chapter i. of this treatise.
[114] Polano’s Talmud, p. 261; also Isa. xxii. 14.
[115] Gen. xxvii. 28, 37; Deut. vii. 13, xi. 14, xxvii. 51; 2 Chron. xi. 11; Ps. civ. 15; Song of Solomon v. i.; Lam. ii. 12; and Hosea xiv. 7, where wine is named amongst the blessings to be restored to Israel.
[116] Isa. lv. 1.
[117] Polano’s Talmud, p. 247.
[118] Gen. xiv. 18.
[119] Polano’s Talmud, p. 291.
[120] Gen. xviii. 9-20.
[121] Gen. xix. 35.
[122] Prov. xxiii. 29-32.
[123] Isa. v. 11.
[124] Poland’s Talmud, p. 254.
[125] Joel iii. 3.
[126] Luke i. 15; Matt. iii. 4; Mark i. 6.
[127] Luke vii. 33, 34.
[128] John ii. 7 _et seq._
[129] Scripture Testimony against Intoxicating Wine, p. 184.
[130] Tim. v. 23.
[131] 1 Tim. iii. 2, 3, 8.
[132] Rom. xiv. 21.
[133] Rom. xiv. 2-4.
[134] Rom. xiii. 13.
[135] 1 Cor. vi. 10. The early Christian fathers, to whose teachings concerning drunkenness we shall refer hereafter, found the vice to prevail almost wherever they went as missionaries, in Africa, Gaul, Britain, and elsewhere, and they denounced it in the most vehement terms.
[136] See the remarks on Inebriate Asylums in our chapter on America.
[137] Gen. xl. 11. This was, however, the unfermented juice of the grape.
[138] Wilkinson’s Ancient Egyptians, vol. i. p. 4. Murray.
[139] Wilkinson’s Ancient Egyptians, vol. i. pp. 45, 46, 52, 53.
[140] Rawlinson’s Herodotus, vol. ii. p. 127. Bohn.
[141] Pliny’s Natural History, vol. iii. p. 247. Bohn. Those who are disposed to study the conflict of evidence further should refer to Bishop H. Browne on Gen. xl. 9, &c., and Wilkinson’s note to Rawlinson’s Herodotus, ii. 77.
[142] Athenæus, vol. i. p. 55. Bohn.
[143] Athenæus, vol. i. p. 56.
[144] Dionysus is considered by some authors to be the same as the Egyptian Osiris. Diodorus, i. 11. Wilkinson’s Egyptians, i. 285.
[145] Smith’s Larger Dictionary of Antiquities, Art. “Dionysia,” by Dr. L. Schmitz.
[146] Buckley’s Odyssey, Book ix. p. 118 _et seq._ Bohn.
[147] Odyssey, p. 292. Circe, too, intoxicates her admirers with “Pramnian wine” (Ibid., Bk. x.) and drunkenness is a constant theme throughout the book.
[148] Bohn’s Athenæus, vol. ii. p. 682.
[149] Smith’s Dictionary of Antiquities, Art. “Helotes,” by Philip Smith.
[150] Athenæus, vol. i. p. 229, and vol. ii. p. 731.
[151] Athenæus, vol. i. p. 59.
[152] Athenæus, vol. i. p. 59.
[153] Pliny was born in the north of Italy, A.D. 23. He served as a soldier in Germany, and practised as a special pleader in Rome. He was killed at the age of fifty-six whilst observing an eruption of Vesuvius, for he was an ardent lover of nature. Our extracts and references are found in his “Natural History.” Bohn.
[154] Natural History, vol. iii. pp. 252, 253, _et seq._
[155] About 220 B.C.
[156] Pliny, p. 252. See also the account of the miracle of Cana, John ii. 10.
[157] A measure of about six pints.
[158] Pliny, p. 255.
[159] Pliny, p. 215.
[160] For farther particulars concerning the process of wine-making in Rome, the reader is referred to Smith’s “Dictionary of Antiquities,” Art. “Vinum,” by W. Ramsay, which contains a large amount of useful and interesting information on the subject.
[161] Pliny, vol. iii. p. 218 (Book xiv.).
[162] Ibid., p. 222 _et seq._
[163] The “Kölnische Zeitang,” Friday, November 23, 1877. “Vermischte Nachrichten.” See also “The Chemistry of Wine,” p. 374, by Mulder. Churchill.
[164] Pliny, vol. iii. p. 239.
[165] Pliny, vol. iv. p. 259.
[166] Athenæus, vol. ii. p. 772.
[167] Smith’s Dictionary of Antiquities, Art. “Vinum.”
[168] Athenæus, p. 738 _et seq._
[169] Ibid., p. 747.
[170] Petronius (Bohn’s Classical Library); Athenæus, &c.
[171] Athenæus, p. 729.
[172] Petronius, Trimalchio’s Feast.
[173] Originally the skeleton was carried round to remind the feasters of their mortality, and to warn them _not_ to indulge too freely in the pleasures of the table.
[174] In England it was customary in the Middle Ages to pour the wine down the offender’s sleeve. At Haddon Hall there is still an iron clasp fixed against a wall, which was used for the purpose of holding the wrist whilst that operation was performed.
[175] Book iv. cap. 28.
[176] More than two gallons at a draught! It seems an incredible feat.
[177] Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. iii. p. 215. Edinburgh: Strachan, 1782.
[178] Bohn’s Tacitus, vol. ii. p. 312 _et seq._
[179] J. W. Petersen. Geschichte der Deutschen Nationalneigung rum Trunke, p. 7. (History of the German National Tendency to Drink, originally published in Stuttgart, 1782.) Stuttgart: Scheible, 1856.
[180] Klemm’s Allgemeine Culturwissenschaft, vol. ii. p. 326, Leipzig, Romberg, 1856; and Petersen, p. 9.
[181] Readers who are desirous of following the extension of vine-culture in Germany and Europe generally, will find full details in a work by H. von Carlowitz, Leipzig, 1846; and a fair list of all important works on the subject published in past times in Germany is to be found in Klemm, p. 327 _et seq._
[182] All the chief vineyards on the Rhine were planted by the monks. See “Speise und Trank vergangener Zeiten in Deutschland” (Food and Drink in Past Times in Germany), by Dr. A. Schlossar, p. 23. Vienna: A. Hartleben, 1877.
[183] For an account of the preparation of mead, see “Speise und Trank vergangener Zeiten,” &c., p. 24.
[184] “Ut nullus ebrius suam causam in mallo possit conquirere, neo testimonium dicere. Nec placitum comes habeat, nisi jejunus.” See Petersen, Appendix, p. 128. Also Klemm, pp. 342, 343.
[185] “Ut in hoste nemo parem suum, vel quemlibet alium bibere coget, et quicunque in exercitu ebrius inventus fuerit, ita excommunicetur, ut in bibendo sola aqua utatur, quousque se male fecisse cognoscat.” Petersen, p. 128.
[186] “Jus Potandi,” from the original, published in 1616, by “Dr. M. Oberbreyer,” Introduction. Heilbronn: Gebr. Henninger. Whether “Jus Potandi” be a satire, as it probably is, or a serious production, it very faithfully reflects the drinking habits of the time.
[187] Studenten-Lieder des Mittelalters. Heilbronn: Gebr. Henninger.
[188] Jus Potandi, p. xvi., Introduction.
[189] “Das Leipziger gekräuterte, bauchzerreissende Rastrum.”—_Jus Potandi_, clause 8, p. 13. See also, “Speise und Trank vergangener Zeiten in Deutschland,” p. 46, where many other kinds of beer are mentioned.
[190] Jus Potandi, clause 24, p. 31.
[191] Ibid., clause 25, p. 34.
[192] Ibid., clause 48, p. 69. See “Speise und Trank,” &c., p. 38, where the drunkenness of females is referred to.
[193] Ibid., clause 18, p. 22.
[194] Jus Potandi, clause 34, p. 45.
[195] Ibid., clause 15, p. 20.
[196] Ibid., clause 45, p. 64.
[197] Similar codes will hereafter be referred to, of an undoubtedly serious character, as existing in France and England.
[198] Full confirmation of this state of things is given in “Speise und Trank,” &c., pp. 10, 11, 28, 31, 32, and at p. 34, where an account is given of a hundred and ten persons drinking four tuns of beer and one and half ohm of wine at a sitting.
[199] “Saus und Braus” in German is equivalent to “revelry” in English.
[200] The same practice prevailed even amongst women. Speise und Trank, &c., p. 38.
[201] Speise und Trank, &c., pp. 11, 12, 18.
[202] Eckehardus, jun.: De Casibus Monast. St. Galli, cap. ix. p. 41; also Speise und Trank, &c., p. 17, as to monasteries in the Black Forest.
[203] Rabanus Maurus. The Discipline of Drink, by Rev. T. E. Bridgett. Burns & Oates.
[204] _Loc. cit._, p. 141.
[205] As to the luxury and drunkenness of priests, see also “Speise und Trank,” &c., pp. 10, 11, 17.
[206] Speise und Trank, &c., pp. 47, 48. The first coffee-house was opened in Vienna in 1683; in Augsburg, 1713; in Stuttgart, 1712. This part of the subject will be fully treated of in one of the chapters on England.
[207] Petersen, “Concluding remarks.”
[208] The German Working Man. Longmans & Co.
[209] Discipline of Drink, p. 255. All the German Culture Unions are practically temperance societies, although alcoholic drink (chiefly German beer) is freely obtainable in them.
[210] The events which have happened in Berlin whilst this treatise is passing through the press lead the author to add, “without assassination.”
[211] Discipline of Drink, chap. xi.
[212] Homes of Other Days, by Thomas Wright, M.A., F.S.A., p. 294, Trübner & Co.; British Monachism, by T. D. Fosbrooke, p. 47, Nichols & Son and Rivington, 1802.
[213] Homes of Other Days, p. 42.
[214] Discipline of Drink, p. 77.
[215] Harleian, Cottonian, &c.
[216] Homes of Other Days, pp. 45-47. The various instrumentalists of the Anglo-Saxon period are called by the author _hearpere_, the harper; _bymere_, the trumpeter; _pipere_, the piper or flute-player; _fithelere_, the fiddler; and _horn-blawere_, the horn-blower.
[217] Legend of St. Juliana, Homes of Other Days, p. 50.
[218] Discipline of Drink, p. 135.
[219] Ibid., p. 135.
[220] Ibid., p. 136.
[221] Fosbrooke’s British Monachism, vol. i. pp. 16, 17.
[222] Ibid.
[223] Fosbrooke’s British Monachism, vol. i. p. 24.
[224] Homes of Other Days, p. 25.
[225] Homes of Other Days, p. 119.
[226] The reader must remember that noon was the dinner-hour.
[227] Justiciar was equivalent to our Lord Chief-Justice.
[228] Monastic and Social Life in the Twelfth Century, by T. E. Tomlins and J. E. Rokewode. Whittaker.
[229] Monastic and Social Life in the Twelfth Century, p. 27.
[230] Homes of Other Days, p. 94.
[231] Homes of Other Days, p. 288.
[232] Fosbrooke, vol. ii. p. 124.
[233] Discipline of Drink, p. 80.
[234] Fosbrooke, vol. ii. p. 124.
[235] Monastic and Social Life in the Twelfth Century, pp. 30, 31.
[236] Ibid., p. 35.
[237] Monastic and Social Life in the Twelfth Century, p. 44; also Fosbrooke, vol. i. p. 83.
[238] Beer and wine were both made by the monks. In the time of William Rufus there were four brewers, and five servants in the vineyard at Kresham monastery (Fosbrooke, vol. ii. p. 102). A most amusing record for posterity, by the by, of the customs of our day will be the advertisements which appear from time to time in our English papers, of the right of certain monasteries to the sole manufacture of well-known liqueurs—Gin and Gospel!
[239] A Book about the Clergy, by J. C. Jeaffreson, vol. i. p. 354. Hurst & Blackett.
[240] Discipline of Drink, p. 113.
[241] It is but right to say that decrees were from time to time promulgated by the synods and bishops against the practice of holding “ales” in churches, but they seem to have had little effect.
[242] Jeaffreson’s Book about the Clergy, vol. i. p. 356.
[243] Homes of Other Days, p. 368.
[244] Homes of Other Days, p. 427.
[245] Ibid., p. 445.
[246] Homes of Other Days, p. 346.
[247] Ibid., p. 397.
[248] Discipline of Drink, p. 175; see also p. 176 and elsewhere. Also, British Monachism, vol. i. p. 66. For some time after the Reformation some of the poorer English clergy kept taverns. ‘Miscellany Accounts of the Diocese of Carlisle’ (1703-7) by William Nicholson, late Bishop of Carlisle, ed. by R. S. Ferguson. (“Contemporary,” May 1878.)
[249] King Henry IV., Part II. Act ii. sc. 4.
[250] Monastic and Social Life in the Twelfth Century, p. 25.
[251] British Monachism, vol. ii. p. 122.
[252] Homes of Other Days, p. 181; MS. Sloane Museum, No. 2435.
[253] British Monachism, vol. ii. p. 167.
[254] British Monachism, vol. i. p. 121.
[255] Hallam’s Constitutional History of England, vol. i. p. 71. Murray.
[256] British Monachism, vol. i. pp. 138-140.
[257] Ibid., vol ii. p. 19.
[258] British Monachism, vol. ii. pp. 32, 33.
[259] Ibid., pp. 42-47.
[260] Ibid., p. 177.
[261] Jeaffreson’s Book about the Clergy, vol. i. p. 91.
[262] Canons of Œlfric, A.D. 970; Discipline of Drink, p. 150.
[263] Decree of Giles of Bridport, Bishop of Salisbury, A.D. 1256, against “Scot-ales,” _loc. cit._, p. 176.
[264] Synod of Kilkenny, A.D. 1614, _loc. cit._, p. 180.
[265] Nationalneigung zum Trunke, p. 97.
[266] Nugæ Antiquæ, i. 348-350; in Lingard’s History of England, vol. ix. p. 109 n., 2d ed., 1825.
[267] Macaulay’s History of England, vol. i. chap. i, Longmans, 1873; Scott’s Peveril of the Peak; Brooke’s Manners and Customs of the English, Blackwood, &c.
[268] John Evelyn, one of the first Fellows of the Royal Society, A.D. 1620-56, quoted in Doran’s “Table Traits,” p. 458. Bentley.
[269] Kindly given to the author by Sir Sydney Waterlow, Bart., M.P.
[270] From Memoires de l’Angleterre, A.D. 1698, in Homes of Other Days, p. 473.
[271] Doran’s Table Traits, p. 66.
[272] Doran’s “Table Traits,” where a more detailed account is given of the clubs here named, along with many others.
[273] Alphonse Esquiros, “The English at Home.”
[274] Those who are curious to know which of the political and social leaders of the period were drunkards should read Lecky’s “History of England in the Eighteenth Century,” vol. i. chap. iii. pp. 476-482. Longmans & Co., 1878.
[275] Morewood, p. 25.
[276] The Chemistry of Wine, p. viii., by C. J. Mulder. Churchill.
[277] Ure’s Dictionary of Arts, vol. i. p. 42, 6th ed.
[278] Morewood, p. 560.
[279] The table is compiled from Mulder’s “Chemistry of Wine” (Appendix), Bloxam’s “Chemistry,” and the author’s own article on “Beer Scientifically and Socially Considered,” Quarterly Journal of Science, 1870, vol. vii. p. 315, and from other sources.
[280] Rev. Dawson Burns, M.A., Metropolitan Superintendent of the United Kingdom Alliance. From the Journal of the Statistical Society, March 1875, p. 13.
[281] Morewood, p. 560.
[282] Macfarlane and Thomson’s History of England, vol. iii. p. 258; Lecky’s History of England during the Eighteenth Century, pp. 476-482.
[283] It should be mentioned that in 1751 more stringent regulations were enacted, but none that in any degree approached the “Gin Act” in severity.
[284] Fraser’s Life of Berkeley, pp. 332, 333, in Lecky’s History of England.
[285] The Upas Tree in Marybone Lane, by James Smith (1775-1839).
[286] The High Street of Edinburgh, by Sir Alexander Boswell, the oldest son of Johnson’s biographer (1775-1822).
[287] Meaning Welshman.
[288] From an old poem, in the “Discipline of Drink,” p. 84.
[289] A.D. 1678. Ibid., p. 182.
[290] Jeaffreson’s Book about the Clergy, vol. i. p. 91 n.
[291] Lecky’s History of England, vol. ii. p. 93.
[292] A.D. 1698-1762.
[293] The Court of Death. Gay lived 1688-1732.
[294] Lecky’s History of England, p. 476 and notes, where numerous authorities are quoted.
[295] Third Report of the Lords’ Committee, p. 954, Q. 10,116.
[296] For further details as to the sale of alcoholic drinks to females, and reputed drinking practices amongst them, _vide_ First Report of Lords’ Committee on Intemperance, evidence of Captain Palin, Chief Constable of Manchester, p. 166, Q. 1601; also Third Report, evidence of Sir William Gull, M.D., p. 254, Q. 10,116. In the work on “The Uses of Wines in Health and Disease,” p. 8, by Dr. Anstie (Macmillan), the author refers to secret dram-drinking by women; but medical men, like police magistrates, usually have before their eyes the worst side of human nature.
[297] First Report of Lords’ Committee, p. 16, Q. 184.
[298] Third Report, p. 32, Qs. 8311, 8312.
[299] It must be clearly understood that the above remarks are not intended to disparage the evidence that was tendered by Mr. Chamberlain, M.P., who replied to the questions of Lord Aberdare, and whose efforts in the cause of licensing reform merit, in the author’s opinion, greater appreciation than they have received.
[300] First Report, p. 240, Qs. 2416-2418.
[301] Table No. 22, Extract from the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis for the year 1876.
[302] In the same report (1876) the reader will find that Colonel Henderson attributes the additional number of arrests to “the increased activity of the police,” but he believes there has been some increase in drunkenness during the last six years. Of course he can only judge of the class which comes under the notice of the police.
[303] Table laid before the Committee of the House of Lords on Intemperance, by the Head Constable of Liverpool, being a compendium of the facts relating to the subject for twenty-one years.
[304] “Instructions” for 1845, pp. 34, 35; 1867, p. 33; and 1878, p. 42; kindly supplied to the author by the Chief Constable.
[305] Journal of the Statistical Society, March 1875.
[306] P. 7.
[307] Return to a canvass of working men made by sixty-seven of the largest employers of labour in Liverpool, and verified by the President of the Liverpool Chamber of Commerce. See also the remarks on the extension of the hours by the present Government.
[308] It may be added, as an expression of opinion, that the Rev. Canon Ellison considers there is a diminution of drunkenness in the agricultural districts. See his evidence before the Lords’ Committee, Third Report, p. 105, Q. 8930. From other evidence, also, the author has satisfied himself that one of the chief objects of the Agricultural Labourers’ Union, like most other trades unions, has been to prevent the payment and expenditure of wages in drink. In many parts of England a considerable proportion of the labourers’ wages is still paid in cider—an infamous system, which ought long since to have been abolished along with other forms of “truck.” The three reports also contain many expressions of opinion, very conflicting, however, on the prevalence of drunkenness amongst miners, quarrymen, &c., which are well worthy of the reader’s perusal.
[309] The English at Home, by Alphonse Esquiros, pp. 271-273. Chapman & Hall.
[310] Whilst writing these pages the author read the following narrative in the “Liverpool Daily Post,” April 25, 1878, which illustrates the condition of the poor in some of the lowest parts of that town:—
“On Tuesday afternoon the attention of a constable was drawn to the not very unusual phenomenon of a drunken man and woman in Johnstone Street. The woman had a child in her arms. It was taken from her, and found to be in a shockingly diseased and neglected state. The constable afterwards visited the ‘home’ of the inebriates. The sole piece of furniture was an old table. In the top room the woman’s father was lying on the bare boards, without a vestige of clothing upon him, and covered only by an old rug. In another part of the house was an aunt, who was much the worse for drink. Around her were three young children. There was not a particle of food in the whole place, and when the children were given some buns to eat, they devoured them savagely. Drunken parents reeling in the street with an unhealthy and neglected baby; a house in a court, with only an old table in it; an old man lying on the bare boards, with simply a rug for clothing or covering; a tipsy aunt, and three hungry, dirty children around her, make up a picture which would be considered unusually terrible if the scene were laid in the hut of a savage, and which is certainly a bitter satire on nineteenth century civilisation. The father and mother were brought up at the Police Court yesterday, and remanded; and the court ordered that the children should be removed forthwith to the workhouse.”
[311] Mr. Carnegie’s evidence before the Lords’ Committee on Intemperance, First Report, p. 262.
[312] Alison’s History of Europe, vol. xv. p. 191, 7th ed. Blackwood.
[313] Morewood, p. 477.
[314] A.D. 1771-92.
[315] History of Europe, vol. xv. p. 191, 7th ed.
[316] First Report of Lords’ Committee, p. 262.
[317] In his first edition (1824) he does not refer to the smaller stills; indeed, his remarks are of no interest. His second edition is dated 1838.
[318] Morewood, p. 480.
[319] Morewood, p. 481.
[320] Rev. Dawson Burns’ paper before Statistical Society, p. 17.
[321] Morewood, p. 481.
[322] Carnegie, _loc. cit._, p. 263.
[323] We shall find precisely the same state of things to exist in certain parts of America.
[324] See the evidence on the “Gothenburg System” in the Report of the Lords’ Committee.
[325] A good deal of information concerning the sale of brandy (Bränvin) in Sweden may be gleaned from the Acts of June 26, 1871 (Stockholm, Norstedt & Söner), and from those of 18th September 1874 and 16th May 1877, for which the author is indebted to Mr. Oscar Dickson of Gothenburg.
[326] The author is indebted for these particulars to Mr. S. P. Wilding (son of a former American Vice-Consul at Liverpool), who has resided many years on the River Plate.
[327] _Macropiper methysticum_: Miquel. See Lindley’s Medical and Economic Botany, p. 133. Bradbury & Evans.
[328] P. 250; also Lindley’s Medical Botany, _loc. cit._
[329] P. 325, and Addenda. This table also appears in the first edition (1824), p. 177.
[330] America, Historical, Statistical and Descriptive, by J. S. Buckingham, vol. ii. p. 304. Fisher.
[331] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 417.
[332] Ibid., vol. iii. p. 36.
[333] Sketches on the Prairies, by Captain A. H. Markham, R.N., in “Good Words,” May 1878.
[334] Liquor Laws of the United States, p. 21. National Temperance Society and Publication House. New York.
[335] Liquor Laws of the United States, p. 43.
[336] New York Herald, 18th April 1878.
[337] New York Herald, 16th April 1878.
[338] The San Francisco weekly “Alta California.” The author has not named any other papers. He has studied whole files of them, in some cases without even finding drunkenness mentioned, and the reader who desires to consider the question carefully can easily do the same.
[339] “Prohibitory Liquor Legislation in the United States,” by Justin M’Carthy, “Fortnightly Review,” August 1871, p. 166. Although a writer on America is here quoted, the author has not trusted to printed testimony in any of these observations upon the drinking habits of the United States. He has verified them from the experience of numerous friends and acquaintances who have travelled and resided in the States, Englishmen, Germans, and Americans themselves.
[340] By some it is affirmed that the middle classes of the United States consume more _spirits_ than the same class in England.
[341] The Americans at Home, vol. ii. p. 306. By D. Macrae. Edinburgh: Edmonston & Douglas.
[342] The Americans at Home, vol. ii. p. 305.
[343] The Americans at Home, p. 307.
[344] Liquor Laws of the United States, p. 15.
[345] Liquor Laws of the United States, p. 20.
[346] Ibid.
[347] Ibid., p. 22.
[348] Liquor Laws of the United States, p. 131. It is right to mention that the publication from which these particulars are taken was issued in 1877, since which time no doubt many changes have taken place in the liquor legislation of the various States, but these the author has been unable to learn from trustworthy sources. The tendency of legislation seems to be towards “local option” or “permissive prohibition.”
[349] Greater Britain, vol. i. p. 202. By C. W. Dilke. Macmillan.
[350] Prohibitory Legislation, &c. “Fortnightly Review,” Aug. 1871, p. 166.
[351] This was, of course, some years after Mr. M’Carthy’s visit.
[352] _Vide_ Third Report of the Lords’ Committee on Intemperance, pp. 211, 212. Evidence of Professor Leone Levi, where the essential part of the Consul’s report is given.
[353] Mr Caine says that he has seen Boston under prohibition with nine hundred drink-sellers deliberately inserting in the Boston Directory their names and addresses _as_ drink-sellers, and a far greater number openly defying the law. He, however, favours “prohibition by local option.”
[354] Reports on the Subject of a License Law, by a Joint Special Committee of the Legislature of Massachusetts. Boston: Wright & Potter, 1867. The author is indebted to the Secretary of State of Massachusetts for this and other valuable printed reports on the subject of the liquor traffic in that State.
[355] Reports on the Subject of a License Law, &c., p. 16.
[356] In his book on the German working man, the author of this treatise said (p. 109), “Beer” (meaning the German beer), “means sobriety; wine and spirits mean intoxication.”
[357] Liquor Laws, p. 26.
[358] Boston: Wright & Potter.
[359] Report of Governor’s Address, p. 54. The circumstances are, however, we hope, different in the two countries, otherwise there is a poor chance for the American bill. According to the Third Report of the Lords’ Committee on Intemperance, p. 195 (Mr. Patterson’s evidence), in Liverpool, the town most in need of temperance reform, the aldermen, who in the U.S.A. decide the question of granting licenses, have in their body, besides a large wine and spirit merchant, two publicans who occupy between them from sixty-four to eighty-four public-houses.
[360] Governor’s Address, p. 57.
[361] Governor’s Address, p. 58.
[362] The Maine Law Vindicated, p. 7.
[363] Prohibitory Legislation, p. 174.
[364] Ibid., p. 176.
[365] Ibid., p. 169.
[366] The Americans at Home, vol. ii. p. 315.
[367] Third Report of the Lords’ Committee on Intemperance, p. 3; Evidence of Rev. R. M. Grier.
[368] The Great Country, by George Rose, M.A. (Arthur Sketchley), Tinsley. A very graphic account of a visit to an inebriate asylum, extracted from the “Atlantic Monthly,” will be found in this work, pp. 385-401.
[369] Alcohol, its Place and Power, pp. 46-109, &c. Glasgow: Scottish Temperance League.
[370] Dr. Anstie’s two works, “Stimulants and Narcotics,” and “The Use of Wines in Health and Disease.” See Also Dr. T. P. Lucas on “The True Action and Physiological Results of Alcohol,” pp. 140, 141 (a strong temperance work); “On Chronic Alcoholic Intoxication,” p. 9, by W. Marcet, M.D., F.R.S. (Churchill); “The Effects of Alcohol on the Nervous System,” by Dr. Hammond in “The Psychological and Medico-Legal Journal,” July 1874, New York. The records of discussions amongst guardians of the poor where objection has been made to the use of beer as an article of diet also tend in the same direction. At a recent meeting of the West Derby Board, for example, the medical officers, one of whom is a total abstainer, distinctly expressed their determination to continue administering alcohol as a medicine.
[371] See the Report of the Temperance Hospital, “Daily News,” May 31, 1878.
[372] Richardson’s Researches on Alcohol, p. 6.
[373] Miller’s Alcohol, its Place and Power, p. 92.
[374] Pope’s Homer’s Odyssey, book ix.
[375] Tom Moore.
[376] Anstie, Uses of Wine in Health and Disease, p. 11.
[377] Ibid., p. 40.
[378] Morewood, p. 339.
[379] Rev. D. Burns, to whom the author is indebted for some of these particulars.
[380] Morewood, p. 340.
[381] Ibid., p. 341.
[382] Third Report, p. 25, Q. 8242.
[383] Readers who are desirous of pursuing the question of temperance societies will find a vast amount of information in Graham’s “Temperance Guide.” London: Pitman, &c.
[384] Speech of the Duke of Westminster, Free Trade Hall, Manchester.
[385] The Licensing Act 1872, Section 13.
[386] Report of the Liverpool Police, 1877.
[387] See especially the evidence of Mr. Robinson (Chief Constructor), Second Report p. 117.
INDEX.
A
Abbot Sampson, actions of, 127, 131.
Abbots, vices of, 144.
Aberdare, Lord, on drinking amongst the working classes, 176, 177.
Abstinence total, not recommended by ancient Chinese, 20. of Buddhist priests, 27, 28. of Mohammedans, 53. not universal, 55. in Koom, in Persia, 55. of Nazarites during noviciate, 62. of Rechabites, 63. of Lacedæmonians, 81. amongst native Americans in the United States, 222. of English temperance societies, 241.
Addison, at Button’s club, 156. on intemperance in his day, 164.
Adulteration, of wine, materials used for, in ancient Rome, 89. in Germany, 90. of beer with salt, in England, 249. of spirits with water, in England, 250.
Agreement to hold ales, 135.
Agromanyus (Ahriman) drunkenness supposed to be the work of, 50.
Alcohol, first obtained by Villeneuve, 159. table of percentage in various intoxicating drinks, 160.
Ales, agreement to hold, 135. “bid,” 134, 136. “bride,” 134. “church,” 134, 136. “clerk,” 136. held in churches, 135. forbidden to be held in churches, 137. “help,” 134. Whitsun and Easter, 134.
Ale-wives of mediæval England, 139.
Alexis, on cabbage as an antidote to drunkenness, 75.
Alison on drunkenness amongst savages, 10. on former drunkenness in Sweden, 196.
America, South, study of drunken habits in, 201, 202. United States of, 205-227, (see “United States.”)
Americans, drinking habits of, 205-227.
_Amphoræ_, ancient Roman wine-holders, 88.
Anglo-Norman, politeness, 125. fabliaux, 126. wood carvings, 126. knights, stories of drinking amongst, 126, 127. drinking, William of Malmesbury on, 128. ladies, drinking etiquette for, 129. ecclesiastics, luxury of, 130.
Anglo-Saxon intemperance, 119. mode of pledging, 120. feasts, 121. music, 121. legends, 122. women, intemperance amongst, 122. taverns, 122. clergy, 122. monasteries, drinking in, 123. nunneries, irregularities in, 124. drinking, William of Malmesbury on, 128.
“Announcement about drunkenness”, the, an ancient Chinese edict, 19-21.
_Annus mirabilis_ of drink, the, (1736), 161.
Anstie, Dr., on dram-drinking amongst women, 173. on moderate drinking, 238.
Apes, taste for drink in, 2, 3.
_Apothecæ_, Roman apartments for storing wine, 88.
Arch, Joseph, on improved habits of agricultural labourers, 187.
Archbishops, drinking at installations of, 137.
Aristocracy, drinking habits of Roman, 99. mediæval German, 105-111. English, of the present day, 171, 172.
Arnold, Arthur, on Mussulman intemperance, 55, 56.
Arrack, of modern India, 43. Persia, 55.
Aryans, “Soma,” drink and sacrifice of the, 35. their belief in the drinking propensities of their gods, 35. drunkenness of their priests, 39. the laity, “Sura” and other drinks used by, 39. drunkenness of, 40.
_Asclepias_, a creeper used for making “Soma,” 36.
Asylums, inebriate in the United States, 227.
Athenæus, authorities quoted from, 75 (verses), 82 (verses), 83 (verses), 91, 92, 94 (verses). Egyptian wines named by, 74. on Egyptian intemperance, 75.
Atlantic Monthly, the, on inebriate asylums, 227, 228.
B
Bakers, improved drinking habits of, 184. changes in drinking habits produced by machinery, 184.
Ballot, decrease of drunkenness through the, 173.
Bands of Hope, a remedy for drunkenness, 245.
_Banga_, An ancient Persian drink, 51.
Bangor (Maine), state of the drink question in, 220.
Barley, its early use in making an intoxicating drink, 11, 12. its early use in making “Sura,” 39. its use in Egypt, 73, 74. its use by the ancient Germans, 103.
_Bassia Latifolia_, used in an intoxicating drink of ancient India, 41.
Beer, of ancient Egypt, 74. of ancient Germans, 103. various kinds of, in mediæval Germany, 108 and _note_. Erfurt, praised by Rudolph of Hapsburg, 111. table of alcoholic strength of, 160. light, considered a temperance drink by Committee on Maine Law in Massachusetts, 222. adulterated with salt in England, 249.
_Bengueh_, a drink of mediæval Persia, 54.
Beni-Hassan, monuments of, 73.
Benson, Bishop, on drunkenness and crimes in the eighteenth century, 164.
Bhang, or Bang, a narcotic drug of modern India, 44.
Bid-ales, 134, 136.
Bloxam on alcoholic strength of liquors, 159.
Boiler-makers, improved drinking habits of the, 183.
Bolag, the Gothenburg, 198.
Bond, Major, his statistics of intemperance in Birmingham, 179. on treatment of “quiet drunkards,” 180.
Boston (Massachusetts), drinking in, 210. establishment of antidotes to intemperance in, 210. failure of Maine Law in, 220, _note_, and 221. regulated licensing in, 222. inebriate asylum in, 227.
Boswell, Sir Alex., on Scotch drinking in the eighteenth century, 166.
Bouza, a Nubian drink, 4.
Brahmans, sacred hymns of, 34. intemperance of, 35-39. drinks forbidden to the, 41. punishments of, for drunkenness, 42.
Brehm, on the drinking propensities of certain apes, 3.
Bride-ales, 134.
Bridgett, Rev. T. E., on penalties for drunkenness amongst mediæval priests, 114, 120. apology for drunkenness of Anglo-Saxon Monks, 123. on an agreement to hold “ales,” 135. on drinking amongst monks of the Middle Ages, 140. on canons against drunkenness amongst priests, 148. an old poem, quoted, on drinks of all nations, 166.
Brooke, on Roundheads and Cavaliers, 150.
Buckingham, J. S., on former crime and pauperism in the United States, 206. on the ill-treatment of Red Indians in the United States, 207.
Buddhism, and total abstinence, 27, 28. and mendicancy, 28.
Burns, Rev. D., statistics quoted, 160, 182, 183, 197. on temperance societies, 240, 241.
C
Cabbage, a supposed antidote to drunkenness, 75.
_Calix_, a Roman drinking-vessel, 91.
Caine, W. S., account of his visit to Portland (Maine), 219. a temperance meeting in Bangor (Maine), 220. Boston under “prohibition,” 220, _note_. his views on American liquor legislation, 219, 220 and _note_.
California, crimes in, 211. “The Alta” quoted, 211.
Campanius, Antonius, reports the state of drunkenness in mediæval Germany to the Pope, 112.
_Cannabis sativa_ (the hemp plant), where used, 45, 51.
Canvass of working men concerning restriction of hours of drink in Liverpool, 187.
Carnegie on former Swedish intemperance, 195, 196. on Swedish licensing, 198.
Casks, enormous, of Germany, 113. worth more than the wine (sixteenth century), 113.
Causes of drunkenness considered, 229-239, 257.
_Cella vinaria_, ancient Roman apartments for fermenting wine, 88.
Cellarer, duties of the, 131. court and prison of, at St. Edmundsbury, 131. Jocell, the, ordered to drink only water, 131.
Charlemagne, his sobriety, 105. his temperance legislation, 105.
Chatham (Co. Morris, U.S.A.), effective suppression of taverns in, 217.
China, hard drinking in ancient, 17. capital punishment for drunkenness in ancient, 21, 22. deplorable condition of ancient, 22. intoxicating drinks in modern, 29. taverns in modern, 30. dinner parties in modern, 31-32. opium smoking in modern, 32.
Chinese, sobriety of modern, 32.
Christ, Jesus, his views concerning wine, 66. the miracle of the conversion of water into wine considered from a temperance point of view, 67.
Christianity, vineyards introduced into Western Europe along with, 103.
Church-ales, 134, 136. held in churches, 135. forbidden in churches, 137.
Church of England temperance societies, 244.
Cider truck, the, 188.
Claret, influence of increased importation on intemperance, 182, 183.
Clerk-ales, 136.
Clarke, J., on improved habits of millers, 185.
Clark, Alexander, on improved habits of operatives, 186.
Clerics, character of the mediæval, 145.
Climate not a permanent cause of drunkenness, 229, 230, 257.
Clubs, the “Mermaid,” the first founded, 155. eminent men who frequented, 155-157. Johnson’s passion for, 156. the “Turk’s Head,” 156. “Button’s,” 156. “Crown and Anchor,” 157. “Bird Fanciers,” 157. “Thieves,” 157. “Lying Club,” 157. “Bold Bucks,” 157. modern, wine consumed in, 158. workmen’s social, an antidote to drunkenness, 243.
Cocoa rooms and social clubs, 243. need of improvement in some, 243.
Coffee-houses, first established in Germany, 115, _note_. England, 115. attempt to suppress, by the Puritans, 156. Royalists under Charles II., 156.
Coldingham, irregularities of nuns of, 124.
Confucius, personal habits of, 17. on excess in drinking, 18.
Crawford on antiquity of drinking in the human race, 14, _note_.
Crimes caused by drinking amongst savages, 4, 5. “Sura” in ancient India, 40. and drunkenness in ancient Rome, 98-100. Germany, 103-111. of Anglo-Saxons, 121, 122. of monastic orders, 124, 144. in mediæval England, 128. committed in mediæval taverns, 139. sanctioned by friars, 145. and drunkenness in the eighteenth century, 158. increase of, from introduction of spirits, 160-165. in the metropolis, eighteenth century, 161-164. English gin-shops the chief cause of the worst, 191. in the United States formerly arising from drink, 206. comparative absence of in connection with drunkenness, 210, 211.
Cyrus intoxicates and defeats an enemy’s army, 52.
D
Danes, the intemperance of ancient, 125.
Darwin, C., on drinking propensity of certain apes, 2, 3.
_Datura stramonium_, used in India and England, 44.
Davis, Judge, on breaches of the Maine Law, 221. valuable results of the Maine Law, 222.
Death, punishment of, for drunkenness in ancient China, 21, 22. “the Court of,” poem by Gay, 167.
Delirium tremens amongst modern Mohammedans in Persia, &c., 55. in ancient Rome, 99.
Dilke, Sir C. W., on drunkenness in Virginia City (Nevada), 218.
Dinners in modern China, 31, 32. carrying men home drunk from, in ancient Egypt, 73. in ancient Rome, 93. Anglo-Saxon, 121. at St. Edmundsbury, 127. Anglo-Norman, 128.
Dinner, a prior’s, 130. Lord Mayor’s in 1663, 153. wine drunk at, in 1782, 153. wine drunk in the present day, 154. little drinking after, in England, 172. no drinking at, in the United States, 212.
Dionysius of Sinope, his catalogue of drinking vessels, 92.
Dionysius (Bacchus), the supposed inventor of wine, 78. Saturnalia of, 79.
Doctrinal des filles, the, a book of etiquette for mediæval English ladies, 138.
_Dolia_, ancient Roman wine-holders, 88.
Doolittle, Rev. J., on Chinese drinking customs, 31.
Doran, Dr., on drinking in the Indian Army (verses), 48. account of early English clubs, 156, 157.
Dram-drinking in Sweden, 196-200.
Drinking “_ad unguem_,” 109.
Drinking habits (see “Drunkenness”). of ancient Chinese, 16, 17, 23-26. moderate, of Confucius, 16. of modern Chinese, 29, 30. supposed, of Aryan divinities, 35. of Aryan laity, 40. of ancient Persians, 50-52. Hebrews, 61. Greeks, 81. Romans, 83 _et seq._ Germans, 103. of mediæval Germany, 105 _et seq._ of modern Germany, 117. of Anglo-Saxons, 121 _et seq._ of Anglo-Normans, 128 _et seq._ of mediæval England, 134 _et seq._ of monastic orders, 140 _et seq._ after the Reformation, 147. of the English aristocracy to-day, 171, 172. of the English middle classes to-day, 173. English ladies, 173. the lowest classes, 177 _et seq._ English working classes, 177 _et seq._ Swedes, 194 _et seq._ races on the River Plate, 201 _et seq._ United States, 204 _et seq._
Drinking vessels, horns and gourds the first, 24. of ancient Greece and Rome, 91, 92. of ancient Germany, 113. presented to brides in Germany, 113. Anglo-Saxon, 119, 121. given to monasteries, 119. in monasteries, 142.
Drunkards, various modes of treating, 178-181. Bond on quiet, 180. seldom seen in the streets in America, 215, 216. relatives of, have right of action against liquor sellers in America, 216, 217. damage caused by, in America, recoverable from liquor sellers, 217. reformed, paraded at a temperance meeting at Bangor (Maine), 220.
Drunkenness, inheritability of, 2. in certain apes, 3. amongst savages in Africa, 4, 5. Malay Archipelago, 5. Alison, on savage and civilised, 10. of Lapps at Tromsoe, 10. “The Announcement about,” an ancient Chinese edict, 19-22. of Brahmans, how punished, 42. at modern Indian festivals, 45, 46. suppression of, by Mahomet, 53. the supposed work of Agromanyus, 50. of ancient Persians, 51. partial, of modern Persians, 55. of wandering tribes in Persia, 55. early mention of, in Scripture, 64. amongst the ancient Hebrews, 65, 66. St. Paul’s denunciation of, 68. of ancient Egyptians, 73. cabbage believed to be an antidote to, 75. in the heroic age, 80. of the Lacedæmonians, 81. Eubulus on, 82. Epicharmus on, 83. in ancient Rome, 86, 87. at Roman feasts, 96-98. crimes resulting from, in imperial Rome, 98, 99. of eminent Romans, 99. of the plebeians in imperial Rome, 100. and the fall of the Roman empire, 101. ancient German, 102, 103. edicts against, by Charlemagne and Frederick III., 105. Karl IV., 105. German, in the Middle Ages, 107-112. amongst women, 109, 111. of monastic orders in mediæval Germany, 113, 114. punishment of, in mediæval Germany, 114. decline of, in Germany, 115 _et seq._ amongst the Anglo-Saxons, 119-121, 128. clergy, 124. of the Danes, 125. of Norman knights, 126, 127. Anglo-Normans, 129, 130. in monasteries, 131, 141-144. in mediæval England, 138, 139. amongst nuns, 144. of friars and clerics, 145. of the cavaliers, 151. in the eighteenth century in England, 158, 160 _et seq._ increase of, in the eighteenth century in England from the introduction of spirits, 160. frightful, in the early part of the eighteenth century, 161. Bishop Benson on the, of the eighteenth century, 164. Scotch and Irish, of the eighteenth century, 166, 167. in England at the present time, 169 _et seq._ origin of English, 169. in English seaports, 170. in the lowest classes in England, 170, 174-5. lower middle-classes, 173. in Liverpool, 170, 175. controversy concerning increase of, 175 _et seq._ arrests for, in London, 177, 247. in Liverpool, 178, 247. in Birmingham, 179. apparent increase of, in large towns, from figures, 177-179. probable decrease of, 177-181. decrease of, from Mr. Gladstone’s fiscal measures, 182, 183. fostered by old trade customs, 183. diminished by reformed trade customs, 183-186. improved feeling of working classes concerning, 186, 187. probable increase of, in prosperous times, 189. multiplication of gin-palaces, the chief cause of, 190. in Liverpool, graphically described, 191. and insanity, 191. probable general decrease of, 192. excessive, in Sweden this century, 195. diminution of, through the licensing system, 199. amongst the half castes and Indians of the States of the Plate, 202, 203. in the remote States of North America, 209. in New York, 210. in Nevada, 218. in Bangor (Maine), 220. canons of, propounded by superintendent of inebriate asylum, 228. causes of, 229-239. not attributable to climate, 229, 257. fostered by medicinal use of alcohol, 231. arises chiefly from passion for drink, 234. effects of, attractive to many, 235-237. various antidotes to, 239-256, 262. fostered by the policy of the Tory party in England, 245, 249. discountenanced by the Liberal party, 251. probable effect of permissive legislation upon, 255, 256. not the concomitant of high civilisation, 257, 260. diminished by civilisation, 260.
Dunstan, abbot of Glastonbury, his monastic regulations, 125.
E
Edinburgh, the High Street of, in the eighteenth century, described, 166.
Education, cure for drunkenness in Germany, 116. effects of in Scotland, 182. in England, 193. in the United States, 206. of the young, cure for drunkenness in England, 245. its influence on repressive legislation, 263.
Egyptians, early notices of wine amongst the, 72, 73. drinking habits of the ancient, 73-76.
Elephant, the, an enormous Roman drinking vessel (verses), 92.
Elizabeth, Queen, helps to suppress “ales,” 136.
Eminent men of imperial Rome who were drunkards, 99. who frequented clubs in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, 155-157.
England in Anglo-Saxon times, 118-125. in Danish times, 125. in Anglo-Norman, 125-130. mediæval, drinking in monasteries of, 131, 132. drinks of, 132, 133. “ales” and merry makings of, 134-136. suppression of ales in, 137. clergy of, their intemperance, 137, 139, 140. etiquette for ladies of, 138. taverns of, 139. tapsters and alewives of, 139. inns of, 122, 141. monasteries of, 141. inquiry into monasteries of, 143, 144. inquiry into nunneries of, 144. court of, under the Stuarts, 149, 150. under the Commonwealth, 151. under Charles II., 151. in the eighteenth century, 154 _et seq._ coffee-houses opened in, 155. improvement in upper and middle classes of, this century, 168. drinking habits of, in the present day, 169 _et seq._ probable decrease of intemperance in, 192. temperance societies in, 241-244. indirect aids to temperance in, 243-245. liquor legislation in, 245-256. the publicans and their relations with political parties in, 247-251.
Epicharmus, a Greek comedy writer, on hard drinking (verses), 82.
Epitaph, a publican’s, 214.
Esquiros, Alphonse, on wine consumed in English clubs, 158. on English gin-palaces, 190.
Eubulus, a comedy writer, on cabbage an antidote to drunkenness (verses), 75. on hard drinking, 82.
Eucharist, the, probable origin of, in the Vedic age, 36.
Evelyn, John, his anecdote of William of Orange, 152.
F
Farm Labourers, improved habits of, 187, 188 and _note_. probable effect of enfranchisement on, 188.
“Footings” formerly spent in drink, 183.
Fosbrooke, on irregularities of nunneries, 124. on eating and drinking customs of monks, 130-132. satires on monastic drunkenness (verses) 143, (verses) 145. on friars and clerics, 145.
Framjee, Dosabhoy, on the modern Parsees, 57.
Fraser on the saturnalia of modern India, 45. Persian drinking customs, 54.
Friars, character of, 145.
G
Gay’s “Court of Death,” 168.
Germany, ancient, drinks of, 102, 104. ancient, intemperance in, 102, 103. effects of drinking, 104. mediæval, laws against drunkenness in, 105. temperance societies of, 106. students’ drinking songs, 107. drinking code of, 107, 110. universality of drunkenness in, 112. introduction of tea, coffee, and chocolate into, 115. modern, sobriety in, 117.
Gibbon on drunkenness in imperial Rome, 100.
Giles on modern Chinese drinking customs, 31, 32.
Gin Act, the, 161, 162. failure and results of, 163. repealed, 162, 163.
Giraldus Cambrensis, his account of a prior’s dinner, 130. the Irish clergy, 130.
Gladstone, Right Hon. W. E., effects of his fiscal legislation on intemperance, 182. on heroic remedies for drunkenness, 244.
Glasgow, causes of drunkenness in, 170. reputed to be the most drunken town in Britain, 174.
Gloucester (Massachusetts), bitters said to be advertised in cemetery in, 214.
Gothenburg, licensing system in, 199. causes of intemperance in, 199. taverns in, 199.
Greece, supposed origin of wine in, 78. wines of, 89.
Greig, Major, Liverpool statistics of intemperance by, 178.
Gull, Sir W., on drinking habits of upper classes, 171.
H
Hallam on the immoralities of mediæval monasteries, 144.
Hardy on Buddhist total abstinence, 28.
Hashish, various names of, 51.
Haug on the Vedic Soma sacrifice, 36. on the sacrifices of the modern Parsees, 50.
Healths, French views concerning the drinking of, in the seventeenth century, 154.
Hebrews, various intoxicating drinks of, 59, 64. drunkenness amongst the, 65. sobriety of modern, 70, 71.
Help-ales, 134.
Henderson, Colonel, statistics of Metropolitan Police, 178.
Henry VIII., dissoluteness of his court, 149. makes a German envoy drunk, 149.
Herodotus on palm wine, 11. on drinking habits of ancient Persians, 51, 52.
Herodotus denies existence of grapes in ancient Egypt, 73.
Hogarth, his pictures of debauchery, 167.
_Homa_, drink of ancient Persians, 50.
Home Office, reception of publicans and ministers of religion compared, 250.
Homer, mention of wine by, 79, 80.
Honey, fermented drink from (mead), made by the Romans, 90. ancient Germans, 104, and _note_ 3. English in Middle Ages, 132, 133.
Horns and gourds, the first drinking vessels, 24.
Hospital, temperance, 233.
Hospitaller (guest-master), duties of, 141.
Hospitality of mediæval Germany, 104. Anglo-Saxons, 122. mediæval monasteries, 140. mistaken, in Ireland last century, 167.
_Hura_, an ancient Persian drink, 50.
Hydromeli, Roman, 90.
I
India, drinking in, in the Middle Ages, 43. native arrack of, 43. sobriety of natives of, 43, 44, 46. saturnalia of modern, 44, 45. indifference of Englishmen to welfare of, 47. former drunkenness in the English army of, 47, 48.
Indians, drinking amongst North American, 8, 207. of the River Plate, drunkenness of, 202. corruption of North American, by whites, 207. present condition of American, 208.
Indra, supposed drinking habits of the god, 35, 37, 38, 39.
Insanity and drunkenness, 191.
Installations of bishops, drinking at, 137.
Instinct for drink, Richardson on, 2. in children, 2, 3. in domesticated and feral animals, 2. Darwin on, 2. conclusions concerning, 11, 234, 257.
Intoxicating drinks of Africa, 4-7. of Tartary, 15. of ancient China, 19, 23, 25. of modern China, 29-31. of the Aryans (Soma), 36. (Sura), 39. (other drinks), 41, 42. of modern India, 43, 44. forbidden by Mahomet, 53. of the ancient Persians (Homa and Hura), 50, 51. of the Koran, 53. of mediæval Persia, 54. of the ancient Hebrews, 61. and religion, 69. of the ancient Egyptians, 72, 73. of ancient Rome and Greece, 78, 86, 87, 89, 90. of ancient Germany, 103. of mediæval Germany, 108. of mediæval England, 132, 133. European, alcoholic table of, 160. of various nations (verses on), 166. of the Argentine Republic, Caña, one of the, 202. native, of the Indians of the River Plate, and South Sea Islands, 203. preparation of Cava, an, 203. of the United States, 205, 213. in the United States, not to be obtained in certain places, 209. not often seen on dinner tables, 212. not often used in families, 214. restrictions on sale of, in Maine, 216. New Hampshire, 217. Massachusetts, 217. New Jersey, 217. other States, 217, 218. no restrictions on sale of, in Nevada, 218. secretly sold at Portland, Maine, 219. used as a medicine in ancient Rome, 84, 86. opinions concerning their use as a medicine in modern times, 231, 232. in surgery, 233. enjoyable nature of some, 234. nauseating character of other, 235. love of, in all ages, 234-237.
Iron-moulders, changed habits of, 185.
J
James I., licentiousness of the court of, 149, 150.
Jeaffreson, J. C., on holding “ales” in churches, 135. on the attitude of the church towards drinking, 148. on drinking amongst the Irish clergy last century, 167.
Jehovah, sacrifices of wine to, 62.
Jesus Christ not a total abstainer, 66. sanctions the use of wine, 67. conversion of water into wine, 67.
John the Baptist, a total abstainer, 66.
Johnson, Dr. Samuel, his love of clubs, 156.
Jongleurs, Anglo-Norman, 128, 129.
_Jus Potandi_, a professed drinking code of mediæval Germany, 106-110. Beers, named in, 108.
K
Kerr, on sobriety of Hindoos, 44.
Kiss, the Anglo-Saxon mode of pledging, 120.
Klemm on Persian drinking habits, 54. on the introduction of the vine into Germany, 103, 104. on the edicts of Charlemagne and others, 105, and _notes_.
Knight, R., on improved habits of boiler-makers, 184.
_Kokemaar_, a mediæval Persian drink, 54.
Koom, a temperance city in Persia, 55.
_Koomiss_, a Tartar drink made from mare’s milk, 5.
Koran, interdiction of wine in the, 53. apparent sanction of wine in the, 53.
L
Lacedæmonians, total abstinence of early, 81. subsequent intemperance of, 81.
Lake, dwellings, account of the, 12, 14. grapes and other fruits traced in the, 14.
Lawson, Sir Wilfrid, his Permissive Bill, 252. his Permissive Bill commended, 256.
Lecky, on eminent drunkards in the eighteenth century, 158, _note_. on English drunkenness in the eighteenth century, 161. on Irish drunkenness in the eighteenth century, 167. on the origin of English drunkenness, 169.
Legge, Rev. J., his “Chinese Classics,” quoted, 19-22. his _She-King_, quoted, 19, 23, 26.
Legislation, liquor, in Sweden, 198, 199. the United States, 215-227. England, 246-249.
Liberal Party, leaders of the, support temperance reform, 251. the drink policy of, 251, 252.
_Liberalia_, ancient feasts of Bacchus, 79.
Liberals, the mistaken policy of certain, in regard to unrestricted licensing, 251, 252.
Licensing Act of 1872, 246, 248. tampered with, by Tories, 246, 247.
Lindley, on the “cava” plant, and its effects, 203.
Lingard, quoted concerning licentiousness of court of James I., 149, 150.
Liverpool, causes of drunkenness in, 170. tables of arrests for drunkenness, 174, 247. opinion of Chief Constable and of Rev. J. Nugent on drunkenness, 175. temperance work of Rev. J. Nugent in, 242. canvass of working men in, 187. _Daily Post’s_ graphic account of drunken scene in, 191. operation of the Licensing Act 1872 in, 247.
Livingstone, Dr., on drunkenness in Africa, 4.
London, lawless state of streets in, in eighteenth century, 157. frightful debauchery in, in 1736, 161. dangerous state of suburbs from drunkenness, 161-164. police statistics of drunkenness in, 177. operations of Licensing Act 1872 in, 247.
Lord’s Committee on intemperance, quoted, 172, 173, _note_, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 188, 195, 196, 198, 199, 219, 223, 227, 242, 248.
Lord Mayor, Charles II. and the intoxicated, 152. banquet of, described by Pepys, 153. 1782, wines consumed at, 153.
Lot, intoxication of, 64.
Louisville, Kentucky, drunkards not seen in streets of, 215.
Lowest classes in modern India, drunkenness of, 44. in imperial Rome, drunkenness of, 100. in England, drunkenness of, 173 _et seq._
_Lütertrank_, a mediæval German drink, 113.
M
Macaulay, on Cavaliers and Roundheads, 150.
M’Carthy, Justin, on absence of drink at table in U.S.A., 212. his account of failure of Maine Law in Portland, 219. his belief that the Maine Law checks drunkenness, 225. his account of hotel-keeper’s strike at Rutland (Maine), 225.
Macfarlane and Thomson on drunkenness in the eighteenth century, 161.
Macrae, H., on the classes who drink at bars in the United States of America, 212, 213. advertising bitters in U.S.A., 214. amusing account of devices of drink-sellers to evade Maine Law, 226.
Maine Liquor Law, the, 216. failure of, according to M’Carthy, 219. failure of, according to Caine, 219. failure of, according to British Consul at Portland, 219. partial failure of, according to Judge Davis, 221. opposition to, in Massachusetts, 221. report against, in Massachusetts, 221. failure and repeal of, in Massachusetts, 222. beneficial results of, in Maine, 224, 225. ludicrous evasions of, 226.
Mahomet, his laws concerning drink, 53.
Malmesbury, William of, compares Anglo-Saxons and Normans, 128.
Manu, institutes of, on drunkenness, 39-41.
Markham, Captain, on present condition of Red Indians, 208.
Massachusetts, regulated licensing in, 217. opposition to, failure and repeal of Maine Law in, 221, 222. address of Governor Rice on liquor legislation in, 223, 224.
Medicine, alcohol as a, in ancient Rome, 86, 91. modern views concerning, 230, 232 and _note_.
Mencius, on drinking and gambling in ancient China, 18.
Middle classes, drinking habits of English, 172, 173. of Swedish, early this century, 195. of Swedish, in the present day, 200. of the United States frequent drinking saloons, 212. spirit drinkers, 213.
Miller, on the medicinal use of alcohol, 232. effects of alcohol, 234.
Millers, improvement in the habits of, 185.
Mnesitheus, a Roman physician, recommended occasional hard drinking, 91.
Moderate drinking in Germany, 117. considered, 237. Anstie on, 238. the _Lancet_ on, 238.
Mohammedan, reform of drunkenness, 53. intemperance, partial, 53-56. sobriety, 56.
Monasteries, (see also, “Priests,” “Abbots,” &c.) drinking in, 131-133. hospitality of, 140. enquiry into the state of, 143, 144.
Morewood, his book, preface vii. viii. drinking amongst Red Indians, 8. Chinese liquor traffic, 30. Indian liquor traffic, 43. Turkish liquor traffic, 53. on Persian mode of distilling brandy, 54. origin of distillation, 159. first importation of arrack into England, 159. Swedish intemperance in his day, 195-197. intemperance in his day in the United States, 204. temperance societies in the United States, 240.
Mulder, quoted, on first preparation of alcohol, 159. chemistry of intoxicating drinks, 159, _note_.
Müller, Max, on Aryan drinking habits, 37, _note_.
Museums, and art galleries, Sunday opening of, an antidote to drunkenness, 245.
_Mustum lixivium_, an ancient Roman wine, 87. _tortivum_, an ancient Roman wine, 88.
N
Nazarites, the, total abstainers during noviciate, 63.
New Hampshire, liquor laws of, 217. drinking saloons of, declared to be common nuisances, 217.
New Jersey, liquor laws of, 217.
New York, contest in, between authorities and liquor sellers, 209. _Herald_, account of attempt to break into liquor saloon, 210. drunkenness and crime in, 212. inebriate asylum of, 227.
Newspapers, of United States, estimate of drinking from, 210, 211. license in United States, 211.
Noah, intoxication of, 64.
Nugent, Rev. James, his opinion concerning decrease of drunkenness in Liverpool, 175. on American temperance societies, 242. his temperance work in Liverpool, 242.
Nunneries, mediæval, drunkenness in, and inquiries into condition of, 144.
Nuns of Appleton, injunctions to, 144.
O
Odyssey, mention of wine in, 79, 80.
Opium smoking in China, 32. traffic in India and China, 47.
Orange, William of, anecdote of, 152.
Owen, on changed habits of iron-moulders, 185.
P
Palm Toddy, an Indian spirit, 44.
Palm wine, in Africa, 3, 4, 6. in the Malay Archipelago, 5. Herodotus mentions, 11. of the Aryans, 42. of ancient Persians, 52. of Mohammedans, 53.
_Panicum_, a grass used for making “sura” drink, 39.
Panyasis, a Greek comedy writer, on hard drinking (verses), 82.
Parliament, the “grog,” 246. Act of, 1872 in England, 246. and the Permissive Bill, 252-256.
Parsees, their temperance, 57. in Bombay, large number of liquor sellers amongst, 58.
Patterson, John, on Liverpool publicans, 223, _note_.
Permissive Bill in Sweden, 199. in New Jersey and other States, 217. Sir W. Lawson’s, considered, 252. probable modifications of, 255. commended, 256. legislation, Governor Price (Massachusetts), on, 223. successful in the United States, 224. probable future of, in England, 252.
Persia, drinks and drinking customs of ancient, 50-52. of modern, 54-56.
Petersen, J. W., on ancient German drinking habits, 103. on the introduction of non-alcoholic drinks into Germany, 116. his story of Henry VIII. making an envoy drunk, 149.
Petronius quoted in account of Roman feast (verses), 93, 94.
Philadelphia, proposal to allow drawback on spirits exported from, 210, 211. inebriate asylum at, 227.
Picnic, origin of, 138, 139.
Plate, States of the, drinking habits of civilised people of, 202. of half-castes of, 202. of Indians of, 203.
Pliny the elder on Egyptian drinking habits, 73. on Roman drinking habits, 83. anecdotes of drinking in ancient Rome, 84. on scarcity of wine in ancient Rome, 85. on vine-culture in ancient Rome, 85. on wine manufacture in ancient Rome, 87. on varieties of wine in ancient Rome, 89. on effects of wine, 90, 98, 99. on medicinal use of wine, 91. on drunkenness in ancient Rome, 99. on delirium tremens in ancient Rome, 99. on ancient German drinking habits, 102.
Plunkett, Archbishop, on intemperance of Irish priests last century, 166-167.
Police, increased activity of, in large towns, 177, 179. arrests not uniform, 180.
Police statistics, misleading character of, 177. of drunkenness in London, 177, 247. in Liverpool, 178, 247. in Birmingham, 179.
Politics and drink, 173.
Politics and publicans, 192.
Polyphemus made drunk by Ulysses, 80.
Pomegranates used for making an ancient Hebrew drink, 64.
Portland (Maine), ease with which liquor can be procured in, 219.
Priests, abstinence of Buddhist, 27, 28. sanction of drinking by Brahmin, 37. drinking by Brahmin, 39, 40. punishment (later) of Brahmin, for intoxication, 41, 42. Hebrew, forbidden to drink during sacrifice, 62. tithes paid to, in wine, 63. sayings of, concerning wine, 64. Roman, used wine in the sacrifices, 85. German, forbidden to offer wine to penitents, 105. intemperance of, 113, 114. punishment of, for intemperance, 114. mediæval English, said to have been the corrupters of domestic virtue, 119. mediæval English, intemperance of, 120, 123, 124, 141, 142, 143. Irish, intemperance of, 130. mediæval, irregularities of, 131, 144. modern Catholic, exertions of, in favour of temperance, 242.
Prioress of Rumsey, a notorious drunkard, 145.
Pritchard, on changed habits of ropemakers, 185.
Prohibitory liquor laws of the United States, pamphlet quoted, 208, 209, 211, 216, 217, 218. failure of, to suppress the sale, 218-221. good, which has resulted from, 221-225.
Prosperity, and increased intemperance, 189.
_Protrupum_, an ancient Roman wine, 87.
Public opinion, support of, to prohibition, in America, 225. influenced, for corruption and intemperance by leaders, 260, 261. enlisted in all ages by drinking reformers, 260-263. the greatest reforming agency, 263. duty of Englishmen, in regard to, 263.
Publicans, false position of, in England, 191, 192, 215. alliance of, with Tory party, 192. political influence, of, 192. beaten in New York, 209. in the United States, status of, 215. regarded as the chief law-breakers, 216. right of action against, by relatives of drunkards, 216. liability for damage done by drunkards, 217. action of, under prohibition, 219, 221, 225. denounced at a temperance meeting at Bangor (Maine), 220. reception of deputation at Home Office, compared with that of clergy, 249, 250.
Puritans, their sober demeanour and conduct, 151. their reforms, 151. suppress Christmas festivities, 151. reaction against extreme measures of, 151. attempt to suppress coffee-houses, 156. the modern Nonconformists carrying out their drinking reforms, 243.
R
Rabbins, their rules concerning wine, 62, 63. sayings of, concerning wine, 64.
Rechabites, the, total abstainers, 63.
Reformation, its influence upon intemperance, 118, 136. state of the English court before, 149.
Restoration of Charles II., favoured by Puritan repressive measures, 151. dissolute state of court, after, 151.
_Rhyton_, an ancient Roman drinking vessel, 91.
Rice, spirit distilled from, in China, 29. India, 44. Governor, on the liquor legislation of Massachusetts, 223, 224.
Richardson, Pelham, on temperance of Hindoos, 44. W. B., (Dr.) denies existence of instinct for drink, 1. on inheritability of desire for drink, 2.
_Rig-Veda_, sacred book of the Brahmans, 34. accounts of Soma drinking on, 37-40.
Ritchie, on improved habits of bakers, 184. Rev. W., on Scripture controversy concerning wine, 60, 61.
Robinson, W. B., (chief constructor), on morning drinking among workmen, 248, _note_.
Rome, early mention of wine, in ancient, 83. anecdotes of drinking amongst women in, 84. the Posthumian law of, 84. scarcity of wine in early, 85. wine offered to the gods in, 85. various wines drunk in, 86. luxury of later, 86, 87. manufacture of wine in, 87. drinking vessels of ancient, 91. symposia of ancient, 93. account of a feast in ancient, 93-97. surprises at feasts in ancient, 96. fearful drunkenness in imperial, 99. debauchery of lower classes in imperial, 100. connection between drunkenness and fall of, 100, 101.
Ropemakers, improved habits of, 185.
Rose, George (Arthur Sketchley), “The Great Country,” quoted, 227, 228.
Rousselet on saturnalia in modern India, 45.
Royalists, dissolute character of (Charles I. and II.), 150.
Rudolph of Hapsburg, anecdote of, 111.
Rumsey, the Prioress of, a notorious drunkard, 145.
Rutland (Vermont), strike of hotel-keepers in, 225.
S
Sachs, Hans, on German drinking tournaments, 108.
Sampson, Abbot of Glastonbury, account of, 127, 128, 131, 141.
Saturnalia, of modern India, 45. ancient Rome, 78. modern England, 191.
Savages, drink and drunkenness amongst, 4. of Africa, Livingstone on, 4. Schweinfurth on, 6. of Malay Archipelago, Wallace on, 5. improvidence of, 7. of Africa, orgies amongst, 7. of North America, 8, 207. Crawford on the discovery of intoxicating drinks by, 14, _note_. of Persia, drunkenness of wandering, 55. of the States of the Plate, drink and habits of, 202. of the South Sea Islands, drink and habits of, 203.
Savory, W. S., on the use of alcohol in surgery, 232.
Schliemann, Dr., drinking vessels discovered by, 81.
Schlossar, Dr., on planting of vineyards by monks in Germany, 104. on various kinds of beer in mediæval Germany, 108, _note_. on drinking amongst women in mediæval Germany, 109, _note_ 3, and 112. on excessive drinking in mediæval Germany, 111, _note_.
Schweinfurth on drunkenness in Africa, 6, 7.
Scott, Sir W., on Roundheads and Cavaliers, 150.
Scripture (see also Hebrews, Rabbins, Talmud, Schechar, Yayin, Tirosh, &c.) controversy concerning wine, 59-62. lessons concerning drunkenness, 65, 66. commendation of total abstinence, 62, 63, 66, 68.
Seaports, English, chief causes of drunkenness in, 170.
Sheba, Queen of, represented by an intoxicated court lady (James I.), 149, 150.
_Schechar_, strong drink of ancient Hebrews, 59.
_She-King_, the book of ancient Chinese poetry, 19. pastorals and drinking songs in, 23-26.
_Shiraz_, a Persian wine, 54.
_Shoo-King_, the, or ancient Chinese history, 19. extracts from, 19-22.
Smith, Dr. Wm. (author of “Dictionary of the Bible”), on Scripture testimony concerning wine, 59, 60.
_Soma_ sacrifice, the, 35. drink, so-called, 36. drinking by Indra, 37, 38.
Spirits (see also Gin Act, intoxicating drinks, &c.), an ancient Chinese drink, so-called, 19-22. of modern China, 29. of modern India, 43, 44. drunk by Mussulmans in Persia, 55. distillation of, discovery doubtful, 159. first known in England, 159. extraction of pure, 159. first importation of, 159. table of alcoholic strength of, 160. increase of drunkenness from, in England, 160. decrease of drunkenness from, in consequence of raised duty in eighteenth century, 163. annual consumption of, considered, 181. fluctuations of drunkenness, how affected by duty, 181. early Swedish legislation concerning, 195. early use of, in the United States, 204. former price of, in the United States, 204. effect of, on Red Indians, 207, 208. drinking of, in the United States, 213. American legislation concerning, 217, 222. drunkenness, as compared with lighter drinks, 222. freely sold under the Maine Law, 224-226. adulteration of, with water, in England, 250.
St. David, his canons against monastic intemperance, 123.
St. Edmundsbury, anecdotes from the chronicles of, 127, 131.
St. Gildas the Wise, canons against monastic intemperance, 123.
St. Paul commends total abstinence, 68. deprecated forced total abstinence, 68. denies salvation to drunkards, 69.
Statistics often misleading, 177. of police arrests for drunkenness, 177, 179, 247. of fluctuations in duty on spirits, 181. of French and Spanish wines imported, 182, 183. of working men’s votes in favour of restricted hours of sale, 187. erroneous, concerning Swedish intemperance, 197. of police prosecutions of publicans, 247.
Statue formed of trunk of vine, 89.
Stockholm, drinking in, 200.
Stuarts, drunken revels of the court of the, 149.
Students, drinking songs of German (mediæval), 107. habits at German universities, 115.
_Sura_, intoxicating drink of Aryans, 39.
Sunday closing of public-houses, 187, 245. in Ireland, 249. in England, refusal of Home Secretary to introduce measure for, 250.
Surgery, Savory on use of alcohol in, 232, 233.
Sweden, drunkenness in, early this century, 195-197. multiplication of distilleries in, early this century, 196. erroneous statistics concerning drunkenness in, 197. first temperance society started in, 198. licensing system of, 198-200. success of licensing system of, 199. Permissive Bill in, 199.
_Symposia_, ancient Roman drinking parties, 93.
T
Table of alcoholic strength of various drinks, 160.
Tacitus on ancient German drinking habits, 103.
Talmud, the, on drinking and drunkenness, 62-64.
Taverns in modern China, 30. Anglo-Saxon, 122. Anglo-Norman, 130. mediæval English, 138, 139, 147. priests warned not to frequent, 139, 148. kept by priests of Middle Ages, 139. English clergymen since the Reformation, 140, _note_. the “Boar’s Head,” 140. monks frequented, 144. plea in favour of mediæval, 147, 148. mediæval, haunted by certain friars, 145. countenanced by the Roman Catholic Church, 147, 148. of the eighteenth century in England, 158, 165. Scotland, 166. Ireland, priests drinking in, 166. construction of modern, encourages drunkenness, 184, 190. kept at the present time by warehousemen and foremen, 185. attractions of, one of the chief causes of English drunkenness, 190. Esquiros on English, 190. needless multiplication of, 191. the cause of the worst crimes, 191. no appearance of, in Portland (Maine), 219.
Tavernier, on mediæval Persian drinking, 54.
Tea, introduction of, into England, 155.
_Temetum_, a Roman name for wine, 84.
Temperance of Mussulmans, 56. of Parsees, 57. of modern Jews, 70, 71. of Puritans, 150. enforced, of Puritans, 151. reaction against, under Charles II., 151. hospital, 233. action of, by Father Mathew, 241. in the United States, 242. in Liverpool by Father Nugent, 242. Roman Catholics generally, 242, 243. Nonconformists and Society of Friends, 243. Church of England, 244. Liberal leaders, 251.
Temperance societies of mediæval Germany, 106, 239. punishments inflicted by, 106. in Sweden, 198. in the United States, 205. of ladies in Bangor (Maine), 220. when first formed in U.S.A., 240. effects of, in U.S.A., 240. first formed in Great Britain, 241. changes in policy of, 241. Father Nugent on American, 242. Church of England, Duke of Westminster on, 244.
Temple, supported by trunks of vine, 89.
Thebes, monuments of, 73.
Tiberius, the emperor, a great toper, 99.
_Tirosh_, the must of the ancient Hebrews, 59.
Tomlins and Rokewode, Chronicles of St. Edmundsbury, 127, 131. on habits of mediæval monks, 131, 132.
Torquatus, “tricongius,” his drinking feat, 99.
Tory party, their alliance with the drink interest, 192, 245. tamper with the Licensing Act of 1872, 247, 248. their advocacy of the liquor trade, 248, 249. their opposition to Irish Sunday closing, 249. English Sunday closing, 250. their drink policy generally, 249, 250.
Trade customs, effects of, upon intemperance, 183.
Trades’ Hall in Liverpool maintained by unionists, 186.
Trades’ unions, and public-houses, 183-186. changed drinking habits of, 184-186. agricultural, and public-houses, 187.
Truck, the cider, 188.
Tully, Raymond, first prepares alcohol, 159.
U
Ulysses and Polyphemus, 80.
United States, former intemperance in, 204, 206. intoxicating drinks of, 205. slang-mixtures of, 205, 213. drinking at bars in, 205, 212, 213. early temperance societies of, 205. property of habitual drunkards in, how formerly dealt with, 205, 206. effects of former drunkenness in, 206. corruption by drink of Red Indians in, 207. energy of the, in suppressing intemperance, 208. first prohibitory law in, 208. drunkenness in remote States of, 209, 218. sobriety in New England States of, 209. comparative sobriety in large towns of, 209, 214. evidences of drunkenness in large towns of, 209. temperance unions in the, 220. evidences of intemperance in, 219. drunkenness in, not coupled with crime to the same extent as in England, 210-211. proposal to grant drawbacks on spirits exported from, 210-211. absence of alcoholic liquors from dinner tables in hotels of, 212. chief drinking, by foreigners in, 212. spirit drinking in, 213. passion for advertising in, 213. character and estimate of drinkers in, 215. drink sellers in, 215, 222, 223. absence of drunkards in the streets in, 215. liquor laws of, 216-218. partial failure of prohibitory laws and repeal in certain places in, 219-223. advantageous results of liquor legislation in, 224-226. inebriate asylums in, 227.
Upas tree, the, of Marylebone Lane, by James Smith, 165.
V
_Varuna_, the god, appealed to, to forgive drunkenness, 40.
Vermont, failure or prohibitory law in, 217.
Vines, supposed discovery of, by Bacchus, 12. in Egypt, 12. planting of, by Noah, 12. traces of, in Swiss lake dwellings of Stone Period, 14. of ancient Egypt, 73. absence of, in Egypt, alleged by Herodotus, 73. culture of, described by Pliny, 89. statue formed of trunk of, 89. temple supported by columns, consisting of trunks of, 89. various kinds of, in Greece and Rome, 89. first planted in Western Europe, 104. first introduced into the United States, 205.
Virginia City (Nevada), Artemus Ward’s account of, 218. Sir C. Dilke’s account of, 218.
W
Wallace, Alfred R., on drunkenness in the Malay Archipelago, 5.
Wages, high, influence intemperance, 189.
Ward, Artemus, on “treating” in Virginia City (Nevada), 218.
Waves of intemperance, 258-260.
Westminster, the Duke of, on temperance, 244.
Wilding, S. P., on drinking habits in the States of the Plate, 202, 203.
Wilkinson on ancient Egyptian monuments, 73.
Wine, palm, in Africa, 3, 4, 6. the Malay Archipelago, 5. Herodotus, 11. clubs in modern China, 30. of the Eucharist believed to originate with the _Soma_ sacrifice, 36. imported into ancient India, 42. of the ancient Hebrews, 59. controversy concerning, 59-61. offered to Jehovah, 62. Rabbinical regulations concerning, 62. compared to God’s word, 63. early mention of, in Egypt, 72, 73. names and description of ancient Egyptian, 74, 75. scarcity of, in early Roman times, 85. offered to the gods in Rome, 85. used as a medicine in Rome, 85. manufacture of, in Rome, 87, 88. names and descriptions of Roman and Greek, 86, 89, 90. adulteration of, in Rome, 89. made from honey, in Rome, 90. of Pucinum, supposed to favour longevity, 90. price of, in Rome, 91. parties in Rome, 93. cheap, in mediæval Germany, 113. drunk by monks, 130, 142, 143. names and descriptions of mediæval English, 133, 137. great quantities drunk at religious feasts, 137. at Lord Mayor banquets, 153, 154. alcoholic strength of various descriptions of, 160. in Irish taverns in the eighteenth century, 167. change from strong to light, in England, 182, 183. light, drunk in Buenos Ayres, 202. license for light, lower in Massachusetts than for strong, or spirits, 222. allowance of, recommended by Anstie, 238. the _Lancet_, 238.
Women, drinking amongst, in ancient Egypt, 73. ancient Rome, 84. mediæval Germany, 109, 111. mediæval England, 138. drunkenness amongst, in the Court of the Stuarts, 149, 150. drinking habits of, in England, 173. drunkenness amongst the lowest class of English, to-day, 174-175.
Wood carvings, Anglo-Norman, 126. mediæval English, 139.
Working classes (see also Trades’ Unions), Lord Aberdare on drinking habits of, 176. improvement in drinking habits of, 176, 189. in favour of early closing of public-houses, 187.
Wright, Thomas, on Anglo-Saxon drinking vessels, 119. habits, 120, 122. feasts and amusements, 121, Norman intemperance, 127. drinking amongst Anglo-Norman ladies, 129. low morals of mediæval English, 138. intemperance of mediæval monks, 142.
Y
Yayin, wine of ancient Hebrews, 59.
Z
_Zaŏtar_, the high priest of the ancient Persians, 50.
_Zend-Avesta_, drinks mentioned in, 50. drinking habits of ancient Persians recorded in, 50, 51.
Zoroaster and his writings, 50.
THE END.
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