part I
thought these were admirable things, I mean mildness and moderation in those who govern, and I supposed that by practising these I should appear admirable in your eyes. But since the length of my beard is displeasing to you, and my unkempt locks, and the fact that I do not put in an appearance at the theatres and that I require men to be reverent in the temples; and since more than all these things my constant attendance at trials displeases you and the fact that I try to banish greed of gain from the market‐place, I willingly go away and leave your city to you. For when a man changes his habits in his old age it is not easy, I think, for him to escape the fate that is described in the legend about the kite. The story goes that the kite once had a note like that of other birds, but it aimed at neighing like a high‐spirited horse; then since it forgot its former note and could not quite attain to the other sound, it was deprived of both, and hence the note it now utters is less musical than that of any other bird. This then is the fate that I am trying to avoid, I mean failing to be either really boorish or really accomplished. For already, as you can see for yourselves, I am, since Heaven so wills, near the age)
Εὖτέ μοι λευκαὶ μελαίνοις ἀναμεμίξονται τρίχες,
(“When on my head white hairs mingle with black,”)
ὁ Τήιος ἔφη ποιητής.
(as the poet of Teos said.(782))
Εἶεν. ἀλλὰ τῆς ἀχαριστίας, πρὸς θεῶν καὶ Διὸς ἀγοραίου καὶ πολιούχου, ὑπόσχετε λόγον. ἠδίκησθέ τι παρ᾽ ἐμοῦ κοινῇ πώποτε ἢ καὶ(783) ἰδίᾳ, [C] καὶ δίκην ὑπὲρ τούτου λαβεῖν οὐ δυνάμενοι φανερῶς διὰ τῶν ἀναπαίστων ἡμᾶς, ὥσπερ οἱ κωμῳδοὶ τὸν Ἡρακλέα καὶ τὸν Διόνυσον ἕλκουσι καὶ περιφέρουσιν, οὕτω δὲ καὶ ὑμεῖς ἐν ταῖς ἀγοραῖς ἐπιτρίβετε λοιδοροῦντες; ἢ τοῦ μὲν ποιεῖν τι χαλεπὸν εἰς ὑμᾶς ἀπεσχόμην, τοῦ λέγειν δὲ ὑμᾶς κακῶς οὐκ ἀπεσχόμην, ἵνα με καὶ ὑμεῖς διὰ τῶν αὐτῶν ἰόντες ἀμύνησθε; τίς οὖν ὑμῖν ἐστιν αἰτία τοῦ πρὸς ἡμᾶς προσκρούσματος καὶ τῆς ἀπεχθείας; ἐγὼ γὰρ εὖ οἶδα δεινὸν [D] οὐδένα ὑμῶν οὐδὲν οὐδὲ ἀνήκεστον ἐργασάμενος οὔτε ἰδίᾳ τοὺς ἄνδρας οὔτε κοινῇ τὴν πόλιν, οὐδ᾽ εἰπὼν οὐδὲν φλαῦρον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπαινέσας, ὡς ἔδοξέ μοι προσήκειν, καὶ μεταδοὺς χρηστοῦ τινος, ὅσον εἰκὸς ἦν τὸν ἐπιθυμοῦντα μετὰ τοῦ δυνατοῦ πολλοὺς εὖ ποιεῖν ἀνθρώπους. ἀδύνατον δ᾽ εὖ ἴστε καὶ τοῖς εἰσφέρουσι συγχωρεῖν ἅπαντα [367] καὶ διδόναι πάντα τοῖς εἰωθόσι λαμβάνειν. ὅταν οὖν φανῶ μηδὲν ἐλαττώσας τῶν δημοσίων συντάξεων, ὅσας εἴωθεν ἡ βασιλικὴ νέμειν δαπάνη, ὑμῖν δ᾽ ἀνεὶς τῶν εἰσφορῶν οὐκ ὀλίγα, ἆρ᾽ οὐκ αἰνύγματι τὸ πρᾶγμα ἔοικεν;
(Enough of that. But now, in the name of Zeus, God of the Market‐place and Guardian of the City, render me account of your ingratitude. Were you ever wronged by me in any way, either all in common or as individuals, and is it because you were unable to avenge yourselves openly that you now assail me with abuse in your market‐places in anapaestic verse, just as comedians drag Heracles and Dionysus on the stage and make a public show of them?(784) Or can you say that, though I refrained from any harsh conduct towards you, I did not refrain from speaking ill of you, so that you, in your turn, are defending yourselves by the same methods? What, I ask, is the reason of your antagonism and your hatred of me? For I am very sure that I had done no terrible or incurable injury to any one of you, either separately, as individuals, or to your city as a whole; nor had I uttered any disparaging word, but I had even praised you, as I thought I was bound to do, and had bestowed on you certain advantages, as was natural for one who desires, as far as he can, to benefit many men. But it is impossible, as you know well, both to remit all their taxes to the taxpayers and to give everything to those who are accustomed to receive gifts. Therefore when it is seen that I have diminished none of the public subscriptions which the imperial purse is accustomed to contribute, but have remitted not a few of your taxes, does not this business seem like a riddle?)
Ἀλλ᾽ ὁπόσα μὲν κοινῇ πρὸς πάντας πεποίηται τοὺς ἀρχομένους ὑπ᾽ ἐμοῦ, πρέποι ἂν σιωπᾶν, ἵνα μὴ δοκοίην ὥσπερ [B] ἐξεπίτηδες αὐτοπρόσωπος ἐπαίνους ᾄδειν ἐμαυτοῦ, καὶ ταῦτα ἐπαγγειλάμενος πολλὰς καὶ ἀσελγεστάτας ὕβρεις καταχέαι· τὰ δὲ ἰδίᾳ μοι πρὸς ὑμᾶς πεποιημένα προπετῶς μὲν καὶ ἀνοήτως, ἥκιστα δὲ ὑφ᾽ ὑμῶν ἄξια ἀχαριστεῖσθαι, πρέποι ἂν οἶμαι προφέρειν ὥσπερ τινὰ ἐμὰ ὀνείδη τοσούτῳ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν χαλεπώτερα, τοῦ τε αὐχμοῦ τοῦ περὶ τὸ πρόσωπον καὶ τῆς ἀναφροδισίας, ὅσῳ καὶ ἀληθέστερα ὄντα τῇ ψυχῇ μάλιστα προσήκει. [C] καὶ δὴ πρότερον ἐπῄνουν ὑμᾶς ὡς ἐνεδέχετό μοι φιλοτίμως οὐκ ἀναμείνας τὴν πεῖραν οὐδ᾽ ὅπως ἕξομεν πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἐνθυμηθείς, ἀλλὰ νομίσας ὑμᾶς μὲν Ἑλλήνων παῖδας, ἐμαυτὸν δέ, εἰ καὶ γένος ἐστί μοι Θρᾴκιον, Ἕλληνα τοῖς ἐπιτηδεύμασιν ὑπελάμβανον, ὅτι μάλιστα ἀλλήλους ἀγαπήσομεν. ἓν μὲν δὴ τοῦτο ἔστω μοι τῆς προπετείας ὄνειδος. ἔπειτα πρεσβευσαμένοις ὑμῖν παρ᾽ ἐμὲ καὶ ἀφικομένοις ὑστέροις οὐ τῶν ἄλλων μόνον, [D] ἀλλὰ καὶ Ἀλεξανδρέων τῶν ἐπ᾽ Αἰγύπτῳ, πολὺ μὲν ἀνῆκα χρυσύον, πολὺ δ᾽ ἀργύριον, φόρους δὲ παμπληθεῖς ἰδίᾳ παρὰ τὰς ἄλλας πόλεις, ἔπειτα τοῦ βουλευτηρίου τὸν κατάλογον διακοσίοις βουλευταῖς ἀνεπλήρωσα φεισάμενος οὐδενός. ἐσκόπουν γὰρ ὅπως ἡ πόλις ὑμῶν ἔσται μείζων καὶ δυνατωτέρα.
(However, it becomes me to be silent about all that I have done for all my subjects in common, lest it should seem that I am purposely as it were singing my praises with my own lips, and that too after announcing that I should pour down on my own head many most opprobrious insults. But as for my actions with respect to you as individuals, which, though the manner of them was rash and foolish, nevertheless did not by any means deserve to be repaid by you with ingratitude, it would, I think, be becoming for me to bring them forward as reproaches against myself; and these reproaches ought to be more severe than those I uttered before, I mean those that related to my unkempt appearance and my lack of charm, inasmuch as they are more genuine since they have especial reference to the soul. I mean that before I came here I used to praise you in the strongest possible terms, without waiting to have actual experience of you, nor did I consider how we should feel towards one another; nay, since I thought that you were sons of Greeks, and I myself, though my family is Thracian, am a Greek in my habits, I supposed that we should regard one another with the greatest possible affection. This example of my rashness must therefore be counted as one reproach against me. Next, after you had sent an embassy to me—and it arrived not only later than all the other embassies, but even later than that of the Alexandrians who dwell in Egypt,—I remitted large sums of gold and of silver also, and all the tribute money for you separately apart from the other cities; and moreover I increased the register of your Senate by two hundred members and spared no man;(785) for I was planning to make your city greater and more powerful.)
Δέδωκα οὖν ὑμῖν καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐπιτροπευσάντων τοὺς θησαυροὺς τοὺς ἐμοὺς [368] καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐργασαμένων τὸ νόμισμα τοὺς πλουσιωτάτους ἑλομένοις ἔχειν· ὑμεῖς δ᾽ ἐκείνων μεν οὐ τοὺς δυναμένους εἵλεσθε, λαβόμενοι δὲ τῆς ἀφορμῆς εἰργάσασθε παραπλήσια πόλει μὲν οὐδαμῶς εὐνομουμένῃ, πρέποντα δ᾽ ὑμῶν ἄλλως τῷ τρόπῳ. βούλεσθε ἑνὸς ὑμᾶς ὑπομνήσω; βουλευτὴν ὀνομάσαντες, πρὶν προσγραφῆναι τῷ καταλόγῳ, μετεώρου τῆς δίκης οὔσης, ὑπεβάλετε λειτουργίᾳ τὸν ἄνθρωπον. ἄλλον ἀπ᾽ ἀγορᾶς [B] εἱλκύσατε πένητα καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἁπανταχοῦ μὲν ἀπολελειμμένων, παρ᾽ ὑμῖν δὲ διὰ περιττὴν φρόνησιν ἀμειβομένων πρὸς χρυσίον συρφετῶν εὐποροῦντα μετρίας οὐσίας εἵλεσθε κοινωνόν. πολλὰ τοιαῦτα περὶ τὰς ὀνομασίας κακουργούντων ὑμῶν, ἐπειδὴ μὴ πρὸς ἅπαντα συνεχωρήσαμεν, ὧν τε εὖ εἰργασάμεθα τὴν χάριν ἀπεστερήθημεν, καὶ ὧν ἀπεσχόμεθα ξὺν δίκῃ παρ᾽ ὑμῶν δυσχεραινόμεθα.
(I therefore gave you the opportunity to elect and to have in your Senate the richest men among those who administer my own revenues and have charge of coining the currency. You however did not elect the capable men among these, but you seized the opportunity to act like a city by no means well‐ ordered, though quite in keeping with your character. Would you like me to remind you of a single instance? You nominated a Senator, and then before his name had been placed on the register, and the scrutiny of his character was still pending, you thrust this person into the public service. Then you dragged in another from the market‐place, a man who was poor and who belonged to a class which in every other city is counted as the very dregs, but who among you, since of your excessive wisdom you exchange rubbish for gold, enjoys a moderate fortune; and this man you elected as your colleague. Many such offences did you commit with regard to the nominations, and then when I did not consent to everything, not only was I deprived of the thanks due for all the good I had done, but also I have incurred your dislike on account of all that I in justice refrained from.)
[C] Καὶ ταῦτα μὲν ἦν τῶν μικρῶν πάνυ καὶ οὔπω δυνάμενα τὴν πόλιν ἐκπολεμῶσαι· τὸ δὲ δὴ μέγιστον, ἐξ οὗ τὸ μέγα ἤρθη μῖσος, ἀφικομένου μου πρὸς ὑμᾶς ὁ δῆμος ἐν τῷ θεάτρῳ, πνιγόμενος ὑπὸ τῶν πλουσίων, ἀφῆκε φωνὴν πρῶτον ταύτην· “Πάντα γέμει, πάντα πολλοῦ.” τῆς ἐπιούσης διελέχθην ἐγὼ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὑμῶν ἐπιχειρῶν πείθειν, [D] ὅτι κρεῖττόν ἐστιν ὑπεριδόντας ἀδίκου κτήσεως εὖ ποιῆσαι πολίτας καὶ ξένους. οἱ δὲ ἐπαγγειλάμενοι τοῦ πράγματος ἐπιμελήσεσθαι μηνῶν ἑξῆς τριῶν ὑπεριδόντος μου καὶ περιμείναντος οὕτως ὀλιγῶρως εἶχον τοῦ πράγματος, ὡς οὐδεὶς ἂν ἤλπισεν. ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἑώρων ἀληθῆ τὴν τοῦ δήμου φωνὴν καὶ τὴν ἀγορὰν οὐχ ὑπ᾽ ἐνδείας, ἀλλ᾽ ὑπ᾽ ἀπληστίας [369] τῶν κεκτημένων στενοχωρουμένην, ἕταξα μέτριον ἑκάστου τίμημα καὶ δῆλον ἐποίησα πᾶσιν. ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἦν τὰ μὲν ἄλλα παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς πολλὰ πάνυ· καὶ γὰρ ἦν οἶνος καὶ ἔλαιον καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ πάντα· σίτου δ᾽ ἐνδεῶς εἶχον, ἀφορίας δεινῆς ὑπὸ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν αὐχμῶν γενομένης, ἔδοξέ μοι πέμπειν εἰς Χαλκίδα καὶ Ἱερὰν πόλιν καὶ πόλεις τὰς πέριξ, ἔνθεν εἰσήγαγον ὑμῖν μέτρων τετταράκοντα μυριάδας. ὡς δ᾽ ἀνάλωτο καὶ τοῦτο, πρότερον μὲν πεντάκις χιλίους, [B] ἑπτάκις χιλίους δ᾽ ὕστερον, εἶτα νῦν μυρίους, οὓς ἐπιχώριόν ἐστι λοιπὸν ὀνομάζειν μοδίους, ἀνάλισκον σίτου, πάντας οἴκοθεν ἔχων. ἀπὸ τῆς Αἰγύπτου κομισθέντα μοι σῖτον ἔδωκα τῇ πόλει, πραττόμενος ἀργύριον οὐκ ἐπὶ δέκα μέτρων,(786) ἀλλὰ πεντεκαίδεκα τοσοῦτον, ὅσον ἐπὶ τῶν δέκα πρότερον. εἰ δὲ τοσαῦτα μέτρα θέρους ἦν παρ᾽ ὑμῖν τοῦ νομίσματος, τί προσδοκᾶν ἔδει τηνικαῦτα, ἡνίκα, φησὶν ὁ Βοιώτιος ποιητής, [C] χαλεπὸν γενέσθαι τὸν λιμὸν ἐπὶ δώματι; ἆρ᾽ οὐ πέντε μόγις καὶ ἀγαπητῶς ἄλλως τε καὶ τηλικούτου χειμῶνος ἐπιγενομένου;
(Now these were very trivial matters and could not so far make the city hostile to me. But my greatest offence of all, and what aroused that violent hatred of yours, was the following. When I arrived among you the populace in the theatre, who were being oppressed by the rich, first of all cried aloud, “Everything plentiful; everything dear!” On the following day I had an interview with your powerful citizens and tried to persuade them that it is better to despise unjust profits and to benefit the citizens and the strangers in your city. And they promised to take charge of the matter, but though for three successive months I took no notice and waited, they neglected the matter in a way that no one would have thought possible. And when I saw that there was truth in the outcry of the populace, and that the pressure in the market was due not to any scarcity but to the insatiate greed of the rich, I appointed a fair price for everything, and made it known to all men. And since the citizens had everything else in great abundance, wine, for instance, and olive oil and all the rest, but were short of corn, because there had been a terrible failure of the crops owing to the previous droughts, I decided to send to Chalcis and Hierapolis and the cities round about, and from them I imported for you four hundred thousand measures of corn. And when this too had been used, I first expended five thousand, then later seven thousand, and now again ten thousand bushels—“modii”(787) as they are called in my country—all of which was my very own property; moreover I gave to the city corn which had been brought for me from Egypt; and the price which I set on it was a silver piece, not for ten measures but for fifteen, that is to say, the same amount that had formerly been paid for ten measures. And if in summer, in your city, that same number of measures is sold for that sum, what could you reasonably have expected at the season when, as the Boeotian poet says, “It is a cruel thing for famine to be in the house.”(788) Would you not have been thankful to get five measures for that sum, especially when the winter had set in so severe?)
Τί οὖν ὑμῶν οἱ πλούσιοι; τὸν μὲν ἐπὶ τῶν ἀγρῶν σίτον λάθρᾳ ἀπέδοντο πλείονος, ἐβάρησαν δὲ τὸ κοινὸν τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀναλώμασι· καὶ οὐχ ἡ πόλις μόνον ἐπὶ τοῦτο συρρεῖ, [D] οἱ πλεῖστοι δὲ καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἀγρῶν συντρέχουσιν, ὃ μόνον ἐστὶν εὑρεῖν πολὺ καὶ εὔωνον, ἄρτους ὠνούμενοι. καίτοι τίς μέμνηται παρ᾽ ὑμῖν εὐθηνουμένης τῆς πόλεως πεντεκαίδεκα μέτρα σίτου πραθέντα τοῦ χρυσοῦ; ταύτης ἕνεκεν ὑμῖν ἀπηχθόμην ἐγὼ τῆς πράξεως, ὅτι τὸν οἶνον ὑμῖν οὐκ ἐπέτρεψα καὶ τὰ λάχανα καὶ τὰς ὀπώρας ἀποδόσθαι χρυσοῦ, καὶ τὸν ὑπὸ τῶν πλουσίων ἀποκεκλεισμένον ἐν ταῖς ἀποθήκαις σῖτον ἄργυρον αὐτοῖς [370] καὶ χρυσὸν ἐξαίφνης παρ᾽ ὑμῶν γενέσθαι. ἐκεῖνοι μὲν γὰρ αὐτὸν ἔξω τῆς πόλεως διέθεντο καλῶς, ἐργασάμενοι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις λιμὸν ἀλοιητῆρα βρότειον, ὡς ὁ θεὸς ἔφη τοὺς ταῦτα ἐπιτηδεύοντας ἐξελέγχων. ἡ πόλις δ᾽ ἐν ἀφθονίᾳ γέγονεν ἄρτων ἕνεκα μόνον, ἄλλου δ᾽ οὐδενός.
(But what did your rich men do? They secretly sold the corn in the country for an exaggerated price, and they oppressed the community by the expenses that private persons had to incur. And the result is that not only the city but most of the country people too are flocking in to buy bread, which is the only thing to be found in abundance and cheap. And indeed who remembers fifteen measures of corn to have been sold among you for a gold piece, even when the city was in a prosperous condition? It was for this conduct that I incurred your hatred, because I did not allow people to sell you wine and vegetables and fruit for gold, or the corn which had been locked away by the rich in their granaries to be suddenly converted by you into silver and gold for their benefit. For they managed the business finely outside the city, and so procured for men “famine that grinds down mortals,”(789) as the god said when he was accusing those who behave in this fashion. And the city now enjoys plenty only as regards bread, and nothing else.)
[B] Συνίην μὲν οὖν καὶ τότε ταῦτα ποιῶν ὅτι μὴ πᾶσιν ἀρέσοιμι, πλὴν ἔμελεν οὐδὲν ἐμοί· τῷ γὰρ ἀδικουμένῳ πλήθει βοηθεῖν ᾤμην χρῆναι καὶ τοῖς ἀφικνουμένοις ξένοις, ἐμοῦ τε ἕνεκα καὶ τῶν συνόντων ἡμῖν ἀρχόντων. ἐπεὶ δ᾽ οἶμαι συμβαίνει τοὺς μὲν ἀπιέναι, τὴν πόλιν δ᾽ εἶναι τὰ πρὸς ἐμὲ γνώμης μιᾶς· οἱ μὲν γὰρ μισοῦσιν, οἱ δ᾽ ὑπ᾽ ἐμοῦ τραφέντες ἀχαριστοῦσιν· Ἀδραστείᾳ πάντα ἐπιτρέψας ἐς ἄλλο ἔθνος οἰχήσομαι καὶ δῆμον ἕτερον, οὐδὲν ὑμᾶς ὑπομνήσας [C] ὧν ἐνιαυτοῖς ἔμπροσθεν ἐννέα δίκαια δρῶντες εἰς ἀλλήλους εἰργάσασθε, φέρων μὲν ὁ δῆμος ἐπὶ τὰς οἰκίας τῶν δυνατῶν ξὺν βοῇ τὴν φλόγα καὶ ἀποκτιννὺς τὸν ἄρχοντα, δίκην δ᾽ αὖθις ἀποτίνων ὑπὲρ τούτων, ὧν ὀργιζόμενος δικαίως ἔπραξεν οὐκέτι μετρίως.
(Now I knew even then when I acted thus that I should not please everybody, only I cared nothing about that. For I thought it was my duty to assist the mass of the people who were being wronged, and the strangers who kept arriving in the city both on my account and on account of the high officials who were with me. But since it is now, I think, the case that the latter have departed, and the city is of one mind with respect to me—for some of you hate me and the others whom I fed are ungrateful—I leave the whole matter in the hands of Adrasteia(790) and I will betake myself to some other nation and to citizens of another sort. Nor will I even remind you how you treated one another when you asserted your rights nine years ago; how the populace with loud clamour set fire to the houses of those in power, and murdered the Governor; and how later they were punished for these things because, though their anger was justified, what they did exceeded all limits.(791))
Ὕπὲρ τίνος οὖν πρὸς θεῶν ἀχαριστούμεθα; ὅτι τρέφομεν ὑμᾶς οἴκοθεν, [D] ὃ μέχρι σήμερον ὑπῆρξεν οὐδεμιᾷ πόλει, καὶ τρέφομεν οὕτω λαμπρῶς; ὅτι τὸν κατάλογον ὑμῶν ηὐξήσαμεν; ὅτι κλέπτοντας ἑλόντες οὐκ ἐπεξήλθομεν; ἑνὸς ἢ δύο βούλεσθε ὑμᾶς ὑπομνήσω, μή τις ὑπολάβῃ σχῆμα καὶ ῥητορείαν εἶναι καὶ προσποίησιν τὸ πρᾶγμα; γῆς κλήρους οἶμαι τρισχιλίους ἔφατε ἀσπόρους εἶναι καὶ ᾐτήσασθε λαβεῖν, λαβόντες δ᾽ ἐνείμασθε πάντες οἱ μὴ δεόμενοι. τοῦτο ἐξετασθὲν ἀνεφάνη σαφῶς. ἀφελόμενος δ᾽ αὐτοὺς ἐγὼ τῶν ἐχόντον οὐ δικαίως, καὶ πολυπραγμονήσας οὐδὲν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν, ὧν ἔσχον ἀτελεῖς, [371] οὓς μάλιστα ἐχρῆν ὑποτελεῖς εἶναι, ταῖς βαρυτάταις ἔνειμα λειτουργίαις αὐτοὺς τῆς πόλεως. καὶ νῦν ἀτελεῖς ἔχουσιν οἱ καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ὑμῖν ἐνιαυτὸν ἱπποτροφοῦντες γῆς κλήρους ἐγγὺς τρισχιλίους, ἐπινοίᾳ μὲν καὶ οἰκονομίᾳ τοῦ θείου τοὐμοῦ καὶ ὁμωνύμου, χάριτι δ᾽ ἐμῇ, ὃς δὴ τοὺς πανούργους καὶ κλέπτας οὕτω κολάζων εἰκότως ὑμῖν φαίνομαι τὸν κόσμον ἀνατρέπειν. [B] εὖ γὰρ ἴστε ὅτι πρὸς τοὺς τοιούτους ἡ πρᾳότης αὔξει καὶ τρέφει τὴν ἐν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις κακίαν.
(Why, I repeat, in Heaven’s name, am I treated with ingratitude? Is it because I feed you from my own purse, a thing which before this day has never happened to any city, and moreover feed you so generously? Is it because I increased the register of Senators? Or because, when I caught you in the act of stealing, I did not proceed against you? Let me, if you please, remind you of one or two instances, so that no one may think that what I say is a pretext or mere rhetoric or a false claim. You said, I think, that three thousand lots of land were uncultivated, and you asked to have them; and when you had got them you all divided them among you though you did not need them. This matter was investigated and brought to light beyond doubt. Then I took the lots away from those who held them unjustly, and made no inquiries about the lands which they had before acquired, and for which they paid no taxes, though they ought most certainly to have been taxed, and I appointed these men to the most expensive public services in the city. And even now they who breed horses for you every year hold nearly three thousand lots of land exempt from taxation. This is due in the first place to the judgment and management of my uncle and namesake(792) but also to my own kindness; and since this is the way in which I punish rascals and thieves, I naturally seem to you to be turning the world upside down. For you know very well that clemency towards men of this sort increases and fosters wickedness among mankind.)
Ὁ λόγος οὖν μοι καὶ ἐνταῦθα περιίσταται πάλιν εἰς ὅπερ βούλομαι. πάντων γὰρ ἐμαυτῷ τῶν κακῶν αἴτιος γίγνομαι εἰς ἀχάριστα καταθέμενος ἤθη τὰς χάριτας. ἀνοίας οὖν ἐστι τῆς ἐμῆς τοῦτο καὶ οὐ τῆς ὑμετέρας ἐλευθερίας. ἐγὼ μὲν δὴ τὰ πρὸς ὑμᾶς εἶναι πειράσομαι τοῦ λοιποῦ συνετώτερος· ὑμῖν [C] δὲ οἱ θεοὶ τῆς εἰς ἡμᾶς εὐνοίας καὶ τιμῆς, ἣν ἐτιμήσατε δημοσίᾳ, τὰς ἀμοιβὰς ἀποδοῖεν.
(Well then, my discourse has now come round again to the point which I wished to arrive at. I mean to say that I am myself responsible for all the wrong that has been done to me, because I transformed your graciousness to ungracious ways. This therefore is the fault of my own folly and not of your licence. For the future therefore in my dealings with you I indeed shall endeavour to be more sensible: but to you, in return for your good will towards me and the honour wherewith you have publicly honoured me, may the gods duly pay the recompense!)
INDEX
Abantes, the, 497
Abaris, 245
Abderos, 113
Academies, the, 231
Academy, the, 125
Achaeans, the, 317
Acheron, 129
Achilles, 91, 189, 191, 387, 409
Acropolis, the, 259
## Actium, 389
Adonis, gardens of, 399
Adrasteia, 509
Aegean, the, 205
Aegina, 19
Aeschines, 153
Aeschylus, 107, 133, 141, 333
Aesop, 81, 347
Aetios, 47
Aetolians, the, 387
Africanus, 257
Agamemnon, 317
Agathocles, 405
Agesilaus, 157
Agrippina, city of, 271
Ajaxes, the, 191
Alcaeus, 421
_Alcibiades_, the, 27
Alcibiades, 21, 209
Alcinous, 461
Alcmena, 367
Alexander the Great, 63, 91, 93, 191, 193, 203, 211, 229, 231, 367, 373, 375, 377, 379, 381, 389, 393, 399, 403, 407, 413
Alexander, Severus, 361
Alexandrians, the, 503
Alps Cottian, the, 287
Ammianus Marcellinus, 241, 253, 257, 265
Amphiaraus, 333
Anacharsis, 245
Anacreon, 421, 499
Anatolius, 121
Anaxagoras, 179, 181, 185, 229
Anthology, Palatine, 53
Anticyra, 121
Antilochus, 193
Antinous, 357
Antioch, 295, 418, 419, 427, 429, 439
Antiochus, 447, 449
Antipater, 131
Antisthenes, 2, 5, 23, 25, 85, 99, 103, 105, 169, 229
Antoninus Pius, 357
Antony, M., 387
Aphrodite, 155, 351, 357, 413, 481
Apollo, 25, 37, 87, 91, 157, 159, 193, 245, 351, 355, 365, 371, 413, 418, 439, 445, 461, 475
Apollodorus, 111
Appian, 383
Arabs, the, 451
Araxius, 217
Archidamus, 93
Archilochus, 79, 89, 131, 325, 421
Areius, 233, 391
Ares, 283, 409, 413
Arete, 217
Argentoratum (Strasburg), 271
Ariovistus, 379
Aristides the Just, 245
Aristides the rhetorician, 153, 301
Aristophanes, 175, 219, 355, 457
Aristotelian Paraphrases of Themistius, 200
Aristotle, 15, 31, 51, 63, 105, 155, 157, 200, 211, 221, 227, 231, 325, 363, 465, 481
Asclepiades, the Cynic, 123
Asclepius, 149
Asia, 213, 377, 379
Asmus, 70, 165
Ate, 129
Athenaeus, 111
Athene, 111, 125, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 247, 249, 259, 283, 301, 441, 461
Athenians, the, 19, 131, 181, 213, 221, 241, 451, 457
_Athenians, Letter to the_, 242‐291
Athenodorus, 353, 391
Athens, 15, 87, 93, 95, 175, 183, 217, 219, 241, 243, 259
Athos, Mount, 173
Augustus, Emperor, 233, 353
Aurelian, 361, 363
Autolycus, 453
Babylas, 485
Bacchanals, the, 113
Basilina, 461
Bernays, 2
Bithynia, 479
Bosporus, 205
Brigantia (Bregentz), 287
Britain, 271, 279
Brutus, 389, 405
Burton, 423
Cadmeans, the, 333
Cadmus, 113
Caesar, Caius, 405
Caesar, Julius, 351, 367, 369, 375, 379, 381, 389, 397, 403, 413
Caesarea, 418
_Caesars, The_, 344‐415
Caligula, 353
Calliope, 103, 425, 475
Callisthenes, 169
Calypso, 461
Cappadocia, 251, 257
Capri, 353
Caracalla, 359, 367
Caria, 72
Carians, the, 377
Carterius, 217
Carus, 365
Cassius, 389, 405
Cato, 209
Cato the Younger, 477, 479
Cebes, 231
Celts, the, 195, 279, 377, 429, 433, 451, 479, 483
Centumcellae, 287
Chaeronea, 479
Chalcis, 505
Chamavi, the, 273
Charmides, 175
Charybdis, 51
Chnodomar, 271
Chrisostomos, Johannes 485
Christ, 475
Chrysippus, 209, 325
Chrysostom, Saint, 419
Chytron, 123
Cicero, 245, 259, 427
Circe, 461
Citium, 17
Claudius, Emperor, 355, 361, 413
Clazomenae, 229
Cleinias, 209
Cleisthenes, 9
Cleitus, 403
Cocytus, 51, 129, 355
Commodus, 359
Constance, Lake, 287
Constans, 367
Constantine, 131, 367, 371, 397, 399, 411, 413
Constantine II, 367
Constantinople, 3, 205, 342
Constantius, 2, 70, 121, 143, 165, 175, 197, 200, 241, 251, 253, 255, 257, 259, 267, 269, 271, 273, 275, 279, 281, 285, 367, 418, 427, 429, 461, 475, 485, 491, 509
Constantius Chlorus, 365, 413
Crassus, 383
Crates, 2, 17, 53, 55, 57, 59, 83, 89, 95, 97
Cratinus, 427
Crete, 77, 193
_Crito_, the, 27
Critoboulos, 181
Croesus, 435
Cyclades, the, 455
Cyclops, the, 191
Cynics, the, 2, 3, 231
_Cynics, To the Uneducated_, 4‐65
Cyprus, 17
Damophilus, 479
Danube, the, 271, 377, 391, 393, 451
Daphne, 418, 439, 445, 475, 487
Daphnis, 425
Darius, 63, 213
Darius III, 377
Decentius, 281
Deioces, 245
Delos, 153, 461
Delphi, 363
Delphic oracle, 189
Demeter, 35, 445
Demetrius, the freedman, 477
Democritus, 21, 179, 229
Demodocus, 459
Demonax, 2
Demosthenes, 65, 131, 153, 175, 237, 253, 291, 495
Dio of Sicily, 209, 313
Dio Chrysostom, 63, 70, 71, 77, 93, 111, 165, 175, 189, 203, 391, 423
Diocletian, 365, 367
Diogenes, the Cynic, 2, 3, 5, 19, 23, 25, 27, 29, 33, 35, 37, 39, 43, 49, 53, 57, 59, 61, 63, 83, 89, 91, 93, 157, 159, 161, 211
Diogenes Laertius, 43, 53, 125, 159, 177, 179, 181
Diomede, 219
Dionysius, 405
Dionysus, 70, 73, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 203, 335, 349, 353, 363, 371, 395, 403, 407, 427, 475, 481, 499
Domitian, 165, 357
Dynamius, 257
Dyrrachium, 385
Egypt, 155, 233, 355, 379, 389, 503, 505
Egyptians, the, 167
Emesa, 361, 475
Empedocles, 129
Empedotimus, 313
Epameinondas, 159
Epicharmus, 183
Epictetus, 2, 153
Epictetus Bishop, 287
Epicurus, 43, 207, 217, 327
Erasistratus, 447, 449
Eretria, 229
Euboea, 179
Euclid of Megara, 231
Euphrates, the, 391
Eupolis, 73
Euripides, 5, 47, 49, 57, 95, 97, 113, 133, 185, 205, 249, 323, 333, 361, 397, 403
Europe, 377, 379
Eurycleia, 441
Eusebia, 255, 257, 261
Eusebius, 253, 257
Fates, the, 135, 137
Faustina, 359
Felix, 257
Florentius, 271, 273, 279, 281
Frazer, 87, 399
Furius Camillus, 383
Gadara, 23
Gades, 381
Galba, 355
Galilaeans, the, 37, 123, 327, 337, 475, 491
Gallienus, 361
Gallus, 269, 253, 255, 429
Ganymede, 357
Gaudentius, 257, 277
Gaul, 121, 165, 183, 195, 257, 267, 269, 271, 279, 287, 289, 377, 379, 457
Gauls, the, 385
Genesis, 37, 301
Germans, the, 269, 385, 389, 397, 479
Geta, 359
Getae, the, 357, 377, 393
Gintonius, 279
Glaucon, 209
Glaukos, 219
Graces, the, 351
Greeks, the, 385, 387, 451
Hades, 103
Hadrian, 357, 418
Harrison, J., 87
Hector, 171, 401, 441
Helen, 167
Heliogabalus, 361
Helios, 83, 119, 121, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 261, 283, 363, 379, 471
Hera, 77, 113, 151, 349
Heracleitus, 15, 23, 103, 129
Heracles, 23, 70, 73, 91, 103, 105, 109, 111, 113, 203, 229, 347, 367, 375, 387, 413, 499
_Heraclius, To the Cynic_, 73‐161
Heraclius the Cynic, 69, 70
Hercynian forest, 479
Hermes, 9, 113, 125, 139, 141, 147, 149, 157, 347, 349, 357, 365, 367, 369, 371, 373, 375, 399, 403, 405, 407, 411, 415
Herodotus, 9, 353, 435
Hesiod, 79, 83, 149, 177, 179, 363, 443, 447, 507
Hierapolis, 505
Himerius, 153, 467
Hippocleides, 9
Hipponax, 325
Homer, 13, 33, 37, 45, 73, 81, 83, 87, 119, 131, 137, 145, 167, 171, 175, 177, 183, 187, 189, 191, 193, 197, 211, 219, 229, 409, 425, 435, 441, 443, 447, 451, 453, 459, 461, 467, 497
Horace, 63, 121, 325, 421
Hylas, 113
Hymettus, 169
Hyperboreans, the, 245
Iamblichus, 25, 47, 105, 117, 151
Iberians, the, 379
Illyria, 183, 195
Illyrians, the, 377
Illyricum, 241
India, 77, 115, 387, 401
Iolaus, 113
Ionia, 183
Ionian Sea, the, 205
Iphicles, 51
Ismenias of Thebes, 423
Isocrates, 150, 275
Isthmus, the, 93
Italians, the, 377
Italy, 121, 287
Ithaca, 459
Ixion, 77
Jesus, 327, 413
Jews, the, 313
Julian, Count, 249, 429, 497
Jupiter Capitoline, 355
Juvenal, 11, 125, 355, 383
Kasios, Mt., 487
_Kronia_, the lost, 343
Kronia, the, 343, 345
Kronos, 213, 215, 345, 347, 369, 371, 413
Lacedaemonians, the, 191, 243
Laelius, 177
Laestrygons, the, 191
Lais, 127
Lesbos, 421
Leto, 153
_Letter, Fragment of a_, 296‐339, 343
Libanius, 200, 241, 301, 418, 419, 467, 485
Lichas, 113
Licinius, 367, 397
Livy, 161, 179
Loos, the month, 487
Lotos‐Eaters, the, 15
Lucian, 2, 5, 23, 245, 323, 343, 353, 375, 383, 391, 401
Lucilianus, 279
Lucius Gellius, 383
Lucius Verus, 359
Lucretius, 29
Lucullus, 383
Lupicinus, 275, 279, 281
Lutetia (Paris), 429
Lyceum, the, 125, 157, 231
Lycurgus, 205, 225
Lydians, the, 435
Macedonians, the, 213
Macellum, 251
Macrinus, 361
Magnentius, 367
Magnesia, 89
Mallians, the, 401
Mammaea, 361
Marathon, 457
Marcellus, 267
Marcus Aurelius, 203, 359, 371, 395, 399, 407, 409, 411, 413
Mardonius, 169, 259, 461, 463
Marinus, 257
Marius, Caius, 383
Martial, 349
_Matthew_, Gospel of, 7
Maxentius, 397
Maximians, the, 365, 367
Maximus of Ephesus, 151, 467
Maximus of Tyre, 71, 175
Medes, the, 245
Mediterranean, the, 379
Megarian philosophy, 231
Megarians, the, 189
Memmorius, 121
Menander the dramatist, 433, 453
Menander the rhetorician, 30
Menedemus, 229
Messalina, 355
Metroum, the, 5, 19
Milan, 257, 261
Milton, 395
Minos, 359, 361, 367
_Misopogon, the_, 49, 371, 420‐511
Mithras, 415
Mithridates, 383
Moses, 299
Mother of the Gods, 5, 113
Multan, 401
Murray, 69
Muses, the, 65, 153, 157, 349, 421, 423
Musonius, 233
Mykonos, 455
Mysians, the, 451
Mysteries, the, 103, 105, 107, 109, 119, 161
Narcissus, the freedman, 355
Nausicaa, 461
Naxos, 421
Nebridius, 281
Nemesis, 509
Neocles, 207
Nero, 233, 355
Nerva, 357
Nestor, 15
Nicolaus, 233
Nicomedia, 200, 418
Nireus, 191
Octavian, 351, 389, 397, 399, 405, 413
Odysseus, 171, 189, 191, 441, 459, 461
Oedipus, 133
Oenomaus, 23, 53, 85, 91
Olympia, 91, 93, 97, 159, 225
Olympus, 109, 129, 147, 323, 325, 347
Oreibasius, 265, 467
Orpheus, 99, 105, 167
Otho, 355
Paeonians, the, 451
Pallas, the freedman, 355
Pan, 83, 105, 113, 149, 425
Paris (Lutetia), 241, 279
Parisians, the, 429
Paros, 421
Parthians, the, 357, 387, 395
Patroclus, 191, 459
Paul, St., 309
Paul, a sycophant, 277
Peirithous, 173
Peleus, 193
Penelope, 457
Pentadius, 277, 281
Pentheus, 117
Pericles, 179, 181, 187
Peripatetics, the, 25
Perseus, 105
Persia, 155, 231, 295, 387
Persia, king of, 43, 63, 91
Persians, the, 213, 385, 439
Pertinax, 359
Petavius, 29, 30
_Peter, St._, 145
Petulantes, the, 279
Peucestes, 401
Phaeacians, the, 435, 459
Phaedo, 229, 231
Phaethon, 83
Phalaris, 357
Phemius, 459
_Philebus_, the, 155
Philippi, 389
Philiscus, 19, 91
Philostratus, 301
Phoenicians, the, 113
Phrygia, 219, 431
Phryne, 127
Pindar, 77, 113, 149, 301, 507
Pittacus, 205, 225
Plato, 9, 21, 25, 27, 31, 39, 41, 51, 63, 70, 77, 79, 81, 93, 99, 101, 103, 105, 117, 119, 133, 139, 145, 149, 155, 157, 169, 173, 179, 181, 213, 221, 223, 231, 263, 307, 317, 325, 345, 347, 353, 363, 365, 369, 409, 457, 465, 467, 481
Pliny, 401
Plotinus, 117
Plutarch, 55, 83, 89, 125, 131, 231, 245, 383, 385, 401, 423, 427, 447, 449, 477, 479
Pnyx, the, 207
Polemon, 169
Pompey, 377, 381, 383, 385, 389, 405, 477
Pontus, the, 489
Porphyry, 117
Portico, the, 125
Poseidon, 373, 389
Praechter, 70
Priam, 441
Priscus, 467
Probus, 363
Prodicus, 70, 105
Prometheus, 9, 41
Propontis, the, 195
_Protagoras_, the, 41
Protarchus, 155
Pylos, 15
Pyrrho, 327
Pyrrhus, 387
Pythagoras, 15, 22, 25, 33, 41, 51, 63, 155, 161, 179, 195, 325, 353
Pythagoreans, the, 47, 155, 231
Pythian oracle, 11, 15, 23, 33, 53, 159
Quadi, the, 271
Quirinus, 347, 355, 367, 369, 383
Rhadamanthus, 363
Rhea, 349
Rhine, the, 269, 271, 273, 377, 423
Rhodes, 301
Romans, the, 379, 385, 397, 471, 479
Rome, 241, 331, 391, 475, 479
Romulus, 347
Salii, the, 273
_Sallust, Address to_, 166‐197
Sallust, 69, 70, 121, 165, 277, 279, 343
Salmoneus, 149
Samos, 81, 155, 179, 447
Sardis, 435
Sarmatians, the, 271
Saturn, 345
Satyrs, the, 113
Scipio Africanus, 177, 179
Scipios, the, 383
Scythians, the, 245, 305, 391, 397
Selene, 261
Seleucus, 353
Semele, 70, 109, 113, 115
Serapis, 355
Serenianus, the Cynic, 123
Severus, Emperor, 359, 367
Sextus Empiricus, 29
Sextus Pompeius, 389
Sicilians, the, 313
Silenus, 21, 349, 351, 353, 355, 357, 359, 361, 363, 365, 369, 373, 393, 395, 399, 401, 403, 405, 407, 409, 411
Silvanus, 257, 259
Simmias, 231
Simonides, 407
Sinope, 5
Sirens, the, 167
Sirmium, 257
Smicrines, 453
Socrates, 5, 21, 25, 27, 31, 33, 85, 157, 159, 161, 169, 173, 175, 189, 207, 217, 229, 231, 313, 365, 465
Solon, 55, 205, 225, 435
Sophroniscus, 229
Sparta, 241
Spartacus, 383
Stoa, the, 231
Stoics, the, 17
Stratonice, 449
Suetonius, 351, 353, 381, 389, 391
Sulla, 383
Sura, 393
Synesius, 427
Syracuse, 313, 405
Syria, 509
Syrians, the, 451
Tacitus, 233, 353, 355
Tarentum, 471
Tartarus, 51, 139, 323, 325, 355
Taurus, 287
Telamon, 113
Teos, 499
Termerus, 89
Thebans, the, 379
Thebes, 25, 333
_Themistius, Letter to_, 202‐237, 43, 97, 103, 383, 391
Themistius, 9, 71, 153, 167, 175, 200, 201, 363, 391, 423, 489
Themistocles, 63, 245
Theocritus, 155, 177, 189, 197, 357, 399, 425
Theodosius, 200
Theognis, 107, 185, 455
Theophilus, Governor of Antioch, 491, 509
Theophrastus, 15, 465
Theseus, 89, 105, 173
Thesmophoria, the, 35
_Thessalonians_, 145
Thessaly, 75
Thrace, 75, 183, 195
Thracians, the, 353, 391, 451, 457
Thrasyleon, 453
Thrasyllus, 233
Thucydides, 81, 191
Tiberius, 233, 353
Tigris, the, 387
Timaeus, 157
_Timaeus_, the, 155
Titus, 357
Trajan, 357, 369, 373, 395, 397, 405, 413
Tralles, 251
Trojans the, 167
Troy, 191, 441
Valerian, 361
Vespasian, 355
Vienne, 267, 279
Vindex, 355
Vitellius, 355
Vosges Mts., 271
Xenophon, 51, 85, 87, 105, 153, 181, 209, 229, 459
Xerxes, 63, 173, 213, 461
Zamolxis, 175, 353, 393
Zeller, 200
Zeno, 25, 63, 177, 325, 351
Zeus, 17, 41, 43, 83, 93, 105, 109, 111, 113, 115, 135, 137, 141, 145, 149, 197, 283, 305, 307, 351, 367, 369, 395, 409, 411, 413, 445, 467, 475, (Kasios) 487, 499
Zonaras, 425
Zosimus, 241
FOOTNOTES
1 Cf. Bernays, _Lukian und die Kyniker_, Berlin, 1879.
2 224 C.
3 Aristides, _Orations_ 402 D.
4 The precise meaning of the phrase is uncertain; it has been suggested that it arose from the custom of altering or “countermarking” coins so as to adapt them for the regular currency; see 192 C, _Oration_ 7. 208 D.
5 ἱκανὰς Naber adds.
6 φαμεν Hertlein suggests, φασι MSS.
7 A proverb signifying that all is topsy‐turvy: cf. Euripides, _Medea_ 413 ἄνω ποταμῶν ἱερῶν χωροῦσι παγαί.
8 Of Sinope: he was the pupil of Antisthenes and is said to have lived in a jar in the Metroum, the temple of the Mother of the Gods at Athens; he died 323 B.C.
9 For the tradition that Diogenes died of eating a raw octopus cf. Lucian, _Sale of Creeds_ 10.
10 A pupil of Socrates and founder of the Cynic sect.
11 A proverb, but Julian may allude to _Matthew_ 6. 28.
12 Herodotus 6.129; Hippocleides, when told by Cleisthenes that by his unbecoming method of dancing he had “danced away his marriage,” made this answer which became a proverb.
13 καταπεμφθεῖσα Reiske would add.
14 τῆς ζωῆς Wright σώματος Hertlein, MSS. Petavius suspects corruption.
15 θεῷ Klimek, θεῶν Hertlein, MSS.
16 An echo of Plato, _Philebus_ 16 C; cf. Themistius 338 C.
17 _e.g._ eloquence, commerce, and social intercourse.
18 ταῦτα Hertlein suggests, τὰ MSS.
19 προσήκειν—ἄνθρωπον, Hertlein suggests, cf. Maximus of Tyre 4. 7; ἔφη τὰ μεταξὺ τοῦ ζῷον εἶναι τὸν ἄνθρωπον MSS.
20 Cf. 188 B; Juvenal, _Satires_ 11. 27; E caelo descendit γνῶθι σεαυτόν.
21 _Odyssey_ 4. 379.
22 _Iliad_ 13. 355.
23 Nestor; _Odyssey_ 3. 174.
24 Heracleitus _fr._ 80.
25 Cf. _Oration_ 4. 143 A.
26 οὐδ᾽ ὁ Hertlein suggests, οὐδὲ MSS.
27 ἔτι Hertlein suggests, ἤδη Reiske, ἐστὶν MSS.
28 Zeno of Citium in Cyprus, the founder of the Stoic school.
29 Julian seems to mean that Zeno and the Stoics could not accept without modification the manner of life advocated by the Cynic Crates.
30 δὴ Hertlein suggests, δὲ MSS.
31 ἀπεληλακόσι Naber, ἀπεληλάκασι Hertlein, MSS.
32 παρίασιν Cobet, παριᾶσιν Hertlein, MSS.
33 οἳ διχάδε Hertlein suggests, cf. _Symposium_ 215, οἱ δὲ MSS.
34 Cf. _Oration_ 5. 159 B.
35 Cf. _Oration_ 7. 210 D, 212 A.
36 Plato, _Symposium_ 215.
37 Before αἴτιος Cobet omits τις.
38 Before κατέλιπεν Cobet omits οὗτος.
39 οὕτω φιλοσοφῆσαι Reiske suggests, lacuna Hertlein, MSS.
40 μόνον Hertlein suggests, πρῶτον MSS.
41 Of Gadara, a Cynic philosopher whose date is probably the second century A.D.; cf. 199 A, 209 B, 210 D, 212 A.
42 Lucian, _Sale of Creeds_ 8, makes Diogenes say that he had modelled himself on Heracles.
43 Heracleitus _fr._ 16, Bywater.
44 Cf. _Oration_ 7. 208 D, 211 B, 211 C.
45 Apollo.
46 Of Thebes, the Cynic philosopher, a pupil of Diogenes; he lived in the latter half of the fourth century B.C.
47 Plato, _Laws_ 730 B.
48 _Alcibiades_ i. 129 A.
49 _Crito_ 44 C.
50 _Epistle_ 2. 314 C; Julian quotes from memory and slightly alters the original; Plato meant that in his dialogues he had suppressed his own personality in favour of Socrates.
51 τῇ καθαρᾷ χρῆσθαι Hertlein suggests, τῇ γε ὡς ἀρχῃ MSS., corrupt.
52 δὲ Hertlein suggests.
53 τὴν Naber suggests.
54 Cf. Lucretius, _De Rerum Natura_ 3. 359 foll.; Sextus Empiricus, _Adversus Mathematicos_ 7. 350.
55 αὐτὸ τοῦτο Hertlein suggests, αὐτοῦ MSS.
56 τὴν θεωρίαν Hertlein suggests, πρὸς τὴν θεωρίαν MSS., θεωρίας Petavius.
57 δὲ after ἀπέδοσαν Hertlein suggests, τε MSS.
58 δοκοῦσιν· Hertlein suggests, δοκοῦσιν, MSS.
59 δὲ Hertlein suggests, δὴ MSS.
60 τούτους; οὐχ ὡς Hertlein suggests, τούτους, ὡς MSS.
61 καὶ γὰρ Hertlein suggests, καίτοι MSS.
62 Plato, _Protagoras_ 314 A.
63 _Phaedo_ 81 A.
64 _Iliad_ 5. 304.
65 δὲ after ἀνθρώπων Hertlein suggests.
66 ἀνάλωται Hertlein suggests, δείκνυται MSS.
67 μᾶλλον Hertlein suggests, μόνον MSS.
68 πως Hertlein suggests, ἴσως MSS.
69 Demeter, who regulated the customs of civilised life, especially agriculture: her festival was the Thesmophoria.
70 _Odyssey_ 12. 331.
71 οὔτι ἄλογον Hertlein suggests, οὐ χαλεπὸν MSS.
72 _Genesis_ 9. 3.
73 _Timaeus_ 77 B.
74 Plato, _Protagoras_ 321 A, B; Plato however says that the theft of fire by Prometheus saved mankind, and that later Zeus bestowed on them the political art.
75 ἔχων οὐδ᾽ οἰκέτην Kaibel, οὐκ οἰκέτην ἔχων Hertlein, MSS.; Hertlein prints the second verse as prose.
76 Cf. _Letter to Themistius_ 256 D; Nauck, _Adespota Fragmenta_ 6; Diogenes Laertius, 6. 38, says that this was a favourite quotation of Diogenes; its source is unknown.
77 Cf. 188 C, Plato, _Laws_ 730 B.
78 The stater or Daric was worth about a sovereign.
79 _Iliad_ 5. 766.
80 ταῦτὰ Hertlein suggests, ταῦτα MSS.
81 An oath used by the Pythagoreans, who regarded the tetrad, the sum of the first four numbers, as symbolical of all proportion and perfection; cf. Aetios, _Placita_ 1. 7. Pythagoras, _Aureum Carmen_ 47, Mullach νὰ μὰ τὸν ἁμετέρᾳ ψυχᾷ παραδόντα τετρακτύν.
82 πως Hertlein suggests, πάντως MSS.
83 Cf. _Oration_ 268 D; Euripides _fr._ 1007 Nauck ὁ νοῦς γὰρ ἡμῶν ἐστιν ἐν ἑκάστῳ θεός; Iamblichus, _Protrepticus_ 8. 138.
84 ζηλωταὶ ἐάσαντες Hertlein suggests, ζηλώσαντες MSS.
85 πρὶν Hertlein suggests, καὶ τρίτον MSS.
86 Euripides _fr._ 488; _Misopogon_ 358 D.
87 Cf. _Oration_ 1. 40 B, 2. 74 C, notes.
88 ταῦτα καὶ Hertlein suggests, καὶ ταῦτα MSS.
89 δύνῃ Hertlein suggests, cf. Diogenes Laertius 6. 5. 2; δύνασαι MSS.
90 Cf. Plato, _Epistles_ 326 B.
91 An echo of Xenophon, _Anabasis_ 7. 1. 29.
92 Diogenes Laertius 6. 86; _Palatine Anthology_ 9. 497; Julian paraphrases the verses of Crates, cf. Crates _fr._ 14, Diels.
93 _Palatine Anthology_ 10. 104.
94 ἑθεράπευε Hertlein suggests, ἐθεράπευσε MSS.
95 _I.e._ parodies such as the verses here quoted which parody Solon’s prayer _fr._ 12, Bergk; cf. 213 B.
96 ὄλβον Wright, cf. 213B, οἶτον MSS., Hertlein.
97 ἀγείρειν Cobet, ἀγινεῖν Hertlein, MSS.
98 καθυφείσθω Hertlein suggests, καθείσθω MSS.
99 Before κεκλημένος Cobet adds καὶ; cf. Oration 8. 250 C.
100 An echo of Euripides, _Phoenissae_ 551, περιβλέπεσθαι τίμιον, κενὸν μὲν οὖν.
101 Thucydides 1. 118.
102 εὐδαιμονήσουσιν Hertlein suggests, εὐδαιμονήσωσιν MSS.
103 αὐτῷ Cobet, οὕτω Hertlein, MSS.
104 δρᾶν, Petavius, φάναι Hertlein, MSS.
105 ψυχρῷ Naber, θερμῷ Hertlein, MSS.
106 φιλονεικῶν Hertlein suggests, φιλῶν νεκρὸν, MSS.
107 Cf. Dio Chrysostom, _Oration_ 6. 12, Arnim.
108 A proverb; Sicily was famous for good cooking; cf. Plato, _Republic_ 404 D; Horace, _Odes_ 1. 1. 18, “Siculae dapes.”
109 Demosthenes, _De Corona_ 47.
110 σὺ Reiske adds, παραμενέτω μέν σοι Reiske conjectures, lacuna Hertlein, MSS.
111 Demosthenes, _De Corona_, 308, cf. Vol. I. _Oration_ 5. 178 D.
112 Murray’s translation of Sallust in _Four Stages of Greek Religion_, New York, 1912.
113 _Oration_ 7, 219.
114 Cf. Vol. I, _Oration_ 2. 56 D.
115 Asmus, _Julian und Dion Chrysostomus_, 1895; cf. Praechter, _Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie_ 5. _Dion Chrysostomus als Quelle Julians._ Julian only once mentions Dio by name, _Oration_ 7, 212 C.
116 Themistius, 280 A.
117 Maximus of Tyre, _Dissertation_ 20.
118 Eupolis _fr._ 4.
119 Cf. _Misopogon_ 366 C.
120 _Odyssey_ 20. 18.
121 After Καρίᾳ Reiske suggests ἀνέφανη.
122 οἱ Cobet adds.
123 οἱ Cobet adds.
124 τε Hertlein suggests, τι MSS.
125 Ἰξίων νεφέλῃ τινὶ Cobet, lacuna Hertlein, MSS.
126 τούτοις ἀντ᾽ ἀληθοῦς ψευδὴς Cobet, lacuna Hertlein, MSS., ἐντέτηκε Wright, τέτηκε Hertlein, MSS.
127 αὐτοῖς Wright, αὐτῷ Hertlein, MSS.
128 προσαρτῶσι Hertlein suggests, προσαρτᾶν MSS.
129 Ἱππεῖς ἐν Θετταλίᾳ καὶ Θραᾴκῃ was a well‐known proverb; cf. _Oration_ 2. 63 C, D.
130 _i.e._ Hera; cf. Pindar, _Pythian_ 2. 20 foll.; Dio Chrysostom 4. 130, Arnim.
131 Cf. Plato, _Theaetetus_ 151 E.
132 The whole passage echoes Plato, _Phaedrus_ 251.
133 Cf. Archilochus _frr._ 86, 89; Archilochus used the beast‐fable or parable: Julian here ignores his own distinction and uses the wider term “myth.” Hesiod used myth as well as fable.
134 Plato, _Phaedo_ 61 B.
135 τὴν τύχην Cobet, οὐ τὴν τύχην Hertlein, MSS.
136 μὴν Hertlein suggests, μὲν MSS.
137 τί δέον ὀνομάσαι; τί Reiske, δέον ὀνομάσαι, τὸν Hertlein MSS.
138 ῥᾷον Hertlein suggests, ῥᾴδιον MSS.
139 Literally a boat: a proverb; _Anonym. Com. Gr. Frag._ 199.
140 _Iliad_ 5. 442; Hesiod, _Theogony_ 272.
141 An echo of Plutarch, _Antonius_ 28: τὸ πολυτελέστατον, ὡς Ἀντιφῶν εἶπεν, ἀνάλωμα, τὸν χρόνον.
142 οὕτω Hertlein suggests, αὐτῷ MSS.
143 μήτι Cobet μήτοι Hertlein, MSS.
144 διαλέξομαι Cobet, διηγήσομαι Spanheim, Hertlein, V illegible.
145 παιομένους Cobet, πολεμουμένους Hertlein, MSS.
146 Cf. _Oration_ 6. 188 A, B.
147 Cf. _Oration_ 6. 187 C.
148 The pit or chasm at Athens into which the bodies of criminals were thrown; cf. Xenophon, _Hellenica_ 1. 7. 20.
149 For the ceremony of driving out the scapegoat see Harrison, _Prolegomena to Greek Religion_ 97; Frazer, _Golden Bough_, Vol. 3, p. 93.
150 _i.e._ Homer.
151 _Odyssey_ 3. 73.
152 ἄρα περιπατοῦσιν Hertlein suggests, ἀναστρέφονται καὶ περιπατοῦσιν Cobet, ἀναπατοῦσιν MSS.
153 ὁμολογουμένως Cobet, ὁμολογουμένας Hertlein, MSS.
154 χωρείτω Hertlein suggests, χαιρέτω MSS.
155 τῆς Cobet, τῆς τοῦ Hertlein, MSS.
156 A proverb; cf. Archilochus _fr._ 27, Bergk.
157 A robber whom Theseus killed; Plutarch, _Theseus_ 11.
158 _i.e._ Alexander.
159 Plato, _Phaedo_ 63 C.
160 Dio Chrysostom, _Oration_ 4. 12, Arnim.
161 ἀγείρειν Cobet, ἀσινῆ Hertlein, MSS.
162 Cf. _Oration_ 6. 199 D.
163 _Bacchae_ 370.
164 συνεκροτείτην Cobet, Hertlein approves, συνεκροτεῖτον MSS.
165 συνεγιγνέσθην Cobet, Hertlein approves, συνεγέγνεσθον MSS.
166 _i.e._ in honour of Olympian Zeus.
167 Cf. Themistius 182 A.
168 _Phoenissae_ 472.
169 φαίνονται Hertlein suggests, ἐφαίνοντο MSS.
170 ἐπιτιθεὶς Hertlein suggests, ἐπιθεὶς MSS.
171 προρρητέον Reiske, lacuna Hertlein, MSS.
172 τῷ πρακτικῷ Hertlein suggests, τῷ τε ἠθικῷ MSS.
173 λογίσαισθε Cobet, λογίσεσθε Hertlein, MSS.
174 Plato, _Timaeus_ 54 A.
175 τοῦ φυσικοῦ τῷ Hertlein suggests, τῷ φυσικῷ οὔτε MSS.
176 Heracleitus _fr._ 123, Diels; cf. Themistius 69 B.
177 σ᾽ ἐχρῆν Hertlein suggests, ἐχρῆν MSS.
178 Orpheus.
179 _i.e._ in his allegory the Choice of Heracles; Xenophon, _Memorabilia_ 2. 1. 2; Julian, _Oration_ 2. 56 D.
180 _i.e._ Pan and Zeus; cf. 208 B.
181 _i.e._ ethics and theology; cf. 216 B.
182 Iamblichus; cf. _Oration_ 4. 157 D.
183 Cf. _Oration_ 5. 170.
184 Cf. _Oration_ 4. 144 A.
185 A proverb for mysterious silence; cf. Theognis 815; Aesch. _Ag._ 36.
186 δὴ Cobet, δὲ Hertlein, MSS.
187 κατὰ Cobet, καὶ Hertlein, MSS.
188 Cf. _Oration_ 4. 149 B.
189 Cf. _Oration_ 5. 170 B, C.
190 Cf. Dio Chrysostom, _Oration_ 1. 61, Arnim.
191 Cf. 230 B.
192 Apollodorus, _Bibliotheca_ 2; Athenaeus 11. 470.
193 This is perhaps a passing sneer at the Christians and need not be taken too seriously.
194 σωμάτιον ἓν τῶν κτυπημάτων Friederich; Hertlein approves but would omit ἕν: δωμάτιον ἓν τῶν κτημάτων Hertlein, MSS., τὸ δωμάτιον ἓν κτύπημα τῶν Reiske, ἐνσκήψαντος Arnoldt.
195 Cf. Euripides, _Bacchae_ 279 foll.
196 Cf. Pindar _fr._ 85.
197 Cf. _Oration_ 4. 134 A.
198 An oracular verse from an unknown source.
199 μεταβαλεῖν Hertlein suggests, μεταβάλλειν MSS.
200 τινῶν Hertlein suggests, τινὰ MSS.
201 ἡμερίς = the vine; ἥμερος = gentle.
202 κόσμω ... κατ ... γματ ... ξιν V, lacuna MSS.
203 ἄξια, φράζειν δέ γ᾽ οὐ ῥᾴδια ἐμοί Hertlein suggests, lacuna MSS.
204 Here follows a lacuna of several words.
205 Cf. Plato, _Republic_ 382 D.
206 Πενθεὺς ἔπαθε MSS.; Hertlein would omit ἔπαθε.
207 ἂν Hertlein would add.
208 τελεσιουργηθῇ Hertlein suggests, τελεσιουργηθείη MSS.
209 A proverb for forced laughter, cf. _Odyssey_ 22. 302; Plato, _Republic_ 337 A.
210 δράτω τοῦτο Hertlein suggests, πρῶτον τῷ MSS.
211 τοῖς ξύλοις Hertlein would add; Naber suggest βάκτροις.
212 προσκτῶνται Hertlein suggests, προσῆν οἶμαι MSS.
213 προσαχθῆναι Hertlein suggests, πραχθῆναι MSS.
214 Hellebore, supposed to be a cure for madness, grew at Anticyra; hence the proverb: cf. Horace, _Satires_ 2. 3. 166.
215 Or “solitaries”; the word also means “heretic”; but Julian evidently alludes to Christian monks who lived on charity.
216 ἰέναι Cobet, πορευόμεθα Hertlein suggests, lacuna V.
217 δὴ Cobet, δὲ Hertlein, MSS.
218 A proverb to express emulation; cf. Juvenal 2. 81.
219 Plutarch, _Erotici_ p. 759, says this of the Cynics; cf. Diogenes Laertius 7. 121.
220 τοῦ δεῖνος Cobet, τοῦ δὲ Hertlein, MSS.
221 Empedocles, _fr._ 21, Diels.
222 Heracleitus, _fr._ 96, Diels.
223 ὡς φασὶ ταύτῃ Cobet, cf. Oration 4. 148 B, lacuna Hertlein, MSS.
224 σός· Hertlein suggests; σός, ὡς ἔφης MSS.
225 Cf. _Oration_ 4. 148 B.
226 223 A.
227 Archilochus.
228 ἐπεκτήσατο Naber, ἐκτήσατο Hertlein, MSS.
229 αὐτῷ τῶν Klimek, αὐτῷ καὶ τῶν Hertlein, MSS.
230 Constantine.
231 _Iliad_ 2. 474.
232 _Iliad_ 20. 221.
233 Cf. Plato, _Charmides_ 156 E.
234 The curse of Oedipus on his sons; cf. Euripides, _Phoenissae_ 67; Plato, _Alcibiades_ 2. 138 C; Aeschylus, _Seven Against Thebes_ 817, 942.
235 The Christian churches were so called because they were built over the tombs of the martyrs.
236 γένει αἴτιος Cobet, γένει καὶ παισὶν αἴτιος Hertlein, MSS.
237 ἐπικρατήσει Hertlein suggests, ἐπικρατήσῃ MSS.
238 _i.e._ between cousins.
239 τὸ σὸν Hertlein suggests, σὸν MSS.
240 Julian himself.
241 _Iliad_ 9. 231.
242 _Iliad_ 11. 164.
243 _Iliad_ 24. 348.
244 λειοτέρας, Klimek, λείας Hertlein, MSS.
245 δόρυ Hertlein suggests, μάχαιραν MSS; cf. 231 C.
246 _i.e._ as the god of eloquence.
247 Plato, _Republic_ 618 B.
248 Cf. Aeschylus, _Agamemnon_ 160.
249 περιβαλὼν Cobet, περιβάλλων Hertlein, MSS.
250 καταδυόμενος Naber thinks corrupt, but cf. _Letter to the Athenians_ 285 A.
251 Literally “the Gorgon’s head,” which formed the centre of the aegis or breastplate of Athene; cf. 234 A.
252 Constantius.
253 _Iliad_ 3. 415.
254 φιλεῖν Cobet, φίλων Hertlein, MSS.
255 λάθοι Hertlein suggests, λάθῃ MSS.
256 _Peter_ 1. 5. 8; _Thessalonians_ 1. 5. 6.
257 An echo of Plato, _Republic_ 495 E.
258 ταῖς ἐκείνων Cobet, ἐκείνων ταῖς Hertlein, MSS.
259 τὴν πανοπλίαν Hertlein suggests, πανοπλίαν MSS.
260 τῶν ἐντολῶν Hertlein suggests, ἐντολῶν MSS.
261 τοῦτο Hertlein suggests, τοῦτον MSS.
262 μαινομένου Hertlein suggests, τοῦ μαινομένου MSS.
263 Plato, _Phaedrus_ 244 foll.
264 _Odyssey_ 11. 235; Pindar, _Pythian_ 4. 143; Salmoneus was destroyed by a thunder‐bolt for imitating the thunder and lightning of Zeus.
265 Maximus of Ephesus.
266 Iamblichus.
267 Literally “winged.”
268 φίλα Cobet, φιλικὰ Hertlein, MSS.
269 A direct quotation from Demosthenes, _De Corona_ 128; the word omitted by Julian is κάθαρμα = “off‐scourings,” or “outcast,” addressed by Demosthenes to Aeschines.
270 An echo of Xenophon, _Anabasis_ 1. 5. 14.
271 For this device of introducing hackneyed poetical and mythological allusions cf. Themistius 330, 336 C; Aristides, _Oration_ 20. 428 D; Himerius, _Oration_ 18. 1. Epictetus 3. 282.
272 A proverb for wealth; cf. Theocritus 10. 13.
273 δῆτα Cobet adds, lacuna Hertlein, MSS.
274 συστατικὸν Cobet, ἀστατικὸν V, Hertlein, ἐνστατικὸν Reiske, εὐστατικὸν Spanheim.
275 δὴ Cobet, δὲ Hertlein, MSS.
276 προηγόρευτο Cobet, προηγορεύετο Hertlein, MSS.
277 Pythagoras.
278 _Philebus_ 12 C.
279 _Timaeus_ 40 D; Julian fails to see that Plato is not speaking seriously.
280 Aristotle.
281 ἐκφοβήσεις Cobet, ἐκφοβήσῃς Hertlein, MSS.
282 ὁποίας Hertlein suggests, ὅπως MSS.
283 συνιεὶς Hertlein suggests, συνεὶς MSS.
284 μέγα φρονοῦντα Cobet, μεγαλοφρονοῦντα Hertlein, MSS.
285 τοῖς Naber, τούτοις Hertlein, MSS.
286 _Diogenes Laertius_ 6. 39.
287 Diogenes like Socrates claimed that he had a δαιμόνιον, a private revelation to guide his conduct; cf. 212 D.
288 Cf. _Oration_ 4. 148 A, note.
289 This was the πρόρρησις or praefatio sacrorum; cf. Livy 45. 5.
290 cf. vol. i. p. 351.
291 κοινὸν Wright, καινὸν Hertlein, MSS.
292 ἂν—μιμήσαιτο Hertlein suggests, μιμήσεται MSS.
293 ἀντηχήσειε Hertlein suggests, ἀντηχήσει MSS.
294 _Odyssey_ 4. 227; a sophistic commonplace; cf. 412 D, Themistius 357 A; Julian seems to mean that the nepenthe was not really a drug but a story told by Helen.
295 Plato, _Phaedo_ 60 B.
296 Cf. _Oration_ 2. 101 A.
297 Mardonius.
298 _Iliad_ 17. 720.
299 _Iliad_ 11. 401.
300 _Iliad_ 11. 163.
301 _Iliad_ 17. 242.
302 μόνος—φροντίδος Brambs regards as a verse; Hertlein prints as prose.
303 Nauck, _Adespota fragmenta_ 430.
304 ἀλλὰ Reiske supplies, lacuna Hertlein: after πραττόμενα several words are lost.
305 πολυειδοῦς Cobet, πολυτελοῦς Hertlein, MSS.
306 Julian quotes from memory and paraphrases _Epistle_ 7. 325 C.
307 This feat of Xerxes became a rhetorical commonplace.
308 Aristophanes, _Acharnians_ 1; cf. 248 D.
309 A commonplace; Plato, _Laws_ 659 E; Julian, _Caesars_ 314 C; Dio Chrysostom 33. 10; Themistius 63 B, 302 B; Maximus of Tyre 10. 6.
310 _Odyssey_ 11. 202.
311 Demosthenes, _De Corona_ 97; cf. Julian, _Epistle_ 53. 439 D.
312 Cf. _Caesars_ 309 C note.
313 Plato, _Charmides_ 156 D.
314 _Iliad_ 9. 524.
315 _Odyssey_ 9. 14.
316 οὐ μόνον οὐ δυσχεραίνω χαίρω δὲ Hertlein suggests, cf. 37 B, 255 D; καὶ χαίρω γε MSS.
317 ἀρετῆς Hertlein suggests, τῆς ἀρετῆς MSS.
318 Theocritus 12. 15.
319 Hesiod, _Works and Days_ 293, 295 ὃς αὑτῷ πάντα νοήσῃ; Diogenes Laertius 7. 25.
320 καὶ θατέρῳ Hertlein suggests, θατέρῳ MSS.
321 Diogenes Laertius 8. 10; Pythagoras persuaded his disciples to share their property in common.
322 ὢν Hertlein would add.
323 ὁπουοῦν Cobet, ὅπου Hertlein, MSS.
324 τὴν οὗ Hertlein suggests, οὗ MSS.
325 θηρίοις Cobet, ὄρνισιν Hertlein, MSS.
326 Cf. Livy 27. 7.
327 Cobet rejects this sentence as a gloss; but Julian perhaps echoes Plato, _Menexenus_ 246 C.
328 This a very inappropriate application to Pericles of the speech of Critoboulos in Xenophon, _Symposium_ 4. 12; cf. Diogenes Laertius 2. 49.
329 The Attic stade = about 600 feet.
330 Epicharmus _fr._ 13.
331 _Iliad_ 15. 80.
332 ἐπῄει Reiske adds.
333 νυκτέρων Cobet, νυκτερινῶν Hertlein, MSS.
334 Theognis 153. τίκτει τοι κόρος ὕβριν, ὅταν κακῷ ὄλβος ἔπηται.
335 Euripides, _Phoenissae_ 165, μορφῆς τύπωμα στέρνα τ᾽ ἐξῃκασμένα.
336 Nauck, _Adespota trag. frag._ 108.
337 ἐνδίδωσι Hertlein suggests, δίδωσι MSS.
338 δῆλον Cobet, δῆλοι Hertlein, MSS.
339 πρωτεῖα Cobet, πρῶτα Hertlein, MSS.
340 _Iliad_ 5. 304.
341 Cf. 243 C.
342 Two familiar proverbs.
343 _Iliad_ 9. 420.
344 _Iliad_ 1. 55.
345 The Megarians on inquiring their rank among the Greeks from the Delphic oracle were told that they were not in the reckoning at all, ὑμεῖς δ᾽ οἱ Μεγαρεῖς οὐκ ἐν λόγῳ οὐδ᾽ ἐν ἀριθμῷ; cf. Theocritus 14. 47.
346 πόνων Hertlein suggests, φόβων MSS.
347 Cf. Dio Chrysostom 13. 4, Arnim.
348 _Odyssey_ 5. 84.
349 _Iliad_ 2. 673.
350 _Odyssey_ 10. 119 foll.
351 _Odyssey_ 13. 332.
352 Cf. _Oration_ 6. 201 C; Thucydides 1. 118.
353 _Iliad_ 24. 63.
354 _Iliad_ 8. 1.
355 _Odyssey_ 3. 1.
356 _Odyssey_ 19. 172.
357 ὑπερέχον Naber, ὑπάρχον Hertlein, MSS.
358 ὀρέγεσθαι Petavius, lacuna Hertlein, MSS.
359 ἄγουσα Cobet, ῥέπουσα Hertlein, ... οὐσα V.
360 The Propontis.
361 Sallust was a native of Gaul.
362 These are regular epithets of Zeus.
363 Theocritus 7. 57.
364 _Odyssey_ 24. 402; and 10. 562.
365 Themistius 260 C, 345 C.
366 245 D.
367 33, 295 B.
368 Vol. 5, p. 742.
369 Libanius _Epistle_ 1061 mentions an Oration by Themistius in praise of Julian, but this is not extant.
370 διαιτημάτων Naber, διηγημάτων Hertlein, MSS.
371 The Emperor Marcus Aurelius.
372 Apparently an echo of Dio Chrysostom, _Oration_ 1. 9, Arnim.
373 Euripides, _Orestes_ 16.
374 γ᾽ ἂν Hertlein suggests, γοῦν MSS.
375 εὐφυῶς Reiske adds.
376 καὶ Γλαύκωνα ... λέγει· τὸν δὲ Wyttenbach, Γλαύκωνα δὲ ἐκεῖνον ὡς Ξενοφῶν λέγει, καὶ τὸν Hertlein, MSS.
377 After λεγόμενον several words are lost.
378 λόγῳ Reiske, λόγοι Hertlein, MSS.
379 The Bosporus; Themistius was probably at Constantinople.
380 Epicurus; his advice was λαθὲ βιώσας.
381 Literally “from the βῆμα,” _i.e._ the stone on the Pnyx from which the Athenian orator addressed the people.
382 _Memorabilia_ 3. 6. 1.
383 Alcibiades.
384 The Stoic philosopher.
385 Cf. Aristotle, _Nicomachean Ethics_ 1. 10. 6.
386 Cf. _Oration_ 6. 195B, note.
387 _Iliad_ 2. 25.
388 παρασκευῆς Hertlein would read, τῆς παρασκευῆς MSS.
389 θαυμασιώτερον MSS.; Hertlein following Cobet reads θαυμαστότερον but in later Preface would restore MSS. reading.
390 Alexander.
391 θεῖον Hertlein suggests, θεὸν MSS.
392 _Laws_ 709B.
393 A play on words: διανομὴ and νόμος are both connected with νέμω = “to distribute.”
394 _Laws_ 713‐714; Julian condenses and slightly alters the original.
395 Ἀθηνῶν Cobet, Ἀθηναίων Hertlein, MSS.
396 We know nothing more of the events here mentioned.
397 A proverb derived from _Iliad_ 6. 236, where Glaukos exchanges his golden armour for the bronze armour of Diomede.
398 Aristophanes, _Wasps_ 1431.
399 ὡς Klimek, ὅς Hertlein, MSS.
400 τὸν τοιοῦτον εἶδος πολιτείας Hertlein suggests, cf. Aristotle _Politics_ 3. 16, 1287 a, τὸ τοιοῦτον εἶδος MSS.
401 ὃς Hertlein would add.
402 Several words indicating the second point enumerated seem to have been lost.
403 οἷόν Hertlein suggests, ὃ MSS.
404 A proverb; cf. “bringing coals to Newcastle.”
405 Aristotle, _Politics_ 3. 15. 1286B.
406 _Ibid_ 3. 16. 1287A.
407 Cf. Plato, _Theaetetus_ 153.
408 Before Solon’s measure to cancel debts was generally known, some of his friends borrowed large sums, knowing that they would not have to repay them.
409 Aristotle, _Politics_ 7. 3. 1325B.
410 _Odyssey_ 21. 26.
411 ἐν τῷ πράττειν ... τοὺς κυρίους Hertlein suggests, τοὺς ἐν τῷ πράττειν ... κυρίους MSS.
412 πρότερος Hertlein suggests, πρότερον MSS.
413 The father of Socrates.
414 This school was founded by Phaedo in Elis and later was transferred by Menedemus to Eretria.
415 The Megarian school founded by Euclid was finally absorbed by the Cynics.
416 Simmias and Cebes were Pythagoreans; cf. Plato, _Phaedo_, where they discuss with Socrates.
417 Alexander; Julian seems to be misquoting Plutarch, _Moralia_ 78 D.
418 Cf. _Caesars_ 326 B note.
419 A historian under Augustus.
420 The Platonic philosopher and astrologer, cf. Tacitus, _Annals_ 6. 21.
421 The Stoic philosopher exiled by Nero.
422 ἁπάσῃ μηχανῇ follows ὑμῶν in MSS.; Hertlein suggests present reading.
423 τε Hertlein suggests, γε MSS.
424 Demosthenes, _De Corona_ 23.
425 Cf. _Caesars_ 323 B.
426 The first King of Media; reigned 709‐656 B.C.
427 A priest of Apollo whose story and date are uncertain.
428 A Scythian prince who visited Athens at the end of the sixth century B.C.; cf. Cicero, _Tusculan Disputations_ 5. 32; Lucian, _Anacharsis_.
429 The story is told in Plutarch, _Themistocles_.
430 Athene.
431 τὸν ἐμὸν Hertlein suggests, ἐμὸν MSS.
432 ἐξέδυσε Hertlein suggests, ἐρρύσατο οὐδὲ Cobet, ἐρρύσατο MSS.
433 Gallus.
434 Euripides, _Orestes_ 14, τί τἄρρητ᾽ ἀναμετρήσασθαί με δεῖ;
435 ἡμᾶς Hertlein, Reiske suggest, ὑμᾶς MSS.
436 ἀπὸ τῆς ἐν Τράλλεσι φυγῆς Hertlein suggests, ἁπὸ τραλφυγῆς V, ἀπο τρα φυγῆς Petavius.
437 διάγοντε Hertlein suggests, διαγαγόντες MSS.
438 The castle of Macellum.
439 Cf. Demosthenes, _Against Meidias_ 41.
440 Eusebius; cf. Ammianus Marcellinus 14. 11; 22. 3.
441 The sister of Gallus was the first wife of Constantius.
442 ἀκηκόατε Cobet, ἠκούσατ
443 δὴ Hertlein suggests, δὲ MSS.
444 The title of Caesar.
445 Gaudentius.
446 A town in Illyricum.
447 For the account of this alleged conspiracy cf. Ammianus Marcellinus 15. 3.
448 Cf. _Oration_ 1. 48 C; 2. 98 C, D.
449 At Milan.
450 Milan.
451 Eusebius.
452 περιβλέπων ... σοβῶν Hertlein suggests, περιβλέποντες ... σοβοῦντες MSS.
453 Cf. _Oration_ 1. 32 A. The origin of the proverb is obscure; cf. Cicero, _Letter to Atticus_ 9. 13.
454 Mardonius.
455 ἐδεχόμην Naber, δὲ εἱλόμην Hertlein, MSS.
456 ὁμωρόφιος Cobet, ὁμορόφιος Hertlein, MSS.
457 ἔδειξεν Hertlein suggests, ἐπέδειξεν MSS.
458 τριακοστὸν Hertlein suggests, τριακοσιοστὸν MSS.
459 ἀφελῶς Cobet, ἀσφαλῶς Hertlein, MSS.
460 An echo of Plato, _Phaedo_ 62 C; cf. _Fragment of a Letter_ 297 A.
461 Cf. Ammianus Marcellinus 15. 8.
462 Oreibasius; cf. _Letter_ 17.
463 ὑπακούοντα Hertlein suggests, ὑπακούσοντα MSS.
464 355 A.D.
465 αὐτὸς MSS., Cobet, [αὐτὸς] Hertlein.
466 At Vienne.
467 Marcellus.
468 ὀλίγον Hertlein suggests, ὀλίγῳ MSS.
469 357 A.D.
470 Cologne.
471 Strasburg.
472 Chnodomar.
473 ἐπέστειλε πρός με τὸ αὐτὸ πράττειν Horkel, ἐπέστειλεν αὐτὸ πρός με, πράττειν Hertlein, MSS.
474 δ᾽ after ἀφελόμενος Hertlein suggests.
475 Cf. Isocrates, _To Demonicus_ 14.
476 ἄσμενος
477 βλέπων ... κατανόησας Horkel, κατανόησας ... βλέπων Hertlein, MSS.
478 γραμματεῖον Horkel adds, δέλτον Naber.
479 δή Hertlein would add.
480 Julian was at Paris.
481 Cf. Thucydides I, lxxvii. 2.
482 ὢν Cobet, τῶν Hertlein, MSS.
483 _Odyssey_ 3. 173.
ᾐτέομεν δὲ θεὸν φῆναι τέρας, αὐτὰρ ὅ γ᾽ ἡμῖν δεῖξε καὶ ἠνώγει.
484 _i.e._ the title of Augustus.
485 ἐπιθήσεσθαι Cobet, ἐπιθέσθαι Hertlein, MSS.
486 ὡς καίσαρι Hertlein suggests, καίσαρι MSS.
487 Athanasius says that Epictetus was bishop of Centumcellae; hence Petavius suggests Κεντουμκελλῶν for τῶν Γαλλιῶν.
488 Bregentz, on Lake Constance.
489 Epictetus was bishop of Centumcellae (Civita Vecchia); see critical note.
490 cf. “Write in dust” or “write in water.”
491 Demosthenes, _Olynthiac_ 1. 27.
492 αἰδέσονται Cobet, εἴσονται Hertlein, MSS.
493 p. 256 C, between τὸ δὴ λεγόμενον and καὶ πεποιήκασι.
494 The beginning is lost: Julian has apparently been describing the functions of good demons, and now passes on to the demons whose task is to punish evil‐doers; cf. _Oration_ 2. 90 B.
495 ἀξιοῖμεν Hertlein suggests, ἀξιοῦμεν MSS.
496 παρὰ θεῶν Hertlein suggests, παρ᾽ αὐτῶν MSS.
497 _Genesis_ 3. 21.
498 Pindar, _Olympian Ode_ 7. 49; this became a Sophistic commonplace. Cf. Menander (Spengel) 3. 362; Aristides 1. 807; Libanius 31. 6, Foerster; Philostratus, *Imagines* 2. 270.
499 πονηροῖς Hertlein suggests, πολεμίοις MSS.
500 _Odyssey_ 6. 207.
501 ὑποστῆσαι Reiske would add.
502 ἐθῶν Hertlein suggests, ἀγαθῶν Petavius, ἠθῶν MSS.
503 τέκνα Hertlein would add.
504 φυτευσάντων τῶν Hertlein suggests, νευσάντων MSS.
505 The connection of the thought is not clear, and Petavius thinks that something has been lost.
506 Julian here prefers the Platonic account of the creation in the _Timaeus_ to the Biblical narrative.
507 σωματικῶς Petavius, Hertlein approves, σωματικὰς MSS.
508 ἕτερον Hertlein suggests, δεύτερον Reiske, τρίτον MSS.
509 cf. St. Paul, _Acts_ 17. 25, “neither is he worshipped with men’s hands, as though he needed anything.”
510 Of Syracuse, whose claim to be immortal was accepted by the Sicilians.
511 Agamemnon; _Iliad_ 1. 23.
512 καὶ—ποιήσει Hertlein suggests, lacuna MSS.
513 ἀγαπῶμεν Hertlein suggests, ἀγαπήσομεν MSS.
514 ἐξελέγξῃ Hertlein suggests, ἐξελέγχῃ MSS.
515 cf. Plato, _Phaedo_ 62 C; _Letter to the Athenians_ 276 B.
516 Apollo.
517 An oracle from an unknown source: these verses occur again in _Epistle_ 62. 451 A.
518 _Sc._ I will protect.
519 Euripides, _fr._ 488 Nauck; cf. 197 C, 358 D, 387 B, 391 this phrase became a proverb; cf. Lucian, _Hermotimus_ 789.
520 ἀχλυόεντος Hertlein suggests; ἀχλυόεσσαν MSS.
521 An oracle from an unknown source.
522 θέα Brambs, MSS., θεῷ Reiske, Cobet, Hertlein.
523 πῶς Hertlein suggests, πάντως MSS.
524 ὥσπερ Hertlein suggests, ὅπερ MSS.
525 Hipponax of Ephesus, a scurrilous poet who wrote in choliambics (the skazon) and flourished about the middle of the sixth century B.C.; cf. Horace, _Epodes_ 6. 12.
526 γε Hertlein suggests, τε MSS.
527 τῷ Wright, ὡς Hertlein, MSS. The meaning is not clear and Petavius suspects corruption.
528 τῷ Hertlein suggests, ὡς MSS.
529 κατὰ τῆς συμφορᾶς Hertlein suggests, καὶ τὰς συμφορὰς MSS.
530 ὡς καὶ Hertlein would add.
531 ἡμᾶς—σωφρονεῖν Cobet suggests, lacuna Hertlein, MSS.
532 εἰ γὰρ τοῦτο Hertlein suggests, εἴπερ ἐκ τούτου MSS.
533 ἔν ἄλλοις Cobet would add; cf. 298 A.
534 Cf. Aeschylus, _Seven Against Thebes_; Euripides, _Phoenissae_ 1118.
ὁ μάντις Ἀμφιάραος οὐ σημεῖ᾽ ἔχων ὑβρισμέν᾽, ἀλλὰ σωφρόνως ἄσημ᾽ ὅπλα.
535 ἐχέτω Petavius suggests, lacuna Hertlein, MSS.
536 εὐδοκιμοῦντος Hertlein suggests, καλλίστου δοκοῦντος Reiske, δοκοῦντος MSS.
537 γὰρ Hertlein would add.
538 The conclusion is lost, and may have been suppressed by Christian copyists.
539 cf. _Oration_ 4. 157 C.
540 306 A.
541 Better known by its Latin name Saturnalia. Saturn is the Greek Kronos.
542 φασί Cobet, lacuna V., Hertlein, ἐπιδείξει MSS.
543 _i.e._ not a fable with a moral nor an animal fable.
544 αὐτοὺς Hertlein suspects to be an interpolation.
545 Cf. Plato, _Phaedrus_ 247 B.
546 _Odyssey_ 6. 42.
547 ἐκαθεζέσθην Hertlein suggests, ἐκαθέζετον V., ἐκαθεζέτην MSS.
548 Cf. _Oration_ 4. 149 B, 154 D.
549 Cf. Martial 8. 51. 5: “Vera minus flavo radiant electra metallo”; it is often uncertain whether electron means amber, or a combination of 4/5 gold and 1/5 silver.
550 χαριτοδότην Spanheim, cf. 148 D, χαριδότην Hertlein, MSS.
551 This is not in our Homer, but Julian may have in mind _Iliad_ 11. 76.
552 συνεκεκρότητο Hertlein suggests, συνεκροτεῖτο MSS.
553 ἀπαντώντων Spanheim, πάντων Hertlein, MSS.
554 Silenus is usually represented as bald.
555 Suetonius, _Augustus_ 16.
556 The Stoic philosopher.
557 Julian probably alludes to the influence on Augustus of Athenodorus the Stoic.
558 A deity among the Thracians, who according to one tradition had been a slave of Pythagoras; cf. Herodotus 4. 94; Plato, _Charmides_ 156 D; Julian 8. 244 A.
559 Cf. Plato, _Gorgias_ 525 D, E; _Republic_ 611 C; Tacitus, _Annals_ 6. 6; Lucian, _Cataplus_ 27.
560 _Odyssey_ 16. 181; there is a play on the word πάροιθεν which means also “in front.”
561 Δήμου Cobet, δήμου Hertlein, MSS., Δημοσθένους Spanheim.
562 _i.e._ Seleucus; cf. Suetonius, _Tiberius_ 56, 70.
563 Suetonius, _Tiberius_ 60.
564 Caligula.
565 _Knights_ 1111 foll.
566 Their riches were proverbial, cf. Juvenal 1. 109; 14. 32.
567 Tacitus, _Annals_ 11. 12; Juvenal 10. 330 foll.
568 τὸ σμῆνος Hertlein suggests, τὸν δῆμον MSS.
569 An allusion partly to the smoke of civil war, partly to the burning of the temple of Jupiter Capitoline under Vitellius; the temple was restored by Vespasian; Tacitus, _Annals_ 4. 81.
570 Titus.
571 Domitian.
572 Phalaris of Agrigentum.
573 Nerva.
574 ἵστασθαι Cobet, ἵπτασθαι Hertlein, MSS.
575 Hadrian.
576 Antoninus Pius.
577 A proverb for niggardliness; cf. Theocritus 10. 50.
578 Verus was the family name of Marcus Aurelius.
579 Lucius Verus.
580 Commodus.
581 Faustina.
582 καὶ before κολαστικός Hertlein suggests.
583 παιδάρια Cobet, MSS., παιδαρίδια Hertlein, V., m.
584 εἶπεν Hertlein suggests, ἐπεῖπεν MSS.
585 Geta.
586 Caracalla.
587 Heliogabalus; cf. _Oration_ 4. 150 D, note.
588 Alexander Severus was assassinated in 235 A.D.
589 Mammaea.
590 Valerian died in captivity among the Persians.
591 Euripides, _Phoenissae_ 120.
592 Slightly altered from _Iliad_ 2. 872.
593 Cf. _Oration_ 1. 6 D.
594 Cf. _Oration_ 4. 155 B.
595 An oracular verse ascribed to Rhadamanthus by Aristotle, _Nic. Ethics_ 5. 5. 3; attributed to Hesiod, _Fragments_ 150 Goettling; it became a proverb.
596 Plato, _Laws_ 659 E; a rhetorical commonplace; Themistius 63 B.
597 Cf. Plato, _Symposium_ 215; cf. Julian, _Oration_ 6. 187 A.
598 A reference to the oracle of Apollo which declared that Socrates was the wisest man of his times.
599 Cf. _Oration_ 1. 7 A, B.
600 _i.e._ the two Maximians, the colleagues of Diocletian.
601 Constantine II, Constans and Constantius.
602 Cf. _Oration_ 1. 31, 33 foll.
603 ἑνός εἰσιν ἀντάξιοι Naber, ἑνὸς ὦσιν οὐκ ἀντάξιοι Hertlein, MSS.; V omits οὐκ.
604 Caracalla.
605 Cf. Plato, _Laws_ 730 D; Julian, _Misopogon_ 353 D.
606 ἐκροφήσουσι Hertlein suggests, ἐκροφήσωσι MSS.
607 ἀφελοῦνται Hertlein suggests, ἀφέλωνται MSS.
608 Marcus Aurelius.
609 A reference to the water‐clock, _clepsydra_.
610 In this doggerel made up of tags of anapaestic verse, Julian reproduces in the first five and last two verses the proclamation made at the Olympic games. The first three verses occur in Lucian, _Demonax_ 65.
611 πλεῖν Cobet, πλέον Hertlein, MSS.
612 ἐπῆλθε Hertlein suggests, περιῆλθε Cobet, παρῆλθε MSS.
613 οὔτι ταὐτὸν Hertlein suggests, τί τοσοῦτον MSS.
614 Cf. _Oration_ 1. 8 C.
615 Darius III.
616 Cf. _Oration_ 2. 56 C.
617 The “inner” sea was the Mediterranean.
618 Caesar, _De Bello Gallico_ 4. 25, ascribes this to the standard‐ bearer of the tenth legion.
619 γεγονὼς Petavius, Naber, γέγονας Hertlein, MSS.
620 τῇ νίκῃ before νικῶν Hertlein suggests; cf. _Oration_ 1. 59 D.
621 At Gades, on seeing a statue of Alexander; cf. Suetonius, _Julius Caesar_ 7.
622 Led by Spartacus 73‐71 B.C.; Appian, _Civil Wars_ I. 116‐120.
623 Lucius Gellius; Plutarch, _Crassus_.
624 Licinius Lucullus the conqueror of Mithridates.
625 Caius Marius the rival of Sulla.
626 Furius Camillus repulsed the Gauls 390 B.C.; cf. _Oration_ 1. 29 D.
627 Cf. _Letter to Themistius_, 267 B.
628 A proverb for effeminacy; cf. Plutarch, _Pompeius_ 48; Juvenal 9. 133, _qui digito scalpunt uno caput_; Lucian, _The Rhetorician’s Guide_ 11.
629 At Dyrrhachium; Plutarch, _Julius Caesar_.
630 An echo of Plutarch, _Apophthegmata_ 206 D.
631 Ἀντώνιος Cobet rejects, since Julian prefers to substitute descriptive phrases for names.
632 ὅμως Cobet, ὅμως δὲ Hertlein, MSS.
633 Heracles.
634 τὸν Hertlein would add.
635 ἀποδεδειγμένα Cobet, ἀποδεδομένα Hertlein, MSS.
636 ἡσυχάζειν Reiske adds.
637 Suetonius, _Augustus_ 16; during the campaign against Pompey when the fleet of Augustus was lost in a storm, he swore that he would win in spite of Neptune.
638 Augustus was Julius Caesar’s nephew, and his son only by adoption.
639 A Stoic philosopher; cf. pseudo‐Lucian, _Long Lives_ 21. 23; Suetonius, _Augustus_; Dio Chrysostom 33. 48.
640 _Letter_ 51. 434 A; _Letter to Themistius_ 265 C; Themistius 63 D.
641 ἄλλοι Reiske adds.
642 ἐμαυτοῦ Hertlein suggests, ἐμοῦ MSS.
643 ἔκγονον Wright, ἔγγονον Hertlein, MSS.
644 Cf. 309 C, _Oration_ 8. 244 A and note.
645 For this idiom cf. Milton, _Paradise Lost_ 4. 324.
“Adam the goodliest of men since born His sons, the fairest of her daughters Eve.”
646 Euripides, _fr._ 417 Nauck.
647 ἀσθενῆ Sylburg adds.
648 After ἐτετελέκει Cobet suspects that several words are lost.
649 νίκης Cobet, MSS, δίκης Hertlein, V, M.
650 Maxentius.
651 Licinius.
652 A proverb for whatever perishes quickly; cf. Theocritus 15. Frazer, _Attis, Adonis and Osiris_, p. 194.
653 οὐ κρίνειν ἐκ Hertlein suggests, οὐκ ἐκ MSS.
654 At the storming of the capital of the Mallians, probably the modern city Multan, in 326 B.C., cf. Plutarch, _Alexander_; Lucian, _Dialogues of the Dead_ 14.
655 Peucestes was wounded but saved Alexander’s life; Pliny 34. 8.
656 _Andromache_ 693 foll.: the passage continues “Tis not those who did the work that gain the credit but the general wins all the glory.” Cleitus was killed by Alexander at a banquet for quoting these verses.
657 τὸν Κλεῖτον ἔδρασεν ἐργάσηται MSS.; Hertlein suggests omission of ἔδρασεν.
658 μήτε εἶναι μήτε νομίζεσθαι Hertlein suggests, εἶναι μήτε νομίζεσθαι MSS.
659 εἰπέ Hertlein suggests; cf. 333 D, εἶπε MSS.
660 οὔτοι V, Cobet, οὔτι Hertlein.
661 This is not according to history. The Senate gave Brutus and Cassius proconsular power in their provinces.
662 Tyrant of Syracuse 405‐367 B.C.
663 Tyrant of Syracuse 317‐289 B.C.
664 Caius Caesar.
665 Julian refers to the custom of deifying the Emperors.
666 μὲν οὖν Hertlein suggests, οὖν MSS. καὶ before σὺ Cobet adds.
667 εἰπέ Hertlein suggests, cf. 331 D, εἶπε MSS.
668 διαπορήσας Reiske suggests to complete the construction.
669 Simonides _fr._ 5 Bergk.
670 Plato, _Protagoras_ 339 E ὥσπερ ὑπὸ ἀγαθοῦ πύκτου πληγείς.
671 _Iliad_ 9. 343.
672 A paraphrase of _Iliad_ 5. 897.
673 ζῶν Cobet, ἄγων Reiske, ἔχων Hertlein, MSS.
674 _Iliad_ 3. 55.
675 Kronos.
676 Introduction to Volume I. p. vii.
677 Constantius Chlorus.
678 cf. Libanius, _Oration_ 29. 220, where he warns the people of Antioch that Caesarea had already robbed them of one sophist by the offer of a higher salary, and exhorts them not to neglect rhetoric, the cause of their greatness.
679 "The Discourse at Antioch" is an alternative title in the MSS.
680 In the seventh century B.C. Alcaeus of Lesbos and Archilochus both suffered exile, and the latter fell in battle against Naxos. For the misfortunes of Alcaeus, cf. Horace, _Odes_ 2. 13.
681 For Ismenias of Thebes cf. Plutarch, _Pericles_. The saying became a proverb; cf. Dio Chrysostom, _Oration_ 78. 420; Themistius 366 B; Burton, _Anatomy of Melancholy_, “I have lived _mihi et Musis_ in the University.”
682 συγκαταφαγὼν Cobet, καὶ συγκαταφαγὼν Hertlein, MSS.
683 Daphnis is the hero of bucolic poetry; Julian echoes Theocritus 12. 32 ὃς δέ κε προσμάξῃ γλυκερώτερα χείλεσι χείλη.
684 _Odyssey_ 22. 151; cf. Zonaras 13. 12. 213, Dindorf.
685 Κικέρωνι Naber, cf. Plutarch, _Cicero_, Κίμωνι Hertlein, MSS.
686 εἰ Reiske, ἃ Hertlein, MSS.
687 ὑμῖν καὶ Reiske, μὲν Hertlein, MSS.
688 cf. Plutarch, _Cicero_, who says that Cicero had a wart on his nose.
689 _i.e._ the altar of Dionysus which was set up in the orchestra.
690 ἀναμιμνήσκεσθε—φρενῶν Hertlein writes as prose; Brambs identified as a fragment of Cratinus.
691 Cratinus, _Eunidae_ _fr._ 1; cf. Synesius, _Epistle_ 129; Julian refers to Constantius, whom the people of Antioch now compare with him.
692 Constantius.
693 Count Julian who had been Governor of Antioch. cf. _Letter_ 13.
694 Gallus his half‐brother.
695 ὀλιγιστάκις Hertlein suggests, ὀλιγάκις MSS.
696 περιλαμβάνει Cobet, καταλαμβάνει Hertlein, MSS.
697 εἰσιν οἳ Cobet, τινές εἰσιν οἳ Hertlein, MSS.
698 τὸν—κρύσταλλα Hertlein suggests, ᾧ ἐῴικει μάλιστα τοῦ λευκοῦ τούτου τὰ κρύσταλλα, MSS.
699 ὑπογαίοις Naber, cf. Pliny _Ep._ 2. 17; ὑπὸ ταῖς Hertlein, MSS.
700 cf. _Oration_ 3. 113 C, note. Cobet thinks that the verse in Menander, _Duskolos_ was αὐτὸς δ᾽ ἐμαυτῷ προστίθημι τοὺς πόνους.
701 For Solon’s visit to Croesus at Sardis cf. Herodotus 1. 29.
702 _Odyssey_ 8. 249.
703 _i.e._ bringing false accusations, which was the trade of the sycophant or blackmailer.
704 Apollo who was worshipped at Daphne near Antioch.
705 _Iliad_ 7. 195
τόφρ᾽ ὑμεῖς εὔχεσθε Διί Κρονίωνι, ἄνακτι σιγῇ ἐφ᾽ ὑμείων, ἵνα μὴ Τρῶές γε πύθωνται.
706 _Odyssey_ 22. 411.
707 _Iliad_ 6. 301.
708 ὁρμῇ μιᾷ Naber, ὁρώμενόν Hertlein, MSS.
709 μόνον θεούς Hertlein suggests, θεούς MSS.
710 τοῖς ὧν Naber, ὧν Hertlein, MSS.
711 _Odyssey_ 5. 12.
712 The phrase δρῦς καὶ πέτρα, literally, “the oak tree and the rock” became a proverb for something hackneyed; cf. Hesiod, _Theogony_ 35, ἀλλὰ τίη μοι ταῦτα περὶ δρῦν ἢ περὶ πέτρην;
713 The Christians invaded the shrine of Apollo at Daphne and the priests of Apollo abandoned it to them. Julian destroyed the Christian Church there and restored the worship of Apollo.
714 Literally the “day not to be mentioned,” _i.e._ “unholy day,” _nefastus dies_, on which business was suspended.
715 πεπόλισται Cobet, Hertlein approves, πεποίητα
716 τὰ Hertlein suggests, τὸ MSS.
717 _i.e._ Antiochus.
718 cf. Plutarch, _Demetrius_.
719 _i.e._ Erasistratus.
720 The phrase occurs in Hesiod, _Works and Days_ 66, but not in Homer.
721 Stratonice.
722 In Plutarch’s version Antiochus married Stratonice during his father’s lifetime.
723 ἐπώνυμον Hertlein suggests, ὁμώνυμον MSS.
724 _Iliad_ 24. 261.
725 _Odyssey_ 19. 396.
726 σε ὅτι—δεῖ Cobet, σε—δεῖν Hertlein, MSS.
727 αὐτοὺς Reiske, αὐτοῖς Hertlein, MSS.
728 Smicrines is a typical name in New Comedy for an avaricious old man; Thrasyleon is said to have been used by Menander as the name of a boasting soldier, “miles gloriosus.”
729 Theognis 215 foll. advises men to imitate the adaptability of the polypus.
730 Mykonos was an island in the Cyclades whose inhabitants were proverbial for poverty and greed.
731 The cordax was a lascivious dance.
732 Plato, _Republic_ 372 E.
733 The suitors of Penelope lived on pork and mutton.
734 Literally “pulse.”
735 Aristophanes, _Acharnians_ 180 uses these words to describe the older, more robust generation of Athenians.
736 Xenophon, _Symposium_ 4. 28.
737 _i.e._ before he had been appointed Caesar.
738 cf. 352 C.
739 The chariot race in _Iliad_ 23.
740 The citharode played and sang to the lyre: Phemius was at the court of Odysseus in Ithaca; Demodocus in Phaeacia.
741 Odysseus thus refers to Nausicaa in _Odyssey_ 6. 162.
742 _i.e._ Mardonius; it was a Sophistic mannerism to use such a periphrasis instead of giving the name directly; see vol. i. _Introduction_, p. xi.
743 Constantius was under the influence of the powerful eunuchs of his court; they had been expelled by Julian, but Mardonius was an exception to his class.
744 Basilina.
745 Athene.
746 πᾶσιν ἄδειαν Cobet, πᾶσι πᾶσαν ἄδειαν Hertlein, MSS.
747 Plato, _Laws_ 730 D.
748 ἐπονειδιστότατον Hertlein suggests, ἐπονείδιστον MSS.
749 Julian refers to Libanius the famous rhetorician; with him were also Maximus of Ephesus, Priscus, Himerius and Oreibasius the physician.
750 ἀκούσῃς Hertlein suggests, ἀκούσαις MSS.
751 ἀρξαμένοις before πρῶτον Hertlein suggests, Klimek ἀποστᾶσι τῆς for ἀπὸ τῆς.
752 In 272 B.C. the Romans took Tarentum.
753 The people of Antioch ridiculed the Pagan symbols, such as the figures of Helios, the sun‐god, which Julian had engraved on his coinage.
754 There was a statue of Calliope in the market‐place at Antioch.
755 The people of Emesa burned the Christian churches and spared only one, which they converted into a temple of Dionysus.
756 A proverb to express complete indifference.
757 ἐκ βίβλων πολλῶν Hertlein suggests, ἐκ τῶν πολλῶν MSS.
758 The anecdote which follows is told by Plutarch in his _Cato the Younger_ and also in his _Pompeius_.
759 Julian must have known that in Cato’s day the Romans never wore beards.
760 cf. _Fragment of a Letter_ 299 C, note.
761 Plutarch.
762 ἐπιτηδείων—οἰομένοις—εὐδαιμονεστάτοις Hertlein suggests, ἐπιτηδείῳ δήμοις ἐντυγχάνειν καὶ ὑπὸ τρυφῆς εὐδαιμονεστάτῳ MSS.
763 cf. Caesar, _Gallic War_, 6. 24.
764 ἐπιδείκνυσθαι Hertlein would add.
765 We do not know what sort of performance was given by a cotylist; he was evidently a mime and may have played with cups; κοτύλη = a pint‐ cup.
766 _i.e._ may they have two such rulers as Constantius.
767 _i.e._ the sepulchres over which the Christian churches were built; cf. 357 C, note.
768 ἐνεῖσαν Hertlein suggests, ἔδειξαν MSS.
769 Babylas, Bishop of Antioch, had been buried in the grove of Daphne, and the priests of Apollo retired from it. When the church over his tomb was demolished by Julian he removed the body of St. Babylas to Antioch, and that night (October 22. 362 A.D.) the people of Antioch burned the temple of Apollo which Julian had restored. Cf. Johannes Chrysostomos, _De S. Babyla et contra Julianum_; and Libanius, _Monody on the Temple of Apollo at Daphne_.
770 Kasios was the name of a mountain near Antioch where there was a temple of Zeus.
771 μίαν ὄρνιν Hertlein suggests, ὄρνιν MSS.
772 ἕνα γε Hertlein suggests, ἕνα MSS.
773 μὲν οὖν Hertlein suggests, μὲν MSS.
774 cf. Themistius 332 D.
775 Julian probably alludes to the riot which took place at Antioch on account of the famine in 354, when the populace killed Theophilus the Governor and were punished for the murder by Constantius.
776 τῆς πόλεως Hertlein suggests, τὴν πόλι
777 Demosthenes, _Against Meidias_ 153 ἀποκναίει γὰρ ἀηδίᾳ καὶ ἀναισθησίᾳ.
778 ἀλλὰ καὶ Reiske would add.
779 προστασία is sometimes used of the Imperial protection of a municipal guild, and that may be Julian’s meaning here.
780 _Iliad_ 2. 542.
781 Julian, Count of the East.
782 Anacreon _fr._ 77, Bergk.
783 ἢ καὶ Hertlein suggests, καὶ MSS.
784 cf. _Oration_ 7. 204 B.
785 The Senatorship was an expensive burden.
786 οὐκ ἐπὶ—μέτρων Hertlein suggests, οὐ κατὰ—μέτρα MSS.
787 The modius was a bushel measure.
788 This does not occur in Hesiod or Pindar.
789 A phrase from an unknown oracular source.
790 The avenging goddess who is more familiarly known as Nemesis.
791 In 354 A.D. there was a riot at Antioch in consequence of scarcity of food; Constantius sent troops to punish the citizens for the murder of Theophilus the Governor of Syria.
792 cf. 340 A, 365 C.