M.

M, its name and plur. numb., --of the class _liquids_, --its sounds, --when silent, --as written for a number.

_Macron_, or _macrotone_, mark, its use.

_Make_, verb, whether _to_ should be suppressed, and _be_, inserted, after, ("MAKE _yourself_ BE _heard_," BLAIR,) --its construc. with infin. following.

_Man_ and _woman_, comp. nouns in, (_man-servant, woman-servant_, &c.,) how pluralized.

_Many a_, with noun sing. represented by a plur. pronoun.

_Marks_, or _points_, used in literary composition, the principal; occasional. See _Punctuation_.

_May_, verb, how varied, --derivation and uses of.

_Mean, means_, use and construc. of.

_Measure_, &c., see _Time. Measure, poetical_, see _Verse_.

_Melody_ or beauty of a sentence, words necessary to, rarely to be omitted.

_Member_, or _clause_, defined. --_Memb_. and _clause_, generally used as synonymous, are discriminated by some, --_Clause_ and _phrase_, confounded by some, --_Members_, simple, of a sent., punct. of, --complex, do., do., --_Members_ of a sentence, arrangem. of, as affecting STRENGTH.

_Metaphor_, defined, --what commonly understood to be, --agreem. of pron. with antecedent in cases of.

_Methinks_, explanation of; the lexicographers on the word.

_Metonymy_, defined, --_Meton._, on what founded, --agreem. of pron. with its antecedent, in cases of.

_Metres_, more found in actual use, than those acknowledged in the ordinary schemes of prosody. _Metre_, see _Verse_.

_Milton_, MURR. proposed amendment of the "unintelligible" language of a certain passage of, criticised, --double solec. in a pass, of, noticed, --his poem, _L'Allegro_, what its versificat.; what the management of the orders of its verse, --do., _Il Penseroso_, what its extent and construction.

_Miss_ or _Misses, Mr_. or _Messrs._, what the proper applicat. of, when _name and title_ are to be used together, in a plur. sense.

_Mistaken, to be_, irregularity of the verb; its import as applied to persons, and as applied to things.

_Mimesis_, explained; droll examples of.

_Minus, plus, versus, viâ_, Lat., use of, in Eng., in partic. constructions.

_Mixing_ of synt. with etymol., the manner of INGERS., KIRKH., _et al._, censured. _Mixture_ of the _forms_ of style, inelegance of.

_Modifications_, defined, --sense of the term as employed by BROWN.

_Moloss_, defined.

_Monometer_, scarcely constitutes a line, yet is sometimes so placed. --_Monometer_ line, _iambic_, examples of, --_trochaic_, do., --_anapestic_, do., --_dactylic_, an examp. of.

_Monopersonal_ verbs, see _Impersonal Verbs_.

_Monotone_, what, and how produced in elocution.

_Months and days_, names of, appar. proper names, and require capitals, --how best expressed in literary compositions.

_Moods_ of a verb, term defined, --the five, named and defined, --_Mood_, or MODE, the name. See _Infinitive Mood, Indic. Mood_, &c.

_More_ and _most_, in ambiguous construction, ("_Some people_ MORE _than them_," MURR.,) --how parsed in comparisons of adjectives and adverbs.

_Moses_, in what characters, is supposed to have written.

_Most_, for _almost_, by vulgarism.

_Motion_, verbs of, with _hither_, &c., in stead of _here_.

_Much, little, all_, &c., as nouns, --preceded by _not, too_, or other such adv., --_This much_, in stead of _thus much_, DR. BLAIR.

_Mulkey, W._, strictures on his system of orthoëpy.

_Multiplication_, subject of the verb in, see _Abstract Numbers_.

_Multiplicative_ numerals, as running on in a series; how written above decuple or tenfold.

_Multitude_, noun of, see _Collective Noun_.

_Mute_ or _silent_, epithet applied to what letters. --_Mutes_, what so reckoned; of these, which imperfect. --Where a letter must be _once mute_.

_My_ and _mine, thy_ and _thine_, as duplicate forms of the poss. case, use of.

N.

N, its name and plur. numb., --of the class _liquids_, --its sounds, --in what position silent.

_Name and title_, see _Proper Names_.

_Naming_ the letters of the alphab., importance of.

_Narration_, see _Discourse_.

_Nasals_, what consonants so called.

_Near_ and _nigh_, see _Like_.

_Need_, as an uninflected third pers. sing. of the verb, --has perh. become an _auxiliary_ of the pot. mood, --to what tenses must be understood to belong, if to be recognized as an auxil. of the pot. mood, --that good writers sometimes inflect the verb, and sometimes do not, and that they sometimes use _to_ after it, and sometimes do not, how may be accounted for --three _authorized_ forms of expression, with respect to the verb. _Needs_, as an adv., its composition

_Needless_, mixing of characters in printing, bad effect of --capitals; effect of --articles, to be omitted --ellipses, the supposition of, a common error among grammarians --use of participles for nouns, or nouns for participles --words, ineleg. --possessive or art. before a part., how corrected --periods, or other points, after certain numeral expressions --abbreviations, offend against taste --dashes inserted, how to be treated

_Negation_, expressed in the early Eng. by multiplied negatives; such manner of expression now obsolete and improper --Effect on a _negation_, of two negatives in the same clause

_Negatives_, the comm. rule of the grammars, that "two negatives, in Eng., destroy each other, or &c.," whether a correct one

_Neither_, see _Either_

_Neuter verb_, defined --_Neuter verbs_, the _active-trans_. verbs are so called in most grammars and dictionaries; the absurdity of this --extent of this class of verbs; their existence in any lang. denied by some grammarians --Neut. verb BE, conjugated --_Neuter verbs_, made from active-transitives, (_am come, is gone_, &c.;) these called by some, "neuter passives" --of passive form, (_am grown, are flown_, &c.,) as errors of conjugat., or of synt. --do., how may be distinguished from pass. verbs --do., DR. PRIESTL. mistaken notions concerning their nature and propriety --_Neut. verbs_, and their participles, take the same case after as before them --_Neuter verb_ between two nominatives, its agreem.

_Nevertheless_, its composition and class

_No_ or _none_, pronom. adj. _No_, as negative adj., "remarkable ambiguity in the use of," noticed by PRIESTL., ("_No laws are better than the English_;") how the ambiguity may be avoided --as a simple negation, its construc. --as an adv. of deg., relating only to comparatives, ("NO _more_," --"NO _better_") --set before a noun, is an adj., corresponding to Lat. _nullus_ --In the phrases, _no longer, no more, no where_, DR. JOH. appar. suggests wrongly the class; its true class according to its several relations --_No_, or an other independent negative, _repeated_, its effect --_No_, adv., not to be used with reference to a verb or part. --derivation of, from Anglo-Sax.

_Nominative case_, defined --_Nom. case_, how distinguished from the objective in nouns --as subj. of a finite verb --different ways of using --_Nominative_ and verb, usual position of, and when varied --_Nom. case_ and _object._, at the same time, noun placed in the relation of --_Nom_. following a verb or part, with what must accord in signif. See also _Subject_, &c.

_Nominative sentences_, examples of what MURR. erron. so terms; the prop. construc. shown

_Nor_, see _Or_.

_Not_, its place in negative questions --how spoken in grave discourse, and how ordinarily --vulg. contractions of, with certain verbs --used with other negatives --do. with _nor_ (in stead of _or_) following, whether correctly, or not --derivation of, from Anglo-Sax. _Not but_, how resolved. _Not only, not merely_, to what are correspondents

_Notwithstanding_, import and construc. of; misunderstood by DR. WEBST. --formation and signif. of

NOUNS, Etymol. of --_Noun_, defined --_Nouns_, Classes of, named and defined --Modifications of, named --Persons of, named and defined; (see _Persons_) --Numbers of, do.; (see _Plural Number_) --Genders of, do.; (see _Genders_) --Cases of, do.; (see _Cases_) --Declension of --_Nouns_, number of, in Eng. --the sense of, how made indefinitely partitive --examples of words commonly belonging to other classes, used as --_collective, abstract_, and _verbal_ or _participial_, included among common nouns; (see _Collective Noun_, and _Particip. Noun_) --proper, (see _Proper Names_) --_Nouns_, Synt. of --_Noun_, why may not be put in the relation of two cases at once --taken figuratively sing. for literally plur. --required to be repeated, or inserted, in stead of a pronoun --ellips. of, shown --_Nouns_ of _time, measure, distance_, &c., (see _Time_) --_Nouns_, derivation of, from nouns, adjectives, verbs, or participles --poet. peculiarities of

_Numbers_, the distinction of, to what belongs, and how applied. (See _Plural Number_.) _Numbers_, cardinal, ordinal, &c., (see _Cardinal Numbers_, &c.) --_Numbers_, abstract, expressions of multiplication in, ("_Twice one_ IS _two_," --"_Twice two_ ARE _four_," &c.,) seven different opinions of grammarians respecting, examined by BROWN; who determines the prop. forms of expression --_Numbers_, expressed by letters, how to be considered; whether to be marked by the period --combined arithmetical, one adjective relating to an other

_Numerals, numeral adjectives_, see _Adjectives, Numeral_. _Numerical figures_ used for references

O.

O, lett., as A, E, I, and U, self-naming --its plural --formation of the plur. of nouns in --sounds properly its own --where sounded as short _u_ --do. as obscure _e_ --diphthongs beginning with --triphth. do. _O_, interj., with cap. lett. --what emotion indicates --differs from _oh_ --as denoting earnestness, before nouns or pronouns put absol. by direct address; is no positive index of the vocative --_O_, &c., MURR., erron. doctrine concerning, to what teaching it has given rise --_O_, &c., with a case following, Lat. construc. of, examined --_O_, not unfreq. confounded with _oh_, even by grammarians.

_Obelisk_, or _dagger_, as mark of reference.

_Objective case_, defined --_Obj. case_, how distinguished from the _nom._ in nouns --before the infin. mood, how taken in Eng. --as governed by active-trans. verb or part. --"Active verbs govern the _obj. case_," MURR., defect of this brief assertion; its uselessness as a RULE for "the syntax of verbs." --_Obj. case_, of how many constructions susceptible --whether infinitives, participles, &c., can be in --two nouns in, after a verb, how parsed, --Whether any verb in Eng. governs _two objectives_ not coupled --_Obj. case_ as governed by passive verbs, erron. allowed by some --what verbs not to be employed without --_Obj. case_ as governed by prep. --"Prepositions gov. the _obj. case_," why the brief assertion is exceptionable, as the sole RULE, in parsing prep.

_Obsolete_ or antiquated words, use of, as opposed to purity, PREC. against --_Things obsolete_ in Eng., DR. LATHAM'S attempts to revive.

_Ocean_, figurative representation of, as uttering his voice in tones of varied quantity.

_Octometer_ line, may be reduced to tetrameter --iambic, examples of --_trochaic_, do --dactylic, example of --_Octometer_, trochaic, rhyme and termination of; its pauses, and how may be divided; the most common form of.

_Of_ and _on_ or _upon_, difference between.

_Old English_, characters of its alphabet, shown --occasional use of do.

_Omissions_ of words that are needful to the sense, Crit. N. against.

_Omitting_, verbs of, with part. in stead of infin.

_One_, employment of, as a noun or as a substitute for a noun; how classed by some grammarians --may be preceded by the articles, or by adjectives --like Fr. _on_ or _l'on_, used indef. for any person; in this sense preferable to a _pers._ pron. applied indefinitely --CHURCH., citation ridiculing the too frequent use of, for pers. pron. --as pronom. adj., requires verb and pron. in the third pers. sing. to agree with it. _One an other_, see _Other. One_, or _a unit_, whether it is a _number_.

_Only_, derivation of; class and meaning of, in its several different relations --strictures on the instructions of grammarians respecting the classification and placing of --ambiguous use of, (as also of _but_,) --use of, for _but_, or _except that_, not approved of by BROWN --_Not only, not merely --but_, &c., correspondents.

_Onomatopoeia_ described and exemplified (extr. from SWIFT.)

_Or_, as expressing an alternation of terms, (Lat., _sive_.) --in Eng., is frequently equivocal; the ambiguity how avoided --_Or_, perh. contracted from _other_ --_Or_ and _nor_ discriminated --_Or, nor_, grammarians dispute which of these words should be adopted after an other negative than _neither_ or _nor_; MURR., following PRIESTL., teaches that either word may be used with equal propriety; BURN'S doctrine; BROWN, after revising CHURCH., attempts to settle the question, --_Or ever_, ("OR EVER _the earth was_,") the term explained.

_Or_ or _our_, terminat., number of Eng. words in; how many of these may be written with _our_; BROWN'S practice and views in respect to this matter.

_Oral_ spelling, the advantage of, to learners.

_Order_ of things or events, the natural, PREC. directing the observance of, in the use of lang.

_Orders of verse_, see _Verse_.

_Ordinal_ numeral, (see _Numerals._) --_Ordinal_ adjectives may qualify card. numbers; cannot properly be _qualified by_ do.

_Orthoëpy_, see _Pronunciation_.

ORTHOGRAPHY --_Orthography_, of what treats --difficulties attending it in Eng. --DR. JOHNSON'S improvements in --DR. WEBSTER'S do., in a different direction --ignorance of, with respect to any word used, what betokens in the user (See also _Spelling._) _Orthography_, figures of, MIMESIS and ARCHAISM --its substantive or pronominal character; (with _one._) how classed by some; may be preceded by the articles --requires _than_ before the latter term of an exclusive comparison; yet sometimes perhaps better takes the prep. _besides. Each other one an other_, import and just application of, --misapplication of, frequent in books, --DR. WEBST. erron. explanation of _other_, as "a correlative to _each_," --_One_ and _other_, frequently used as terms relative and partitive, appar. demanding a plur. form, --_An other_, in stead of _another_. _Somehow_ or _other, somewhere_ or _other_, how _other_ is to be disposed of.

_Ought_, principal verb, and not auxiliary, as called by MURR. _et al._, --originally part of the verb _to_ OWE; now used as defec. verb, --its tense, as limited by the infin. which follows.

_Ourself_, anomalous form peculiar to the regal style, --peculiar construc. of.

_Own_, its origin and import; its class and construc., --strangely called a _noun_ by DR. JOH.

P.

P, its name and plur. numb., --its sound, --when silent, --_Ph_, its sounds.

_Pairs_, words in, punct. of.

_Palatals_, what consonants so called.

_Parables_, in the Scriptures, see _Allegory_.

_Paragoge_, explained.

_Paragraph_ mark, for what used.

_Paralipsis_, or _apophasis_, explained.

_Parallels_, as marks of reference.

_Parenthesis_, signif. and twofold application of the term, --_Parenthesis_, marks of, (see _Curves_.) --What clause to be inclosed within the curves as a PARENTHESIS, and what should be its punct., --_Parentheses_, the introduction of, as affecting unity.

_Parsing_, defined. --_Parsing_, its relation to grammar, --what must be considered in, --the distinction between etymological and syntactical, to be maintained, against KIRKH. _et al._, --character of the forms of etymological adopted by BROWN, --what implied in the right performance of, --whether different from analysis, --what to be supplied in. --_Parsing_, of a prep., how performed, --of a phrase, implies its separation, --the RULES OF GOVERNM., how to be applied in, --of words, is not varied by mere transposition. --_Parsing_, etymological and syntactical, in what order to be taken, --the SENSE, why necessary to be observed in; what required of the pupil in syntactical, --syntactical, EXAMPLE of. --_Parsing_ or CORRECTING, which exercise perh. the more useful.

_Participial adjectives_, see _Adjectives, Participial_.

_Participial_ or _verbal noun_, defined, --how distinguished from the participle. --_Participial noun_ and participle, the distinction between, ill preserved by MURR. and his amenders. --_Participial noun_, distinc. of VOICE in, sometimes disregarded, ("_The day of my_ BURYING,") --_with_ INFIN. _following_, strictures on MURR., LENN., and BULL., with respect to examples of.

## PARTICIPLES, Etymol. of.

--_Participle_, defined. --_Participles_, whether they ought to be called verbs, --appropriate _naming_ of the kinds of, --often become adjectives, --become adjectives by composition with something not belonging to the verb, --number of, simp. and comp., --imply _time_, but do not divide it, --retain the _essential_ meaning of their verbs, but differ from them in the _formal_, --in Eng., from what derived, --H. TOOKE'S view of the time of; with whom BROWN differs. --_Participles_, Classes of, named and defined, --(See _Imperfect Participle_ and _Perfect Part_.) --_Participles_, grammarians differ in their opinion with respect to the time and voice of, --how have been called and treated by some, --explanation of the different, --how distinguished from particip. nouns, --elegantly taken as plur. nouns, ("_All his_ REDEEMED,") --appar. used for adverbs, --some become prepositions. --_Participle_ and ADJUNCTS, as forming "one name," and as such, _governing the poss._, whence the doctrine; PRIESTL. criticised; MURR. _et al_. adopt PRIESTL. doctrine, which they badly sustain; teachers of do. disagree among themselves, --governm. of possessives by, how BROWN generally disposes of; how determines with respect to such governm. --_Participles_, Synt. of, --regular synt. of, twofold; nature of the two constructions; OTHER _less regular_ constructions; which two constructions of all, are legitimate uses of the participle; which constructions are of doubtf. propriety. --_Participles_, to what RELATE, or in what state GOVERNED. --_Participle_, as relating to a phrase or sentence, --taken abstractly, --irregularly used in Eng. as substitute for infin. mood, --in irreg. and mixed construc. --_Participle_, transitive, what case governs, --nom. absol. with, to what equivalent, --each requires its appropriate FORM, --questionable uses of, admitted by MURR. _et al_.; why BROWN is disposed to condemn these irregularities. --_Participle_ and particip. noun, distinction between, with respect to governm. --_Participle_ in _ing_, multiplied uses of, lawful and forced, illustrated, --equivalence of do. to infin. mood, instances of, --every mixed construc. of, how regarded by BROWN, --the "double nature" of, CROMB. on; his views, how accord with those of MURR. _et al._, HILEY'S treatment of; BROWN'S strictures on do. --_Participles_, place of: --active, governm. of. --_Participle_, trans., converted to a noun: --converted, _when_ the expression should be changed: --followed by an adj., its conversion into a noun appar. improper: --comp. converted, how managed: --not to be used for infin., or other more appropriate term: --use of, for a nominative after _be, is, was_, &c., faulty: --following a verb of _preventing_, how to be managed. --_Participles_, converted, disposal of their adverbs: --must be construed with a regard to the leading word in sense: --should have a clear reference to their subjects: --needless use of, for nouns, to be avoided: --punct. of: --derivation of: --poet. peculiarities in the use of.

_Parts of speech_, meaning of the term: --_Parts of speech_, named and defined: --what explanations may aid learners to distinguish the different: --why needful that learners be early taught to make for themselves the prop. distribution of: --WILS. on the distribution of: --the preferable _number_ with respect to; the office of, specifically stated. --The _parts of speech_, passage exemplifying all. --Examples of a partic. _part of speech_ accumulated in a sentence. --Etymol. and Synt. of the different _parts of speech_, see _Article, Noun, Adjective_, &c.

_Passions_ of the mind, by what tones to be expressed.

_Passive verb_, defined. --_Pass. verbs_ contrasted with active-trans, verbs, in respect to the object or the agent of the action; their compos, and construc.: --their FORM in Eng. --_Pass. verb_ BE LOVED, conjug. affirmatively. --_Pass. verbs_, how distinguished from neuters of the same form: --having active forms nearly equivalent to them, (_is rejoiced, rejoices_; _am resolved, know_, &c.,): --erroneously allowed by some to govern the obj. case in Eng.; CROMB. in this category, cited, canon, pseudo-canons. --_Pass. verb_, what should always take for its subj. or nom.: --takes the same case after as before it, when both words refer to the same thing: --between two nominatives, with which should be made to agree, ("_Words_ ARE wind,"). See _Unco-Passive_, &c.

_Passive_ form of an active-intrans. verb followed by a prep. and its objective, ("_He_ WAS LAUGHED AT,"). _Passive_ sense of the act. form of the verb, ("_The books continue_ SELLING,").

_Past for future_, see _Prophecy_.

_Pauses_, term defined. --_Pauses_, kinds of, named and explained: --the distinctive, duration of: --after what manner should be formed: --forced, unintentional, their effect: --emphatic or rhetorical, applicat. and office of: --harmonic, kinds of; these, essential to verse. --_Pauses_, abrupt, punct.: --emphatic, do.

_Pedantic_ and sense-dimming style of charlatans &c., as offending against purity.

_Pentameter_ line, _iambic_, examples of: --is the regular Eng. HEROIC; its quality and adaptation: --embraces the _elegiac stanza_: --_trochaic_, example of, said by MURR. _et al_. to be very uncommon; was unknown to DR. JOH. and other old prosodists: --the two examples of. in sundry grammars, whence came; a couplet of these scanned absurdly by HIL.; HART mistakes the metre of do.: --_dactylic_, example of, ("_Salutation to America_,").

_Perfect_, adj., whether admits of comparison; why its comparis. by adverbs not wholly inadmissible.

_Perfect definition_, what.

_Perfect participle_, or _second part._, defined: --its form: --how has been variously called: --its character and name as distinguished from the imperf. part: --why sometimes called the _passive part_.; why this name liable to objection: --how may be distinguished from the preterit of the same form: --should not be made to govern an objective term. ("_The characters_ MADE USE OF," MURR.,): --not to be used for the pret., nor confounded with the pres.: --what care necessary in the employment of; when to be distinguished from the preterits of their verbs.

_Perfect tense_, defined. --_Perf. tense_ of indic., as referring to time relatively fut.

_Period_, or _full stop_, its pause. --_Period_, or _circuit_, nature of. --_Period_, probably the oldest of the points; how first used: --how used in Hebrew: --what used to mark: --Rules for the use of: --not required when short sentences are rehearsed as examples: --whether to be applied to letters written for numbers: --with other points set after it: --whether proper after Arabic figures used as ordinals. --_Period of abbreviation_, whether always supersedes other points.

_Permanent_ propositions, to be expressed in the pres. tense.

_Permitting_, &c., verbs of, see _Commanding_.

_Personal pronoun_, defined. --_Personal pronouns_, simple, numb, and specificat. of: --declension of: --often used in a reciprocal sense, ("_Wash_ YOU," &c.,). --(See also _It_.) --_Personal pronouns_, compound, numb. and specificat. of. 298: --explanat. and declension of: --CHURCH. account of: --of the first and second persons, placed before nouns to distinguish their persons.

_Personification_, defined, --MURR. definition of, blamed, --what constitutes the purest kind of, --change of the gend. of inanimate objects by, --whether it always changes the gender of anteced. term, --agreem. of pronouns with their antecedents in cases of, --Rule for capitals in do., --comp., --_Personifications_, CHURCH, on the determination of gender in, --_Personified_ objects, names of, put in the second pers., and why, --how pronouns agree with,

_Persons_, term defined, --_Persons_, named and defined, --the distinction of, on what founded, --_Persons, numbers_, &c., character of BROWN'S definitions of, --_Persons_, in gram., nature of; absurd teachings of some grammar-makers concerning, --distinctions of, in written lang., --_Person_ and _number_ of a verb, what, --_Persons_, second and third, of a verb, distinctive formations of, --do., in Lat., shown, --_Person_, nouns of the second, in Eng., in how many ways can be employed, --the _third_, put with the pron. _I_, by vulgarism, ("THINKS I _to myself_,") --the first, place of, --_Persons_, whether the imperat. mood may have three, --connected antecedents of different, agreem. of pron. with, --connected nominatives of different, agreem. of verb with,

_Perspicuity_, as a quality of style, in what consists, --is essential in composition; BLAIR quoted, --the excellence of, --Precepts aiming at offences against,

_Perversions of Eng. grammar_, the design, in part, of BROWN'S code of synt, is to make intelligent judges of, --_Perversions, literary_, Crit. N. concerning,

_Phonetics, phonography, phonotopy_, BROWN'S estimate of; DR. JOH. cited, --account of, --TRENCH'S views of, --_Phonographic system_ of stenography, its practical value; _phonotopy_, to what may be advantageously applied,

_Phrase_, defined, --_Phrase_ made the subject of a verb, how to be taken, --_Phrases_, distinct, conjunctively connected, agreem. of verb with, --distinct, disjunctively connected, do., --unconnected, do., --BAD _phrases_, examples of, from authors, --do., corrected, --_Phrases_ or _clauses_, ellips. of, shown, --_Adverbial phrase_, (so termed by some,) see _Adverb_.

_Place_ or _position_ of the different parts of speech, see _Article, Noun, Adjective_, &c.

_Pleonasm_, defined, --_Pleonasm_, when allowable with respect to a pron., --in what instances impressive and elegant; when, the vice of ill writing, --occurs sundry times in the Bible,

_Pluperfect tense_, defined, --_Pluperf. tense_, what implies when used conditionally; what, in the negative form of supposition, --how formed in the indic. mood; do. in the potential, --indic. form of, put by enall. for pluperf. of the pot., --PLUPERFECT, signif. of the term; several innovators (as BULL., BUTL., _et al._) have been fain to discard it,

_Plural number_, of nouns, how formed, --of most nouns in Eng., is simple and regular, --of nouns ending in a vowel preceded by a vowel, --of do. in _y_ preceded by a consonant, --of do. in _o_ preceded by a consonant, --construc. of, when several persons of the _same name_ are spoken of ("_The Stuarts_,") --of prop. names, its formation, --of nouns in _i, o, u_, or _y_, preceded by a consonant, --when _name_ and _title_ are to be used together, ("_The Miss Bells_,") --of nouns in _f_, --of nouns not formed in _s_ or _es_, --of compounds, --of certain compound terms, ("_Ave-Maries_," &c.,) --wanting to some nouns, --of nouns of multitude, --_Plural_, nouns made so by nature or art, --of foreign nouns, 253, --improperly formed by adding apostrophic _s_, --of mere characters, how denoted,

_Plurality_, the idea of; see _Unity_, &c.

_Poetic feet_, treated, --(See _Iambus, Trochee_, &c.) --_Poetic foot_, of what consists, --_Poet. feet_, number to be recognized in Eng., --principal Eng., named and defined, --kinds of, which form ORDERS OF VERSE, --what combinations of, severally form _dimeter, trimeter_, &c., --(See _Dimeter, Trimeter_, &c.) --_Poetic_ collocation of words, in prose, as offending against perspicuity, PREC. respecting, --_Poetic diction_, treated, --in what abounds, --_Poetical Peculiarities_,

_Poetry_, as defined by BLAIR, --character of its style, --aim and end of, --exterior distinction of, --why difficult, by a definition, to be distinguished from prose, --inept directions of some grammatists respecting the parsing of, --_Poetry_, every line in, should begin with a capital,

_Points_, or _stops_, the principal, named, and their forms shown, --the purpose of, --length of pauses denoted by, --often variously used in different editions of the same work, --origin of, See _Punctuation_.

_Points_ of the compass, adjectives for; modes of varying them,

_Possession_, relation of, see _Property_.

_Possessive case_, defined, --_Poss. case_, how formed --disputes of the earlier grammarians respecting, --CARD. _et al._ attempt to revive exploded error concerning, --form of, --origin of, in Eng., --odd notions of some grammarians concerning the regular formation of --exceptions or irregularities in the formation of --_Poss. case_, PEI. on, criticised --ASH and PRIESTL. on the plur. --use of the two forms of, in pers. pronouns --_of the simp. pers. pronouns_, grammarians differ with respect to; should not be considered mere adjectives --are pronom. adjectives, according to DR. LOWTH and his followers, --whose doctrine BROWN canvasses, also, WEBSTER'S, WILSON'S, MURRAY'S --_Poss. case_, its equivalence to _of_ and the objective, not a _sameness of case_, (in oppos. to Nix.) --of pronouns, not to be written with apostrophe --of nouns in appos., application of the possessive sign to --by what _governed_ --whether the rule for, has true exceptions --appos. of one with an other, ("_For_ DAVID _my_ SERVANT'S _sake_,") the construc. examined --appar. in abstract construc., ("_All_ MINE _are_ THINE,") --as governed by a part, the construc. examined; COROL. --why the governm. of, should be limited to nouns only --whether before a real part., denotes the possession of something --_Possessive sign_, omission oL not a true ellips. --always implies a governing word, --how taken by compounds --liable to be added to adjunct of the former noun --whether it can be rightly added to separate adjectives, ("_The_ GUILTY'S _prayer_,") --_which_ noun of connected possessives takes --Poss. case, place and order of --generally equivalent to prep. _of_ and _the objective_, --governed by something not expressed, ("St. Paul's,") --_Possessives, connected_, how to be taken, --Poss. _singular_, with _s_ omitted, ("For CONSCIENCE' _sake_") --_Poss. case_ of nouns sing, in _ss_, false teaching of KIRKH. _et al._, respecting the formation of --MURR. rule for the construc. of, why objectionable, --compounds embracing, lack uniformity in writing, --peculiarity of, with respect to correlatives, ("Father's son,") --_Possessive_ relation between a portion of time and its correlative

## action, ("THREE YEARS' _hard work_" or, "_Three years_ OF HARD

WORK,") --_Poss. case_, appropriate form of, to be observed, --plural, with a noun in forced agreem., ("For OUR PARTS,") ib., N. iv: --needless use of, before a participle, ("In THEIR _pronouncing the Greek_,") --_Possessive pronouns, my, thy, his_, &c., how often should be inserted, or repeated

_Potential mood_, defined --_Potential mood_, why so called; by what _signs_ distinguished, --may, like the indic., be used in asking questions; why by some included in the subj. --in what tenses used; nature of the imperf. tense --formation and inflection of its tenses, shown in the verb LOVE, conjugated,

_Power_ of a letter, the _powers_ of the letters, what meant by, when spoken of, --The _power_ of a letter is not its sound, as MURR. et al incorrectly teach --The _simple powers_ of the letters, many irreconcileable doctrines have been advanced thereon; GARDINER'S notions concerning, stated in brief, --RUSH'S explanations of, his pretentious scheme of the alphab. how estimated by BROWN --The _just powers_ of the letters, what, and how are to be learned, --_Powers_ of the letters, variable; how become so; WALK, cited

_Praxis_, defined; lit. signif. of the word, as from the Gr.

_Precision_, as a quality of style, in what consists, --Precepts aiming at offences against --conciseness, or brevity, as opposed to

_Prefixes_, their management in syllabication, R.: --Explanation of --import and character of the particles used as, in Eng.; the _roots_ to which prefixed, not always proper Eng. words --_Prefixes_, ENG. or ANGLO-SAX., --_Prefixes_, poet, usage with respect to,

_Preperfect participle_, defined --_Preperf. part._, its form --its nature and name,

PREPOSITIONS, Etymol. of --_Preposition_ defined --importance of a right use, and a right explan. of --HARR. explanation of, as cited by LOWTH, stricture on HARR. --its simplicity among the parts of speech; how should be explained in parsing, --no sufficient RULE for the synt. of, in most of the Eng. grammars, _Prepositions_ and their objects, as preceding the words on which they depend, ("_Of man's first disobedience, &c., Sing_" MILC.,) --_Prepositions_, what it is, to find the terms of relations of; disput. text cited in illustration --the special _adaptation_ of; example of misuse by MURR., remarked on --HARR., on the purpose for which almost all _prepositions_ were orig. formed, and on the nature of their relations; his views controverted by BROWN, --Prepositions and their governed objects, the true determination of; examples of joint objects, and of joint antecedents, wrong views of MURR. and his followers concerning this matter. --_Prepositions_, two connected, for what different purposes used --two coming together, ("FROM AMONG the _just_,") --_Prepositions complex_, what their character, and how may be resolved; are occasionally compounded by the hyphen --_Prepositions_, how might be divided into classes; the inutility in parsing of the division into "_separable_ and _inseparable_;"

HALL'S absurd idea of a divis., noticed --whether "two in immediate succession require a noun to be understood between them," (NUTT.) --words commonly reckoned, (_in, on, of_, &c.,) used after infinitives or participles, in adverbial construc., ("_Houses to eat and drink_ IN") --_Prepositions_, List of --grammarians differ considerably in their tables of; do. concerning the characteristics of; what BROWN supposes, in oppos. to the assertion that "Every _prep_. requires an obj. case after it" --LENN. and BULL. on "_prepositions becoming adverbs_," criticised --MURR. on "_prepositions_ appearing to be adverbs," criticised --_Preposition_, whether it can be justly said to take a sent. for its object --_Prepositions_, words in the list of, sometimes used as other parts of speech --extension of the list of --examples of the less usual, _a_, and others beginning with _a_ --do. of unusual ones beginning with _b, c_, or _d_ --_unusual_, quotations illustrating further the list of --_Preposition_, RULE of synt. for the _word governed by_ --_Prepositions_, in Eng., govern no other case than the obj.; most, may take the imperf. part. for their obj. --The brief assertion, that "_Prepositions_ govern the obj. case," wherein is exceptionable as the sole rule for both terms --_Prepositions_, ellipt. construc. of, with adjectives, (_in vain, in secret_, &c.) --sometimes appar. govern adverbs --_Preposition_, appar. governing a perf. part., ("_To give it up_ FOR LOST") --_Prepositions_, Synt. of --do., in what consists --what RELATIONS, show; (see _To_ and _For_) --the parsing of; why tolerable writers are liable to err most in their use of --_Preposition_, the true terms of the relat. of, how may be discovered --when beginning or ending a sent. or clause, what the construc. --the terms of relation of, what may be; both usually expressed --position of, with respect to the governed word --_Prepositions_, several, dependent on one anteced. term, ("_A declaration_ FOR _virtue and_ AGAINST _vice_," BUTL.) --two coming together between the same terms of relat.; do. in the same construc.; erron. remark of PRIESTL., MURR., _et al._, concerning the latter --_Preposition_, the separating of, from its noun, false doctrine of LOWTH, MURR., _et al._, concerning --_Prepositions_, prop, choice of --do., with respect to the allowable uses of --as adapted in meaning to _two_ objects, or to _more_ --_Preposition_, ellips. or omiss. of, where ineleg. --insertion of, when do. --_Prep. and its object_, position of, in respect to other words --do., punc. of --_Prep._, ellips. of, shown --_Prepositions_, derivation of --poet. usage with respect to

_Present tense_, defined --_Pres. tense_, described --of the indic., used to express general truths --deceased authors spoken of in, and why --for the past, by Grecism; in animated narrative, for do., by enall. --of the indic. and the subj., when preceded by _as soon as_, &c., to what _time_, refers --of the infin., what time is expressed by; expedients used to express _fut_. time by --of the INFINITIVE, the ROOT, or RADICAL VERB --of the subj., its use, and how considered by some --_Pres. tense_, sometimes improp. with the conjunc. _that_, ("_Others said_, THAT _it is Elias_")

_Preter, preterimperfect_, &c., disused terms for _past, imperfect_, &c. --_Preter_, prefix, its meaning

_Preterit_, defined --_Preterit_, described --its form and variations --present tendency to a reg. orthog. of, to be encouraged --groundless rule of some, for forming second pers. of, when the pres. and the pret. are alike --not to be used in forming the comp. tenses of a verb

_Preventing_, verbs of, with part., in stead of infin. --what construc. is proper for

_Primitive word_, defined --_Primitive words_ regarded as such in Eng., may generally be traced to ulterior sources

_Principal parts_, of a verb, (see _Chief Terms_) --of a sent., how many, and what

_Priscian_, ancient grammarian, delivers the names of most of the Lat. letters

_Progressive_ form of a verb, see _Compound_ &c.

_Pronominal adjectives_, see _Adjectives, Pronominal_

PRONOUNS, Etymol. of --_Pronoun_, definition of --_Pronouns_ in Eng., number of, and their variations --nature of the representation by; are put substantively, relatively, or adjectively; difference in these three modes of substitution --Classes of, named, and defined; (see _Personal Pronoun, Relative Pron._, and _Interrogative Pron_.) --_Pronouns, compound_, constructional peculiarities of --_Pronouns_, faultiness and discordance of most Eng. grammars, with respect to the classification and treatment of; specification of different modes of distribution by diff. authors --Modifications of, named; these properties how distinguished in the personal pronouns; do. how ascertained in the relat. and interrog. pronouns --Declension of; simp. personals declined; comp. personals do.; comp. relatives do. --appar. used for adverbs --_Pronouns_, Synt. of --_Pronoun_, agreem. of, with its anteced. --do., with anteced. indefinite --plur., put by enall. for the sing., agreem. of --sometimes disagreeing with the anteced. in one sense, because taking it in an other --what the main point with respect to; what application of the rule of agreem., in parsing --_Pronouns_, agreem. of, with their antecedents, as affected by the figures of rhetoric --place of --_Pronoun_, as representing a phrase or sentence --under what circumstances can agree with either of two antecedents --the parsing of, commonly requiring the application of two rules --with suppressed anteced. --needless introduction of, ("PALLAS, HER _glass_," BACON) --with change of numb. in the second pers., or promisc. use of _ye_ and _you_ --must present the same idea as the anteced., and never confound the name with the thing signified --employment of _the same_, with respect to connected relative clauses --in what instances the _noun_ must be repeated, or inserted in stead of --should never be used to represent an adj., ("_Be_ ATTENTIVE; _without_ WHICH," &c.) --change of _anteced._ to accord with --agreem. with collective nouns --do. with joint antecedents --do. with connected antecedents in apposition --do. with connected antecedents emphat. distinguished --do. with connected antecedents preceded by _each, every_, or _no_ --do. with connected antecedents of different persons --agreeing with implied nominatives --agreem. with disjunct antecedents --what agreem. with disjunct. antecedents of different persons, numbers, and genders --do. with antecedents taken affirmatively and negatively --do. with two antecedents connected by _as well as_, &c. --ellips. of, shown --punct. of, without pause --_Pronouns_, derivation of, from Sax. --poet. peculiarities of

_Pronunciation_, importance of an early habit of distinct --how best taught to children --_Pronunc._, as distinguished from elocution, what; how differs from articulation --_Pronunc._ of the Eng. lang., what knowledge requires; its difficulties; whether we have any system of, worthy to be accounted a STANDARD

_Proof-texts_, not to be perverted in the quotation, Crit. N. --not _quoted_, but _invented_, by some, in their false illustrations of gram.

_Proper names_ begin with capitals --_Comm._ and _proper name_ associated, how written --_Prop. names_, derivatives from, do. --(_Names_ of Deity, see _Deity_.) --_Prop. names_, application of rule concerning; distinc. between do. and common appellatives --of places, comparative difficulty of writing them --modern compound, sparing use of hyphen in --_Prop. names_, what their relative importance in lang. --structure and signif. of; how should be written --of plur. form, preceded by def. art. --_Prop. name_, with def. art., acquires the import of a comm. --_Proper_, from a comm. noun personified --_Prop. names_ of individuals, strictly used as such, have no plur.; _prop. name_, how made plur., and how then considered --when they form a plur., how form it --of persons, generally designate their sex --_Prop. name_, in appos. with an appellative --represented by _which_, ("_Herod_ --WHICH _is_," &c.) --_Prop. name_ and _title_, when taken together in a plur. sense, in what form to be written

_Property_, the relation of, how may be otherwise expressed than by the poss. case

_Prophecy_, the past tenses substituted for the fut., in the lang. of

_Propositions_, permanent, in what tense should be expressed

_Propriety_, as a quality of style, in what consists --its oppos., impropriety, what embraces --Precepts aiming at offences against

_Prose_ and verse, in the composition of lang., how differ

PROSODY --_Prosody_, of what subjects treats --etymol. and signif. of the word --_Prosody_, meagrely and immethodically treated in the works of many grammarians --undetermined usage as to what things belong to; how treated by some of the old prosodists; account of SMETIUS'S treatise of; do. GENUENSIS'S

_Prosthesis_, explained

_Proverbs_, their elliptical character

_Provincial_ expressions, use of, as opposed to purity

PUNCTUATION, arranged under the head of Prosody --_Punct._, what --principal marks of, named and shown; what they severally denote --RULES _of_: for Comma; for Semicolon; for Colon; for Period; for Dash; for Eroteme; for Ecphoneme; for Curves --description of the _other marks_ of --(See _Comma, Semicolon_, &c.) --_Punct._, the present system of, in Eng., common to many languages --why often found diverse, in diff. editions and diff. versions of the same work --duty of writers in respect to, and of publishers in reproducing ancient books --some account of the orig. and prog. of --"improvement" in, which is no improvement --confused and discordant explanations, by some, of certain of the marks of

_Purity_, as a quality of style, in what consists --Precepts aiming at offences against

_Pyrrhic_, defined

Q.

Q, its name and plur. numb. --has no sound peculiar to itself; its power --is always followed by _u_

_Quakers_, or Friends, their style of address, see _Friends_

_Qualities_ of style, treated --See _Style_ _Quantity_, or _time_ in pronunciation, explained --as defined by the lexicographers --its effect in the prolation of sounds --WALKER'S views of, unsatisfac. to BROWN --as regulated by emphasis, MURR. --_Quant_. of a syll., how commonly explained --by what marks may be indicated --_Quantities poetic_, how denominated, and how proportioned --What _quantity_ coincides with accent or emphasis --_Quantity_, on what depends --where variable, and where fixed, in Eng. --Crit. observations on accent and _quantity_ --_Quantity_, its distinction from _accent_ --Accent and _quantity_, differing views of authors relative to --_Quantity_, impropriety of affirming it to be the same as accent --DR. JOH. identification of accent with; such, also, that of others; (not so HARRIS;) NOEHD. rightly defines; so FISK, (in Eschenb. Man. Class. Lit.,) _et al_. --our grammarians seem not to have understood the distinc. of long and short, e. g., FISHER; so SHERID., WALK., MURR., _et al_. --CHAND. absurd and confused scheme of, noticed --suggestion of WEBST. on, approved

_Questions_, can be asked only in the indic. or the pot. mood --direct, to be marked by the eroteme --united, how to be marked --indirect, do. --a series of, how may be united and marked --exclamatory, how to be marked --_Question, mentioned_ in due form, how marked --declaratively put, how uttered and marked --in _Spanish_, doubly marked, ("¿Quien llama?";) in Greek, how

_Quite_, with art. and adj., construc. how differs according to position of art.

_Quotation_, direct, first word of, written with capital --_Quotations_ of proof-texts, &c., should be literally given --dependent, separated from _say_, &c., by comma --indep., preceded by colon --_Quotat. within a quotat._, how usually marked

_Quoth_ and _quod_, signif. and use of, in ludicrous lang. or in the old writers

R.

R, name and plur. numb. --of the class liquids --sound of; do., how can be varied in utterance --what faults to be avoided in do. --DR. JOH. account of; WALK. do.

_Radicals_, separable and inseparable, what are so called in Eng. derivation

_Rath_, adv., used only in the compar. deg. --_Rather_, with the exclusive term of comparis. introduced by _than_ --derivation of

_Reading, to read_, in gram., what the signif. of --READ, verb, CONJUGATED _affirmatively_ in Comp. Form

_Reciprocal terms, reciprocals_, what pronom. adjectives may be so termed --_Reciprocals_, EACH OTHER, ONE AN OTHER, their nature and import --misapplicat. of, frequent in books; WEBST. errs in the signif. and applicat. of _other_. See also _Other_

_Reciprocal_ or reflected verbs, constructions in imitation of the French

_Recurrence_ of a word in different senses, a fault opposed to propriety

_Redundant verb_, defined --_Redund. verbs_, why made a separate class --treated --List of

_Reference_, marks of, ASTERISK, OBELISK, &c., shown; in what _order_ are introduced --what other signs of, may be used. _Reference, doubtful_, Crit. N. concerning

_Reformers_ of the Eng. alphabet and orthog., some account of

_Rejoice, resolve, incline_, &c., import of, in the pass. form

_Relations_ of things, their infinitude and diversity; the nature of RELATION --_Relation of words_, what --is diff. from agreem., but may coincide with it --_Relation_ according to _the sense_, an important principle in Eng. synt.; what _rules_ of relation commonly found in the grammars --Simple _relation_, what parts of speech have no other syntact. property than; what simp. _relations_ there are in Eng. --_Relation_, with respect to a prep., _anteced. term_, what may be; _subseq._, do. --_Relation_, do., _terms_ of, to be named in parsing a prep.; how the terms may be ascertained by a learner --_terms of_, to a prep., may be transposed; are very various; both usually expressed

_Relative pronouns_, defined --_Relative pronouns_, and their _compounds_, named; declined --chief constructional peculiarities of --two faulty special rules given by the grammarians, for construc. of, noticed --construc. of, with respect to CASE --ellips. of, in famil. lang., ("_The man I trust_;") do., poet. --_Relative_ and prep. governing it, when should not be omitted --_Relative pron._, place of --clauses, connected, employment of, with _same_ pron. in each --_Rel. pronouns_, exclude conjunctions --derivat. of, from Sax. --poet, peculiarities with respect to. See also _Who, Which_, &c.

_Repetition_, of a noun or pronoun, what construc. it produces --of words, emphatic, punct. --of words, through paucity of lang.; against propriety --of do., as demanded by precision --_Repetitions_, see _Pleonasm_

_Restrictive_ and _resumptive_ senses of the rel. pronouns, distinc. between, expl. --_Restrictive, relation_, most approp. expressed by the pron. THAT --admits not a comma before the relative --adj., admits not a comma before it --part., do.

_Rhetoric, figure of_, defined --Figures of _rhetoric_, see _Figures_

_Rhetorical pauses_, see _Pauses_

_Rhode Island_, the name how acquired; peculiarity of its application

_Rhyme_, defined --_Rhyming_ syllables, their nature and quality

_Rhythm_, of verse, defined --Fancifully explained by E. A. POE, (who without intelligence derives the term from [Greek: hurithmos]) --sense and signif. of the word

_Roman letters_, some account of

_Rules_, of RELATION, what, commonly found in grammars --of SYNT., those common in grammars ill adapted to their purpose; examples of such --of do., exposition of the faulty charac. of those in Eng. grammars --_Rules of grammar_, advantage of, in the written language

_Rush, Dr. J._, his new doctrine of the vowels and consonants, in oppos. to the old, how estimated by BROWN --his doctrine of a duplicity of the vocal elements, perstringed --his strange division of the vowels "into two parts," and conversion of most of them into diphthongs; his enumeration and specification of the alphabetic elements

S.

S, its name and plur. numb. --final, in monosyllables, spell. --of the poss. case, occas. dropping of; the elis. how to be regarded, and when to be allowed --its sounds --in what words silent --_Ss_, sound of

_S_ or _es_, verbal termin., DR. LOWTH'S account of

_Sans_, from Fr., signif., and where read

_Sabaoth_, see _Deity_

_Same cases_, construc. of --do., on what founded --what position of the words, admitted by the construc. --_Same case_, after _what verbs_, except those which are pass., taken --_Same cases_, notice of the faulty rules given by LOWTH, MURR., _et al._, for the construc. of

_Sameness_ of signif., what should be that of the nom. following a verb or part. --_Sameness_ of words, see _Identity_

_Sapphic_, verse, described --_stanza_, composition of; examp. from HOR. --_Sapphic verse_, difficulty of; Eng. Sapphics few; scansion of; "The Widow," of SOUTHEY, scanned --_Eng. Sapphic_, DR. WATTS'S ode, (in part.) "The Day of Judgement," "_attempted in_" --HUMPH. on, cited --_Sapphics_, burlesque, examples of

_Save, saving_, as denoting exception, class and construc. of --_Save_, derivation of

_Saxon_, alphabet, some account of --lang., its form about the year 450; do. subsequently

_Scanning_, or _scansion_, explained --Why, in _scanning_, the principal feet are to be preferred to the secondary --The poetry of the earliest Eng. poets, not easy of _scansion_

_Script letters_, the alphabet exhibited in --the _forms_ of, their adaptation to the pen

_Scripture names_, many discrepancies in, found in different editions of the Bible. _Scriptures_, see _Bible_

_Section_, mark, uses of

SEE, verb, irreg., act., CONJUGATED affirmatively --takes infin. without prep. TO --its construc. with infin. without _to_

_Seeing_ and _provided_, as connectives, their class

_Seldom_, adv., its comparison; use of, as an adj.

_Self_, in the format, of the comp. pers. pronouns --CHURCH. explan. of --signif. and use of --as an Eng. prefix --after a noun poss., in poet. diction

_Self-contradiction_, Crit. N. respecting

_Self-naming letters_

_Semicolon_, point --for what purpose used --from what takes its name --_when_ adopted in England --is useful and necessary, though discarded by some late grammarians --Rules for the use of

_Semivowel_, defined --_Semivowels_ named; nature of _w_ and _y_; sound of certain, as aspirates

_Sense_ and construc. to be considered, in joining together or writing separately words otherw. liable to be misunderstood --_Sense_ or meaning, necessary to be observed in parsing

_Senseless jumbling_, Crit. N. concerning

_Sentence_, defined --_Sentence_, its parts, principal and subordinate --_Sentences_, the two kinds of, named and defined --whether a tripartite distribut. of is expedient --_Simple sent._, false notions amongst grammarians of what constitutes one; _the parsing of words_ not affected thereby --_Sentences_, simp. and comp., DR. WILS. explanation of --component parts of, what these are --whether all, can be divided into clauses --in what FIVE WAYS, can be analyzed --_Sentences_, simp., punct.

of, --distinct, do., --allied, do., --short, rehearsed in close succession, how pointed.

_Series_, of terms, proper use of the _articles_ in, --of words, how to be commaed.

_Set_ and _sit_, signif. and employment of.

_Sex_, to what persons ascribed; why a young child may be spoken of without distinc. of, --whether animals may be represented as of no, --inanimate objects fig. represented as having. --_Sexes_, distinction of, by _words_, in diff. ways, --denoted by _terminat_. of words, --designated by _proper names_.

_Shall_, verb, how varied, --original signif. of, --explet. use of. --_Shall_ and _will_, discriminative application of, in the fut. indic.

_Sheridan, T._, actor and orthoëpist, his literary reputation; the worth of his writings.

_Side_, noun, peculiarities of usage in regard to.

_Silent_, or _mute_, when a letter is said to be.

_Silliness, literary_, Crit. N. concerning.

_Simile_, explained.

_Since_, improp. use of, for _ago_, --derivation of, from Anglo-Sax.

_Sit_ and _set_, use and signif. of.

_So_, as expressing the sense of a preced. word or phrase, --derivation of, from Sax. --_So --as, as --so_, correspondents.

_Soever_ or _soe'er_, whether a word or only a part of an other word; how explained by WEBST.

_Solemn style_, as distinguished from the familiar, --should not be displaced from the paradigms in a grammar, --is not adapted to familiar discourse, --pres. and pret. terminations of, what, and how uttered, --examp. of, second pers. sing., negat., throughout the verb LOVE, conjugated.

_Some_, classed, --vulg. used for _somewhat_, or _in some degree_, ("SOME _longer_," SANB.). _Somehow_ or _other, somewhere_ or _other_, what the construc. _Somewhere, nowhere, anywhere_, &c., their class, and how should be written.

_Sort_, see _Kind_.

_Sound_, of a letter, commonly called its _power_, --_elementary_, of the voice, defined. --_Sounds_, simp. or primary, numb. in Eng., --elementary, what meant by; are few in numb.; their _combinations_ may be innumerable. --_Vowel_ sounds, or vocal elements, how produced, and where heard; what those in Eng., and how may be modified in the format. of syllables; do., how may be written, and how uttered. --_Consonant sounds_, simp., in Eng., how many, and what; by what letters marked; in what words heard. --_Sounds_, long and short, SIGNS used to denote them. --_Sounds_, a knowledge of, how acquired, --importance of being early taught to pronounce those of one's native lang. --Passage exemplifying _all the letters_, and _all the_ SOUNDS, in Eng. --_Sounds of the Letters_, treated.

_Speak, to speak_, what is meant by.

_Speaker_, why often speaks of himself in the third pers., --represents himself and others by _we_, --in Eng., should mention himself last. --The _elegant speaker_, by what distinguished.

_Species_ and _figure_ of words, what so called, --unsettled usage of the lang. with regard to what relates to the latter. _Species_ and _genus_ of things, how admits limitation by the article.

SPELLING, defined. --_Spelling_, how to be acquired, --cause of the difficulty of its acquisition, --Rules for, --_usage_, as a law of, --uniformity and consistency in, how only can be attained. --The _right spelling_ of a word, what, PHILOLOG. Mus. --_Oral spelling_, how should be conducted. --Charac. of BROWN'S rules for _spelling_.

_Spondee_, defined.

_St_, unsyllab. suffix, whether, wherever found, is a modem contrac. of the syllable _est_.

_Standards_ of English _orthog._, the books proposed as such, abound in errors and inconsistencies. --Whether we have a system of Eng. ORTHOEPY worthy to be accounted a STANDARD.

_Stanza_, defined. --_Stanzas_, uniformity of, in the same poem, --varieties of, --_Elegiac stanza_, described. --_Stanzas, lyric_, examples of, --"A GOOD NAME," ("two beautiful little _stanzas_," BROWN).

_Star_, or _asterisk_, use of. --_Three stars_, or _asterism_,

_Stenotone_, or _breve_, for what used.

_Stops_, in printing or writing, see _Points_.

_Strength_, as a quality of style, in what consists, --essentials of, --Precepts aiming at offences against.

_Strew_, whether, or not, an other mode of spelling _strow_; whether to be distinguished in utterance from do.; whether reg. or irreg.

STYLE, qualities of, treated. --_Style_, as connected with synt., what, --differs from mere words and mere grammar; not regulated entirely by rules of construc., --what relation has to the author himself, and what shows, --general characters of, by what epithets designated. --What must be remembered by the learner, in forming his _style_; a good _style_ how acquired. --_Style, solemn, familiar_, &c., as used in gram., what meant by. --(See _Solemn Style_.)

_Subaudition_, meaning of the term. _Subdisjunctive_ particle, of the Latins, expressed in Eng. by _or_ of alternat.

_Subject_ of a finite verb, what, and how may be known, --must be the NOM. CASE, --what besides a noun or pronoun may be. --_Subject phrases_, joint, what agreements require. --_Subject_ and _predicate_, in analysis. See also _Nominative Case_.

_Subjunctive mood_, defined. --_Subj. mood_, why so called; what denotes, --differing views of grammarians in regard to the numb. and form of its tenses. --The true _subj. mood_ rejected by some late grammarians; strictures on WELLS. --WELD'S erroneous teaching respecting the _subj._, noticed, --CHAND. do., do. --Chief characteristical diff. between the indic. and the _subj. mood_. --_Subj. mood_ described, --its two tenses do., and their forms shown, in the verb LOVE, conjugated, --whether ever put after a rel. pronoun, --proper limits of, --how properly employed. --_False subj_. --_Subj. mood_, not necessarily governed by _if, lest_, &c.

_Such_, corresponding to _that_, with infin. foll., --with rel. _as_ following, in stead of _who_ or _which_.

_Sui generis_, what thing is thus designated.

_Superlative degree_, defined, --BROWN'S definit. of, and of the other degrees, _new_; the faulty charac. of those of MURR., shown, --the true nature of; how may be used; to what is applicable; the explanations of, by the copyists of MURR., criticised, --whether not applicable to _two_ objects, --_when employed_, what construc. of the latter term should follow. --_Double superlatives_, to be avoided. --_Superl. termination_, contractions of.

_Supplied_, in parsing, what must be. See also _Ellipsis_.

_Suppression_, mark of, see _Ellipsis_.

_Syllabic_ writing, far inferior to the alphabetic, BLAIR.

_Syllabication_, Rules of, --the doctrine of, why attended with difficulty, --object of; WALK. on; strictures on MULK. rules of, --which of the four purposes of, is preferable in spelling-books and dictionaries, --DR. LOWTH on, --nature of BROWN'S six Rules of; advantage of a system of, founded on the pronunciat., --LATH. and FOWL. fictitious dilemmas in. --_Syllabication_, erroneous, samples of, from MURR., WEBST., _et al_.

SYLLABLES, treated. --_Syllable_ defined. --_Syllable_, cannot be formed without a vowel, --cannot be broken. --_Syllables_, numb. of, in a word, --words denominated from their numb. of, --the ear chiefly directs in the division of words into. --(See _Syllabication_.) --_Syllable_, its quantity in poetry, --do., on what depends.

_Syllepsis_, explained, --literal signif. of the term; extended applicat. of do. by the grammarians and rhetoricians; BROWN, by his definition, gives it a more restricted applicat.; disapproves of WEBST. explanat. of the term, --what definition or what applicat. of the term is the most approp., has become doubtful.

_Synæresis_, explained.

_Synchysis_, what was so termed by some of the ancients; is different from _hyperbaton_; its import in gram.; its literal signif.

_Syncope_, explained.

_Synecdoche_, (comprehension,) explained. --_Synecd._, agreem. of pron. with anteced., in cases of.

_Synonymous_, words so accounted, PREC. concerning the use of.

_Syntactical parsing_, see _Parsing_.

SYNTAX. --_Synt._, of what treats, --the _relation_ of words, the most important principle of; defects of the grammars in treating of do., --false exhibitions of grammarians with respect to the scope and parts of, --character of the rules of, found in most grammars, --divided by some grammarians into _concord_ and _governm._, and yet treated by them without regard to such division, --common fault of grammarians, noticed, of joining together diff. parts of speech in the same rule of, --do., of making the rules of, double or triple in their form, --whether the principles of etymol. affect those of. --All _synt._, on what founded. --Why BROWN deemed it needful to add to his code of _synt_. a GENERAL RULE and CRITICAL NOTES. Figures of _syntax_.

T.

T, name and plur. numb. of, --substitution of, for _ed_, how far allowable, --sounds of, --is seldom silent; in what words not sounded. _Th_, ([Greek: Th], [Greek: alt-th], or [Greek: alt2-th], Gr.,) what represents; how was represented in Anglo-Sax., and to what sounds applied; the two sounds of. _To a Tee_, the colloq. phrase, explained.

_Tautology_ of expression or of sentiment, a fault opposed to precision.

_Teacher_, what should be his aim with respect to gram.

_Technical_ terms, unnec. use of, as opposed to propriety. _Technically_, words and signs taken, how to be construed.

_Tenses_, term defined. --_Tenses_, the difierent, named and defined, --whether the names of, are approp., or whether they should be changed, --whether all express time with equal precision, --who reckon only _three_, and who _two_; who still differently and variously name their tenses, --_Tenses_, past and present, occurring together. See _Present Tense_, _Imperf. Tense_, &c.

_Terminating_ a sentence with a prep. or other small particle

_Terminations_, of words, separated in syllabicat. --of verbs, numb. of different, in each tense --of the Eng. verb; DR. A. MURR. account of --tendency of the lang. to lay aside the least agreeable --usage of famil. discourse in respect to those of second pers. sing. --verbal or particip., how are found written in old books --the only reg. ones added to Eng. verbs; utterance of _ed_ and _edst_ --_ed_, participial, and _n_, verbal, WALK. on the contrac. of --_Termination t_, for _ed_, forced and irreg.

_Terms_ of relation, see _Relation_. _Tetrameter_ line, _iambic_, examples of --a favorite with many Eng. writers; BUTL. Hudib., GAY'S Fab., and most of SCOTT'S poems, writt. in couplets of this meas. --admits the doub. rhyme adapted to familiar and burlesque style --_trochaic_, examples of --character of do. --EVERETT'S fanciful notions about do. --_anapestic_, examples of --L. HUNT'S "Feast of the Poets," an extended examp. of do. --_dactylic_, examples of

_Than, as_, with ellips. in latter term of comparison --character and import of --declinable words connected by, put in same case --_Than_ WHOM, as Gr. genitive governed by comparat., MILT. --what grammarians have _inferred_ from the phrase --MURR. expedient to dispose of do. --CHURCH. makes the rel. in do. "the obj. case absol.," --BROWN determines with respect to the construc. --_Than_, as demanded after _else, other_, &c., and Eng. comparatives --derivation of, from Goth. or Anglo-Sax.

_That_, its class determined --its various uses --as REL. PRONOUN, to what applied --as used in anomalous construc., --its peculiarity of construc. as a relative --its especial use as the restrictive relative --the frequent employment of, by Addison, wrongly criticised by BLAIR --as a relative, in what cases more appropriate than _who_ or _which_ --_That_, ellipt., repeating the import of the preceding words, ("_And_ THAT," --[Greek: kai tauta],) --_That_, in the phrases _in that_, &c., how to be reckoned --_That_, as introducing a dependent clause, how to be ranked --as introducing a sent. made the subj. or obj. of a finite verb --its power at the head of a sent. or clause --its derivation

_The_, before the species, what may denote --how commonly limits the sense --applied to nouns of either numb. --before what _adjectives_, required --distinctive use of ("_The Psalmist_") --as relating to comparatives and superlatives --used for poss. pron. --repetition of, how avoided --derivation of, from Sax. --pronunc. of _e_ in. See also _Definite Article_.

_Them_, in vulg. use as an adj., for _those_

_Thence_, &c., with _from_ prefixed, whether allowable

_There_, introductory and idiomatic, notions of grammarians concerning; its posit. and use; is a regular _adv. of place_, and not "without signification," --derivation of, from Anglo-Sax. --poet. omission of

_They_, put indefinitely for _men_ or _people_

_This_ and _that_, as explained by CHURCH. --placed before conjoint singulars, ("THIS POWER AND WILL _do_," &c.,) --in contrasted terms

_Three stars_, or asterism, use of

_Time_, the order and fitness of, to be observed in constructions expressing it --nouns of, with adv. WHEN, as a special relative, following _Time, measure_, or _weight_, part made possessive of the whole, ("_An_ HOUR'S _time_") --noun of, not poss., immediately before an other, ("_A_ POUND WEIGHT,") _Time, place_, &c., the obj. case in expressions of, taken after the fashion of an adv. _Time, measure, distance_, or _value_, nouns of, their peculiarity of construc.; the parsing of _Time_, obj. noun of, qualifying a subsequent adj., ("A _child_ OF _ten years_ OLD,") _Four times, five times_, &c., how to be reckoned. TIMES, before an other noun, _by way of_ MULTIPLICATION, the nature and construc. of, discussed; decision. _Times_, in what construc. may be called the objective of _repetition_, or of _time repeated_. _Time_ in pronunciation, or _quantity_

_Titles_, of books, are printed in capitals --of office, &c., begin with do. --merely mentioned as such, are without art. --_Name and_ TITLE, (see _Proper Names_.) _Side-titles_, use of _dash_ in application to

_Tmesis_, explained

_To_, as governing infin. mood --do., variously explained by grammarians --is a sign of inf., but not a part of it --what BROWN claims for his RULE respecting the _infin. as gov. by the prep._ TO, &c.; he shows that the doctrine originated not with himself --TO _and the verb_, what FISHER (anno 1800) taught respecting; what, LOWTH, and what, absurdly, MURR., his copyist --_To_, as governing infin., traced from the Sax. to the Eng. of WICKL., --_To_, before infin., evasive teachings of the later grammarians concerning its class and construc. --do., how considered by most Eng. grammarians --do., how proved to be a prep. --do., preceded by _for_, anc. --after _what verbs_, omitted, --whether to be _repeated_ before infinitives in the same construe. --sometimes required, and sometimes excluded, after _than_ or _as_ --whether it may be _separated_ from its verb by an adv.; is placed more elegantly AFTER _an adv._, ("PROPERLY TO _respect_,") --in what cases has no prop, antec. term of relat. --_To_ suppressed and _be_ inserted after MAKE, whether correctly --_To_, prep, or adv., from Anglo-Sax. --_To_, as prefix to noun, (_to-day, to-night, to-morrow_,).

_Tones_ of the voice, what; why deserving of j particular attention --what denominated by SHERID.; what should be their character --BLAIR'S remark on; HIL. do. --_Tones_ of the passions, WALK, observation on.

_Topics_, different, to be treated in separate paragraphs, PREC. of _Unity_.

_Transposition_, of the terms of relat., when a preposition begins or ends a sentence or clause --_rhetorical_, of words, or _hyperbaton_.

_Tribrach_, defined.

_Trimeter_ line, _iambic_, the measure seldom used alone; examples of, --and do., with diversifications --_trochaic_, examples of --_anapestic_, examples of --alternated with the tetram., examp., "The Rose," of COWP.; the same scanned --_dactylic_, examples of. _Triphthong_, defined --_proper_, do., the only, in Eng. --_improp._, do.; and the improp. _triphthongs_ named.

_Trochaic verse_, treated --_Troch. verse_, the stress in --nature of the single-rhymed; error of MURR. _et al_. concerning the last syll. in --how may be changed to coincide with other measures; how is affected by retrenchment --confounded with _iambic_ by several gramm. and prosodists --Strictures on CHURCH., who doubts the existence of the _troch_. ord. of verse --_Troch. verse_ shown in its eight measures --_Trochaics_, Eng., the TETRAMETER the most common meas. of --DR. CAMPB. on --"_Trochaic_ of One foot," account of.

_Trochee_, or _choree_, defined.

_Tropes_, what figures of rhetoric are so called; signif. of the term.

_Trow_, its signif., and where occurs; in what person and tenses read.

_Truisms_ and senseless remarks, how to be dealt with in gram.

_Tutoyant_, to what extent prevalent among the French. See _Youyouing_, &c.

_Type_ or character, two forms of the letters in every kind of.

U.

U, lett., which (as A, E, I, or O) names itself --its plur. numb. --sounds properly its own --as self-naming, to what equivalent; requires art. _a_, and not _an_, before it --pronounced with borrowed sound --long or diphthongal sound, as _yu_; sound of slender _o_ or _oo_, after _r_ or _rh_.

_Unamendable_ imperfections sometimes found in ancient writings, remarks in relation to.

_Unauthorized_ words, use of, as opposed to purity, PREC. concerning.

_Unbecoming_, adj., from participle compounded, error of using transitively words of this form; such error how corrected.

_Uncertain_, the part of speech left, see _Equivocal_, &c.

_Unco-passive_ voice, or form, of the verb, ("_Is being built_,") the use of. conflicts with the older and better usage of the lang. --the subject of, discussed by BROWN --the true principle with respect to, stated.

_Underlining_ words, in preparing manuscripts, to denote Italics &c.

_Understood_, words said, in technical phrase, to be, what such, (Lat., _subaudita_)

_Ungrammatical_ language by which grammar itself is professedly taught, sample from MURR.; from PINNEO; _et al. e diversis_, Gram. of E. Gram., _passim_.

_Unity_, as a quality of style, in what consists --required by every sentence --Precepts aiming at offences against. _Unity_, THE IDEA OF, how generally _determined_, in respect to a collect. noun, whether it conveys such idea or not.

_Usage_, as a law of orthography for particular words --_Usage_, as it has been, and as it is, the advantage of an exhibition of, by the grammarian.

_Useless_ words, employment of, as opposed to precision.

UTTERANCE, treated --_Utterance_, what, and what includes.