkenhead Priory, 73, 74

Bishop Auckland Church, 194, 277, 283

Black Death, 138, 138 _n._, 159

Black Friars’ books, 55

Bobio, 8, 10, 87

Bodleian Library, 113

Bohun, Eleanor, of Gloucester, 177

Bolton, S. Mary’s Church, 129

Boniface, 34

Book-boxes, 113-114, 123

Bookrooms, in colleges, 149-151, 164, 186; in churches, 112, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122-123, 124, 126, 128, 130, 186; in monasteries, 12, 63, 93-96

Books, care of, 97-98; extent of circulation, 232-241; destruction and dispersal, 59 _seqq._, 152-154, 157-158; prices of, 243 _seqq._

Booksellers, 199 _seqq._

Book-trade in Oxford, 133 _seqq._, 199 _seqq._; Cambridge, 155, 205 _seqq._; London, 207

Bordesley Abbey, 67, 67 _n._

Boston Church, 129

Boston, John, 59

Bowet, Abp., 123 _n._, 178, 189, 276

Bragge, Canon, 177, 274

Brantingham, Bp., 149, 150 _n._

Brasenose College, 168

Bredon, Simon de, 146, 271

Brensall-in-Craven, S. Wilfrid’s, 129

Breviaries, prices of, 244-245

Brigsley Church, 129

Bristol, S. Mary Redcliffe, 128, 275

Browne (Cordone), Archdeacon, 123, 129, 139, 189, 278

Brownyng, William, 279

Bubwith, Nicholas of, 123

Buckfast Abbey, 90

Burley, Sir S., 272

Burton-on-Trent Abbey, 264

Bury, R. de, 50, 58, 60-61, 170-172, 178 _seqq._, 267, 269

Bury St. Edmunds Abbey, 44, 49, 59, 61, 63, 68 _n._, 69, 71, 84, 86, 88, 90, 96, 162, 265

Caedmon, 30

_Calami_, 85

Caldey, Henry, 278

Calligraphy. _See_ Writing

Cambridge, book-trade, 155, 205 _seqq._; college libraries, 158 _seqq._; University Library, 70, 155 _seqq._, 164, 276, 281. _See_ also names of Colleges

Cambuskenneth monastery, 57

Candida Casa, 7

Canterbury (Christ Church), 46, 46 _n._, 49, 63, 64, 65, 70, 71, 76, 80, 89, 95, 100, 101, 102, 150, 177, 190, 196-197, 220, 239, 265, 267, 269, 270, 275, 284

Canterbury (S. Augustine’s), 9, 14, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 33, 40, 47, 49, 69, 70, 71, 83, 88, 89, 95, 96 _n._, 103, 104, 175, 178, 263, 283

Canterbury College, Oxford, 138 _n._, 150, 195, 284

_Capsae_, 19 _n._

Carilef, William de, 90, 264

Carmelite Friars’ libraries, 54, 55

Carpenter, Bp. John, 115

Carpenter, John, 187, 278

Carrells, 75-77, 92

Cathach Psalter. _See_ Columba’s Psalter

Catalogues of monastic books, 103-107

Cathedral libraries, 109 _seqq._

_Catholicon_, 132, 224

Cawod, William, 275

Ceadda (Chad), 30

Cedd, 30

Chace, Thomas, 150

Chad, St., 30; Gospels of, 14

Chained books, 109, 112, 117

Charles the Great, 35, 107

Charleton, Bp., 116

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 85, 174, 182-184, 240

Chaundler, Thomas, 190

Chertsey Abbey, 33

Chester, Richard, 160

Chester, S. Werburgh’s, 61, 76, 92

Chesterton Church, 87, 87 _n._

Chests for books, 91

Chichele, Abp. Henry, 95

Chichele, William, 187, 276

Christ Church, Oxford, 151 _n._

Christ’s College, Cambridge, 164, 284

Church, Canon C. M., 110, 121, 124 _n._

Church libraries, 109 _seqq._

Ciaran, St., 13, 22

Circulation of books, extent, 232-241

Clare College, 138 _n._, 158, 164

Clare, Elizabeth, 158, 177, 270

Clark, Dr. J. W., 92, 95, 113

Classical literature in monasteries, 212-215, 258 _seqq._

Clement, 10, 11

Clergy and books, 177-178

Clifford, J. de, 177

Clonard, 5

Cluni Abbey, 103

Cobham, Bp., 134-136, 269

Cockersand Abbey, 73

_Codex Exoniensis_, 87, 110, 113

_Codex Vercellensis_, 87, 87 _n._

Coldingham, 34, 271

College libraries, 145 _seqq._, 158 _seqq._

Columba, St., 5, 6, 17; Psalter, 6, 16, 17, 21

Columban, St., 7

_Coopertoria librorum_, 19 _n._

Corbie, 78, 89

Corpus Christi College, Camb., 70, 110, 113, 138 _n._, 159, 163, 164, 277

Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 70, 151 _n._, 154, 170, 227

_Correctoria_, 58, 85

Corvey, 89

Coventry Priory, 268

Cronan, St., 21, 22

Croucher, John, 156

Crowland, 33, 37

Culross, 56

Cumdachs, 4, 12, 19, 19 _n._

Cummian, St., 8

Cupboards for books, 91

Cuthbert, Abbot, 80

Cuthbert, St., 31

Dalby, T. de, 274

Daniel, Bp. of Winchester, 34

Darell, G., 276

Deeping Priory, 268

Derby, All Saints, 130

Despenser, Hugh le, elder, 177

Dicuil, 11

Dimma’s Book, 21, 22

Domnach Airgrid (S. Patrick’s Gospels), 17, 20

Donatus, 11

Dover, S. Martin’s Priory, 70, 71, 90, 105, 106, 272

Downham, W., 280

Dreff, Ralph, 189, 278

Drury, Roger, 283

Duffield, Canon W., 189, 278

Dungal, 10, 11

Dunstan, 40, 41, 41 _n._

Durham, Book of (Lindisfarne Gospels), 15, 17

Durham Hall, Oxford, 54, 148, 150, 170, 179, 269, 274

Durham Priory, 63, 73, 75, 80, 91, 103, 107, 162, 211, 217, 264, 269, 273, 275, 276, 283

Durrow, Book of, 16, 20

Eastern monachism, 1-3

Easton, Card., 90

Eastry Prior, 70, 89, 95, 216, 269

Ebesham, W., 207-208

Ecgberht, 9

Echard, R., 281

Edlyngton, J., 279

Edward II., 176

Eleanor of Gloucester, 274

_Electio librorum_, 166 _n._, 167

Eltisle, T. de, 159

Ely Priory (cathedral), 33, 86, 88, 101

Embleton Church, 128, 271

Emmanuel of Constantinople, 194-195

English monastic libraries, 23 _seqq._

English scholars in Ireland, 8, 9

Erghome, John, 56

Erigena, or Scotus, John, 11, 39

Ernulf of Rochester, 47

Est, R., 129, 281

Ethelwold, 40, 41, 263

Eton College, 144, 159-160, 161

Evesham Abbey, 33, 44, 47, 76, 88, 90, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 272

Exeter Book, 87, 110, 113

Exeter Cathedral, 44, 110-114, 186, 263, 269, 284

Exeter College, Oxford, 87, 111-112, 113 _n._, 146, 148, 149-150, 151, 166, 166 _n._, 168, 186, 272, 274, 279, 280, 284

Exeter, Grey Friars, 54, 267

_Explicitus_, 81-82

Fairs, selling books at, 200, 206-207

Farnylaw, T. de, 128, 271

Fastolf, Sir J., 188

Felton, Sir W. de, 146

Feriby, W. de, 124 _n._, 177, 272

Fernell, J., 280

Fiacc, 4, 13 _n._

Finnian of Moville, 5, 6, 17

Fitzhugh, Bp. R., 156, 277

Fitzralph, Abp., 57

Flemming, Robert, 147, 153, 193, 282

Fleury Abbey, 88

Flexley Abbey, 266

Floyer, Rev. J. K., 115

Foxe, Bp., 194

Foxle, Sir J. de, 271

Francis, St., 52-53

Franciscan libraries, 52 _seqq._

Free, John. 64, 192, 193

Friars, bibliographical work, 58-59; as book-collectors, 57-58; correction of texts, 58; libraries, 52 _seqq._

Furness Abbey, 94

Gascoigne, Dr. T., 54, 147, 148, 153, 277, 279

Gateshead, S. Edmund’s Hospital, 269

Gaul, Irish missionaries in, 7-8, 10

Gaul, monachism in, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8

Geoffrey of Monmouth, 240

Gerbert of Bobio, 78, 87

Germanus of Auxerre, 3

Gildas, 9

Glastonbury Abbey, 34, 39, 41, 45 _n._, 48, 63, 64, 263, 264, 266, 268, 269

Gloucester Abbey, 34, 48, 63, 76, 96, 264, 268

Gloucester, Duke of. _See_ Humfrey of Gloucester

Golden Book of Edgar, 42

Gonville and Caius College, 158, 159, 164

Gower, John, 182

Grammatical text-books, 223-224

Grandisson, Bp., 111, 111 _n._, 112, 113, 150, 270

Gravesend, Bp. R. de, 146, 178, 267

Gravesend, Bp. S. de, 270

Greek books imported, 194-198, 217-222; in monasteries, 26, 64

Greek, knowledge of, in monasteries, 7, 10, 11, 195-198, 217-222

Greeks in England, 194-195, 219-220

Greenwood, T., 178, 276

Gregory the Great’s books, 24

Grey Friars’ libraries, 52 _seqq._

Grey, Bp. William, 150, 153, 192-193, 282

Grimbald, 38

Grocyn, William, 198, 226-227, 284

Grosseteste, Robert, 53, 54, 57, 86, 220

Gunthorpe, Dean, 123 _n._, 192-193, 284

Hadley, Wm., 195

Hadrian, 26, 28, 29

Halesowen Church, 129

Halton, T. de, 273

Hamo, Chancellor, 118

Hamundson, John, 281

Harris, J., 156

Hawk, W., 281

Healy, Dr. John, 5

Hebbeden, T., 277

Hebrew books in Friars’ libraries, 54, 56; in Ramsey Abbey, 268

Hedyan, J., 278

Henry II., 176

Henry VI., 148, 159-160

Hereford Cathedral, 116-117, 162, 186, 266

Herrys, John, 156

Hiberno-Saxon writing, 15, 46

Hild, 30, 31

Hinton Priory, 101, 270

Holcombe, W., 284

Holes, Andrew, 192 _n._, 277

Holme, Canon N., 129, 280

Holme, Richard, 156

Hopton, J., 273

Hoskyn, Robert, 278

Hugh of Balsham, 158

Hugh of Leicester, 118, 264

Hulne, 273

Humfrey of Gloucester, 139-143, 144, 154, 160, 181, 190-191, 191 _n._, 192, 277

Hurte, John, 164, 281

Hyde Abbey. _See_ Winchester (New Minster)

Iceland, Irish in, 7

Illuminating, prices for, 255-256

Illumination, Irish, 15; Winchester, 42

Illuminators, 79, 199 _seqq._

Iona, 5, 7, 9, 30, 31

Ireland, English scholars in, 8, 9

Irish illumination, 15

Irish manuscripts on the Continent, 8 _n._, 11, 11 _n._

Irish missal, satchel of, 19

Irish missionaries, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10

Irish monasteries, use of books in, 1 _seqq._

Irish satchels, 17, 18, 19

Irish scribes, 12, 12 _n._

Irish writing, 13-15

Italian influence in England, 189 _seqq._

Italian scholars, 191

James, Dr. M. R., 46, 47, 49, 67, 70, 71, 89, 95, 102, 163, 195, 196

Jarrow, 31, 33, 37

Jerome, St., 2

Jesus College, 164, 284

John, King, 176, 266

John of Beverley, 30

John of Corvey, 38

John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford, 139, 181, 188, 272

John of London, 89, 178, 221-222

John Scotus Erigena, 11, 39

Kells, Book of, 14, 15, 16, 20

Kelso Abbey, 99

Kempe, John, Card., 103, 145, 188, 279

King’s College, Camb., 144, 156, 159-161, 279

King’s Hall, Camb. _See_ Trinity College

King’s Norton Church, 129

Kirkstall Abbey, 94

Kyrkby, R. de, 275

Lacy, Bp., 150

Lane, Dr. T., 162

Lanfranc, 45, 46, 47, 85, 101, 213

Langham, Simon, 90, 178, 271

Langley, Bp. T., 277

Lanthony Priory, 68, 265

Lassehowe, J., 279

Lastingham, 30, 37

_Laudian Acts_, 26 _n._, 27

Law books in Middle Ages, 215-217, 226-227

Layton, Dr., 152

Leather, 107, cost of, 257

Leicester Abbey, 282

_Leicester Codex_, 195

Leland, John, 69, 131

Lending monastic books, 98, 101

Leofric, Bp., 44, 110-111, 113, 263

Leofric Missal, 111

Leominster church, 265

Lérins, 3, 31

Lese, J., 283

Librarian, University, 136, 137

Librarians, monastic, 12, 96-97

_Librarii_, 199

_Libri distribuendi_, 166, 169

Lichfield Cathedral, 126, 186, 270

Linacre, Thomas, 197-198

Lincoln Cathedral, 118-119, 186, 264, 278

Lincoln College, 54, 147, 148, 149, 151, 153, 165, 166, 186, 193, 277

Lindau, Gospels of, 21, 108

Lindisfarne, 30, 31, 33, 37

Lindisfarne Gospels (Book of Durham), 15, 17

Litchfield, Dr., 145, 283

Logical text-books, 225

Lombard’s _Sentences_, 215, 239-240

London book-trade, 207

London, Friars’ libraries, 55-56

London, Guildhall Library, 186-187, 276, 278

London, S. Christopher-le-Stocks, 131, 282

London, S. Mary’s Hospital, Cripplegate, 278

London, St. Michael’s, Cornhill, 131

London, S. Peter’s, Cornhill, 131, 131 _n._

London, S. Paul’s, 119-120, 186, 266, 268, 269, 280, 282

London, S. Stephen Magnus, 268

Longarad legend, 6, 7 _n._, 12, 18 “Losinga,” Herbert, 86, 213

Lovet, Richard, 283

Lowe, Prior, 55

Lytham Cell, 280

Lythe, R., 282

Lyttleton, Sir T., 129, 282

MacRegol, Gospels of, 14, 15

Magdalen College, Oxford, 147, 149, 151, 154, 166, 168, 170, 175, 186, 282

Magdalene College, Cambridge, 164

Malmesbury Abbey, 29, 33, 66, 108

Manthorp, J. de, 277

Mare, Thomas de la, 270

Mare, William de la, 58

Marisco, Adam de, 53, 57, 85, 86

Markaunt, Thomas, 163, 163 _n._, 277

Marleberge, T. de, 90, 266

Marmoutier, 2, 3

Marshall, Dr. R., 162

Meaux Abbey, 63, 94, 274

_Medulla grammatice_, 132

Melrose Abbey, 31, 34, 37

Mendicants’ libraries, 52 _seqq._

Mertherderwa, R., 278

Merton College, 138, 146, 148, 149, 153, 166, 168, 170, 272

Michelham Priory, 62

Millyng, Thomas, 197

Minstrels, 173 _seqq._

Missals, prices of, 244

Molaise’s Gospels, 21

Moling, Book of St., 21

Molyneux, Adam de, 139, 190

Monachism, Eastern, 1

Monachism in England, progress, 48; decline, 59-60; dissolution, 65 _seqq._

Monachism in Ireland, 1 _seqq._

Monastic libraries, English, 45 _seqq._; economy, 73 _seqq._; decline and dispersal, 59 _seqq._, 100; saving books, 69 _seqq._; catalogues, 102-107

Monastic libraries, Irish, 5 _seqq._

Monte Cassino, 97, 217

Montford, Simon of, 176-177

Moreton, J., 278

Morley, Daniel of, 218

Morton, T., 278

Neville, Abp., 195

Newcastle, S. Nicholas’ Church, 128, 271

New College, 69, 138, 138 _n._, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 165, 166, 169, 175, 186, 197, 272, 280, 284

Newstead Priory (Notts), 100

Newton, J. de, 125, 162, 178, 275

Nicholas of Bubwith, Bp., 123

Nicholas the Greek, 219-220

Northumbria, learning in, 30, 31, 37

Norwich Priory, 62, 90

_Notarii_, 199

Nottingham, S. Mary’s Church, 129

Ordericus Vitalis, 80

Oriel College, 54, 135, 138, 146, 148, 151, 154, 166, 168, 169, 271

Osmund, Bp., 117, 263

Oswald of Northumbria, 9, 30, 31

Oxford, academic libraries, 133 _seqq._

Oxford, book-trade, 133, 199 _seqq._

Oxford, decrease of students at, 152

Oxford, Ewelme Almshouse, 280

Oxford, Friars’ libraries, 53, 54, 58, 75

Oxford, monastic libraries, 51

Oxford, St. Mary’s Church, 129, 133, 134, 153, 275

Oxford scholars’ libraries, 189, 236-237

Oxford University library, 133 _seqq._, 151-154, 186, 269, 283

Oxford. _See_ also under Names of Colleges

Pachomius, St., 2

Palladius, 3

Parchment, 84; cost of, 257

Parker Abp., 26, 70, 113

Paternoster Row, 207

Patrick, St., 3, 4, 5, 17; Gospels of (Domnach Airgrid), 17, 20

Pembroke College, Cambridge, 69, 103, 107, 158, 163, 164, 167, 168, 170, 186, 274

_Pennae_, 85

Percyhay, John, 177, 273

Peter of Gloucester, Abbot, 48, 264

Peterborough Abbey, 33, 37, 48, 216, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 273

Peterhouse College, 100, 158, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167-168, 169, 186, 271, 275

_Philobiblon_, 179

_Piers Plowman_, 182, 240

Pius II. (Æneas Sylvius), 120, 277

Plane, Richard, 279

Plegmund, Abp., 38, 38 _n._

Poggio Bracciolini, 190, 191

_Polaires_, 9, 13, 13 _n._

Precentor’s duties, 80, 96, 97, 98

Prices of books, 243 _seqq._

Processionals, value of, 246

Psalters, value of, 245-246

Pudsey, Hugh, 90, 107

Pynchebek, Thomas, 282

Queen’s College, Oxford, 146, 148, 149, 151, 153, 166

Queens’ College, Cambridge, 162, 164, 186, 281

Ragenhill, R., 125, 276

Ralph de Diceto, 119, 266

Ralph of Maidstone, 116, 266

Ramsey Abbey, 54, 63, 68, 89, 220, 268

Raventhorpe, J., 276

Rayleigh, 131

Reading Abbey, 64, 176, 265, 266

Reading aloud, 173 _seqq._

Redmarshall Church, 129

Reed, Bp., 148, 149, 272

_Registrum librorum Angliae_, 58-59

Reichenau, monastery of, 8 _n._

Repyngton, Bp., 139

Rhetoric, books of, 224-225

Richard de Bury, 50, 58, 60-61, 170-172, 178 _seqq._, 267, 269

Richard de Wyche, bequests to friars, 54-55

Richard of Stowe, 268

Rievaulx, 265

Rochester Priory, 47, 99, 130, 266

Romance literature, 227-231

Roos, Sir R. de, 177, 273

Rotherham, Jesus College, 284

Rotherham, Thomas, 130, 157, 163, 281, 284

Rous, John, 127, 128 _n._

Ruddington Church, 130

Runes, 13

Rygge, R., 274

St. Albans Abbey and library, 44, 49 _seqq._, 63, 73, 78, 88, 91, 96, 98, 105, 108, 179, 219, 263, 264, 267, 269, 270, 276

St. Albans’ chroniclers, 50

St. Catherine’s Hall, 161, 164, 281

St. Gall, 8, 8 _n._, 10, 21, 73, 94, 97

St. John’s College, Cambridge, 151 _n._, 164, 186

Salisbury Cathedral, 117-118, 186, 263

Same, Robert, 284

Satchels, book, 6, 17, 18, 19

Scardeburgh, J. de, 273

Scarle, J. de, 274

Scot, Michael, 53, 218

Scotland, monachism in, 5, 7

Scotland, Friars’ libraries, 56-57

Scotus Erigena, John, 11, 39

Scribes, 199 _seqq._; monkish, 73 _seqq._; Irish, 12, 12 _n._; tools, 85

Scriptorium, 50, 51, 73-77, 80, 82, 88

Scrope, Archd. S., 125, 159, 275

Sedulius, 11

Seggefyld, J., 279

Selling, William of, 26, 64, 66, 66 _n._, 76, 95, 195-197, 280

Semer, R., 277

Servatus Lupus, 85, 87

Sherborne Hospital, 267

Skirwood, Bp., 194, 282

Shrines for books, 4, 12, 19, 19 _n._

Signs used for books, 82-83

Simon, Abbot, 50, 91

Skirlaw, Bp., 123 _n._, 148, 274

Smart, William, 69

Somersett, John, 139, 143

Spray, T., 279

Stafford, Bp. E. de, 150

Stafford, Bp. J. de, 123, 123 _n._, 276

Stamford Cell, 276

Stationers, 199 _seqq._

Stationers Co., 207

Stirling, Friars’ library, 56

Stokys, J., 283

Stow, John, 70

Stowe Missal, 20

Stratford, Abp. J., 177

Symson, Thomas, 283

Syon monastic library, 63, 83, 90 _n._, 104, 105, 106, 285

Sywardby, Elizabeth, 280

Talbot, R., 69

_Textus Roffensis_, 47

Theodore, 8, 26, 26 _n._, 28, 31

Theological books in monasteries, 210-212

Thomas, Abbot, 178

Thomas of England, 191, 273

Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, 274

Thompson, Mr. Yates, 107

Thoris, R. de, 54, 267

Tiptoft, John, Earl of Worcester, 139, 192, 279

Titchfield Abbey, 95, 105, 274

Tobias, Bp., 28

Trevaur, Bp., 270

Trinity College (King’s Hall), Cambridge, 159, 164, 273

Trinity College, Oxford, 150 _n._

Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 138 _n._, 158, 164, 169, 216, 270

Twyne, Brian, 70

Twyne, John, 69

Tynemouth, 37

Tywardreath Priory, 268

University College, Oxford, 138, 145-146, 148, 149, 165, 167, 168, 170, 186, 274, 281

University Hall, Cambridge. _See_ Clare College

University libraries. _See_ Oxford and Cambridge

Vellum, 84; cost of, 257

Vercelli Book, 87, 87 _n._

Vicario, 216

Vitelli, Cornelius, 197

Wallets, book, 17, 18, 19

Walter of Evesham, 47, 264

Waltham, William de, 275

Warham, Abp., 284

Warkworth, J., 162, 282

Warwick, S. Mary’s Church, 127, 280

Wax tablets, 9, 13, 13 _n._, 18, 83, 84

Wearmouth, 31, 33, 37

Wells Cathedral, 110, 121-124, 186, 276

Werfrith, Bp., 37, 38, 114

Westminster Abbey, 64, 71, 88, 90, 99, 112, 271

Wetheringsett Church, 130, 284

Whalley Abbey, 94

Whelpdale, Roger, 148, 276

Whethamstede, Abbot, 49, 51-52, 139, 153, 181

Whitby Abbey, 30, 37, 48, 88, 265

White Friars’ libraries, 54, 55

Whitherne (Candida Casa), 7

Whittington, Richard, 55, 186-187

Whittlesey, Abp., 271

Wigmore Abbey, 62

Wilfrid, St., 31

William of Waynflete, 143, 147, 282

William of Wykeham, 147, 272

Willibrord, St., 9

Willoughby, Sir R., 129, 280

Wimborne nunnery, 33

Winchelsey, Dr. T., 56

Winchester College, 175, 276

Winchester (Hyde Abbey, New Minster), 38, 42, 86, 174

Winchester (S. Swithin’s, Old Minster), 42, 88, 96, 175

Winchester illumination, 42

Windsor Collegiate Church, 126, 271

Wodelarke, Dr. R., 162

Wolveden, R., 125, 276

Woollaton Church, 129

Worcester College, 51

Worcester Priory (Cathedral), 76, 92, 96, 114-116, 162, 234

Worthington, T., 281

Writing: Irish, 13; Hiberno-Saxon, 15, 46; payments for, 254-255

Writing-rooms, 50, 51, 73-77, 80, 82, 88

Wyche, R. de, 54-55, 267

Wymondham Abbey, 62

York Abbey and Cathedral, 33, 35, 36, 124-125, 186, 263

York, All Saints, Peseholme, 129

York, Austin Friars’ library, 56, 67, 68, 103, 271

York, Holy Trinity, Goodramgate, 128

York, S. Mary’s, Castlegate, 128, 273

_Printed by MORRISON & GIBB LIMITED, Edinburgh_

* * * * *

A SELECTION OF BOOKS

PUBLISHED BY METHUEN

AND COMPANY LIMITED

36 ESSEX STREET

LONDON W.C.

CONTENTS

PAGE

General Literature 1 Ancient Cities 15 Antiquary’s Books 15 Arden Shakespeare 15 Classics of Art 16 “Complete” Series 16 Connoisseur’s Library 16 Handbooks of English Church History 17 Illustrated Pocket Library of Plain and Coloured Books 17 Leaders of Religion 18 Library of Devotion 18 Little Books on Art 19 Little Galleries 19 Little Guides 19 Little Library 20 Little Quarto Shakespeare 21 Miniature Library 21 New Library of Medicine 21 New Library of Music 22 Oxford Biographies 22 Romantic History 22 Handbooks of Theology 22 Westminster Commentaries 23

Fiction 23 Books for Boys and Girls 28 Novels of Alexandre Dumas 29 Methuen’s Sixpenny Books 29

* * * * *

A SELECTION OF

MESSRS. METHUEN’S

PUBLICATIONS

In this Catalogue the order is according to authors. An asterisk denotes that the book is in the press.

Colonial Editions are published of all Messrs. METHUEN’S Novels issued at a price above 2_s._ 6_d._, and similar editions are published of some works of General Literature. Colonial editions are only for circulation in the British Colonies and India.

All books marked net are not subject to discount, and cannot be bought at less than the published price. Books not marked net are subject to the discount which the bookseller allows.

Messrs. METHUEN’S books are kept in stock by all good booksellers. If there is any difficulty in seeing copies, Messrs. Methuen will be very glad to have early information, and specimen copies of any books will be sent on receipt of the published price _plus_ postage for net books, and of the published price for ordinary books.

This Catalogue contains only a selection of the more important books published by Messrs. Methuen. A complete and illustrated catalogue of their publications may be obtained on application.

=Addleshaw (Percy).= SIR PHILIP SIDNEY. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

=Adeney (W. F.)=, M.A. See Bennett (W.H.).

=Ady (Cecilia M.).= A HISTORY OF MILAN UNDER THE SFORZA. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

=Aldis (Janet).= THE QUEEN OF LETTER WRITERS, MARQUISE DE SÉVIGNÉ, DAME DE BOURBILLY, 1626-96. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net._

=Allen (M.).= A HISTORY OF VERONA. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net._

=Amherst (Lady).= A SKETCH OF EGYPTIAN HISTORY FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY. Illustrated. _A New and Cheaper Issue. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

=Andrewes (Amy G.).= THE STORY OF BAYARD. Edited by A. G. ANDREWES, _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._

=Andrewes (Bishop).= PRECES PRIVATAE. Translated and edited, with Notes, by F. E. BRIGHTMAN, M.A., of Pusey House, Oxford. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._

=Anon.= THE WESTMINSTER PROBLEMS BOOK. Prose and Verse. Compiled from _The Saturday Westminster Gazette_ Competitions, 1904-1907. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._

VENICE AND HER TREASURES. Illustrated. _Round corners. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. net._

=Aristotle.= THE ETHICS OF. Edited, with an Introduction and Notes, by JOHN BURNET, M.A. _Cheaper issue. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

=Atkinson (C. T.)=, M.A., Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, sometime Demy of Magdalen College. A HISTORY OF GERMANY, from 1715-1815. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net._

=Atkinson (T. D.).= ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. Illustrated. _Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._

A GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._

=Atteridge (A. H.).= NAPOLEON’S BROTHERS. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 18s. net._

=Aves (Ernest).= CO-OPERATIVE INDUSTRY. _Cr. 8vo. 5s. net._

=Bagot (Richard).= THE LAKES OF NORTHERN ITALY. Illustrated. _Fcap. 8vo. 5s. net._

=Bain (R. Nisbet).= THE LAST KING OF POLAND AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

=Balfour (Graham).= THE LIFE OF ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON. Illustrated. _Fifth Edition in one Volume. Cr. 8vo. Buckram, 6s._

=Baring (The Hon. Maurice).= RUSSIAN ESSAYS AND STORIES. _Second Ed. Cr. 8vo. 5s. net._

LANDMARKS IN RUSSIAN LITERATURE. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s. net._

=Baring-Gould (S.).= THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Wide Royal 8vo. 10s. 6d._

THE TRAGEDY OF THE CÆSARS: A STUDY OF THE CHARACTERS OF THE CÆSARS OF THE JULIAN AND CLAUDIAN HOUSES. Illustrated. _Seventh Edition. Royal 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

A BOOK OF FAIRY TALES. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. Buckram. 6s._ Also _Medium 8vo. 6d._

OLD ENGLISH FAIRY TALES. Illustrated. _Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. Buckram. 6s._

THE VICAR OF MORWENSTOW. Revised Edition. With a Portrait. _Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._

OLD COUNTRY LIFE. Illustrated. _Fifth Edition. Large Cr. 8vo. 6s._

A GARLAND OF COUNTRY SONG: English Folk Songs with their Traditional Melodies. Collected and arranged by S. BARING-GOULD and H. F. SHEPPARD. _Demy 4to. 6s._

SONGS OF THE WEST: Folk Songs of Devon and Cornwall. Collected from the Mouths of the People. By S. BARING-GOULD, M.A., and H. FLEETWOOD SHEPPARD, M.A. New and Revised Edition, under the musical editorship of CECIL J. SHARP. _Large Imperial 8vo. 5s. net._

STRANGE SURVIVALS: SOME CHAPTERS IN THE HISTORY OF MAN. Illustrated. _Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._

YORKSHIRE ODDITIES: INCIDENTS AND STRANGE EVENTS. _Fifth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._

A BOOK OF CORNWALL. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._

A BOOK OF DARTMOOR. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._

A BOOK OF DEVON. Illustrated. _Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._

A BOOK OF NORTH WALES. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._

A BOOK OF SOUTH WALES. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._

A BOOK OF BRITTANY. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._

A BOOK OF THE RHINE: From Cleve to Mainz. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._

A BOOK OF THE RIVIERA. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._

A BOOK OF THE PYRENEES. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._

=Barker (E.)=, M.A., (Late) Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF PLATO AND ARISTOTLE. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

=Baron (R. R. N.)=, M.A. FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION. _Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. Key, 3s. net._

=Bartholomew (J. G.)=, F.R.S.E. See Robertson (C. G.).

=Bastable (C. F.)=, LL.D. THE COMMERCE OF NATIONS. _Fifth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._

=Bastian (H. Charlton)=, M.A., M.D., F.R.S. THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

=Batson (Mrs. Stephen).= A CONCISE HANDBOOK OF GARDEN FLOWERS. _Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._

THE SUMMER GARDEN OF PLEASURE. Illustrated. _Wide Demy 8vo. 15s. net._

=Beckett (Arthur).= THE SPIRIT OF THE DOWNS: Impressions and Reminiscences of the Sussex Downs. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

=Beckford (Peter).= THOUGHTS ON HUNTING. Edited by J. OTHO PAGET. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 6s._

=Begbie (Harold).= MASTER WORKERS. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

=Behmen (Jacob).= DIALOGUES ON THE SUPERSENSUAL LIFE. Edited by BERNARD HOLLAND. _Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d._

=Bell (Mrs. Arthur G.).= THE SKIRTS OF THE GREAT CITY. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._

=Belloc (H.)=, M.P. PARIS. Illustrated. _Second Edition, Revised. Cr. 8vo. 6s._

HILLS AND THE SEA. _Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s._

ON NOTHING AND KINDRED SUBJECTS. _Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s._

ON EVERYTHING. _Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s._

MARIE ANTOINETTE. Illustrated. _Third Edition. Demy 8vo. 15s. net._

THE PYRENEES. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

=Bellot (H. H. L.)=, M.A. See Jones (L. A. A).

=Bennett (Joseph).= FORTY YEARS OF MUSIC, 1865-1905. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 16s. net._

=Bennett (W. H.)=, M.A. A PRIMER OF THE BIBLE. _Fifth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._

=Bennett (W. H.)= and =Adeney, (W. F.)=. A BIBLICAL INTRODUCTION. With a concise Bibliography. _Sixth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 7s. 6d._

=Benson (Archbishop).= GOD’S BOARD. Communion Addresses. _Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._

=Benson (R. M.).= THE WAY OF HOLINESS. An Exposition of Psalm cxix. Analytical and Devotional. _Cr. 8vo. 5s._

*=Bensusan (Samuel L.).= HOME LIFE IN SPAIN. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

=Berry (W. Grinton)=, M.A. FRANCE SINCE WATERLOO. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._

=Betham-Edwards (Miss).= HOME LIFE IN FRANCE. Illustrated. _Fifth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._

=Bindley (T. Herbert)=, B.D. THE OECUMENICAL DOCUMENTS OF THE FAITH. With Introductions and Notes. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s. net._

=Binyon (Laurence).= See Blake (William).

=Blake (William).= ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE BOOK OF JOB. With General Introduction by LAURENCE BINYON. Illustrated. _Quarto. 21s. net._

=Body (George)=, D.D. THE SOUL’S PILGRIMAGE: Devotional Readings from the Published and Unpublished writings of George Body, D.D. Selected and arranged by J. H. BURN, D.D., F.R.S.E. _Demy 16mo. 2s. 6d._

=Boulting (W.).= TASSO AND HIS TIMES. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

=Bovill (W. B. Forster).= HUNGARY AND THE HUNGARIANS. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

=Bowden (E. M.).= THE IMITATION OF BUDDHA: Being Quotations from Buddhist Literature for each Day in the Year. _Sixth Edition. Cr. 16mo. 2s. 6d._

=Brabant (F. G.)=, M.A. RAMBLES IN SUSSEX. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._

=Bradley (A. G.).= ROUND ABOUT WILTSHIRE. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._

THE ROMANCE OF NORTHUMBERLAND. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

=Braid (James)=, Open Champion, 1901, 1905 and 1906. ADVANCED GOLF. Illustrated. _Sixth Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

=Braid (James) and Others.= GREAT GOLFERS IN THE MAKING. Edited by HENRY LEACH. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

=Brailsford (H. N.).= MACEDONIA: ITS RACES AND THEIR FUTURE. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net._

=Brodrick (Mary)= and =Morton (A. Anderson)=. A CONCISE DICTIONARY OF EGYPTIAN ARCHÆOLOGY. A Handbook for Students and Travellers. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._

=Brown (J. Wood)=, M.A. THE BUILDERS OF FLORENCE. Illustrated. _Demy 4to. 18s. net._

=Browning (Robert).= PARACELSUS. Edited with Introduction, Notes, and Bibliography by MARGARET L. LEE and KATHARINE B. LOCOCK. _Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._

=Buckton (A. M.).= EAGER HEART: A Mystery Play. _Ninth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 1s. net._

=Budge (E. A. Wallis).= THE GODS OF THE EGYPTIANS. Illustrated. _Two Volumes. Royal 8vo. £3 3s. net._

=Bull (Paul)=, Army Chaplain. GOD AND OUR SOLDIERS. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._

=Bulley (Miss).= See Dilke (Lady).

=Burns (Robert)=, THE POEMS. Edited by ANDREW LANG and W. A. CRAIGIE. With Portrait. _Third Edition. Wide Demy 8vo. gilt top. 6s._

=Bussell (F. W.)=, D.D. CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY AND SOCIAL PROGRESS (The Bampton Lectures of 1905). _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

=Butler (Sir William)=, Lieut.-General, G.C.B. THE LIGHT OF THE WEST. With some other Wayside Thoughts, 1865-1908. _Cr. 8vo. 5s. net._

=Butlin (F. M.).= AMONG THE DANES. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

=Cain (Georges)=, Curator of the Carnavalet Museum, Paris. WALKS IN PARIS. Translated by A. R. ALLINSON, M.A. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

=Cameron (Mary Lovett).= OLD ETRURIA AND MODERN TUSCANY. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s. net._

=Carden (Robert W.).= THE CITY OF GENOA. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

=Carlyle (Thomas).= THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. Edited by C. R. L. FLETCHER, Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. _Three Volumes. Cr. 8vo. 18s._

THE LETTERS AND SPEECHES OF OLIVER CROMWELL. With an Introduction by C. H. FIRTH, M.A., and Notes and Appendices by Mrs. S. C. LOMAS. _Three Volumes. Demy 8vo. 18s. net._

=Celano (Brother Thomas of).= THE LIVES OF FRANCIS OF ASSISI. Translated by A. G. FERRERS HOWELL. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 5s. net._

=Chambers (Mrs. Lambert).= Lawn Tennis for Ladies. Illustrated. _Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._

=Chandler (Arthur)=, Bishop of Bloemfontein. ARA CŒLI: AN ESSAY IN MYSTICAL THEOLOGY. _Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._

=Chesterfield (Lord).= THE LETTERS OF THE EARL OF CHESTERFIELD TO HIS SON. Edited, with an Introduction by C. STRACHEY, with Notes by A. CALTHROP. _Two Volumes. Cr. 8vo. 12s._

=Chesterton (G.K.).= CHARLES DICKENS. With two Portraits in Photogravure. _Seventh Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._

ALL THINGS CONSIDERED. _Sixth Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s._

TREMENDOUS TRIFLES. _Fourth Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s._

=Clausen (George)=, A.R.A., R.W.S. SIX LECTURES ON PAINTING. Illustrated. _Third Edition. Large Post. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._

AIMS AND IDEALS IN ART. Eight Lectures delivered to the Students of the Royal Academy of Arts. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Large Post. 8vo. 5s. net._

=Clutton-Brock (A.)= SHELLEY: THE MAN AND THE POET. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

=Cobb (W. F.)=, M.A. THE BOOK OF PSALMS: with an Introduction and Notes. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

=Cockshott (Winifred)=, St. Hilda’s Hall, Oxford. THE PILGRIM FATHERS, THEIR CHURCH AND COLONY. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

=Collingwood (W. G.)=, M.A. THE LIFE OF JOHN RUSKIN. With Portrait. _Sixth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._

=Colvill (Helen H.).= ST. TERESA OF SPAIN. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

* =Condamine (Robert de la).= THE UPPER GARDEN. _Fcap. 8vo. 5s. net._

=Conrad (Joseph).= THE MIRROR OF THE SEA: Memories and Impressions. _Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._

=Coolidge (W. A. B.)=, M.A. THE ALPS. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

=Cooper (C. S.)=, F.R.H.S. See Westell (W. P.)

=Coulton (G. G.)=. CHAUCER AND HIS ENGLAND. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

=Cowper (William).= THE POEMS. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by J. C. BAILEY, M.A. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

=Crane (Walter)=, R.W.S. AN ARTIST’S REMINISCENCES. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 18s. net._

INDIA IMPRESSIONS. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

=Crispe (T. E.).= REMINISCENCES OF A K.C. With 2 Portraits. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

=Crowley (Ralph H.).= THE HYGIENE OF SCHOOL LIFE. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._

=Dante (Alighieri).= LA COMMEDIA DI DANTE. The Italian Text edited by PAGET TOYNBEE, M.A., D.Litt. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._

=Davey (Richard).= THE PAGEANT OF LONDON. Illustrated. _In Two Volumes. Demy 8vo. 15s. net._

=Davis (H. W. C.)=, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College. ENGLAND UNDER THE NORMANS AND ANGEVINS: 1066-1272. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

=Deans (R. Storry).= THE TRIALS OF FIVE QUEENS: KATHARINE OF ARAGON, ANNE BOLEYN, MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS, MARIE ANTOINETTE and CAROLINE OF BRUNSWICK. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

=Dearmer (Mabel).= A CHILD’S LIFE OF CHRIST. Illustrated. _Large Cr. 8vo. 6s._

=D’Este (Margaret).= IN THE CANARIES WITH A CAMERA. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

=Dickinson (G. L.)=, M.A., Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge. THE GREEK VIEW OF LIFE. _Seventh and Revised Edition. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._

=Ditchfield (P. H.)=, M.A., F.S.A. THE PARISH CLERK. Illustrated. _Third Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

THE OLD-TIME PARSON. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

=Douglas (Hugh A.)=. VENICE ON FOOT. With the Itinerary of the Grand Canal. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. net._

=Douglas (James).= THE MAN IN THE PULPIT. _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._

=Dowden (J.)=, D.D., Late Lord Bishop of Edinburgh. FURTHER STUDIES IN THE PRAYER BOOK. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._

=Driver (S. R.)=, D.D., D.C.L., Regius Professor of Hebrew in the University of Oxford. SERMONS ON SUBJECTS CONNECTED WITH THE OLD TESTAMENT. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._

=Duff (Nora).= MATILDA OF TUSCANY. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

=Dumas (Alexandre).= THE CRIMES OF THE BORGIAS AND OTHERS. With an Introduction by R. S. GARNETT. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._

THE CRIMES OF URBAIN GRANDIER AND OTHERS. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._

THE CRIMES OF THE MARQUISE DE BRINVILLIERS AND OTHERS. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._

THE CRIMES OF ALI PACHA AND OTHERS. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._

MY MEMOIRS. Translated by E. M. WALLER. With an Introduction by ANDREW LANG. With Frontispieces in Photogravure. In six Volumes. _Cr. 8vo. 6s. each volume._

VOL. I. 1802-1821. VOL. II. 1822-1825. VOL. III. 1826-1830. VOL. IV. 1830-1831. VOL. V. 1831-1832. VOL. VI. 1832-1833.

MY PETS. Newly translated by A. R. ALLINSON, M.A. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._

=Duncan (David)=, D.Sc., LL.D. THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 15s._

=Dunn-Pattison (R. P.).= NAPOLEON’S MARSHALS. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. Second Edition. 12s. 6d. net._

THE BLACK PRINCE. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

=Durham (The Earl of).= A REPORT ON CANADA. With an Introductory Note. _Demy 8vo. 4s. 6d. net._

=Dutt (W. A.).= THE NORFOLK BROADS. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._

WILD LIFE IN EAST ANGLIA. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

=Edmonds (Major J. E.)=, R.E.; D. A. Q. M. G. See Wood (W. Birkbeck).

=Edwardes (Tickner).= THE LORE OF THE HONEY BEE. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._

LIFT-LUCK ON SOUTHERN ROADS. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._

=Egerton (H. E.)=, M.A. A HISTORY OF BRITISH COLONIAL POLICY. _Third Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

=Everett-Green (Mary Anne).= ELIZABETH: ELECTRESS PALATINE AND QUEEN OF BOHEMIA. Revised by her Niece S. C. LOMAS. With a Prefatory Note by A. W. WARD, Litt.D. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

=Fairbrother (W. H.)=, M.A. THE PHILOSOPHY OF T. H. GREEN. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._

=Fea (Allan).= THE FLIGHT OF THE KING. Illustrated. _New and Revised Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

SECRET CHAMBERS AND HIDING-PLACES. Illustrated. _New and Revised Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

JAMES II. AND HIS WIVES. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

=Fell (E. F. B.).= THE FOUNDATIONS OF LIBERTY. _Cr. 8vo. 5s. net._

=Firth (C. H.)=, M.A., Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford. CROMWELL’S ARMY: A History of the English Soldier during the Civil Wars, the Commonwealth, and the Protectorate. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._

=FitzGerald (Edward).= THE RUBAÍYÁT OF OMAR KHAYYÁM. Printed from the Fifth and last Edition. With a Commentary by Mrs. STEPHEN BATSON, and a Biography of Omar by E. D. ROSS. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._

*=Fletcher (B. F. and H. P.).= THE ENGLISH HOME. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net._

=Fletcher (J. S.).= A BOOK OF YORKSHIRE. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

=Flux (A. W.)=, M.A., William Dow Professor of Political Economy in M’Gill University, Montreal. ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._

=Foot (Constance M.).= INSECT WONDERLAND. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._

=Forel (A.).= THE SENSES OF INSECTS. Translated by MACLEOD YEARSLEY. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

=Fouqué (La Motte).= SINTRAM AND HIS COMPANIONS. Translated by A. C. FARQUHARSON. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net. Half White Vellum, 10s. 6d. net._

=Fraser (J. F.).= ROUND THE WORLD ON A WHEEL. Illustrated. _Fifth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._

=Galton (Sir Francis)=, F.R.S.; D.C.L., Oxf.; Hon. Sc.D., Camb.; Hon. Fellow Trinity College, Cambridge. MEMORIES OF MY LIFE. Illustrated. _Third Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

=Garnett (Lucy M. J.).= THE TURKISH PEOPLE: THEIR SOCIAL LIFE, RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND INSTITUTIONS, AND DOMESTIC LIFE. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

=Gibbins (H. de B.)=, Litt.D., M.A. INDUSTRY IN ENGLAND: HISTORICAL OUTLINES. With 5 Maps. _Fifth Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d._

THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Illustrated. _Sixteenth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s._

ENGLISH SOCIAL REFORMERS. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._

See also Hadfield, R.A.

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* * * * *

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CORNWALL. A. L. Salmon.

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KENT. G. Clinch.

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* * * * *

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NORTHANGER ABBEY.

=Bacon (Francis).= THE ESSAYS OF LORD BACON.

=Barham (R. H.).= THE INGOLDSBY LEGENDS. _Two Volumes._

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* * * * *

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Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:

not of sufficent worth and importance=> not of sufficient worth and importance {pg 170}

and made Nìccolò Perotti=> and made Niccolò Perotti {pg 192}

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Healy, 46.

[2] Healy, 50.

[3] Sandys, i. 245.

[4] On the connection between Eastern and Celtic monachism, see Stokes (G.T.).

[5] Stokes (W.), _T. L._, i. 30; ii. 446.

[6] _Ib._ ii. 421; ii 475.

[7] _D. N. B._, xliv. 39; Stokes (W.), _T. L._, i. 191.

[8] _Abgitorium, abgatorium; elementa, elimenta._ Stokes (W.), _T. L._, i. cliii.; also i. 111, 113, 139, 191, 308, 320, 322, 326, 327, 328.

[9] In 536, fifty monks from the Continent landed at Cork.--Montalembert, ii. 248n. Migrations from Gaul were frequent about this time.

[10] Bury, 217; cp. 220.

[11] Joyce, i. 478.

[12] Adamnan, lib. ii. c. 29, iii. c. 15 and c. 23.

[13] Dr. Skene says the Psalter incident “bears the stamp of spurious tradition”; so does the Longarad story; but it is curious how often sacred books play a part in these tales.

[14] Henderson, _Norse Influence on Celtic Scotland_, 5-6.

[15] Moore, _Hist. of Ireland_, i. 266.

[16] Healy, 379; Stokes (M.)^{2}, 118. Ergo quotidie jejunandum est, sicut quotidie orandum est, quotidie laborandum, quotidie est legendum.

[17] A ninth century catalogue of St. Gall mentions thirty-one volumes and pamphlets in the Irish tongue--Prof. Pflugk-Harttung, in _R. H. S._ (N. S.), v. 92. Becker names only thirty, p. 43. At Reichenau, a monastery near St. Gall, also famous for its library, there were “Irish education, manuscripts, and occasionally also Irish monks.” “One of the most ancient monuments of the German tongue, the vocabulary of St. Gall, dating from about 780, is written in the Irish character.”

[18] _D.C.B._ _sub nom._

[19] Stokes (G. T.), 221.

[20] _Ib._ 220.

[21] Haddan, 267.

[22] Hyde, 221.

[23] Joyce, _Short Hist. of I._, 165.

[24] Bede, _H. E._, iii. 27; Healy, 101; Stokes (G. T.), 230.

[25] _Camb. Lit._, i. 66.

[26] Healy, 272.

[27] Alcuin, _Willibrord_, c. 4.

[28] See full account, _R. H. S._ (N. S.), v. 75.

[29] Sandys, i. 480.

[30] _R. H. S._ (N. S.), v. 90.

[31] Sandys, i. 480; Stokes (M.)^{2}, 210.

[32]

“Sancte Columba tibi Scotto tuus incola Dungal Tradidit hunc librum, quo fratrum corda beentur. Qui leges ergo Deus pretium sit muneris, oro.”--Healy, 392.

[33] Stokes (M.)^{2}, 206-7, 247.

[34] Sandys, i. 463.

[35] Moore, _Hist. of I._, i. 299; _Boll. Iul._ _t._ vii. 222.

[36] The following, among others, are still on the Continent: Gospels of Willibrord (Bibl. Nat. Lat. 9389, 739), Gospel of St. John (Cod. 60 St. Gall _c._ 750-800); Book of Fragments (No. 1395, St. Gall, _c._ 750-800); The Golden Gospels (Royal library, Stockholm, 871); Gospels of St. Arnoul, Metz (Nuremberg Museum, 7th c.).--Cp. Maclean, 207-8; Hyde, 267.

[37] Adamnan, 365n.

[38] Hyde, 220; Stokes (M.), 10, “Connachtach, an Abbot of Iona who died in 802, is called in the Irish annals ‘a scribe most choice.’”--Trenholme, _Iona_, 32.

[39] _Tech-screptra; domus scripturarum._

[40] _Leabhar coimedach._ Adamnan, 359, note m.

[41] Joyce, i. 483.

[42] At vero hoc audiens Colcius tempus et horam _in tabula_ describens.--Adamnan, 66. Columba is said to have blessed one hundred pólaires or tablets (_Leabhar Breac_, fo. 16-60; Stokes (M.), 51). The boy Benen, who followed Patrick, bore tablets on his back (_folaire_, corrupt for _pólaire_).--Stokes (W.), _T. L._, 47. Patrick gave to Fiacc a case containing a tablet. _Ib._ 344. An example of a waxed tablet, with a case for it, is in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy. The case is a wooden cover, divided into hollowed-out compartments for holding the styles. This specimen dates from the thirteenth or fourteenth century. Slates and pencils were also in use for temporary purposes.--Joyce, i. 483.

[43] See Thompson, 236, where Irish calligraphy is fully dealt with; _Camb. Lit._, i. 13.

[44] _Trans. R. I. Acad._, vol. xviii. 1838.

[45] Stokes (W.), _T. L._, 75. The terms used for satchels are _sacculi_ (Lat.), and _tiag_, or _tiag liubhair_ or _teig liubair_ (Ir.). There has been some confusion between _pólaire_ and _tiag_, the former being regarded as a leather case for a single book, the latter a satchel for several books. This distinction is made in connection with the ancient Irish life of Columba, which is therefore made to read that the saint used to make _cases_ and _satchels_ for books (_pólaire ocus tiaga_), _v._ Adamnan, 115. Cf. Petrie, _Round Towers_, 336-7. But the late Dr. Whitley Stokes makes _pólaire_ or _pōlire_, or the corruption _folaire_, derive from _pugillares_ = writing tablets.--Stokes (W.), _T. L._, cliii. and 655. This interpretation of the word gives us the much more likely reading that Columba made _tablets_, and _satchels_ for books.

[46] Stokes (M.), 50.

[47] Curzon, _Monasteries of the Levant_, 66.

[48] Mr. Allen, in his admirable volume on _Celtic Art_, p. 208, in this series, says cumdachs were peculiar to Ireland. But they were made and used elsewhere, and were variously known as _capsae_, _librorum coopertoria_ (_e.g._ ... librorumque coopertoria; quædam horum nuda, quædam vero alia auro atque argento gemmisque pretiosis circumtecta.--_Acta SS._, _Aug._ iii. 659c), and _thecae_. Some of these cases were no doubt as beautifully decorated as the Irish cumdachs. William of Malmesbury asserts that twenty pounds and sixty marks of gold were used to make the coopertoria librorum Evangelii for King Ina’s chapel. At the Abbey of St. Riquier was an “Evangelium auro Scriptum unum, cum capsa argentea gemmis et lapidibus fabricata. Aliae capsae evangeliorum duae ex auro et argento paratae.”--Maitland, 212. In 1295 St. Paul’s Cathedral possessed a copy of the Gospels in a case (capsa) adorned with gilding and relics.--Putnam, i. 105-6.

[49] _Leborchometa chethrochori_, and _bibliothecae quadratae_.--Stokes (W.), _T. L._, 96 and 313.

[50] Stokes (M.), 90.

[51] Stokes (M.), 92-3.

[52] See _La Bibliofilia_, xi. 165.

[53] _Acta SS. Ap._, iii. 581c.

[54] Healy, 524.

[55] Other instances are cited in Adamnan, book ii., chap. 8.

[56] _Hist. mon. S. Augustini, Cant._, 96-99, “Et haec sunt primitiae librorum totius ecclesiae Anglicanae,” 99.

[57] _H. E._, i. 29.

[58] Stanley, _Hist. Mem. of C._ (1868), 42.

[59] _Hist. mon. S. Aug._, xxv.

[60] B. M. Reg. I. E. vi. may be a part of the Gregorian Bible, or the second copy of the Gospels mentioned above, if this second copy is not Corpus Christi, Camb. 286. Corpus C. 286 is a seventh century book, certainly from St. Augustine’s; it was probably brought to England in the time of Theodore, and though it may be one of the books referred to above, is, therefore, not Augustinian. The Psalter bearing the silver images is “most likely” Cott. Vesp. A. 1, an eighth century manuscript; it is, therefore, not Augustinian, although it may be a copy of the original Psalter given by Gregory.--James, lxvi.

[61] Known as Codex E, or the Laudian Acts (Laud. Gr. 35). Bede refers to a Greek manuscript of the Acts in his _Retractationes_; possibly this is the actual copy. The last page of the book bears the signature “Theodore”; did Archbishop Theodore bring the volume to England? “It is at least safe to say that the presence of such a book in England in Bede’s time can hardly be entirely independent of the influence of Theodore or of Abbot Hadrian.”--James (M. R.), xxiii.

[62] _H. E._, iv. 2, _tr._ Sellar.

[63] _Ib._ v. 20.

[64] _Ib._ v. 23.

[65] This copy was still at Malmesbury in the twelfth century.--W. of Malmesbury, _Ang. Sacr._, ii. 21.

[66] Sandys, i. 466; _Camb. Eng. Lit._, i. 75.

[67] _Camb. Eng. Lit._, i. 45.

[68] These foundations were regarded as one house, the inmates being bound together by “a common and perpetual affection and intimacy.”

[69] “Innumerabilem librorum omnis generis copiam apportavit.”--_Vitae Abbatum_, § 4.

[70] “Copiosissima et nobilissima bibliotheca.”--_Ib._ § 11.

[71] Lanciani, _Anc. Rome_, 201.

[72] Ceolfrid, Benedict Biscop’s successor, added a number of books to the library, among them three copies of the Vulgate, and one of the older version. One copy of the Vulgate Ceolfrid took with him to Rome (716) to give to the Pope. He died on the way. The codex did not go to Rome; now, it is in the Laurentian Library, Florence, where it is known as the Codex Amiatinus. The writing is Italian, or at any rate foreign, so it must have been imported, or written at Jarrow by foreign scribes. This volume is the chief authority for the text of Jerome’s translation of the Scriptures.

[73] _H. E._, v. 24.

[74] Bede frequently quotes Cicero, Virgil, and Horace; usually selecting some telling phrase, _e.g._ “caeco carpitur igni” (_H. E._ ii. 12). In his _De Natura rerum_ he owes a good deal to Pliny and Isidore. In his commentaries on the Scriptures he displays an extent of reading which we have no space to give any idea of. His chronologies were based on Jerome’s edition of Eusebius, on Augustine and Isidore. In his _H. E._ he uses “Pliny, Solinus, Orosius, Eutropius, Marcellinus Comes, Gildas, probably the _Historia Brittonum_, a _Passion of St. Alban_, and the _Life of Germanus of Auxerre_ by Constantius”; while he refers to lives of St. Fursa, St. Ethelburg, and to Adamnan’s work on the Holy Places. Cf. Sandys, i. 468; _Camb. Lit._, i. 80-81. Bede also got first-hand knowledge: the Lindisfarne records provided him with material on Cuthbert; information came to him from Canterbury about Southern affairs and from Lastingham about Mercian affairs. Nothelm got material from the archives at Rome for him.

[75] Tr. in Morley, _Eng. Writers_, ii. 160.

[76] Tr. in West, _Alcuin_, 34-35.

[77] Tr. in _King’s Letters_, ed. Steele (1903), 1. Cf. Bodl. _MS. Hatton_, 20; _Cott. MS. Otho_ B 2; Corpus C. C., Camb. MS. 12.

[78] _MS. Cott. Tib._ B xi.--a copy of Alfred’s version of the _Cura_, or what is left of it--has been connected with Archbishop Plegmund, the evidence being a Saxon inscription on the manuscript. Wanley, however, doubted the conclusiveness of this evidence, which, together with most of the text, was lost in the fire of 1731.--James, xxiii-iv.

[79] Sandys, i. 484.

[80] Hunt, _Hist. of Eng. Church_, i. 326.

[81] Strutt, _Saxon Antiq._, i. 105, pl. xviii. The picture is in a large volume containing part of a grammar and certain other pieces used at Glastonbury.--_MS. Auct._ F. iv. 32. Over the picture is the inscription: _Pictura et scriptura hujus paginae subtus visa est de propria manu Sci. Dunstani._

[82] Stubbs, _Mem. of Dunstan_, cx.-cxii.

[83] _Chron. Mon. de Abingdon_, ii. 263.

[84] _Ibid._, ii. 265.

[85] _Archaeologia_, xxiv. 19.

[86] _B. M. Cott. Vesp._, A. viii., written 966.

[87] Hook, _Archbishops_, i. 453 (1st ed.).

[88] _Chron. Abb. de E._, 83.

[89] James^{1}, 5-6.

[90] Most old English poems are preserved in unique manuscripts, sometimes not complete, but in fragments; two fragments, for example, were found in the bindings of other books.--Warton, ii. 7. In 1248, only four books in English were at Glastonbury, and they are described as old and useless.--John of G., 435; Ritson, i. 43. About fifty years later only seventeen such books were in the big library at Canterbury.--James (M. R.), 51. A striking illustration of the disuse of the vernacular among the religious is found in an Anglo-Saxon Gregory’s _Pastoral Care_, which is copiously glossed in Latin, in two or three hands. This manuscript, now in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, No. 12, came from Worcester Priory.--James^{17}, 33.

[91] Becker, 199, 257.

[92] In an eleventh century manuscript in Trinity College Library, Cambridge (MS. B. 16, 44), is an inscription, perhaps by Lanfranc himself, recording that he brought it from Bec and gave it to Christ Church.

[93] At the end of the manuscript of Cassian is written: “Hucusque ego Lanfrancus correxi.”--_Hist. Litt. de la France_, vii. 117. At the end of the Ambrose (_Hexaemeron_) the note reads, “Lanfrancus ego correxi.”

[94] James (M. R.), xxx.

[95] _Chron. Abb. de Evesham_, 97.

[96] Library of Ste. Geneviève, Paris, MS. E. l. 17, in 40, fol. 61. The note reads: Quia autem apud Bequefort victualium copia erat, scriptores etiam ibi habebantur quorum opera ad nos in Normaniam mittebantur.--_Library_, v. 2 (1893).

[97] Stevenson, _Grosseteste_, 149.

[98] _Gesta R. Angl._, lib. v.; _Camb. Lit._, i. 159-60.

[99] _Surtees S._, lxix. 341.

[100] Merryweather, 96-7.

[101] Joh. Glaston, _Chronica_, ed. Hearne (1726), ii. 423-44; Merryweather, 140.

[102] Librariam fecit optimum pulcherrimum et copiosum.--Holmes, _Wells and Glastonbury_, 229.

[103] _MS. Twyne_, Bodl. L., 8, 272.

[104] James, and James^{1}.

[105] In the fine MS. Cott. Claud. E. iv. (_Gesta Abbatum_) is a series of portrait miniatures of the abbots, and in most cases they are represented as reading or carrying books, or with books about them.

[106] Fecit etiam scribi libros plurimos, quos longum esset enarrare.

[107] Some of the books were restored, others were resold to the abbey.

[108] A lot of forty-nine, with prices attached, is given in _Annales a J. Amund._, ii. 268 _et seq._

[109] Gloucester House, now Worcester College.

[110] Dugdale, iv. 405.

[111] For St. Albans see _Gesta Abbatum_, i. 58, 70, 94, 106, 179, 184; ii. 200, 306, 363; iii. 389, 393.

[112] _Mon. Fr._, ii. lviii.

[113] Bryce, i. 440 n., 29.

[114] Clark, 62.

[115] These works would be Latin translations based upon Arabic versions. _Opus Majus_, iii. 66; _Camb. Lit._, i. 199; Gasquet^{3}, 156.

[116] Close roll, 10 Hen. III, m. 6 (3rd Sep.); Trivet, _Annales_, 243; _Mon. Fr._, i. 185; Stevenson, 76; _O. H. S._, Little, 57.

[117] Wood, _Hist. Ant. U. Ox._ (1792), i. 329.

[118] There is an imperfect catalogue of their library in Leland, iii. 57.

[119] Leland^{3}, 286.

[120] Oliver, _Mon. Dioc. Exon._, 332, 333.

[121] _Sussex Archaeol. Collections_, i. (1848), 168-187.

[122] _Mon. Fr._, ii. 18.

[123] _Cal. of Pap. Letters_, iv. 42-43.

[124] Leland, iii. 53.

[125] _Camb. Mod. Hist._, i., 597.

[126] For date see Stow (Kingsford’s ed.), i. 108; i. 318; _Mon. Fr._ i. 519.

[127] Stow, i. 318.

[128] _Camb. Mod. Hist._, i. 591

[129] The catalogue is edited by Dr. M. R. James in _Fasciculus Ioanni Willis Clark dicatus_, 2-96.

[130] Bryce, i. 369.

[131] _Mon. Fr._, i. 391.

[132] _Ibid._ i. 366.

[133] But see _O. H. S._, Little, 56; _Mon. Fr._, ii. 91--Libri fratrum decedentium....

[134] _Mon. Fr._, i. 114.

[135] _Bodl. MS. Twyne_, xxiii. 488; _O. H. S._, Little, 60.

[136] R. Armachanus, _Defensorium Curatorum_; cf. Wyclif’ English _Works_, ed. Matthew, 128, 221.

[137] _R. de B._, Thomas’ ed. 203.

[138] Stevenson, 87.

[139] Gasquet^{3}, 140, _q.v._ for full description of these _Correctoria_.

[140] _MS. Bodl._ Tanner, 165.

[141] _Camb. Mod. Hist._, i. 592; James, xlix.

[142] _Hist. et Cart. Mon. Glouc._, iii. lxxiv.

[143] _R. de B._, _c. v._ 183.

[144] Whitaker, _Hist. of Craven_, (1805), 330; another computus, discovered later, does not refer to books (ed. 1878).

[145] Morris, _Chester during Plantagenet and Tudor Reigns_, 128-129.

[146] James, M. R.^{1}, 109-110.

[147] Bateson, _Med. Eng._, 339.

[148] Gasquet^{4}, 49.

[149] _E. H. R._, xxv. 122.

[150] Bateson, vii.

[151] _Synesius de laude Calvitii_, MS. Bodl. 80.

[152] Gasquet^{2}, 36-37.

[153] Sandys., ii. 225; and see _post_, p. 195.

[154] Gasquet^{2}, 37; Rashdall and Rait, _New Coll._ (1901), 251.

[155] A few volumes escaped: a copy of Basil’s Commentary on Isaiah, presumably in Greek, and some others. “Among them must in all probability be reckoned the first copy of Homer whose presence can be definitely traced in England since the days of Theodore of Tarsus.”--_Camb. Mod. Hist._, i. 598. Cp. James, li.

[156] Aubrey, _Lett. of Em. Per. from the Bod._, i. 278.

[157] _Laboryouse Journey and Serche of Johann Leylande for Englandes Antiquitees_, by Bale, 1549. Cf. Strype, _Parker_ (1711), 528.

[158] Accounts of John Scudamore (kings receiver), detailing proceeds of sale of goods from Bordesley Abbey, and other monasteries.--_Cam. Soc._, xxvi. 269, 271, 275.

[159] _Fasciculus I. W. Clark dicatus_, 16, and cf. 96.

[160] _Fasciculus I. W. Clark dicatus_, 16, 17.

[161] _C. A. S. 8vo. Publ._, No. 33 (1900), Dr. James on MSS. in the Library of Lambeth Palace, pp. 1, 2, 6.

[162] See Dr. James’ view of the dispersion of Bury Abbey Library.--James^{1}, 9-10.

[163] Monasticon, Dugdale, ii. 586-587.

[164] _Ath. Ox._ (1721), 82, 83.

[165] James (M. R.), lxxxi.

[166] Leland, _Itinerary_ (1907), i. xxxviii.

[167] James (M. R.)^{1}, 11.

[168] _Notes and Q._, 2. i. 485; James (M. R.), lvii, lxxxii.

[169] Strype, _Parker_ (1711), 528.

[170] James (M. R.), _Sources of Archbishop Parker’s MSS_. (Camb. Antiq. Soc.).

[171] James (M. R.), 505-534.

[172] James (M. R.)^{1}, 42; _ibid._ xciv. But later Dr. James was less certain of some of his identifications. See James (M. R.)^{10}, viii.

[173] Robinson.

[174] See also Macray’s _Annals of the Bodleian_.

[175] Maitland, 404-405.

[176] _Stat. selecta Cap. Gen. O. Cisterc._, A.D. 1278, Martène, iv. 1462; Maitland, 406.

[177] _O. H. S._, Little, 55.

[178] _Surtees Soc._, xv., Durham Rites, 70-71.

[179] _Chron. abb. de Evesham_, 301.

[180] James (M. R.), li.; Cox, _Canterbury_, 199.

[181] Windle, _Chester_, 171-172; _Library_, ii. 285.

[182] Géraud, _Essai sur les livres_, 181.

[183] Sandys, i. 266.

[184] Cp. Du Cange, _Gloss_. art. _Scriptores_; citation from Const. of Carthusians.

[185] Maitland, 56.

[186] _Chron. mon. de Abingd_., ii. 371.

[187] _Gesta abb. m. S. Albani_, i. 57-58.

[188] From the Porkington MS.; this treatise has been printed in _Early English Miscellanies_, ed. J. O. Halliwell, for the Warton Club (1855), p. 72. Other treatises are in Mrs. Merrifield’s _Arts of Painting_ (1849).

[189] Madan, 37.

[190] Pez, _Thesaurus_, i. xx.

[191] Bede, _Works_, ed. Plummer, xx.

[192] _O. V._, pars II. lib. iv.

[193] Hardy, iii. xiii.

[194] _Surtees Soc._, vii. xxv.

[195] Lecoq de la Marche, 103.

[196] In a MS. of Joh. Andreas, _Super Decretales_, Peterhouse, Camb.--James^{3}, 29.

[197] MS. on surgery, Peterhouse, Camb.--James^{3}, 137.

[198] Du Cange, _Gloss._, art., _Scriptorium_.

[199] Martène, _De Ant. Mon. Ritibus_, v. c. 18, § 4.

[200] _E. H. R._, xxv. 121.

[201] Thompson, pp. 19 ff., 322.

[202] _Customary of St. A._ (H. Brads. Soc.), i. 401. These tablets were called _ceratae tabellae_, _tabellae cerae_, or simply _cerae_. The name of a book, _caudex_, _codex_, was first given to these tabellae when they were strung together to form a square “book.”--_V. Antiquary_, xii. 277.

[203] James^{1}, 7; _ibid._^{17}, 3.

[204] _Works_, ed. Skeat, i. 379.

[205] _Mon. Fr._, i. 359.

[206] _Epp._, 8. 69; Sandys, i. 487-488.

[207] James (M. R.)^{10}.

[208] Stevenson, _Suppl. to Bentham’s Ch. of Ely_.

[209] Warton, i. 213.

[210] _Mon. Fr._, i. 206.

[211] _O. H. S._, Little, 135; best account of Adam in this book.

[212] _C. A. S._ (N.S.), 8vo ser. vii. 187 (1909). The story of the connexion between Chesterton and Vercelli is most interesting. A list of the books is in Lampugnani, _Sulla Vita di Guala Bicchieri, Vercelli_ (1842), 125 _et seq._; but I have not been able to see the book. See further Bekynton’s _Correspondence_, ii. 344 (Rolls Ser.); and Kennedy, _Poems of Cynewulf_ (1910), 6.

[213] _O. H. S._, 27 Boase, xxxvii n.

[214] Sandys, i. 486-489, _q.v._ for other interesting facts about this abbot.

[215] _Gesta Abbatum_, i. 57.

[216] _Chron. mon. de Abingd._, ii. 153. A list of the precentor’s rents, applied to expenses of the writing-room and the organ, will be found in ii. 328.

[217] _H. Mon. S. A._, 392.

[218] Stewart, _Ely Cath._, 280; _Surtees Soc._, lxix. 15-20; Robinson, I.

[219] _Chron. abb. de Evesham_, 208-210.

[220] Full document in Edwards, i. 283.

[221] _Chron. abb. Rameseiensis_, 356.

[222] James, 535-544.

[223] _Chron. abb. de Evesham_, 267.

[224] Robinson, 4.

[225] _O. H. S._, 27, Boase, 19.

[226] Rymer, _Foedera_, viii. 501; cf. James^{17}, 153.

[227] Cam. Soc., _Bury Wills_ (1850), 105. Many of the gifts to Syon monastery came from priests.--Bateson, xxiii-xxvii. Cf. also lists of donors in James (M. R.), 535 _et seq._

[228] Cf. James (M. R.), lxxii n.

[229] _Customary of Barnwell_ (Harl. MS. 3061).

[230] _Surtees Soc._ xv., Durham Rites, 70-71. The library would be that built by Wessington in 1446.

[231] But see Robinson, 3.

[232] Sandys, i. 266.

[233] _Archæol. Jour._ (1848), v. 85.

[234] _Lancs. and Ches. Hist. Soc._, xix. 106.

[235] _Chron. mon. de Melsa_, iii. lxxxiii.

[236] James (M. R.), xliv.

[237] _Anglia Sacra_, i. 145-6; James (M. R.), l-li.

[238] MS. Arundel 57, Brit. Mus. See James (M. R.), lxxvii. “This boc is dan Michelis of Northgate, y-write an englis of his ozene hand. thet hatte: Ayenbyte of Inwyt. And is of the bochouse of Saynt Austines of Canterberi. mid the letters _CC_.” “Ymende, thet this boc is volveld ine the eve of the holy apostles Symon an Judas, of ane brother of the cloystre of Sauynt Austin of Canterberi, ine the yeare of oure lhordes beringe (birth) 1340.”

[239] _Surtees Soc._, xv., Durham Rites, 26.

[240] _C._ 1429-45. Most likely over the cloister. The books seem to have been arranged flat on sloping desks, to which they were chained.--James (M. R.)^{1}, 41.

[241] _Chron. mon. de Abingd._, ii. 373.

[242] Hardy, iii. xiii.

[243] _Chron. mon. de Abingd._, ii. 371; _Customary of St. August._, _Cant._ (H. Brads. Soc.), introd.

[244] _Customary of St. August._, i. 96; ii. 36.

[245] _Panni, camisiae librorum._

[246] _Stat. ant. ord. Carthus._, _c._ xvi. § 9.

[247] MS. Lat. 12296, Bibl. Nat., Paris.

[248] _Bibl. Cluniacensis_, lib. i.; Maitland, 440.

[249] James (M. R.)^{10}, 171.

[250] B. M. MS. Reg. 12 G. ii.; Warton, i. 182.

[251] Harl. MS. 2798.

[252] See anathema in Trin. Coll. Camb. MS. B. S. 17.

[253] James^{17}, 126.

[254] _Mon. Fr._, ii. 41.

[255] Bryce, i. 27.

[256] _Hist. MSS._, 6th Rept. 296_b_.

[257] _Records of the Borough of Nottingham_, i. 335.

[258] _C. A. S._ (N.S.), iii. 397.

[259] See particularly James (M. R.), xlv-xlvi, 146-149.

[260] Delisle, _Bibl. de l’École des chartes_, iii^{e} ser. i. 225.

[261] _Hist. MSS._ 6th Rept. 296_a_.

[262] _Literae Cantuarienses_, ii. 146.

[263] _Mon. Fr._, ii. 91.

[264] _Literae Cantuarienses_, ii. 146; James (M. R.), 146.

[265] James (M. R.), xlv, 502-503; Camb. Univ. Lib. MS., Ff. 4. 40, last fol.

[266] Clark, 133.

[267] _Surtees Soc._, vii. 85.

[268] See also Bateson, vi-vii.

[269] Bateson, vii.

[270] Pemb. Coll., Camb., MS. 180.

[271] Madan, 7, 8.

[272] Bateson, 202. Ut scilicet prima particula de numero et perfecta voluminum cognicione loci precentorem informet, secunda ad solicitam leccionis frequenciam ffratres studiosos provocet, et tercia de singulorum tractatuum repercione festina scolaribus itinera manifestet.--James, 407.

[273] James (M. R.), 410. For further information on monastic catalogues consult _Surtees Soc._, vii; Becker; James (M. R.); Bateson; _Zentralblatt_; Gottlieb.

[274] Bateson, _Med. Eng._, 86.

[275] Now in Mr. Pierpont Morgan’s library. Illustrated in _La Bibliofilia_, xi. 169.

[276] Cf. _Register of S. Osmund_, ii. 127. Textus unus aureus magnus continens saphiros xx., et smaragdos [emeralds] vi., et thopasios viii., et alemandinas [? carbuncle or ruby] xviii., et gernettas [garnets] viii., et perlas xii. Also i. 276; ii. 43. Jerome, _Ad Eustoch_, Ep. 18.

[277] _MS._, 41; James^{17}, 81.

[278] _C. A. S._, 8vo. publ. No. 33 (1900), 25.

[279] _MS. Bodl._, Auct. D. 2. 16 fo. 1ª; Dugdale, ii. 527; _Oxford Philol. Soc. Trans._, 1881-83, p. 2.

[280] Full inventory in Oliver, _Lives of the Bps._, 301-310.

[281] _C. A. S._ (N.S.), 8vo. ser. iv. 311.

[282] Ego I. de G. Exon., do Eccle. Exon librum istum cum pari suo, in festo Annuntiationis Dominice. Manu mea, anno consecrationis mee xxxix.--Oliver, _Lives of the Bps._, 85.

[283] Lego eisdem libros meos episcopales, majorem et minorem, quos ego compilavi.--_Ibid._ 86.

[284] In 1329 he wrote to Richard de Ratforde from Chudleigh: “Regraciamur vobis quod Librum Sermonum Beati Augustini pro nobis, prout Magister Ricardus filius Radulphi, ex parte nostra, vos rogavit, retinuistis, nobisque et condiciones ejusdem significastis et precium. Et, quia ipsum Librum habere volumus, lx solidos sterlingorum Magistro Johanni de Sovenaisshe [Sevenashe], Magistro Scolarum nostre Civitatis Exoniensis, pro ipso Libro tradi fecimus, ut nobis eundem, quamcicius nuncii securitas affuerit, transmittatis. Libros, eciam, Theologicos Originales, veteres saltem et raros, ac Sermones antiquos, eciam sine Divisionibus Thematum, pro nostris usibus exploretis; scribentes nobis condiciones et precium eorundem.”--_O.H.S._, 27 Boase, 2.

[285] Robinson, 63.

[286] Building accounts in _C. A. S._ (N.S.), 8vo. ser. iv. 296.

[287] Oliver, 366-375.

[288] Between 1385 and 1425 the bishops giving books to Exeter College, Oxford.

[289] Oliver, 359, 360, 366-375.

[290] List in Oliver, _Lives_, 376; _C. A. S._ (N.S.), iv. 306 (8vo. ser.).

[291] Oliver, 376.

[292] _C. A. S._ (N.S.), iv. 312.

[293] I have to thank my friend Mr. Tapley Soper, F.R.Hist.S., for his willing help in sending me information about this library.

Our account of church libraries will appear inadequate if it is not borne in mind that we do not propose to go beyond the manuscript age. An excellent account of modern church libraries is given in _English Church Furniture_, in this series. Also see Clark, 257.

[294] _Reliquary_, vii. 11 (Floyer).

[295] _Reliquary_, vii. 14 (Floyer).

[296] _Ibid._, 17.

[297] The best account of Worcester Cathedral Library is in _Reliquary_, vii. 11, by the Rev. J. K. Floyer, M.A.

[298] Havergal, _Fasti Heref._ (1869), 181-182.

[299] W. of Malmesbury, _Gesta Pont._, 184.

[300] _Register of St. Osmund_, i. 8, 214.

[301] _Register of St. Osmund_, i. 224.

[302] Cox and Harvey, _English Church Furniture_, 331.

[303]See list in Giraldus Cambrensis, vii. 165-166.

[304] _Archaeologia_, l. 496.

[305] _Hist. MSS., 9th Rept._, App. 46a.

[306] _Ep._, 126; Creighton, _Papacy_, iii. 53n.

[307] Stow, i. 328.

[308] Dugdale, _Hist. of St. Paul’s_, 392-398.

[309] _Ibid._, 399.

[310] Stow, i. 328.

[311] _Ibid._, ii. 346; Simpson, _Reg. S. Pauli_, 13, 78, 133, 173, 227.

[312] Pp. 1, 325-327.

[313] In the fifteenth century the bishops of Wells were good friends of learning: Skirlaw gave books to University College, Oxford; Bowet left a large library; Stafford gave books; Bekynton was the companion of the most cultivated men of his time. Dean Gunthorpe is well known as a pilgrim to Italy, who returned laden with manuscripts (see p. 192).

[314] _Hist. MSS. Rept._ 3, App. 363a.

[315] _Mun. Acad._, 649.

[316] _Mun. Acad._, 652-653.

[317] _L. A. R._, viii. 372; Canon Church’s account of the library, in _Archaeologia_, lvii. pt. 2, is very full and interesting.

[318] _Surtees Soc._, xxxv. 36-40.

[319] Hunter, _Notes of Wills in Registers of York_, 15.

[320] _Surtees Soc._, xxxv., 45-46.

[321] _Ibid._, iv. 385; xlv. 89, 91.

[322] _W. Salt Arch. Soc._, vi. pt. 2, 211.

[323] _Capit. Acts_, v. 3.

[324] Harwood, _Hist. and Antiq. of the Ch.... of Lichfield_ (1806), 109.

[325] _Vict. County Hist. of Berkshire_, ii. 109.

[326] _Vict. Hist. Warwickshire_, ii. 127 b.

[327] _Ibid._, ii. 128 a.

[328] Johannes Rous, capellanus Cantariae de Guy-Cliffe, qui super porticum australem librariam construxit, et libris ornavit.--_Gentleman’s Magazine_ (N.S.), xxv. 37. The chapel of Guy’s Cliffe was erected by Richard Beauchamp for the repose of the soul of his “ancestor,” Guy of Warwick, the hero of romance.

[329] Mr. W. T. Carter of the Warwick Public Library, has kindly given me much information about St. Mary’s Church library.

[330] _Arch. Inst. City of York_ (1846), 10-11; _Surtees Soc._, iv. 102-103, 196; xlv. 57-59, 159, 171, 220-222, 221n.; xxvi. 2-3; xxx. 219, 275; Cox and Harvey, _English Church Furniture_, 331; _Mun. Acad._, 648-649; _Library_, i. 411; Cam. Soc., _Bury Wills_, 253.

[331] Cox, J. C., and Hope, W. H. St. John, _Chronicles of the Colleg. Ch. of All Saints, Derby_ (1881), 175-177.

[332] _Ibid._, 157.

[333] _Library_, i. 417.

[334] Stow, i. 194. Leland, iv. 48, has a note of four MSS. “in bibliotheca Petrina Londini.” Possibly this library was formed by Rector Hugh Damlet, who was a learned man, and gave several books to Pembroke College, Cambridge.--James^{10}, 184.

[335] _Archaeologia_, xlv. 118, 120.

[336] _R. H. S._, vi. 205.

[337] Sandys, i. 606; Le Clerc, _Hist. Litt._ (2nd ed.), 430.

[338] N. Bishop’s Collectanea, now at Cambridge; Wood, _Hist. and Antiq. U. of O._, ed. Gutch, 1796^{2}, vol. ii. pt. 2, 910.

[339] _Mun. Acad._, 270.

[340] Clark, 144; _Pietas O._, 5; Lyte, 97; Oriel document.

[341] _O. H. S._ 5 _Collect._, i. 62-65.

[342] _Univ. Arch. W. P. G._, 4-6.

[343] _Mun. Acad._, 226-228.

[344] _Ibid._, 267.

[345] _Mun. Acad._, 265.

[346] _Ibid._, 261 _et seq._

[347] After the Black Death, Trinity Hall, Cambridge, possibly Corpus Christi, Cambridge, Canterbury College and New College, Oxford, were founded, and University (Clare) Hall, Cambridge, was enlarged, partly, at any rate, to repair the ravages the plague had made among the clergy.--_Camb. Lit._, ii. 354; cf. _Hist. MSS._, 5th Rep., 450.

[348] _Mun. Acad._, 267.

[349] _Ibid._, 266; _O. H. S._ 35-36, Ansley, 222, 229, 279, 313, 373, 382, 397.

[350] _Mun. Acad._, 266.

[351] The indenture in which the books are catalogued mentions nine books received before: possibly these were the gift of 1435.--_Mun. Acad._, 758; _O. H. S._ 35, Anstey, 177.

[352] _O. H. S._ 35, Anstey, 184-90.

[353] _O. H. S._ 35, Anstey, 184.

[354] _Mun. Acad._, 758.

[355] _O. H. S._ 35, Ansley, 246.

[356] _O. H. S._ 35, Anstey, 187-89; _Mun. Acad._, 326-29.

[357] _Athenæum_, Nov. 17, ’88, p. 664; Hulton, _Clerk of Oxford in Fiction_, 35.

[358] _O. H. S._ 35, Anstey, 197, 204.

[359] See lists of Gloucester’s books in _Mun. Acad._, 758-65; _O. H. S._, Anstey, 179, 183, 232.

[360] He also owned some French manuscripts: what he gave to Oxford formed part of a much larger private library.

[361] _O. H. S._ 35, Anstey, 294-95.

[362] _O. H. S._ 35, Anstey, 285-86, 300-1, 318.

[363] _O. H. S._ 35, Anstey, 9, 46.

[364] _O. H. S._ 35, Anstey, 245-46.

[365] _O. H. S._ 35-36, Anstey, 326, 439.

[366] The plan resembled that of the old library built by Adam de Brome. For notes on the architectural history of this library, see _Pietas O._

[367] _Mun. Acad._, 58, 59; cf. Smith, _Annals of U.C._, 37-39.

[368] _Commiss. Docts., Oxford_, i., Statutes, p. 24.

[369] Lyte, 181.

[370] Paravicini, _Ball. Coll._, 169, 173.

[371] _O. H. S._ 5, _Collect._, i. 66.

[372] _Hist. MSS._, ix. 1, 46.

[373] _O. H. S._ 32, _Collect._, iii. 225; cf. _Hist. MSS._ 2nd Rep., App. 135a; Walcott, _W. of Wykeham_, 285.

[374] _Hist. MSS._ 9th Rep., i. 46; _Reg. Abp. Whittlesey_, fo. 122, cited by Lyte, 181.

[375] Rogers, _Agric. and Prices_, iv. 599-600.

[376] _O. H. S._ 32, _Collect._, 223, 214-15.

[377] See the gifts to Exeter College, _O. H. S._ 27, Boase, _passim_.

[378] _Mun. Acad._, ii. 706.

[379] _Hist. MSS._ 2nd Rep., 140a.

[380] _Hist. MSS._ App. 2nd Rep., 129; _O. H. S._ 27, Boase, xlvii.

[381] Brantingham gave £20 towards the building; More, £10. Account of building expenses, amounting to £57, 13s. 5½d., is given in _O. H. S._, 27, Boase, 345; see p. liii.

[382] _O. H. S._ 27, Boase, xlviii. In 1392 “iiii_s_ pro ligacione septem librorum et I_d_ pro cervisia in eisdem ligatoribus, VI_d_ erario pro labore suo circa eosdem libros, et II_d_ Johanni Lokyer pro impositione eorundem librorum in descis.”

[383] _Ibid._, xlviii.

[384] The building, which is still standing as a part of Trinity College, cost £42; fittings, £6, 16s. 8d. Blakiston, _Trin. Coll._, 26.

[385] James, xlvii.

[386] Cf. Willis, _Arch. Hist. Camb._, ii. 410.

[387] Willis, iii. 410.

[388] _Hist. MSS._ 2nd Rep., 141a

[389] _O. H. S._ 27, Boase; _O. H. S._ 5, _Collect._, 62. At C. C., Christ Church, and St. John’s Colleges the least useful books could be sold if the libraries became too large.--Oxford Stat.

[390] _Camb. Lit._, iii. 50.

[391] _Cam. Soc._, xxvi. 71.

[392] _I.e._ for practically nothing, a mere song.

[393] Wood (Gutch), 918-19.

[394] With Bodley’s noble work this book has no concern. The story has been told briefly in Mr. Nicholson’s _Pietas Oxoniensis_, and with more detail in Dr. Macray’s _Annals of the Bodleian_.

[395] _MS. français_, I. 1.

[396] Delisle, _Le Cabinet des MSS._, i. 152.

[397] Cooper, i. 128, 152, 224.

[398] _Surtees Soc._, xxx. 78-79.

[399] Bradshaw, 19-34; Willis, iii. 404.

[400] Cooper, i. 170; _Rotuli Parl._, iv. 321.

[401] Willis, _Arch. Hist. Camb._, iii. 11.

[402] _Ibid._, iii. 12.

[403] _Ibid._, iii. 5.

[404] Bradshaw, 35-53; _C. A. S. Comm._, ii. 258.

[405] Willis, iii. 25.

[406] Mullinger, ii. 50.

[407] Willis, iii. 25.

[408] _Ibid._, iii. 25-26n.

[409] _C. A. S. Comm._, ii. 73; Willis, iii. 402.

[410] _Surtees Soc._, iv. 385.

[411] Willis, i. 370.

[412] Willis, i. 537.

[413] Lyte, _Eton_, 28-29.

[414] James^{2}, 72-83.

[415] James^{2}, 70-71; and see p. 144.

[416] Willis, i. 356.

[417] Lyte, _Eton_, 37; Willis, i. 393.

[418] Willis, i. 414.

[419] Lyte, _Eton_, 101.

[420] James^{14}, viii.

[421] Lyte, _Eton_, 29.

[422] _C. A. S. Comm._, ii. 165.

[423] _C. A. S._ (N.S.), iii. (8vo. ser.) 398.

[424] _Ibid._, 399.

[425] _C. A. S._ (N.S.), iii. (8vo. ser.), 399.

[426] James (M. R.)^{10}, xiii.-xvii.; _C. A. S._, ii. (8vo. ser. 1864), 13-21.

[427] MS. 232, in the library, contains his will, a list of his books with their prices, another catalogue, and a register of the borrowers of the books from 1440 to 1516.

[428] _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 220-22.

[429] Willis, i. 200, 226; iii. 411.

[430] Clark, 140.

[431] In winter 1382 “vii_d._ _ob_ pro ligatura cuiusdam textus philosophie de eleccione Johannis Mattecote.” Winter 1405, “i_d._ _ob_ pro pergameno empto pro novo registro faciendo pro eleccione librorum”; winter 1457, “iiii_d._ More stacionario pro labore suo duobus diebus appreciando libros collegii qui traduntur in eleccionibus sociorum.” Autumn 1488, “ii_s._ i_d._ pro redempcione librorum quondam eleccionis domini Ricardi Symon.”--_O. H. S._ 27, _Boase_, xlix.

[432] P.R.O., _Anc. Deeds_, c. 1782.

[433] See further, _Documents relating to the University and Colleges of Cambridge_ (3v. 1852); _Statutes of the College of Oxford_ (3v. 1853), especially i. 54, 97; ii. 60, 89; and _Mun. Acad._ Cf. Willis, _Camb._, iii. 387.

[434] Lyte, 81.

[435] _Ibid._, 84.

[436] _R. de B._, ed. Thomas, pp. 246-48.

[437] _Piers Plowman._

[438] _Hous of Fame_, l. 1198.

[439] _Troilus_, Bk. v. ll. 1797-98.

[440] Furnivall’s ed., _Rolls S._, pt. 1, p. 1.

[441] MS. _Reg._ 17, C. viii. f. 2; cited in Skeat’s Chaucer, v. 194.

[442] Warton, 96-99; Rashdall and Rait, _New Coll._, 60.

[443] Stubbs, _Lect. on Med. Hist._, 137.

[444] James (M. R.), 148.

[445] Coulton, _Chaucer and his England_, 99.

[446] James (M. R.), lxxii.; this number is probably correct, but owing to confusion between three Abbots of this name it is not certainly right.

[447] _Ibid._, lxxiv.

[448] Robinson, 4-7.

[449] _O. H. S._, 32, _Collect._ 36-40; also 9.

[450] Blakiston, _Trin. Coll._ 5, 7; A. de Murimuth, 171.

[451] R. de B., 197-199.

[452] “R. de Bury ... qui ipsum episcopatum et omnia sua beneficia prius habita per preces magnatum et ambitionis vitium adquisivit, et ideo toto tempore suo inopia laboravit et prodigus exstitit in expensis.”--Murimuth, 171.

[453] “Volens tamen magnus clericus reputari.”--Murimuth, 171.

[454] Skeat’s Chaucer, vi. 381.

[455] _Hous of Fame_, Works, iii. bk. ii. l. 656-58.

[456] _Book of the Duchesse_, 44.

[457] _Legend of Good Women_, prol. 30ff.

[458] Valerie: possibly _Epistola Valerii ad Rufinum de uxore non ducenda_, attributed to Walter Mapes; it is a short treatise of about eight folios; it is printed in _Cam. Soc._ xvi. 77. Theofraste: _Aureolus liber de Nuptiis_, by one Theophrastus.

[459] Ll. 669-85.

[460] _Troilus_, ii. 81-105.

[461] It seems to be Chaucer’s own; only about a third of the poem comes from Boccaccio’s _Filostrato_. Chaucer had a copy of _Thebais_ of Statius.--_Troilus_, v. l. 1484.

[462] _Letter-book_ K, fo. 39, July 4, 1426.

[463] From schedule of the possessions of the Guildhall College, July 24, 1549.--_L. A. R._, x. 381.

[464] Chichele Register, pt. 1, fo. 392b, Lamb. Pal.; _L. A. R._, x. 382.

[465] _Conf. of Librarians_ (1877), 216; _L. A. R._, x. 382.

[466] _Hist. MSS., 8th Rept._, pt. 1, 268a.

[467] Gasquet^{2}, 20; Sandys, ii. 220; Legrand, _Bibliographie Hellénique_, i. (1885) xxiv., where the date is 1405-6.

[468] _Epp._ (ed. Tonelli, 1832-61), i. 43, 70, 74.

[469] “Cest livre est a moy Homfrey Duc de Glocestre, lequel je fis translater de Grec en Latin par un de mes secretaires, Antoyne de Beccariane de Verone.”--Cam. Soc. 1843, Ellis, _Letters_, 357.

[470] Gherardi, _Statuti della Univ. e Studio Fiorentino_, 364; Sandys, ii. 220; Einstein, 15.

[471] _O.H.S._, 35, Anstey, 17, 45.

[472] “Messer Andrea Ols” in Italian authority; identified by Dr. Sandys.

[473] _O.H.S._, 36, Anstey, ii. 389-91; Sandys, ii. 221-26; Einstein, 26.

[474] _MS._ 587 _Bodl._

[475] Leland^{3}, 463; Leland, iii. 13; Einstein, 23, 54-5; _C.A.S._, 8vo ser., No. 32 (1899), 13.

[476] _E. H. R._, xxv. 449.

[477] Rymer, _Foedera_, xii. 214, 216; _E. H. R._, xxv. 450.

[478] Now _MS._ li. 4, 16, at Cambridge University Library.

[479] On Shirwood’s books see _E. H. R._, xxv. 449-53.

[480] Leiden, _Voss. MSS. Graec._, 56.

[481] On this group see Harris, Jas. Rendel, _The Leicester Codex._

[482] _E. H. R._, xxv. 446-7; James.

[483] _Literae Cant._ (Rolls Ser.), iii. 239; cf. Campbell, _Matls for Hist. of H. VII._, ii. 85, 114, 224.

[484] Leland^{3}, 482. The Obit in _Christ Church MS._ D. 12 refers to Selling as “Sacrae Theologiae Doctor. Hic in divinis agendis multum devotus et lingua Graeca et Latina valde eruditus.”--Gasquet^{2}, 24.

[485] Gasquet^{2}, 24; James, li.

[486] Homer and Euripides are in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge; the others are in Trinity College, Cambridge.--James^{16}, 9; Gasquet^{2}, 30.

[487] Gasquet^{2}, 37.

[488] The point is disputed; cf. Einstein, 32; Lyte, 386; _Camb. Lit._, iii. 5, 6; Rashdall and Rait, _New. Coll._, 93; Dr. Sandys does not mention Vitelli.

[489] Rashdall, ii. 343.

[490] _Biblio. Soc. Monogr._ x. (S. Gibson), 43-6.

[491] _Ibid._, p. 1; _O.H.S._, 29; Madan, 267, contains long list of references.

[492] _O. H. S._, 27, Boase, xxxvi.

[493] Cf. _Grace B._ Δ ix, xlii, xliii.; _O.H.S._, 29, Madan, _Early Oxf. Press_, 266; _Mun. Acad._, 532, 544, 579.

[494] _Mun. Acad._, 52.

[495] _Ibid._, 174, 346.

[496] _Ibid._, xxxviii.

[497] _Mun. Acad._, xl.-xlii.

[498] _Ibid._, 253.

[499] _Mun. Acad._, 383-7.

[500] _Ibid._, 233-4.

[501] R. de B., 205.

[502] _Mun. Acad._, 550.

[503] Bodl. MS. Rawlinson, 34, fo. 21, _Stat. Coll. S. Mariae pro Oseney: De Libraria_.

[504] Cooper, i. 57, 104, 141, 262; cf. _Biblio. Soc. Monogr._ 13, p. 1-6.

[505] 3 H. vii., cap. 9, 10, _Stat. of the Realm_, ii. 518.

[506] _Donnée des comptes des Roys de France, au 14^{e} siècle_ (1852), 227; Putnam, i. 312; _Library_, v. 3-4.

[507] Gairdner, _Paston letters_, v. 1-4, where the whole bill is transcribed.

[508] Cited in _Gasquet_^{2}, 17.

[509] Martène, _Thesaurus_, i. 511.

[510] _Opera_, fo. 1523. Fo. xlvii. 7, _Doctrinale juvenum_, c. v.

[511] _Ibid._, c. iv.

[512] Maitland, 200.

[513] _Surtees Soc._, vii. 80.

[514] V. Catalogues in _Becker_; James (M. R.); Bateson; _Surtees Soc._, vii.; etc.

[515] Sandys, i. 638; and see Jerome, _Ep._ xxii., ed. 1734, i. 114.

[516] Sandys i. 618.

[517] Comparetti, _Vergil in the M. A._, 77.

[518] Taylor, _Classical Heritage_, 37.

[519] Sandys, i. 638-39; see what is said about use of Ovid at Canterbury.

[520] On the use of classics in the Middle Ages see Sandys, i. 630 (Plautus and Terence), 631 (Lucretius), 633 (Catullus and Virgil), 635 (Horace), 638 (Ovid), 641 (Lucan), 642 (Statius), 643 (Martial), 644 (Juvenal), 645 (Persius), 648 (Cicero), 653 (Seneca), 654 (Pliny), 655 (Quintilian), etc.

[521] Rashdall, i. 42.

[522] Lyte, 88-89; Einstein, 180.

[523] Bacon, _Op. ined_., 84, 148.

[524] Mullinger, 211.

[525] Rashdall, i. 77-8.

[526] Becker, 244.

[527] Cf. Becker, index.

[528] On Michael, see Bacon, _Op. maj._, 36, 37; Dante, _Inferno_, xx. 116; Boccaccio, 8 day, 9 novel; Scott, _Lay_, II. xi.; Brown, _Life and Legend of M. S._ (1897).

[529] Bacon, _Op. ined., Comp. stud._, 472 (Rolls Series).

[530] In Peterhouse Library, Cambridge, is a manuscript of Aristotle’s _Metaphysica_, with Latin translations from the Arabic and the Greek in parallel columns: the one being called the old translation, the other the new. The manuscript is of the thirteenth or fourteenth century.--James^{3}, 43.

[531] Gasquet^{3}, 143-44; see other instances, _Camb. Mod. Hist._, i. 588.

[532] Jourdain, _Recherches ... traductions Latines d’A._, 187; Gasquet^{3}, 148.

[533] Paris, _Chron. Maj._, iv. 232-3; cp. Bacon, _Op. ined._, 91, 434.

[534] Stevenson, 224, 227; _Camb. Mod. Hist._, i. 586; James, lxxxvi.

[535] MS. Ff. i. 24; Paris, _C.M._ iv. 232; cf. v. 285.

[536] Sandys, i. 576.

[537] Now Canon. gr. 35 Bodleian; James, lxxxvi. This may be the _Liber grecorum_ in the list of books repaired in 1508.--James, lxxxvi., 163.

[538] James^{16}, 10.

[539] _Op. Maj._, 46.

[540] _Op. Tertium_, p. 55, 56.

[541] James (M. R.), lxxiv.

[542] _Mun. Acad._, 86, 430, 444; cf. Lyte, 235. Donatus came to be regarded as a synonymous term for grammar. In _Piers Plowman_ a grammatical lesson or text-book is called “Donet.” A Greek grammar was called a “Donatus Graecorum.”

[543] _Mun. Acad._, 441.

[544] In the right-hand doorway of the west front of Chartres Cathedral are figures of the Seven Arts, Grammar being associated with Priscian, Logic with Aristotle, Rhetoric with Cicero, Music with Pythagoras, Arithmetic with Nicomachus, Geometry with Euclid, and Astronomy with Ptolemy. Cf. Marriage, _Sculp. of Chartres Cath._, 71-73 (1909).

[545] On medieval studies see further _Mun. Acad._, 34, 242-43, 285, 412-13; Sandys, i. 670.

[546] _Oxford Stat._, _c._ 21.

[547] _Toxophilus_, Arber’s ed., p. 19.

[548] _Camb. Eng. Lit._, iii. 364.

[549] Cf. Warton, ii. 95.

[550] By Jehan de Tuim, _c._ 1240.

[551] Wace or Layamon.

[552] _Amadas et Idoine_, an anonymous Norman French poem of the twelfth century.

[553] Sir Beves of Hamtoun (Fr. 13 cent., Eng. 14 cent.).

[554] Character in romance of _Tristrem_, by Thomas the Rymer.

[555] _Haveloke._ For other metrical catalogues see first and second prologues to _Richard Cœur de Lion_.--Ritson, _Anc,. Eng. Metr. Romances_, i. 55.

[556] Gladly, blithely.

[557] From beginning of _Handlyng Synne_, by Robert Mannying of Brunne.

[558] Bateson x.; Gasquet^{4}, 30-31; James (M.R.), 148.

[559] Written at the end of the manuscript, which is in the Douce collection.--Warton, i. 182-83.

[560] MS. Burney, 11; James (M.R.), 515.

[561] _B.M. MS. Reg._, 9 B ix. 1.

[562] Lyte, 135.

[563] _Mun. Acad._, 665. Cf. p. 661.

[564] _Mun. Acad._, ci.

[565] _Mun. Acad._, lxxvii.

[566] _Lyte_, 93.

[567] Lounsbury, _Studies in Chaucer_, ii. 265.

[568] _Wife of Bath’s Prologue_, ll. 673-81.

[569] _E. H. R._, xxv. 453.

[570] _Camb. Lit._, i. 262.

[571] _Piers Plowman_, 186.

[572] “Quendam libru’ meu’ de Cant^{rbury} Tales.”--_N. & Q._, 11 ser. ii. 26.

[573] _Camb. Lit._, i. 262.

[574] Jusserand, _Piers_, 13.

End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Old English Libraries, by Ernest Savage