Part 10

Similar game-boards have been also found in the Benedictine Cloisters of Westminster Abbey, Canterbury, Norwich and Durham, and in the secular Cloisters of Chichester and of Salisbury.

These are generally found in what must have been the Novices’ quarters. In some instances, however, they exist in places where they were probably made by the _builders_ of the walls or stairs, to play on during their leisure time. Examples of these latter have been discovered in Scarborough Castle and in Norwich Castle. An admirable example has been quite recently found by the writer of these Notes, on the stair of the South-Eastern turret of the S. Transept, Gloucester Cathedral.

There is little doubt but that in these game-boards we have reliques of the mediæval games of the fourteenth century and even of a yet earlier date. If careful search is made in Cloisters which have not been destroyed or restored, it is probable that other interesting examples will come to light.

A careful and exhaustive paper by Mr. Micklethwaite on these mediæval games will be found in the _Archæological Journal_, xlix.

S. PETRONILLA’S ALTAR

THE EARLIEST HISTORICAL DETAIL EXISTING IN CONNECTION WITH THE GLOUCESTER ABBEY

The earliest detail connected with the Abbey of Gloucester that we possess is connected with this once famous but now well-nigh forgotten Saint. In the _Historia Monasterii S. Petri Gloucestriæ_, a very ancient collection of documents belonging to the great Benedictine House put together by Abbot Froucester, _circa_ A.D. 1381, we find an entry which relates how Kyneburg, the sister of King Osric, who built the first Gloucester Church, after ruling the Religious House founded by her brother for twenty-nine years, was buried BEFORE THE ALTAR OF S. PETRONILLA in the year of grace 710.

Another entry in the same _Historia_ tells us that Queen Eadburg, the widow of Wulphere, King of the Mercians, the second Abbess, A.D. 710 to A.D. 735, was buried by the side of Kyneburg _before S. Petronilla’s Altar_. King Osric himself, who built the first church and founded the religious House, and who died in A.D. 729, was also buried according to the same record “in ecclesia Sancti Petri coram altari sanctae Petronillae in aquilonari parte ejusdem Monasterii.”

Leland, the secretary of King Henry VIII, writing of his official visit to Gloucester after the suppression of the religious House, _circa_ A.D. 1540--sums up the immemorial tradition in the following words--“King Osric (the founder) first laye in S. Petronell’s Chapel of the Gloucester Abbey.”

Professor Freeman, the historian, comments on these various notes and entries as follows: “It is certain that there was a church of some kind, a predecessor, however humble, of the great Cathedral Church of Gloucester that now is, at least from the days of Osric (_circa_ A.D. 729). But more than that we cannot say, except that it contained an altar of S. Petronilla.”

Now who was this S. Petronilla who was thus intimately connected with our church in the earliest years of its existence?

We believe without any hesitation that she was the daughter of S. Peter, the Lord’s Apostle and follower. Modern scholarship, however, represented by Bishop Lightfoot of Durham, denies this, and asserts that the immemorial derivation of Petronilla from Petro (Petrus), is etymologically wrong, and that the name Petronilla is connected, not with Petro but with Petronius--the founder of the imperial Flavian family. Lightfoot then proceeds to suggest that Petronilla was a member of the Flavian House, and became an early convert to Christianity, and was subsequently buried with other members of the Flavian family in the Domitilla Cemetery, where her tomb was recently discovered by De Rossi, the Roman archæologist, to whose life-long labours we owe so much of the Catacomb lore which has excited so much interest in recent days.

Curiously enough, late Roman Catholic scholars and writers join hands here with Bishop Lightfoot in denying the paternity of the great Apostle, but on different grounds. Modern Roman Catholic theology shrinks from acknowledging that S. Peter had a daughter at all, preferring to believe that S. Peter was free from all family and home ties.

De Rossi, however, with other Italian scholars, sweeps away the etymological difficulty[30] pressed by Lightfoot, and while declining to give up the ancient “Petrine” tradition, maintains that Petronilla was a daughter, but simply a _spiritual_ daughter of the Apostle, in other words merely an ordinary convert of S. Peter. This curious explanation of what later theology felt was a difficulty seems to have been first suggested by Baronius.

The etymological difficulty pressed by Bishop Lightfoot and other scholars, and the more important doctrinal question which has perplexed the later Roman Catholic theologians, in no way seems to have weighed with scholars and divines in earlier times; this will be seen from a brief examination of the estimation in which S. Petronilla has been ever held.

As early as the closing years of the fourth century, Siricius, Bishop of Rome, A.D. 391-395, built the important Basilica lately discovered in the Domitilla cemetery or catacomb on the Via Ardeatina, but although the Basilica in question contained the historic tombs of the famous martyrs SS. Nereus and Achilles, as well as the remains of S. Petronilla, Siricius dedicated the Basilica in question to S. Petronilla. Surely the Bishop of Rome (Siricius) would never have dedicated this important and very early church to a comparatively unknown member of the Flavian House, still less would he have called it by the name of a simple convert of the great Apostle. Petronilla in his days must have possessed some very especial title to honour.

In Siricius’ eyes there was evidently no shadow of doubt that the Petronilla for whom he had so deep a veneration was the veritable daughter of S. Peter, and as time went on the devotion which for many centuries was paid to her remains, is a clear indication of the view which was universally taken of her illustrious lineage. We will give some striking examples of this.

THE WANDERINGS OF THE REMAINS OF S. PETRONILLA

The sarcophagus which contained the body of S. Petronilla rested in its original position in the Basilica of Siricius until A.D. 787, when it was removed to one of the little Rotunda Chapels which once stood adjacent to the south side of the great Church of S. Peter on the Vatican Hill. The reason for this first translation is singularly interesting, and shows in a remarkable way the deep veneration in which the remains of the daughter of S. Peter were held. S. Peter was specially honoured by the Frankish nation, and S. Petronilla his daughter, sharing in this special devotion, was styled by Pope Paul I, _circa_ A.D. 757, the “auxiliatrix” of Pepin, the king of the Franks, and when Pope Stephen II, _circa_ A.D. 752, was on a visit to Pepin’s court, he promised as a pledge of the alliance between the Papacy and the Franks against the Lombards, to remove the body of S. Petronilla, who was evidently specially venerated by the Frankish people, of course owing to her illustrious parentage, from the Basilica of Siricius on the Via Ardeatina, where it was exposed to the profanities of Barbarian raiders, to the more secure shelter of the walls which protected the Church of S. Peter.

This promise was carried out by Paul I, the brother and successor of Stephen II, _circa_ A.D. 757, and the sarcophagus of S. Petronilla was placed in the Rotunda Chapel above mentioned. This Rotunda Chapel contained the ashes of the wife of Honorius, Maria the daughter of Stilicho, and other Imperial remains, but after the translation of the remains of S. Peter’s daughter it was known as the Chapel of S. Petronilla, and it was especially placed under the care of the kings of France.

There the body of Petronilla rested until A.D. 1471, when in consequence of a restoration undertaken at the cost of Louis XI of France, the sacred sarcophagus was seen and the ancient simple inscription on it, “Aureliæ Petronillae fil dulcissimae” was copied. Early in the fourteenth century, when Old S. Peter’s was demolished, the Rotunda Chapel was pulled down, and the sarcophagus of S. Petronilla lay for many years neglected in the Sacristy of New S. Peter’s. It was subsequently ruthlessly broken up when so many ancient monuments perished in the building work of the New S. Peter’s, and the pieces of the sarcophagus were used as a pavement.

The remains, however, of the Saint were transferred to a new coffin and were eventually, _circa_ A.D. 1606, placed under the altar where they now rest. The spot in question is known as the Chapel of S. Petronilla. It is in the extreme end of the right transept of S. Peter’s. Above the resting-place of the Saint is a large mosaic copied from Guercino’s picture of Petronilla raised from the tomb.

There is a curious custom belonging to this Chapel, bearing upon the ancient tradition connecting France and S. Petronilla. The French Ambassador, after presenting his credentials to the Pope, used at once to visit this Chapel of S. Petronilla in S. Peter’s.

* * * * *

Again reverting to the eighth century testimony above referred to in the case of the action of Popes Stephen II and Paul I, when the remains of S. Petronilla were translated from the Basilica of Siricius to the Rotunda Chapel by the great church--there was a striking witness to what was the general belief of that age in the parentage of the then famous Saint, in an inscription on an altar at Bourges dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary and other saints, an inscription attributed to Alcuin, the Minister of Charlemagne, _circa_ A.D. 790. The inscription consists of eight hexameter lines. One line runs thus: “Et Petronilla patris praeclari filia Petri.”

* * * * *

In England, besides the famous reference to the Altar and Chapel of S. Petronilla in the ancient church of Osric at Gloucester, there is only one church known to be dedicated to S. Petronilla; it is at Whepstead, near Bury S. Edmunds, where her name is curiously abbreviated as S. Parnel.

The close connection between the Royal Mercian and Northumbrian family of Osric, the founder of the Abbey (Cathedral) of Gloucester, and S. Petronilla, the daughter of S. Peter, the Saint so strangely venerated by the Frankish peoples, is unknown.

INDEX

Aachen, Palace-chapel of, 22, 23, 53

“Abbeys of Expiation,” 39

Agatha, 73

Agilulf, King of the Lombards, 14, 18

Aix-la-Chapelle, 27

Aix-la-Chapelle, Palace-chapel of, 22, 23, 69

Alaric, 7

Albertus Magnus, 83

Albigensian Wars, 30

Alboin the Lombard, 6, 12, 14, 15, 53

Alcuin (the Minister of Charlemagne), 143

Alfred, King, 22

Amalasuntha, 10

Amiens, Cathedral of, 33, 53, 61

Anacletus, 97, 97 note 25, 98, 100, 105, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114, 118, 119, 120, 122

Angles, 26

Anglo-Saxons, 38, 39

Angoulême, 27

Anselm, S., 51

Antoniano, Cardinal, 117

Apollinaris, Sidonius, Bishop of Clermont, 25

Apostles, Church of the (Cologne), 24

Appian Way, 99, 122

Aquinas, 83

Aquitaine, 26, 29, 30, 33 note 11, 36, 69

Arcadius, 7

Arliano, Church of (near Lucca), 19

Armellini, 118

Ataulphus, 7

Athalaric, 10

Augustine, 21, 88, 133

Augustus, Emperor, 10 note 5, 68 note 20

Aungre (Chipping Ongar), Chapel near, 22

Autharis, King of the Lombards, 14, 16, 18

Auvergne, 25, 69

Auxerre, 27

Auxerre, Crypt of Cathedral of, 102

“Ave Maria,” the, 82

Bangor, 89

Barberini, Cardinal. _See_ Urban VIII

Barcelona, 7

Barnes, Mgr., 112 note 28, 113, 117

Baronius, 140

Basil, Emperor, 48

Bayeux, 44

Beauvais Cathedral, 61, 62

Bec-Herlouin, 44

Becket, S. Thomas à, 103

Bede, 21, 51

Belisarius, 6, 10

Bellarmine, Cardinal, 117

Benedict, S., 51

Benedictines, the, 19 note 7, 138

Benedictines of Cluny, 34, 103, 129

Bernay, Church at, 36

Bernini, 118, 119, 120

Besançon, Crypt of, 102

Beverley, 92

Big Ben (Houses of Parliament, London), 53

Biscop, Benedict, 21

Bonanni, 117

Bonaventura, 83

Bond, Mr., 56

Bonn, Minster Church of, 24

Bordeaux, 27, 102

Bourges, Cathedral of, 33, 61

Brescia, 19

Brixworth Church, 21

_Builder, The_, quoted, 60 note 19

Burgundy, 31, 32, 90

Byzantine Empire, Artists, etc., 12, 13, 20, 47

Caen, 37, 44

Caius, Presbyter, 98, 109

Cambridge, 21

Canterbury, Canterbury Cathedral, and Crypt, 21, 40, 91, 102, 103, 129, 137

Carlisle, 89

Carolingian princes, 23

Cassiodorus, 135

Catacombs, the, 84 note 23, 101

Catechumens, 127

Caumont, M. de, 3

Cecilia, 73

Cerisy le Fôret, Church at, 36

Charlemagne, 19, 22, 23, 26, 41, 53, 69, 115

Chartres, and Cathedral, and Crypt of, 27, 33, 61, 102, 136 note 29

Cherubim, 81

Chester, 89

Chichester, and Cloisters of, 89, 137

Chipping Ongar, 22

Christ Church, Oxford, 40, 89

Christianity in Britain, 86, 87, 88, 90

Chrysostom, S. John, 77

Cistercians, 31, 32, 83

Citeaux, 31, 32

Classis, 9, 10 note 5

Clement, 133

Clement VIII, 117

Clermont Ferrand, Church of, 25

Cluny, and Abbey and Monks of, 29, 31, 31 note 10, 32, 34, 34 note 12, 37, 42, 44, 91, 103, 129

Coblenz, 24

Cologne, 24, 27

Cologne Cathedral, 23, 53

Columba, 90

Comacine Builders and Guild, the, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 34, 41, 42, 45, 47, 50, 53, 54

Comacine Islands, 15

Como, 15, 16

Constantine, 100, 109, 110, 111, 117, 120, 127

Constantinople, 4, 6, 7, 10, 13, 20, 20 note 8, 25, 50, 57, 68, 68 note 20, 70, 72, 78, 106, 123

Constantius (Augustus), 7, 8

Creighton, Bishop, 110 note 27

Crusades, 50, 56, 79, 80, 81, 84

Ctesiphon, Palace of, 56

Cyprian, 133

Dalmatia, 41

Danes, 26

De Lasterie, 56

De Rossi, 139, 140

Diaconus, Paulus, 18, 18 note 7, 19 note 7

Dijon, Abbey of S. Benignus at, 34, 36, 42, 102

Diocletian, 4, 5, 53

Dol, Church of, 89

Dominicans, 82

Domitilla Cemetery, 139, 140

Drei, Benedetto, 118

Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury, 22

Durandus, Bishop of Mende (Mimatensis), 50, 51, 135, 136, 136 note 29

Durham Cathedral, 40, 44, 70, 89, 137

Eadburg, Queen, 138

Edward the Confessor, 22, 88

Egypt, 56

Eleutherius, 122

Eleutherus, S., 102

Ely Cathedral, 40, 43, 70, 89

Emporium by the Tiber, 4

England, 20, 21, 22, 33 note 11, 38, 42, 54, 58, 61

Engles, 86, 92

Enlart, 56

Ethelred II (the Unready), 22

Ethelwolf, 116, 129

Eudes de Montreuil, 62

Eulalia, 73

Evarestus, 122

Evelyn, 5 note 3, 55

Exarchate, the, 12

Exeter, 89

Fécamp, 36, 44

Flavian family, 139, 141

France, 25, 26, 28, 32, 33 note 11, 59, 61, 62, 69, 90, 91, 131, 142, 143

Franciscans, 83

Franks, the, 141, 142, 143

Freeman, Professor, 4, 5, 5 note 4, 20, 139

Frisians, 26

Froucester, Abbot, 138

Fulda, 23

Garimbert, 135

Garonne, River, 27

Gascony, 29

Gaul, 20, 20 note 8, 24, 26, 27, 28, 33, 69, 72, 89, 91, 101, 102

Germany, 20, 22, 23, 24, 41

Gernrode, 23

Gerville, M. de, 3

Giacomo della Porta, 117

Glanber, Raoul, 29

Gloucester Abbey, 40, 43, 44, 71, 88, 138, 139

Gloucester Cathedral, 52, 60, 61, 62, 67, 70, 74, 81, 85, 86, 90, 91, 102 (Crypt), 104 (Crypt), 104, 127, 128, 131, 133, 134, 137, 143

Goths, 10, 55

“Great Peter” (Bell in Gloucester Cathedral), 52

Great Tom (Oxford), 53

Greece, 50, 84, 133

Greek architecture, 55

Greek or Eastern Church, 106

Gregory of Tours, 25

Gregory the Great, 79

Guéranger of Solesmes, Dom, 136 note 29

Guercino, 142

Guienne, 29

Guimond, Chaplain of Henry I, 40

Guizot, 26

Gundulph, 40

Hadrian I, Pope, 114, 115, 129

Hanley, Abbot, 90

Henry II of England, 38

Henry III of England, 88

Heraclius, Emperor, 78

Heralds’ College, the, 55

Herbert of Losinga, Prior of Fécamp, 40

Hereford Cathedral, 43, 89

Hexham, Basilica of S. Andrew, 21

Hexham, Crypt of, 102

Holy Apostles, Church of the (Constantinople), 68, 70

Holy Cross, Church of (Ravenna), 8

Honorius, 6, 7, 8, 15, 16, 25, 53, 142

Hood, Thomas, 55 note 17

Hook, Theodore, 55 note 17

Hutton, Edward, 73, 74

Hyginus, 122

Ile de France, 32, 59

Ireland, 86

Irenæus, 133

Italy, 6, 7, 9, 15, 17, 41, 48, 72, 86, 90

Jackson, Sir Thomas, 28, 29 note 9, 31, 33 note 11

Jarrow, 21

Jerome, 133

Jerusalem, and the Temple of, 45, 50, 79, 105, 106, 108

Jesus Christ, 108 note 26

John, Abbot of Séez, 40

John, King of England, 38

Jouarre, Crypt of, 102

Julia, Basilica (Roman Forum), 68 note 20

Julius II, Pope, 110 note 27

Jumiéges, Abbey of, 43

Jumiéges, Church at, 36

Justinian, 3, 6, 10, 13, 14, 16, 20, 25, 53, 57, 68, 68 note 20, 70, 72, 73, 78

Jutes, 26, 86, 92

Kaiser Bell in Cathedral of Cologne, 53

Kioto Monastery, Japan, 53

Kyneburg, 138

Lanciani, 101, 117

Lanfranc, 36, 37, 40, 54

Languedoc, 30

Laon, Cathedral of, 33, 89

Leland (Secretary to King Henry VIII), 138

Leo IV, Pope, 116

Lightfoot, Bishop of Durham, 139, 140, 140 note 30

Lincoln, 43, 89, 91

Lindisfarne, Priory Church of, 89

Linus, Bishop, 97, 108, 121, 122

“Lion of the tribe of Judah,” 47

Liutbrand, King, 14

Loire, River, 27

Lombard, Peter, 83

Lombards, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 141

Lombardy, 20, 53

London, 22, 106

Lorsch, Sepulchral Chapel at, 23

Louis of Wissobrun, 135

Louis II, Emperor, 115

Louis XI of France, 142

Lucca, 5 note 4, 19

Lyons, 25

Macedonia, 20 note 8

Macon, 31

Maderno, 117

Magi, or Wise Men, 84 note 23, 85

Mahommed, 79

Maieul, 34

Mainz, Cathedral of, 24

Malvern Abbey, 43

Maria (daughter of Stilicho), 142

Martel, Charles, 26

Martin, Abbot of Bec, 40

Marucchi, 117

Mary, the Virgin, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 123, 143

Matilda (queen of William I), 37

Meaux, Cathedral of, 33

Mediterranean Sea, 26

Metz, 27

Micklethwaite, J. T., 137, 138

Milan, 6, 41, 42, 48

Milman, Dean, 80 note 21

Moissac, Abbey of (Tarn-et-Garonne), 131

Monkwearmouth, 21

Monreale, Cloisters of (Sicily), 131

Mont S. Michel, 44

Mont S. Michel, Church at, 36

Montalembert, 134

Monte Cassino, 19, 115

Montmajeure, Abbey of, 131

Moscow, 52, 53, 106

Muratori, 18

Narses, 6, 10

Nero, 107, 121

_New Monthly Magazine_ (Colburn), quoted, 55 note 17

Newquay, 93

Nicodemus, 108 note 26

Nola, 51

Norman Conquest of England, 38, 39

Normandy, 28, 33 note 11, 36, 43, 50, 54

Normans, the, 88

Northmen, 27, 32, 87, 89, 94

Norwich Castle, 137

Norwich Cathedral, 40, 43, 70, 131, 137

Notre Dame of Paris, 61

Notre Dame, Paris, Bell in, 53

Noyon, Cathedral of, 33

Odin, 92

Odoaces, 9

Old Sarum, 89

Old S. Peter’s Church (Rome), 103, 110, 142

Origen, 133

Orleans, 27, 52, 102

Osric, King, 138, 139

Osric, Church of (Gloucester), 143

Ostian Way, 109

Otto the Great, 23

Oxford, Crypt of, 102

Palgrave, 26

Palmieri, 118

Pantheon, the, 119

Paris, 32, 128

Paris, Cathedral of, 33

Paris, Matthew, 39, 39 note 14

Parvis Notre Dame of Paris, 128

Paul I, Pope, 114, 141, 142, 143

Paul V, Pope, 117

Paul, Monk of S. Etienne, Caen, 40

Pavia, 18

Pelagia, 73

Pelagius II, 114

Pepin, King of France, 114, 141

Périgueux, 30

Perigord, 30

Perpetuus, Bishop, 45

Perranporth, 93

Perranzabuloe, Church of, 92, 93

Peterborough, Abbey of, 40

Peterborough Cathedral, 70

Petronius, 139

Philip Augustus, King, 32

Piedmont, 34 note 12

Pisa, 5 note 4

Pius I, 122

Pius IX, Pope, 83 note 22

Placidia, Galla, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 16, 25, 53

Pliny the Younger, 15

Poitiers, 27

Poitou Limousin, 29

Procopius, 9

Provence, 26, 30, 33 note 11, 69

Prudentius, 122

Puritans, the, 132

Pusey, Dr., 83 note 22

Quedlinburg, Church at, 23

Quicherat, 25, 26, 27, 28

Ravenna, 5, 5 note 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 10 note 5, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 41, 48, 50, 53, 69, 70, 72, 74, 136 note 29

Repton, Crypt of, 102

Rhine, River, 101, 102

Rhone, River, 27

Richard I of England, 38

Richard II (le Bon), Duke of Normandy, 36, 42, 50, 54

Ripon, S. Peter’s, and Crypt of, 21, 102

Rivoira, 19, 20 note 8, 23, 28, 48, 68, 69 note 20

Robert, King of France, 52

Roberto, Lord of Volpiano, 34

Rochester Cathedral and Crypt of, 40, 90, 102

Rodelinda, Queen, 18

Roman Architecture, 55

Roman Architects and Builders, Guild of, 16

Romans, 50

Rome, 4, 6, 15, 18, 24, 47, 69 note 20, 86, 90, 97-101, 105-109, 115, 133

Romulus Augustulus, 9

“Rosary” (form of prayer), 82

Rotharis, King of the Lombards, 14, 15, 16, 53

Rouen, 27, 44

Rouen, Cathedral of, 33, 131

Rutebeuf, 132

Sabinianus, Pope, 51

S. Achilles, 140

S. Agata, Church of (Ravenna), 8

S. Agnan, Church of (Orleans), 52

S. Agnes, Church of (Rome), 47, 101

S. Agnese, Church of (Rome), 69 note 20

S. Albans, Abbey at, 40, 43

S. Ambrogio, Church of (Milan), 42

S. Andrew, Basilica of (Hexham), 21

S. Andrew’s Church, Cambridge, 21

S. Apollinare, 9

S. Apollinare in Classe, Church of (Ravenna), 10, 10 note 5, 48

S. Apollinare Nuovo, Church of (Ravenna), 9, 48, 73, 74

S. Avitus, Crypt of (Orleans), 102

S. Basil, 79

S. Benigno de Fruttuaria, Monastery of (Piedmont), 34 note 12

S. Benignus, Abbey of (Dijon), 34, 36, 42

S. Benignus, Crypt of Church of (Dijon), 102

S. Bernard of Clairvaux, 79, 84

S. Callistus, Cemetery of, 122

S. Castor, Church of (Coblenz), 24

S. Clement, 73

S. Clementi, Church of (Rome), 47

S. Cyprian, 73

S. Cyriacus, Church of (Gernrode), 23

S. Cyril, 78

S. Denys, Church of (near Paris), 102, 103

S. Dominic, 82

S. Edmund, 22

S. Etienne, Church at, 37

S. Eutropius, Crypt of (Saintes), 102

S. Francesco, Church of (Ravenna), 8

S. Francis, 82

S. Front, Church of (Périgueux), 30

S. Gereon, Church of (Cologne), 24

S. Giorgio, Church of (Valpolicella), 19

S. Giovanni Evangelista, Church of (Ravenna), 8, 48

S. Giulia, Island of, 34 note 12

S. Gregory I, Pope (the Great), 79

S. Gregory III, Pope, 114

S. Gregory of Tours, 112, 113

S. Gwithian, Church of, 91, 92, 93

S. John, 84, 85

S. John Lateran, Cloisters of, 131

S. Laurence, 73

S. Leo III, 114

S. Lorenzo, Church of (Rome), 69 note 20, 101

S. Louis, 62, 63, 132

S. Maria im Capitol, Church of (Cologne), 24

S. Mark’s, Church of (Venice), 30, 70

S. Martin, Church of (Cologne), 24

S. Martin (S. Apollinare Nuovo), Church of (Ravenna), 9

S. Martin, Church of (Tours), 25, 45

S. Mary Magdalene, 102

S. Medard of Soissons, Crypt of, 102

S. Michael, Church of (Fulda), 23

S. Michel, Mont, Abbey (Normandy), 131

S. Nazianzus, 78

S. Nereus, 140

S. Ouen (Rouen), Church at, 36

S. Parnel, Church of (Whepstead), 143

S. Paul, 73, 99, 107, 109, 121

S. Paul’s Church, Jarrow, 21

S. Paul, Church of (Rome), 101, 131

S. Peran in Sabulo, 92, 93

S. Peter, 99, 105-113, 115, 121, 122, 123, 139-141, 143

S. Peter’s Abbey (Gloucester), 91

S. Peter, Abbey Church of (Westminster Abbey), 22

S. Peter’s Church, Monkwearmouth, 21

S. Peter’s Church, Ripon, 21

S. Peter’s Church (Rome), 97, 97 note 25, 99, 109, 110, 110 note 27, 117, 118, 119, 141, 142, 143

S. Peter at Rome, Crypt of, 105-123

S. Peter’s tomb, 100

S. Petronilla, Church of (Rome), 101

S. Petronilla and S. Petronilla’s Altar, 138-143

S. Pietro, Church of (Toscanella), 19

S. Prassede, Church of (Rome), 47

S. Quatuor Coronati, Church of (Rome), 69 note 20

S. Rusticus, 102

S. Salvatore, Church of (Brescia), 19

S. Salvatore, Church of (Spoleto), 69 note 20

S. Satiro, Church of (Milan), 42, 48

S. Sebastian, Basilica (Rome), 99

S. Sebastian, Church of (Rome), 101

S. Sernin, Church of (Toulouse), 30

S. Seurin, Church of (Bordeaux), 102

S. Sixtus, 73

S. Sophia, Basilica of (Constantinople), 6

S. Sophia, Church of (Constantinople), 13, 20 note 8, 25, 50, 68, 70, 72

S. Sophia, Church of (Salonica), 20 note 8

S. Teuteria, Church of (Verona), 19

S. Theodore (Spirito Sancto), Church of, 10