CHAPTER IX

. SUBJECTIVISM 267

Sect. 126. Subjectivism Originally Associated with Relativism and Scepticism 267 Sect. 127. Phenomenalism and Spiritualism 271 Sect. 128. Phenomenalism as Maintained by Berkeley. The Problem Inherited from Descartes and Locke 272 Sect. 129. The Refutation of Material Substance 275 Sect. 130. The Application of the Epistemological Principle 277 Sect. 131. The Refutation of a Conceived Corporeal World 278 Sect. 132. The Transition to Spiritualism 280 Sect. 133. Further Attempts to Maintain Phenomenalism 281 Sect. 134. Berkeley's Spiritualism. Immediate Knowledge of the Perceiver 284 Sect. 135. Schopenhauer's Spiritualism, or Voluntarism. Immediate Knowledge of the Will 285 Sect. 136. Panpsychism 287 Sect. 137. The Inherent Difficulty in Spiritualism. No Provision for Objective Knowledge 288 Sect. 138. Schopenhauer's Attempt to Universalize Subjectivism. Mysticism 290 Sect. 139. Objective Spiritualism 292 Sect. 140. Berkeley's Conception of God as Cause, Goodness, and Order 293 Sect. 141. The General Tendency of Subjectivism to Transcend Itself 297 Sect. 142. Ethical Theories. Relativism 298 Sect. 143. Pessimism and Self-denial 299 Sect. 144. The Ethics of Welfare 300 Sect. 145. The Ethical Community 302 Sect. 146. The Religion of Mysticism 303 Sect. 147. The Religion of Individual Cooperation with God 304

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