CHAPTER IV

.

1. Pergamum[1527] has a kind of supremacy among these places. It is a city of note, and flourished during a long period under the Attalic kings; and here we shall begin our description, premising a short account of her kings, their origin, and the end of their career.

Pergamum was the treasure-hold of Lysimachus, the son of Agathocles, and one of the successors of Alexander. It is situated on the very summit of the mountain which terminates in a sharp peak like a pine-cone. Philetærus of Tyana was intrusted with the custody of this stronghold, and of the treasure, which amounted to nine thousand talents. He became an eunuch in childhood by compression, for it happened that a great body of people being assembled to see a funeral, the nurse who was carrying Philetærus, then an infant, in her arms, was entangled in the crowd, and pressed upon to such a degree that the child was mutilated.

He was therefore an eunuch, but having been well educated he was thought worthy of this trust. He continued for [CAS. 623] some time well affected to Lysimachus, but upon a disagreement with Arsinoë, the wife of Lysimachus, who had falsely accused him, he caused the place to revolt, and suited his political conduct to the times, perceiving them to be favourable to change. Lysimachus, overwhelmed with domestic troubles, was compelled to put to death Agathocles his son. Seleucus Nicator invaded his country and destroyed his power, but was himself treacherously slain by Ptolemy Ceraunus.

During these disorders the eunuch remained in the fortress, continually employing the policy of promises and other courtesies with those who were the strongest and the nearest to himself. He thus continued master of the stronghold for twenty years.

2. He had two brothers, the elder of whom was Eumenes, the younger Attalus. Eumenes had a son of the same name, who succeeded to the possession of Pergamum, and was then sovereign of the places around, so that he overcame in a battle near Sardes[1528] Antiochus, the son of Seleucus, and died after a reign of two-and-twenty years.

Attalus, the son of Attalus and Antiochis, daughter of Achæus, succeeded to the kingdom. He was the first person who was proclaimed king after a victory, which he obtained in a great battle with the Galatians. He became an ally of the Romans, and, in conjunction with the Rhodian fleet, assisted them in the war against Philip. He died in old age, having reigned forty-three years. He left four sons by Apollonis, a woman of Cyzicus,--Eumenes, Attalus, Philetærus, and Athenæus. The younger sons continued in a private station, but Eumenes, the elder, was king. He was an ally of the Romans in the war with Antiochus the Great, and with Perseus; he received from the Romans all the country within the Taurus which had belonged to Antiochus. Before this time there were not under the power of Pergamum many places which reached the sea at the Elaïtic and the Adramyttene Gulfs. Eumenes embellished the city, he ornamented the Nicephorium[1529] with a grove, enriched it with votive offerings and a library, and by his care raised the city of Pergamum to its present magnificence. After he had reigned forty-nine years he left the kingdom to Attalus, his son by Stratonice, daughter of Ariarathus, king of Cappadocia.

He appointed as guardian of his son, who was very young,[1530] and as regent of the kingdom, his brother Attalus, who died an old man after a reign of twenty years, having performed many glorious actions. He assisted Demetrius, the son of Seleucus, in the war against Alexander, the son of Antiochus, and was the ally of the Romans in the war against the Pseudo-Philip. In an expedition into Thrace he defeated and took prisoner Diegylis, king of the Cæni.[1531] He destroyed Prusias by exciting his son Nicomedes to rebel against his father. He left the kingdom to Attalus his ward. His cognomen was Philometor. He reigned five years, and died a natural death. He left the Romans his heirs.[1532] They made the country a province, and called it Asia by the name of the continent.

The Caïcus flows past Pergamum through the plain of Caïcus, as it is called, and traverses a very fertile country, indeed almost the best soil in Mysia.

3. The celebrated men in our times, natives of Pergamum, were Mithridates, the son of Menodotus and the daughter of Adobogion; he was of the family of the Tetrarchs of Galatia. Adobogion, it is said, had been the concubine of Mithridates the king; the relatives therefore gave to the child the name of Mithridates, pretending that he was the king’s son.

This prince became so great a friend of divus Cæsar, that he was promoted to the honour of Tetrarch (of Galatia); out of regard also to his mother’s family, he was appointed king of Bosporus and of other places. He was overthrown by Asander, who put to death Pharnaces the king and obtained [CAS. 625] possession of the Bosporus. He had a great reputation as well as Apollodorus the rhetorician, who composed a work on the Art of Rhetoric, and was the head of the Apollodorian sect of philosophers, whatever that may be; for many opinions have prevailed, the merits of which are beyond our power to decide upon, among which are those of the sects of Apollodorus and Theodorus.

But the friendship of Augustus Cæsar, whom he instructed in oratory, was the principal cause of the elevation of Apollodorus. He had a celebrated scholar Dionysius, surnamed Atticus, his fellow-citizen, who was an able teacher of philosophy, an historian, and composer of orations.

4. Proceeding from the plain and the city towards the east, we meet with Apollonia, a city on an elevated site. To the south is a mountainous ridge, which having crossed on the road to Sardes, we find on the left hand the city Thyateira, a colony of the Macedonians, which some authors say is the last city belonging to the Mysians. On the right hand is Apollonis, 300 stadia from Pergamum, and the same distance from Sardes. It has its name from Apollonis of Cyzicus (wife of Attalus). Next are the plains of Hermus and Sardes. The country to the north of Pergamum is principally occupied by Mysians; it lies on the right hand of the people called Abaïtæ, on whose borders is the Epictetus, extending to Bithynia.

5. Sardes is a large city, of later date than the Trojan times, yet ancient, with a strong citadel. It was the royal seat of the Lydians, whom the poet calls Meones, and later writers Mæones, some asserting that they are the same, others that they are a different people, but the former is the preferable opinion.

Above Sardes is the Tmolus, a fertile mountain having on its summit a seat[1533] of white marble, a work of the Persians. There is a view from it of the plains around, particularly of that of the Caÿster. There dwell about it Lydians, Mysians, and Macedonians.[1534]

The Pactolus flows from the Tmolus.[1535] It anciently brought down a large quantity of gold-dust, whence, it is said, the proverbial wealth of Crœsus and his ancestors obtained renown. No gold-dust is found at present. The Pactolus descends into the Hermus, into which also the Hyllus, now called Phrygius, discharges itself. These three and other less considerable rivers unite in one stream, and, according to Herodotus, empty themselves into the sea at Phocæa.

The Hermus takes its rise in Mysia, descending from the sacred mountain of Dindymene, after traversing the Catacecaumene, it enters the Sardian territory, and passes through the contiguous plains to the sea, as we have mentioned above. Below the city lie the plains of Sardes, of the Cyrus, of the Hermus, and of the Caÿster, which are contiguous to one another and the most fertile anywhere to be found.

At the distance of 40 stadia from the city is the lake Gygæa, as it is called by the poet.[1536] Its name was afterwards altered to Coloë. Here was a temple of Artemis Coloëne, held in the highest veneration. It is said that at the feasts celebrated here the baskets dance.[1537] I know not why the circulation of such strange and absurd stories should be preferred to truth.

6. The verses in Homer are to this effect,

“Mesthles and Antiphus, sons of Talæmenes, born of the lake Gygæa, were the leaders of the Meones, who live below Tmolus.”[1538]

Some persons add a fourth verse to these,

“below snowy Tmolus, in the rich district of Hyda.”

But no Hyda[1539] is to be found among the Lydians. Others make this the birth-place of Tychius, mentioned by the poet,

“he was the best leather-cutter in Hyda.”[1540]

They add that the place is woody, and frequently struck with lightning, and that here also were the dwellings of the Arimi; for to this verse,

“Among the Arimi, where they say is the bed of Typhoëus,”[1541]

they add the following,[CAS. 626]

“in a woody country, in the rich district of Hyda.”

Some lay the scene of the last fable in Cilicia, others in Syria, others among the Pithecussæ (islands),[1542] who say that the Pitheci (or monkeys) are called by the Tyrrhenians Arimi. Some call Sardes Hyda; others give this name to its Acropolis.

The Scepsian (Demetrius) says that the opinion of those authors is most to be depended upon who place the Arimi in the Catacecaumene in Mysia. But Pindar associates the Pithecussæ which lie in front of the Cymæan territory and Sicily with Cilicia, for the poet says that Typhon lay beneath Ætna;

“Once he dwelt in far-famed Cilician caverns, but now Sicily, and the sea-girt isle, o’ershadowing Cyme, press upon his shaggy breast.”[1543]

And again,

“O’er him lies Ætna, and in her vast prison holds him.”

And again,

“’Twas the great Jove alone of gods that o’erpowered, with resistless force, the fifty-headed monster Typhon, of yore among the Arimi.”

Others understand Syrians by the Arimi, who are now called Aramæi, and maintain that the Cilicians in the Troad migrated and settled in Syria, and deprived the Syrians of the country which is now called Cilicia.

Callisthenes says, that the Arimi from whom the mountains in the neighbourhood have the name of Arima, are situated near the Calycadnus,[1544] and the promontory Sarpedon close to the Corycian cave.

7. The monuments of the kings lie around the lake Coloë. At Sardes is the great mound of Alyattes upon a lofty base, the work, according to Herodotus,[1545] of the people of the city, the greatest part of it being executed by young women. He says that they all prostituted themselves; according to some writers the sepulchre is the monument of a courtesan.

Some historians say, that Coloë is an artificial lake, designed to receive the superabundant waters of the rivers when they are full and overflow.

Hypæpa[1546] is a city situated on the descent from Tmolus to the plain of the Caÿster.

8. Callisthenes says that Sardes was taken first by Cimmerians, then by Treres and Lycians, which Callinus also, the elegiac poet, testifies, and that it was last captured in the time of Cyrus and Crœsus. When Callinus says that the incursion of the Cimmerians when they took Sardes was directed against the Esioneis, the Scepsian (Demetrius) supposes the Asioneis to be called by him Esioneis, according to the Ionian dialect; for perhaps Meonia, he says, was called Asia, as Homer describes the country, “in the Asian meadows about the streams of Caÿstrius.”[1547] The city, on account of the fertility of the country, was afterwards restored, so as to be a considerable place, and was inferior to none of its neighbours; lately it has lost a great part of its buildings by earthquakes. But Sardes, and many other cities which participated in this calamity about the same time, have been repaired by the provident care and beneficence of Tiberius the present emperor.

9. The distinguished natives of Sardes were two orators of the same name and family, the Diodori; the elder of whom was called Zonas, who had pleaded the cause of Asia in many suits. But at the time of the invasion of Mithridates the king, he was accused of occasioning the revolt of the cities from him, but in his defence he cleared himself of the charge.

The younger Diodorus was my friend; there exist of his [CAS. 628] historical writings, odes, and poems of other kinds, which very much resemble the style of the ancients.

Xanthus, the ancient historian, is said to be a Lydian, but whether of Sardes I do not know.

10. After the Lydians are the Mysians, and a city Philadelphia, subject to constant earthquakes. The walls of the houses are incessantly opening, and sometimes one, sometimes another, part of the city is experiencing some damage. The majority of people (for few persons live in the city) pass their lives in the country, employing themselves in agriculture and cultivating a good soil. Yet it is surprising that there should be even a few persons so much attached to a place where their dwellings are insecure; but one may marvel more at those who founded the city.

11. Next is the tract of country called the Catacecaumene, extending 500 stadia in length, and in breadth 400. It is uncertain whether it should be called Mysia or Meonia, for it has both names. The whole country is devoid of trees, excepting vines, from which is obtained the Catacecaumenite wine; it is not inferior in quality to any of the kinds in repute. The surface of the plains is covered with ashes, but the hilly and rocky part is black, as if it were the effect of combustion. This, as some persons imagine, was the effect of thunderbolts and of fiery tempests, nor do they hesitate to make it the scene of the fable of Typhon. Xanthus even says that a certain Arimus was king of these parts. But it is unreasonable to suppose that so large a tract of country was all at once consumed by lightning and fiery meteors; it is more natural to suppose that the effect was produced by fire generated in the soil, the sources of which are now exhausted. There are to be seen three pits, which are called Physæ, or breathing holes, situated at the distance of 40 stadia from each other. Above are rugged hills, which probably consist of masses of matter thrown up by blasts of air (from the pits).

That ground of this kind should be well adapted to vines, may be conceived from the nature of the country Catana,[1548] which was a mass of cinders, but which now produces excellent wine, and in large quantities.

Some persons, in allusion to such countries as these, wittily observe that Bacchus is properly called Pyrigenes, or fire-born.

12. The places situated next to these towards the south, and extending to Mount Taurus, are so intermixed, that parts of Phrygia, Lydia, Caria, and Mysia running into one another are difficult to be distinguished. The Romans have contributed not a little to produce this confusion, by not dividing the people according to tribes, but following another principle have arranged them according to jurisdictions, in which they have appointed days for holding courts and administering justice.

The Tmolus is a well compacted mass of mountain,[1549] of moderate circumference, and its boundaries are within Lydia itself. The Mesogis begins, according to Theopompus, from Celænæ,[1550] and extends on the opposite side as far as Mycale,[1551] so that Phrygians occupy one part, towards Celænæ and Apameia; Mysians and Lydians another; Carians and Ionians a third part.

So also the rivers, and particularly the Mæander, are the actual boundaries of some nations, but take their course through the middle of others, rendering accurate distinction between them difficult.

The same may be said of plains, which are found on each side of a mountainous range and on each side of a river. Our attention however is not required to obtain the same degree of accuracy as a surveyor, but only to give such descriptions as have been transmitted to us by our predecessors.

13. Contiguous on the east to the plain of Caÿster, which lies between the Mesogis and Tmolus, is the plain Cilbianum. It is extensive, well inhabited, and fertile. Then follows the Hyrcanian plain, a name given by the Persians, who brought colonists from Hyrcania (the plain of Cyrus, in like manner, had its name from the Persians). Next is the Peltine plain, belonging to the Phrygians, and the Cillanian and the Tabenian plains, the latter of which contains small towns, inhabited by a mixed population of Phrygians, with a portion of Pisidians. The plains have their names from the towns.

14. After crossing the Mesogis, situated between the Carians[1552] and [CAS. 629] the district of Nysa,[1553] which is a tract of country beyond the Mæander, extending as far as the Cibyratis and Cabalis, we meet with cities. Near the Mesogis, opposite Laodicea,[1554] is Hierapolis,[1555] where are hot springs, and the Plutonium, both of which have some singular properties. The water of the springs is so easily consolidated and becomes stone, that if it is conducted through water-courses dams are formed consisting of a single piece of stone.

The Plutonium, situated below a small brow of the overhanging mountain, is an opening of sufficient size to admit a man, but there is a descent to a great depth. In front is a quadrilateral railing, about half a plethrum in circumference. This space is filled with a cloudy and dark vapour, so dense that the bottom can scarcely be discerned. To those who approach round the railing the air is innoxious, for in calm weather it is free from the cloud which then continues within the enclosure. But animals which enter within the railing die instantly. Even bulls, when brought within it, fall down and are taken out dead. We have ourselves thrown in sparrows, which immediately fell down lifeless. The Galli,[1556] who are eunuchs, enter the enclosure with impunity, approach even the opening or mouth, bend down over it, and descend into it to a certain depth, restraining their breath during the time, for we perceived by their countenance signs of some suffocating feeling. This exemption may be common to all eunuchs, or it may be confined to the eunuchs employed about the temple, or it may be the effect of divine care, as is probable in the case of persons inspired by the deity, or it may perhaps be procured by those who are in possession of certain antidotes.

The conversion of water into stone is said to be the property of certain rivers in Laodiceia, although the water is fit for the purpose of drinking. The water at Hierapolis is peculiarly adapted for the dyeing of wool. Substances dyed with “the roots,”[1557] rival in colour those dyed with the coccus, or the marine purple. There is such an abundance of water, that there are natural baths in every part of the city.

15. After Hierapolis are the parts beyond the Mæander. Those about Laodiceia and Aphrodisias,[1558] and those extending to Carura, have been already described. The places which succeed are Antiocheia[1559] on the Mæander, now belonging to Caria, on the west; on the south are Cibyra the Great,[1560] Sinda,[1561] and Cabalis, as far as Mount Taurus and Lycia.

Antiocheia is a city of moderate size situated on the banks of the Mæander, at the side towards Phrygia. There is a bridge over the river. A large tract of country, all of which is fertile, on each side of the river, belongs to the city. It produces in the greatest abundance the fig of Antioch, as it is called, which is dried. It is also called Triphyllus. This place also is subject to shocks of earthquakes.

A native of this city was Diotrephes, a celebrated sophist; his disciple was Hybreas, the greatest orator of our times.

16. The Cabaleis, it is said, were Solymi. The hill situated above the Termessian fortress is called Solymus, and the Termessians themselves Solymi. Near these places is the rampart of Bellerophon and the sepulchre of Peisandrus his son, who fell in the battle against the Solymi. This account agrees with the words of the poet. Of Bellerophon he speaks thus,

“he fought a second time with the brave Solymi;”[1562]

and of his son,

“Mars, unsated with war, killed Peisandrus his son fighting with the Solymi.”[1563]

Termessus is a Pisidian city situated very near and immediately above Cibyra.

17. The Cibyratæ are said to be descendants of the Lydians who occupied the territory Cabalis. The city was afterwards in the possession of the Pisidians, a bordering nation, who occupied it, and transferred it to another place, very strongly fortified, the circuit of which was about 100 stadia. It flourished in consequence of the excellence of its laws. The villages belonging to it extended from Pisidia, and the bordering territory Milyas, as far as Lycia and the country opposite to Rhodes. Upon the [CAS. 631] union of the three bordering cities, Bubon,[1564] Balbura,[1565] and Œnoanda,[1566] the confederation was called Tetrapolis; each city had one vote, except Cibyra, which had two, for it could equip 30,000 foot soldiers and 2000 horse. It was always governed by tyrants, but they ruled with moderation. The tyrannical government terminated in the time of Moagetes. It was overthrown by Murena, who annexed Balbura and Bubon to the Lycians. Nevertheless the Cibyratic district is reckoned among the largest jurisdictions in Asia.

The Cibyratæ used four languages, the Pisidic, that of Solymi, the Greek, and the Lydian, but of the latter no traces are now to be found in Lydia.

At Cibyra there is practised the peculiar art of carving with ease ornamental work in iron.

Milya is the mountain-range extending from the defiles near Termessus, and the passage through them to the parts within the Taurus towards Isinda, as far as Sagalassus and the country of Apameia.

END OF VOL. II.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The ancient Tanais.

[2] These words are interpolated. _Casaubon._

[3] λιμένες, περίπλοι, περίοδοι γῆς.

[4] The territory of the Acarnanes is still called Carnia, south of the Gulf of Arta. The rest of the countries mentioned by Strabo no longer retain the ancient divisions, Bœotia is the modern Livadhia. _G._

[5] The Gulf of Lepanto.

[6] Makedunea.

[7] The ancient Thessaly is the modern Vlakea.

[8] The neighbourhood of the Gulf of Zeitun--the ancient Maliac Gulf.

[9] In Asia Minor, and founded the cities Miletus, Smyrna, Phocæa, &c.

[10] The word Ægialus (Αἰγιαλὸς) signifies sea-shore. The name was given to this part of the Peloponnesus (afterwards called Achaia) from the towns being situated generally along the coast. Others, however, give a different explanation to the word.

[11] 1113 before the Christian era. _G._

[12] Taking the reverse order in which these peninsulas are described, the fifth and last contains all the rest, the fourth all but the difference between the fourth and fifth, and so on in order until we come to the Peloponnesus, properly so called, which is thus the least of the peninsulas. Strabo himself seems to admit the term peninsula to be improperly applied to these subdivisions, by first describing Greece to be divided into two great bodies, viz. that within and that without the Isthmus of Corinth.

[13] For the same reason, at a subsequent period, it obtained the name of Morea, in Greek (Μορέα) which signifies mulberry, a species or variety of which tree bears leaves divided into five lobes--equal in number to the five principal capes of the Peloponnesus. See book ii. ch. i. 30.

[14] Cape Papa.

[15] Zante.

[16] Cephalonia.

[17] Theaki.

[18] Cape Matapan.

[19] Basilico.

[20] Gulf of Coron.

[21] Gulf of Colochina.

[22] Gulf of Napoli.

[23] Gulf of Castri.

[24] Gulf of Egina.

[25] Fidari.

[26] Aspro-potamo.

[27] Drepano.

[28] Castle of Roumelia.

[29] Patras.

[30] Vostitza.

[31] The words in brackets are inserted according to the suggestion of Groskurd. The Gulf of Corinth is, in other passages, called by Strabo the Crissæan Gulf.

[32] Od. xv. 298.

[33] Il. v. 545.

[34] Od. iii. 4.

[35] Igliaco.

[36] Chiarenza, in ruins.

[37] Cape Tornese.

[38] Il. ii. 650.

[39] Il. xv. 531.

[40] Od. i. 261.

[41] Od. ii. 328.

[42] Il. xi. 738.

[43] I read οἱ καὶ, as Meineke suggests, but the whole passage from “there is” to “Ephyra,” is, as he also remarks, probably an interpolation. Strabo has already enumerated four cities of the name of Ephyra, viz. the Eliac, the Thesprotic, the Corinthian, and the Thessalian; yet here two others are presented to our notice, the Sicyonian and the Ætolian, of which Strabo makes no mention in his account of Ætolia and Sicyonia.

[44] Il. xxiv. 78.

[45] Il. ii. 730.

[46] Il. ii. 591.

[47] This is supposed to be the modern Navarino. The Coryphasium is Mount St. Nicholas. _G._

[48] Κοίλη Ἦλις, or Cœle-Elis.

[49] Il. ii. 615.

[50] Il. xxiii. 630.

[51] Od. i. 344.

[52] Od. ii. 496.

[53] Il. ix. 529.

[54] Il. ii. 625.

[55] Il. ii. 756.

[56] This passage in brackets is an interpolation to explain the subsequent inquiry who the Caucones were. _Kramer._

[57] Il. iii. 636.

[58] Book vii. ch. vii. 2.

[59] Il. vii. 135.

[60] This passage is transposed from the following section, as proposed by Groskurd.

[61] θρύον, the meaning of this word is uncertain; Meyer in his “Botanische erklarung” of Strabo does not attempt to explain it.

[62] Od. iii. 4.

[63] Book xii. c. 3, 4. Little, however, can be obtained of their history, which is buried in the same obscurity as the Pelasgi and Leleges.

[64] This passage is an interpolation by the same hand probably as that in s. 11. _Cramer._

[65] Dardanus was the son of Jupiter and Electra, one of the seven daughters of Atlas, surnamed Atlantides.

[66] Il. ii. 591.

[67] Il. ii. 721.

[68] Hercules, after killing the Hydra, dipped the arrows which he afterwards made use of against the Centaurs, in gall of this monster. Pausanias, however, speaks of one Centaur only, Chiron, or, according to others, Polenor, who washed his wounds in the Anigrus.

[69] The daughters of Prœtus. According to Apollodorus, Melampus cured them of madness, probably the effect of a disease of the skin.

[70] Alphi, Lepra alphoides. Leuce, white tetter or common leprosy. Leichen, a cutaneous disease tending to leprosy.

[71] The position of Pylus of Messenia is uncertain. D’Anville places it at New Navarino. Barbié de Bocage at Old Navarino. See also Ernst Curtius, Peloponnesus.

[72] Il. vii. 133.

[73] Il. ix. 153.

[74] Some MSS. have 120 stadia.

[75] Il. ii. 591.

[76] Il. xi. 710.

[77] A marsh.

[78] The sea-shore.

[79] Il. xi. 710.

[80] Il. ii. 697.

[81] Il. ii. 584.

[82] In the discussion which follows, Strabo endeavours to prove, that the Pylus of Nestor is the Pylus of Triphylia, and not the Pylus of Messenia.

[83] Od. xv. 295.

[84] Od. iv. 671; xv. 298.

[85] Il. xi. 677.

[86] Il. xi. 681.

[87] Il. xi. 756.

[88] Il. xi. 697.

[89] Il. i. 528.

[90] Il. viii. 199.

[91] Probably an interpolation.

[92] The establishment of the Olympic games is connected with many legends, and is involved in much obscurity. See Smith, Greek and Roman Antiq.

[93] 776 B. C.

[94] Il. xi. 677.

[95] An interpolation. _K._

[96] Od. ii. 238.

[97] An interpolation. _Meineke._

[98] An interpolation. _Groskurd._

[99] The text of Homer gives the name of Pharis.

[100] Il. ix. 150.

[101] Il. ii. 582.

[102] Thucydides, b. iv. ch. 2. The expedition was under the command of Eurymedon and Sophocles. Stratocles being at the time archon at Athens.

[103] Thucydides, b. iv. ch. 38. The number was 292.

[104] Strivali.

[105] According to Pausanias, Mothone, or Methone, was the Pedasus of Homer. It is the modern Modon.

[106] Cape Gallo. The Gulf of Messenia is now the Gulf of Coron.

[107] The name Thyrides, the little gates, is probably derived from the fable which placed the entrance of the infernal regions at Tænarum, Cape Matapan.

[108] For Cinæthium I read Cænepolis, as suggested by Falconer, and approved by Coray.

[109] Vitulo.

[110] Scardamula.

[111] As Strabo remarks, in b. x., that the temple was built by Nestor on his return from Troy, Falconer suggests that it might have derived its name from the river Nedon, near Gerenia, the birth-place of Nestor.

[112] In the island of Cos.

[113] According to Pausanias, Gerenia is the Enope of Homer.

[114] Hira in the time of Pausanias was called Abia (Palæochora?). Some interpreters of Homer were misled by the name of a mountain, Ira, near Megalopolis, and placed there a city of the same name, but Hira was on the sea-coast.

[115] Æpys, αἰπύς, lofty.

[116] The Pirnatza.

[117] So called from its fertility.

[118] In the text 250, σν, an error probably arising from the repetition of the preceding final letter.

[119] The Pamisus above mentioned was never called the Amathus. There were three rivers of this name, one near the Triphyliac Pylus, which was also called Amathus; a second at Leuctrum of Laconia; and a third near Messene.

[120] The ruins of Messene are now near the place called Mauromathia.

[121] Mount Vulkano.

[122] The first war dates from the year B. C. 743, and continued 20 years. The second, beginning from 682 B. C., lasted 14 years; the third concluded in the year 456 B. C., with the capture of Ithome, which was the citadel or fort of Messene. _Diod. Sic._ lib. xv. c. 66.

[123] The Messenians, driven from Ithome at the end of the third war, settled at Naupactus, which was given to them as a place of refuge by the Athenians, after the expulsion of the Locri-Ozolæ. It is probable that Strabo considers as a fourth war that which took place in the 94th Olympiad, when the Messenians were driven from Naupactus by the Lacedæmonians and compelled to abandon Greece entirely.

[124] Leake supposes Amyclæ to have been situated between Iklavokhori and Sparta, on the hill of Agia Kyriaki, half a mile from the Eurotas. At this place he discovered on an imperfect inscription the letters ΑΜΥ following a proper name, and leaving little doubt that the incomplete word was ΑΜΥΚΛΑΙΟΥ. See _Smith_.

[125] Cape Matapan.

[126] The Ass’s Jaw. It is detached from the continent, and is now the island of Servi.

[127] Cerigo.

[128] 750 stadia. _Groskurd._

[129] By others written in the singular number, Malea, now C. St. Angelo.

[130] The site of Gythium is identified as between Marathonisi and Trinissa.

[131] The Iri, or Vasili Potamo.

[132] Il. ii. 584.

[133] Rupina, or Castel Rampano. The plain of Leuce is traversed by the river Mario-revina.

[134] The site of Asopus appears, according to the ruins indicated in the Austrian map, to have been situated a little to the north of Rupina.

[135] κρῖ, δῶ, μάψ, for κριθή, δῶμα, μαψίδιον.

[136] Il. xix. 392.

[137] Probably an interpolation.

[138] The text here is very corrupt.

[139] 1090 B. C.

[140] Od. iii. 249, 251.

[141] His character is discreditably spoken of by Josephus, Antiq. b. xvi. c. 10. and Bell. Jud. b. i. c. 26.

[142] The cities of the Eleuthero-Lacones were at first 24 in number; in the time of Pausanias 18 only. They were kindly treated by Augustus, but subsequently they were excluded from the coast to prevent communication with strangers. Pausanias, b. iii. c. 21.

[143] From hence to the end of the section the text is corrupt. See Groskurd for an attempt to amend the text of the last sentence, which is here not translated.

[144] This quotation, as also the one which follows, are from a tragedy of Euripides, now lost.

[145] The Pirnatza.

[146] Κῆτος. Some are of opinion that the epithet was applied to Lacedæmon, because fish of the cetaceous tribe frequented the coast of Laconia.

[147] Il. i. 268.

[148] This may have taken place a little before the third Messenian war, B. C. 464, when an earthquake destroyed all the houses in Sparta, with the exception of five. Diod. Sic. b. xv. c. 66; Pliny, b. ii. c. 79.

[149] Pliny, b. xxxvi. c. 18, speaks of the black marble of Tænarus.

[150] Od. xxi. 13.

[151] Eustathius informs us that, according to some writers, Sparta and Lacedæmon were the names of the two principal quarters of the city; and adds that the comic poet, Cratinus, gave the name of Sparta to the whole of Laconia.

[152] Od. iii. 488.

[153] Cheramidi.

[154] Od. iii. 487.

[155] Od. ii. 359.

[156] The text to the end of the section is very corrupt. The following is a translation of the text as proposed to be amended by Groskurd. The epithet of Lacedæmon, hollow, cannot properly be applied to the country, for this peculiarity of the city does not with any propriety agree with the epithets given to the country; unless we suppose the epithet to be a poetical licence. For, as has been before remarked, it must be concluded from the words of the poet himself, that Messene was then a part of Laconia, and subject to Menelaus. It would then be a contradiction (in Homer) not to join Messene, which took part in the expedition, with Laconia or the Pylus under Nestor, nor to place by itself in the Catalogue, as though it had no part in the expedition.

[157] Skylli.

[158] The islands about Delos.

[159] The form thus given to the Gulf of Hermione bears no resemblance to modern maps.

[160] Pausanias calls it Epidelium, now S. Angelo.

[161] The ruins are a little to the north of Monembasia, Malvasia, or Nauplia de Malvasia.

[162] Cerigo.

[163] The ruins are on the bay of Rheontas.

[164] Toniki, or Agenitzi.

[165] Napoli di Romagna. Nauplius, to avenge the death of his son Palamedes, was the cause of many Greeks perishing on their return from Troy at Cape Caphareus in Eubœa, famous for its dangerous rocks. The modern Greeks give to this promontory the name of Ξυλοφάγος, (Xylophagos,) or devourer of vessels. Italian navigators call it Capo d’Oro, which in spite of its apparent signification, Golden Cape, is probably a transformation of the Greek word Caphareus.

[166] Strabo confounds Nauplius, son of Clytoreus, and father of Palamedes, with Nauplius, son of Neptune and Amymone, and one of the ancestors of Palamedes.

[167] Fornos.

[168] Castri.

[169] Damala.

[170] I. Poros.

[171] A place near the ruins of Epidaurus preserves the name Pedauro. _G._

[172] Scheno.

[173] Il. iv. 52.

[174] Il. ii. 559.

[175] Il. i. 30.

[176] Il. ii. 681.

[177] Il. ix. 141.

[178] Od. iii. 251.

[179] Od. xviii. 245.

[180] Book i. 3.

[181] Il. ii. 684.

[182] Od. i. 344.

[183] Od. xv. 80.

[184] Il. iv. 171.

[185] Sophocles, El. 10.

[186] Il. ii. 193.

[187] Od. ii. 376.

[188] Il. i. 3.

[189] Probably an interpolation. _Meineke._

[190] The Planitza.

[191] Il. vi. 623.

[192] Il. vi. 152.

[193] Od. i. 344.

[194] Il. ii. 108.

[195] About 1283, B. C.

[196] About 1190, B. C.

[197] Not strictly correct, as in the time of Pausanias, who lived about 150 years after Strabo, a large portion of the walls surrounding Mycenæ still existed. Even in modern times traces are still to be found.

[198] Il. ii. 559.

[199] From γαστὴρ, the belly, χεὶρ the hand.

[200] Poseidon, or Neptune. This god, after a dispute with Minerva respecting this place, held by order of Jupiter, divided possession of it with her. Hence the ancient coins of Trœzen bear the trident and head of Minerva.

[201] Πώγων, pogon or beard. Probably the name is derived from the form of the harbour. Hence the proverb, “Go to Trœzen,” (πλεύσειας εἰς Τροιζῆνα,) addressed to those who had little or no beard.

[202] Plutarch, Life of Demosthenes.

[203] Pidauro.

[204] Methana is the modern name.

[205] Thucyd. b. ii. c. 34. Methone is the reading of all manuscripts and editions.

[206] Herodotus, b. v. c. 83, and b. viii. c. 93.

[207] This colony must have been posterior to that of the Samians, the first founders of Cydonia.

[208] Il. ii. 496.

[209] Il. ii. 559.

[210] Il. ii. 497.

[211] Il. ii. 632.

[212] Thucyd. ii. 27; iv. 56.

[213] A place not known.

[214] Probably interpolated.

[215] Il. ii. 569.

[216] Tricorythus in place of Corinth is the suggestion of _Coray_.

[217] Iph. Taur. 508 _et seq._

[218] Orest. 98, 101, 1246.

[219] Οὐ παντὸς ἀνδρὸς ἐς Κόρινθον ἔσθ’ ὁ πλοῦς, which Horace has elegantly Latinized, Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthum.

[220] ἱστοὺς--distaffs; also, masts and sailors.

[221] Strabo here gives the name of Crissæan Gulf to the eastern half of the Gulf of Corinth.

[222] Of or belonging to asses.

[223] The remains of an ancient place at the distance of about a mile after crossing the Erasinus, (Kephalari,) are probably those of Cenchreæ. _Smith._

[224] Crommyon was distant 120 stadia from Corinth, (Thuc. iv. 45,) and appears to have therefore occupied the site of the ruins near the chapel of St. Theodorus. The village of Kineta, which many modern travellers suppose to correspond to Crommyon, is much farther from Corinth than 120 stadia. _Smith._

[225] According to Pausanias, the Teneates derive their origin from the Trojans taken captive at the island of Tenedos. On their arrival in Peloponnesus, Tenea was assigned to them as a habitation by Agamemnon.

[226] B. C. 146.

[227] Aristeides of Thebes, a contemporary of Alexander the Great. At a public sale of the spoils of Corinth, King Attalus offered so large a price for the painting of Bacchus, that Mummius, although ignorant of art, was attracted by the enormity of the price offered, withdrew the picture, in spite of the protestations of Attalus, and sent it to Rome.

[228] This story forms the subject of the Trachiniæ of Sophocles.

[229] Mummius was so ignorant of the arts, that he threatened those who were intrusted with the care of conveying to Rome the pictures and statues taken at Corinth, to have them replaced by new ones at their expense, in case they should be so unfortunate as to lose them.

[230] The plastic art was invented at Sicyon by Dibutades; according to others, at the island of Samos, by Rœcus and Theodorus. From Greece it was carried into Etruria by Demaratus, who was accompanied by Eucheir and Eugrammus, plastic artists, and by the painter Cleophantus of Corinth, B. C. 663. See b. v. c. ii. § 2.

[231] Il. ii. 571.

[232] The ruins are situated below the monastery Kesra.

[233] Vasilika.

[234] Ægialus was the most ancient name of Achaia, and was given to it on account of the greater number of cities being situated upon the coast. The Sicyonians, however, asserted that the name was derived from one of their kings named Ægialeus.

[235] The story is narrated differently in Pausanias, b. vii. c. 1.

[236] About 1044 B. C.

[237] The twelve cities were Phocæa, Erythræ, Clazomenæ, Teos, Lebedos, Colophon, Ephesus, Priene, Myus, Miletus, and Samos and Chios in the neighbouring islands. See b. xiv. c. i. § 3. This account of the expulsion of the Ionians from Peloponnesus is taken from Polybius, b. ii. c. 41, and b. iv. c. 1.

[238] And Lacedæmonians, adds Polybius, b. ii. c. 39.

[239] Patras and Paleocastro.

[240] This festival, Panionium, or assembly of all the Ionians, was celebrated at Mycale, or at Priene at the base of Mount Mycale, opposite the island of Samos, in a place sacred to Neptune. The Ionians had a temple also at Miletus and another at Teos, both consecrated to the Heliconian Neptune. Herod. i. 148. Pausanias, b. vii. c. 24.

[241] Il. xx. 403.

[242] The birth of Homer was later than the establishment of the Ionians in Asia Minor, according to the best authors. Aristotle makes him contemporary with the Ionian migration, 140 years after the Trojan war.

[243] Ælian, De Naturâ Anim. b. ii. c. 19, and Pausanias, b. vii. c. 24, 25, give an account of this catastrophe, which was preceded by an earthquake, and was equally destructive to the city Bura. B. C. 373.

[244] The Syngathus Hippocampus of Linnæus, from ἵππος, a horse, and κάμπη, a caterpillar. It obtained its name from the supposed resemblance of its head to a horse and of its tail to a caterpillar. From this is derived the fiction of sea-monsters in attendance upon the marine deities. It is, however, but a small animal, abundant in the Mediterranean. The head, especially when dried, is like that of a horse. Pliny, b. xxxii. c. 9--11. Ælian, De Nat. Anim. b. xiv. c. 20.

[245] This distinguished man was elected general of the Achæan League, B. C. 245.

[246] The expulsion of the Carthaginians from Sicily took place 241 B. C. The war of the Romans against the Cisalpine Gauls commenced 224 B. C., when the Romans passed the Po for the first time.

[247] Text abbreviated by the copyist.

[248] Il. ii. 576.

[249] Il. ii. 639.

[250] Il. viii. 203.

[251] Il. xiii. 21, 34.

[252] Κράθις--κραθῆναι The Acrata. The site of Ægæ is probably the Khan of Acrata. _Smith._

[253] From the heights on which it was situated, descends a small river, (the Crius,) which discharges itself into the sea near Cape Augo-Campos.

[254] Vostitza.

[255] Leake places the port of Ægeira at Maura-Litharia, the Black Rocks, on the left of which on the summit of a hill are some vestiges of an ancient city, which must have been Ægeira.

[256] Phœn. 163.

[257] See above, § 3.

[258] Anab. v. 3. 8.

[259] Castel di Morea.

[260] Castel di Rumeli.

[261] Sunset.

[262] Gossellin suggests that the name Stratos was derived from a spot called the Tomb of Sostratus, held in veneration by the inhabitants of Dyme.

[263] The Risso or Mana.

[264] From the fountain Dirce, and the rivers Asopus, Inachus, and Simoïs.

[265] Cape Papa.

[266] Now bears the name of Zyria; its height, as determined by the French commission, is 7788 feet above the level of the sea. _Smith._

[267] The Arcadians called themselves Autochthones, indigenous, and also Proseleni, born before the moon; hence Ovid speaking of them says, “Lunâ gens prior illa fuit.”

[268] B. C. 371.

[269] Mauro vuni.

[270] Mintha.

[271] Partheni.

[272] Called Katavothra by modern Greeks.

[273] The Landona.

[274] The Carbonaro.

[275] The Kephalari.

[276] The following section is corrupt in the original; it is translated according to the corrections proposed by _Kramer_, _Gossellin_, &c.

[277] The peninsulas described by Strabo, are:

1. The Peloponnesus, properly so called, bounded by the Isthmus of Corinth.

2. The peninsula bounded by a line drawn from Pagæ to Nisæa, and including the above.

3. The peninsula bounded by a line drawn from the recess of the Crissæan Gulf, properly so called, (the Bay of Salona,) to Thermopylæ, and includes the two first.

4. The peninsula bounded by a line drawn from the Ambracic Gulf to Thermopylæ and the Maliac Gulf, and includes the three former.

5. The peninsula bounded by a line drawn from the Ambracic Gulf to the recess of the Thermaic Gulf, and contains the former four peninsulas.

[278] These words are transposed from after the word Epicnemidii, as suggested by Cramer.

[279] The Crissæan Gulf, properly so called, is the modern Bay of Salona. But probably Strabo (or rather Eudoxus, whose testimony he alleges) intended to comprehend, under the denomination of Crissæan, the whole gulf, more commonly called Corinthian by the ancients, that is, the gulf which commenced at the strait between Rhium and Antirrhium, and of which the Crissæan Gulf was only a portion. The text in the above passage is very corrupt.

[280] From Sunium to the Isthmus.

[281] Libadostani.

[282] N. W. by W., 1/4 W.

[283] Literally, “by legs on each side.” Nisæa was united to Megara, as the Piræus to Athens, by two long walls.

[284] Il. ii. 546.

[285] Il. xiii. 685.

[286] See note to vol. i. page 329.

[287] This place is unknown.

[288] From a lost tragedy of Sophocles.

[289] Probably interpolated.

[290] Il. ii. 557.

[291] Il. xiii. 681.

[292] Il. iv. 327.

[293] Il. iv. 273.

[294] Il. iii. 230.

[295] Il. ii. 557.

[296] These horns, according to Wheler, are two pointed rocks on the summit of the mountain situated between Eleusis and Megara. On one of these rocks is a tower, called by the modern Greeks Cerata or Kerata-Pyrga.

[297] Lepsina.

[298] Σηκὸς.

[299] κατεσκεύασεν.

[300] ἐποίησε. Ictinus was also the architect of the temple of Apollo Epicurius near Phigalia in Arcadia.

[301] Thria.

[302] Scaramandra; from the height above Ægaleos, Xerxes witnessed the battle of Salamis.

[303] Megala Kyra, Micra Kyra.

[304] τὸ ἄστυ, the Asty, was the upper town, in opposition to the lower town, of Piræus. See Smith’s Dictionary for a very able and interesting article, _Athenæ_; also Kiepert’s _Atlas von Hellas_.

[305] Sylla took Athens, after a long and obstinate siege, on the 1st March, B. C. 86. The city was given up to rapine and plunder.

[306] Strabo thus accounts for his meagre description of the public buildings at Athens, for which, otherwise, he seems to have had no inclination.

[307] Hegesias was an artist of great celebrity, and a contemporary of Pheidias. The statues of Castor and Pollux by Hegesias, are supposed by Winkelman to be the same as those which now stand on the stairs leading to the Capitol, but this is very doubtful. _Smith._

[308] In the Erechtheium.

[309] The Heroum, or temple dedicated to the daughters of Leos, who were offered up by their father as victims to appease the wrath of Minerva in a time of pestilence. The position of the temple is doubtfully placed by Smith below the Areiopagus.

[310] The well-known temple of Theseus being the best preserved of all the monuments of Greece.

[311] An eminent geographer. He made extensive journeys through Greece to collect materials for his geographical works, and as a collector of inscriptions on votive offerings and columns, he was one of the earlier contributors to the Greek Anthology. _Smith._

[312] The Odeium was a kind of theatre erected by Pericles in the Ceramic quarter of the city, for the purpose of holding musical meetings. The roof, supported by columns, was constructed out of the wreck of the Persian fleet conquered at Salamis. There was also the Odeium of Regilla, but this was built in the time of the Antonines.

[313] The country was called Actica from Actæos. _Parian Chronicle._

[314] Demetrius Phalereus was driven from Athens, 307 B. C., whence he retired to Thebes. The death of Casander took place 298 B. C.

[315] Aratus, the Achæan general, 245 B. C., drove from Attica the Lacedæmonian garrisons, and restored liberty to the Athenians.

[316] B. C. 87.

[317] C. Halikes.

[318] Falkadi.

[319] Elisa.

[320] Raphti.

[321] Il. iii. 443.

[322] Macronisi.

[323] Negropont.

[324] From C. Colonna to C. Mantelo.

[325] Smith gives an alphabetical list of 160 demi.

[326] Monte San Giorgio.

[327] As Mount Hymettus was always celebrated for producing the best honey, it would appear from this passage that there were silver mines in it. It appears however that the Athenians had failed to discover silver in Hymettus. It is not impossible that Strabo has adopted literally some proverb or saying of the miners, such as, “Ours is the best honey.”

[328] In the following description of Greece, Strabo employs the term belts or bands ταινίας for the territory intercepted between the lines forming the peninsulas. See note, chap. i. § 1, of this book.

[329] About 67 yards. See also b. x. ch. i. § 8.

[330] Leuctra and Mantineia.

[331] The Thebans, who were formerly the allies of the Macedonians, were opposed to Philip of Macedon at the battle of Chæroneia. On the accession to the throne of Alexander, the city was destroyed, B. C. 335; 6000 of the inhabitants were killed, and 30,000 sold as slaves. The city was rebuilt, B. C. 316, by Casander. Pausanias, ix. 7. The ravages committed by Sylla in the war against Mithridates, which completed the final ruin of Thebes, must have been fresh in the memory of Strabo.

[332] Hieros Limen.

[333] New Eretria stood at Paleocastro, and old Eretria at Vathy.

[334] Dramesi.

[335] Athenæus, v. 15.

[336] Livy states (xlv. 27) that Aulis was distant three miles from Chalcis; by Homer (Il. ii. 303) it is called Αὐλὶς πετρήεσσα. About three miles south of Chalcis, on the Bœotian coast, are two bays, separated from each other by a rocky peninsula: the northern is small and winding, the southern spreads out at the end of a channel into a large circular basin. The latter harbour, as well as a village situated a mile to the southward of it, is called _Vathy_, a name evidently derived from βαθὺς λιμὴν. We may therefore conclude that Aulis was situated on the rocky peninsula between these two bays. _Leake_ and _Smith_.

[337] See above, c. ii. § 2.

[338] διῳκοδόμηται δ’ εἰς αὐτοὺς σῦριγξ The passage does not give a clear explanation of the fact. Livy, b. xxviii. c. 6.

[339] Thucydides, b. ii. ch. 23, says that Graia is on the road leading from Oropus to Athens.

[340] In modern maps a modern town, Skoimandri, is laid down near the ruins of Tanagra. Pausanias, b. ix. ch. 20, informs us why Tanagra was called both Poimandria and Graia. Tanagra was the daughter of Æolus and wife of Poimandrus; she arrived at such an extreme old age, as to receive the title of Graia, the Old.

[341] Argyrokastro.

[342] The exact site of Harma is uncertain. Leake supposes it to have occupied the important pass on the road from Thebes to Chalcis, leading to the maritime plain. Pausanias, b. ix. ch. 19, says that it obtained its name from the chariot of Amphiaraus having disappeared there.

[343] We should perhaps read Harma, says _Kramer_; but in that case Tanagra of Bœotia would be upon the right hand. The reading Argos is a manifest error, and the whole passage is corrupt.

[344] Il. ii. 508.

[345] Leake supposes Ægæ to have stood near Limni. Strabo, below, ch. vii. § 4, says that probably the Ægæan Sea had its name from this place.

[346] Of this place, although mentioned by Thucydides, b. iii. ch. 89, very little is known, in consequence no doubt of its having almost entirely disappeared by an earthquake, which took place about 426 or 425 years B. C.

[347] Ktypa-vuna.

[348] Near Anthedon was a place called the Leap of Glaucus, where he threw himself into the sea. Pausanias, ix. 22. The ruins of Anthedon are situated 1-1/2 mile from _Lukisi_. _Smith._

[349] This passage is very corrupt.

[350] The sites of these places are unknown.

[351] Mauro-potamos.

[352] Lake of Livadhia.

[353] Κώπη, an oar.

[354] That is, by natural or artificial subterraneous channels.

[355] Mauroneri.

[356] Pliny, b. xvi. c. 36.

[357] Il. ii. 503.

[358] There were several rivers of this name. See below, c. iii. § 16.

[359] Il. ii. 523.

[360] See below, ch. iii. § 15. Elateia is represented by the modern village of Elefta.

[361] See ch. ii. § 26.

[362] It is impossible to make any exact statement respecting its extent, since it varied so much at different times of the year and in different seasons. On the northern and eastern sides its extent is limited by a range of heights, but on the opposite quarter there is no such natural boundary to its size. _Smith_, v. _Bœotia_, which contains also a useful map from Forschamer’s _Hellenica_ of the Basin of the Copais.

[363] There appears to be no modern lake in the position assigned to Trephea by _Kiepert_. Kramer suggests the omission here of the word Trephea.

[364] Il. v. 708.

[365] Makaris.

[366] Il. xx. 385.

[367] Thiva.

[368] Il. ii. 500.

[369] Il. vii. 221.

[370] The text is in a very imperfect state. The section is translated as proposed to be emended by _Kramer_.

[371] Morikios.

[372] Kalyvi.

[373] Mount Elatea.

[374] There is some doubt respecting the modern name of Thespiæ; the Austrian map places the ruins near Erimokastro.

[375] Placing Ascra at Pyrgaki, there is little doubt that Aganippe, whence the Muses were called Aganippides, is the fountain which issues from the left bank of the torrent flowing midway between Paleopanaghea and Pyrgaki. Around this fountain Leake observed numerous square blocks, and in the neighbouring fields stones and remains of habitations. The position of the Grove of the Muses is fixed at St. Nicholas, by an inscription which Leake discovered there relating to the Museia, or the games of the Muses, which were celebrated there under the presidency of the Thespians. Paus. b. ix. c. 31. In the time of Pausanias the Grove of the Muses contained a larger number of statues than any other place in Bœotia, and this writer has given an account of many of them. The statues of the Muses were removed by Constantine from this place to his new capital, where they were destroyed by fire, in A. D. 404. _Smith._

[376] Works and Days, 639.

[377] This is a mistake, since the loftiest summit of Helicon is barely 5000 feet high, whilst that of Parnassus is upwards of 8000 feet. _Smith._ Helicon is a range of mountains with several summits, of which the loftiest is a round mountain now called Paleovuni. _Smith._ The Austrian map gives the modern name Zagora to Helicon.

[378] Twenty stadia from the Grove of the Muses was the fountain Hippocrene, which was said to have been produced by the horse Pegasus striking the ground with his foot. Paus. b. ix. ch. 31. Hippocrene was probably at Makariotissa, which is noted for a fine spring of water. _Smith._ The Austrian map places it at Kukuva. Leibethrum, or Leibethreium, is described by Pausanias as distant 40 stadia from Coroneia, and is therefore probably the mount Zagora. _Smith._

[379] Il. ii. 499.

[380] The remains of Haliartus are situated upon a hill about a mile from the village of Mazi, on the road from Thebes to Lebadeia, and at the distance of about 15 miles from either place. Although the walls of the town are scarcely anywhere traceable, its extent is marked on the east and west by two small rivers, of which that to the west issues from the foot of the hill of Mazi, the eastern, called the Kafalari, has its origin in Mount Helicon. The stream on the western side of the city is the one called Hoplites by Plutarch, where Lysander fell in battle with the Thebans, B. C. 395, and is apparently the same as the Lophis of Pausanias. The stream on the eastern side, the Kafalari, is formed by the union of two rivulets, which appear to be the Permessus and Olmeius, which are described by Strabo as flowing from Helicon, and after their union entering the Lake Copais, near Haliartus. _Smith._

[381] It was celebrated for the worship of Athena, who is hence called Alalcomeneis in Homer. The temple of the goddess stood at a little distance from the town, on the Triton, a small stream flowing into the Lake Copais. The modern village Sulinari is the site of Alalcomenæ. _Smith._

[382] Phœnicium, or Sphingium, now called Faga, the mountain between the Lakes Copais and Hylica, connecting Mount Ptoum with the range of Helicon. Forchamer supposes that Phœnicium and Sphingium are the names of two different mountains, separated from one another by the small plain of the stream _Daulos_; but the name of Pœnicium rests only on the authority of Strabo, and it is probably a corruption of Phicium. Φίξ is the Æolic form of Σφίγξ, (Hes. Theog. 326,) and therefore there can be no doubt that Phicium and Sphingium are two different forms of the same name. _Smith._

[383] Il. ii. 502.

[384] It was still in existence in the time of Pausanias; the modern village Topolia occupies the site.

[385] Leake conjectures that there is an error in the text, and that for Θεσπιῶν we ought to read Θισβῶν, since there is only one spot in the ten miles between Platæa and Thespiæ where any town is likely to have stood, and that was occupied by Leuctra. See _Smith_.

[386] It was here that the Athenians under Tolmides were defeated by the Bœotians in B. C. 447; in consequence of which defeat the Athenians lost the sovereignty which they had for some years exercised over Bœotia. The plain of Coroneia was also the scene of the victory gained by Agesilaus over the Thebans and their allies in B. C. 394.

[387] Pausanias, b. ix. 33, mentions the Heroum of Lysander in Haliartus, and some ruined temples, which had been burnt by the Persians, and had been purposely left in that state. _Smith._

[388] Leake identifies Glisas with the ruins on the bank of the torrent Platanaki, above which rises the mountain Siamata, the ancient Hypatus.

[389] The following is the original of this corrupt passage. Kramer suggests that the words γ. δ. have been introduced from the margin into the text.

γεώλοφα καλεῖται δρί[* * * ᾧ ὑποπ]ίπται τὸ Ἀόνιον καλούμενον πεδίον ὃ διατείνει * * * * * * ἀπὸ τοῦ Ὑπάτου ὄρους.

Pausanias, b. ix. ch. 19, makes mention of a tumulus covered with trees, near the ruins of Glisas or Glissas, which was the burial-place of Ægialus and his companions, and also of other tumuli. These were probably the γεώλοφα δρία, woody hillocks. The obscurity, however, still remains.

[390] Il. ii. 505.

[391] The three summits of Ptoum bear the names of Palea, Stranitza, and Skroponeri.

[392] The ruins are situated at a short distance south of Kardhitza. The site of Cierium, the modern village Mataranga, was first discovered by Leake, who identifies it with Arne, and supposes, with much probability, that the name Arne may have been disused by the Thessalian conquerors, because it was of Bœotian origin, and that the new appellation may have been taken from the neighbouring river Curalius or Cuarius.

[393] Il. ii. 507.

[394] Il. v. 43.

[395] Sulinari.

[396] Il. iv. 8.

[397] Petra.

[398] Kapurna.

[399] Scripu.

[400] On the 7th of August, B. C. 338. Of the details of this battle we have no account. The site of the monument is marked by a tumulus about a mile or a little more from the Khan of Kapurna, on the right side of the road towards Orchomenus. A few years ago (according to Mure) the mound of earth was excavated and a colossal lion discovered, deeply imbedded in its interior. See _Smith_.

[401] Livadhia.

[402] Lefka.

[403] See below, ch. v. § 15.

[404] Il. ix. 381.

[405] Euripides, Phœn. 422.

[406] Probably an interpolation.

[407] Leake places it at Tzamali, but Forchammer with more probability at Avro-Kastro.

[408] Εὐδείελος.

[409] Scripu.

[410] Bogdana.

[411] Aspra-Spitia.

[412] Kastri.

[413] Daulia.

[414] It is a continuation of the ridge of Œta.

[415] La Punta.

[416] Od. viii. 75.

[417] Aspra Spitia.

[418] At the mouth of the Spercheius.

[419] The ruins are near Chryso.

[420] Apparently an interpolation. _Groskurd._

[421] ἀφήτωρ.

[422] Il. ix. 404.

[423] A conjecture by Kramer.

[424] Pausanias, b. x. c. 5, speaks of a temple of Apollo at Delphi, which was supposed to have been constructed by bees, with their combs and wings.

[425] Of which Spintharus the Corinthian was the architect. Pausanias, b. x. c. 5.

[426] Κιθαρῳδοὶ, played on the cithara, accompanying it with words.

[427] Κιθαρισταὶ, played on the cithara alone.

[428] μέλος.

[429] νόμος.

[430] σύριγξ.

[431] Groskurd and Meineke propose emendations of the text of this passage. The translation is rather a paraphrase.

[432] Probably, says _Palmer_, the expression is derived from ἵε παίε, O strike, or ἵε παῖ, O youth.

[433] Aspra-Spitia.

[434] ὄπισθεν, “behind it,” but Marathus is on the opposite side of the bay. The ruins are indicated in modern maps.

[435] The bay of Metochi d’Hagia.

[436] Zagora.

[437] This place is represented in the Austrian map by ruins near Exarcho. But how does Strabo place “not far from” the Crisæan Gulf, Abæ, which was certainly near Hyampolis, on the borders of the Locri Epicnemidii? It is on the authority of this passage only that geographers have placed a second Abæ behind Ambrysus, at the foot of Parnassus.

[438] Distomo?

[439] Daulia.

[440] Il. ii. 519.

[441] Od. vii. 324.

[442] ἄνεμος, the wind.

[443] The Look-out.

[444] 457, B. C.

[445] This place was destroyed in the Persian war; no remains existed in the time of Pausanias.

[446] The ruins are situated on the east of Turkochorio, made a free state by the Romans. Pausanias, b. x. ch. 34.

[447] Demos. pro Coronâ, B. C. 338.

[448] Il. ii. 523.

[449] The quotation is from a lost poem.

[450] Conjectures of Groskurd, and approved by Kramer.

[451] Meineke supposes these words to be an interpolation, because no mention is made by other writers, nor by Strabo himself, in his enumeration of the rivers in Argolis, of the existence of a river called Cephissus at Argos.

[452] Polina.

[453] Dyrrachium, now Durazzo.

[454] The site appears to have been to the south-east of the modern town Neochorio.

[455] From hence to the close of the paragraph the text is very corrupt; the restorations are due to the conjectures of Du Theil, Groskurd, and Kramer.

[456] Schedius, according to Homer, Il. ii. 517, and Il. xvii. 306, was one of the chiefs of the Phocians.

[457] The ruins of Opus are indicated as existing between Talanti and the sea.

[458] A portion of the ridge of Œta, on the north-west of Talanti, now Chlomos.

[459] A monument, or cenotaph, common to many persons.

[460] The site is marked by a tower called Paleopyrgo, near the modern Lebanitis.

[461] Mentioned by Athenæus, b. iii. Hot springs were generally sacred to Hercules.

[462] Diodorus Siculus asserts that it was separated from the continent by an earthquake; but statements of this kind were commonly and hastily made, where the natural appearances were favourable to them.

[463] Il. xxiii. 85.

[464] Il. xviii. 326.

[465] The ruins have been discovered by Gell on an insulated hill, near the sea-shore.

[466] Paleocastro, in Marmara, near Romani.

[467] A conjecture by Groskurd.

[468] βῆσσαι and νάπη, wooded hollows.

[469] In the island of Lesbos.

[470] Il. ii. 535.

[471] Salona, or Lampeni.

[472] Lepanto.

[473] Castel de Roumeli.

[474] Il. ii. 640.

[475] From ὀζεῖν, to smell.

[476] Maurolimne.

[477] The site is unknown.

[478] Near Dervend-Elapha.

[479] The Hellada.

[480] B. vii. c. 198, and c. 200.

[481] Translated according to Kramer’s proposed emendation. Demetrias, according to Leake, occupies the southern or maritime face of a height called Goritza, which projects from the coast of Magnesia between 2 and 3 miles to the southward of the middle of Volo. Pausanias, b. vii. c. 7, says that Philip called Chalcis, Corinth, and Magnesia in Thessaly, the “Keys of Greece.” Livy, b. xxxii. c. 37.

[482] C. Lithada.

[483] The Salambria.

[484] This paragraph is translated as proposed by Meineke, who has followed the suggestions of _Du Theil_, _Groskurd_, and _Kramer_, in correcting the text.

[485] G. of Zeitun.

[486] The ten states or dynasties mentioned by Homer were those of, 1. Achilles. 2. Protesilaüs. 3. Eumelus. 4. Philoctetes. 5. Podalirius and Machaon. 6. Eurypylus. 7. Polypœtes. 8. Guneus. 9. Prothoüs. These are named in the Catalogue in the 2nd Book of the Iliad; the 10th, Dolopia, of which Phœnix was chief, in Il. xvi. 196.

[487] Il. ii. 681.

[488] Il. ix. 480.

[489] Il. ix. 443.

[490] Il. ii. 683.

[491] Il. ix. 498.

[492] Il. ix. 395.

[493] The Vlacho.

[494] Part of the range of Mount Gura.

[495] Satalda. The plain of Pharsalia is to the north.

[496] The Gura.

[497] Il. ii. 683.

[498] Il. xiii. 685.

[499] Il. xiii. 693, 699.

[500] Il. ii. 682.

[501] ὁ Ἅλος, or ἡ Ἅλος.

[502] Armyrus.

[503] Hence Virgil, Geor. 3, calls Apollo, Pastor ab Amphryso.

[504] Isdin or Zeitun.

[505] Il. ix. 484.

[506] Il. ii. 744.

[507] Above S. Theodoro.

[508] Il. ii. 695.

[509] πήγνυμι, to fasten.

[510] ἀφετήριον, a starting-place.

[511] Karlas.

[512] Velestina.

[513] Trikeri.

[514] Sciathos.

[515] Scopelo?

[516] Selidromi?

[517] Scyros.

[518] Il. ii. 729.

[519] Tricala.

[520] The ruins are pointed out to the south of Stagus Kalabak.

[521] Il. ii. 734.

[522] Il. ix. 447.

[523] Il. x. 226.

[524] Il. ix. 424.

[525] τίτανος, chalk.

[526] Tcheritchiano.

[527] Il. ii. 738.

[528] Meineke suggests the reading μεταξύ, between, instead of μέχρι, as far as.

[529] The words after Perrhæbi, εἰς τὴν ἐν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ ποταμίαν, into the country in the interior lying along the river, are omitted, as suggested by Meineke.

[530] Il. ii. 744.

[531] Groskurd suggests the insertion here of Messembria or Odessus. Kramer is inclined to adopt the latter.

[532] Il. ii. 748.

[533] Or Pelasgiotis. _Groskurd._

[534] Il. ii. 754.

[535] Il. ii. 756.

[536] Il. xiii. 301.

[537] In the middle ages Eubœa was called Egripo, a corruption of Euripus, the name of the town built upon the ruins of Chalcis. The Venetians, who obtained possession of the island upon the dismemberment of the Byzantine empire by the Latins, called it Negropont, probably a corruption of _Egripo_ and _Ponte_, a bridge. _Smith._

[538] This expression is obscure; probably it may mean that Eubœa is not equal in length to the coast comprehended between Sunium and the southern limits of Thessaly.

[539] C. Lithada. The mountain Lithada above the cape, rises to the height of 2837 feet above the sea.

[540] C. Mantelo.

[541] The real length of the island from N. to S. is about 90 miles, its extreme breadth is 30 miles, but in one part it is not more than 4 miles across. See _Smith_ art. Eubœa.

[542] Cape Mantelo.

[543] Strabo is the only ancient author who describes a place of this name as existing in Eubœa. Kiepert and the Austrian map agree in giving the name Petaliæ, which may here be meant, to the Spili islands.

[544] ἀντίπορθμος.

[545] Eubœa has various names. Formerly (says Pliny, b. iv. c. 12) it was called Chalcedontis or Macris, according to Dionysius and Ephorus; Macra, according to Aristides; Chalcis, from brass being there first discovered, according to Callidemus; Abantias, according to Menæchmus; and Asopis by the poets in general.

[546] The narrow channel between the island and the mainland.

[547] Il. ii. 536, 542.

[548] From Abas, great grandson of Erectheus.

[549] From Eubœa, daughter of the river Asopus and mistress of Neptune.

[550] From εὖ, well, and βοῦς, a cow. The ancient coins of the island bear the head of an ox.

[551] Mount St. Elias, 4748 feet above the level of the sea. Bochart derives the name from an eastern word signifying “narrow.”

[552] At the base of Ploko Vuno.

[553] Mount Galzades, celebrated for producing medicinal plants. Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. b. ix. c. 15 and 20.

[554] Dipso, according to Kiepert.

[555] Philipp. iii.

[556] Not the town named Histiæa-Oreus, which was on the sea-coast.

[557] Livy, b. xxxi. c. 46.

[558] διὰ τὸ ὀρείους εἶναι.

[559] Kiepert accordingly places Dium near the modern Jaitra, but the Austrian map places it to the N. E. of Ploko Vuno.

[560] Castel Rosso. The landing-place of the Persian expedition under Datis and Artaphernes, B. C. 490. Herod. b. vi. c. 99.

[561] Sturæ.

[562] The ruins are indicated as existing opposite the Spili islands.

[563] λίθος φύεται.

[564] τῇ τῶν λίνων πλύσει.

[565] C. Mantelo.

[566] Od. iii. 177.

[567] As this statement is unsupported by any other authority, Meineke suggests that the word Arabians (Ἄραβες οἱ) is an error for Aradii (Ἀράδιοι).

[568] Repub. b. iv. c. 3.

[569] According to the Scholiast in Apollon. Rhod. Argon, b. i. v. 77, Canethus was a mountain on the Bœotian side of the Euripus.

[570] B. i. c. iii. § 16.

[571] B. ix. c. ii. § 13.

[572] Il. ii. 640.

[573] Od. xv. 295.

[574] ἐνιαυτόν for αὐτόν. _Meineke._

[575] Near Palæo-castro.

[576] Herod. b. iii. c. 149, and b. vi. c. 101.

[577] A common practice of the Dorians.

[578] B. viii. c. iii. § 6.

[579] In Thessaly.

[580] Negropont. It was one of the three cities which Philip of Macedon called the chains of Greece. Brass (χαλκὸς) was said to have been first found there.

[581] He retired there B. C. 322.

[582] δόρυ.

[583] κοντὸς.

[584] ἡ σάρισσα καὶ ὁ ὑσσὸς Probably an interpolation. _Groskurd._

[585] μάχην τὴν σταδίαν.

[586] συστάδην.

[587] ἐκ χειρός.

[588] Il. ii. 543.

[589] Il. xix. 389.

[590] Od. viii. 229.

[591] Il. iv. 469.

[592] Il. xiii. 713, 716.

[593] B. vi. c. i. § 13.

[594] B. viii. c. vii. § 1.

[595] The Aspro-potamo.

[596] G. of Arta.

[597] B. viii. c. iii. § 11.

[598] B. ix. c. v. § 10.

[599] B. viii. c. ii. § 3.

[600] The promontory bears the name C. Madonna, and the ruins of Anactorium are pointed out as existing at the bottom of the small bay of Prevesa. The modern town, Azio, which is not the ancient Actium, is near these ruins.

[601] Near Lepenu.

[602] Correction by Groskurd. Trigardon is given in the Austrian map as the ancient site of Œniadæ, but this position does not agree with the text.

[603] Porto-fico according to D’Anville.

[604] Kandili, opposite the island Kalamo.

[605] Santa Maura.

[606] Neochori.

[607] Arta, but the Austrian map gives Rogus as the site.

[608] This is an error either of the author or in the text. Groskurd proposes to read Antirrhium (Castel Rumeli) in place of Anactorium. Kramer proposes to follow Tzschucke, and to exchange the positions of the words Stratus and Alyzia in the text.

[609] There has been some dispute respecting the site of Calydon. Leake supposes the ruins which he discovered at Kurtaga, or Kortaga, to the west of the Evenus, (Fidari,) to be those of Calydon.

[610] Lepanto.

[611] Leake supposes it to have stood in the plain of Marathia, opposite the island Trissonia.

[612] M. Coraca.

[613] M. Zigos.

[614] Xerolimne.

[615] Kaki-scala.

[616] Varassova.

[617] Santa Maura.

[618] Theaki.

[619] Cephalonia.

[620] Od. xxiv. 376.

[621] Il. ii. 633.

[622] I follow the proposed reading, ἅλμα for ἀλλὰ.

[623] Du Theil says, Strabo should have said “a daughter of Pterelas who was in love with Cephalus.” See below, § 14.

[624] Il. ii. 631.

[625] Il. ii. 625.

[626] Il. ii. 615.

[627] Il. ii. 536.

[628] Il. viii. 173.

[629] Il. ii. 633.

[630] Od. xiv. 100.

[631] Od. iv. 671.

[632] Od. i. 246.

[633] Od. xvi. 249.

[634] Od. xv. 366.

[635] Il. ii. 632.

[636] Od. ix. 21.

[637] Od. iii. 81.

[638] Probably interpolated. _Kramer._

[639] Od. ix. 25.

[640] Od. xiv. 1.

[641] εὐδείελος is the reading of the text, but the reading in Homer is ἱππήλατος, adapted for horses, and thus translated by Horace, Epist. lib. I. vii. 41, Non est aptus equis Ithacæ locus.

[642] Od. iv. 607.

[643] Od. ix. 26.

[644] Il. xii. 239.

[645] Od. x. 190.

[646] For the explanation of _climate_, see book ii. ch. i. § 20, but in this passage the word has a different sense, and implies the division of the heavens into north, south, east, and west. The idea of Strabo seems to be that of a straight line drawn from east to west, dividing the celestial horizon into two parts, the one northern, (or arctic,) the other southern. The sun in its course from east to west continues always as regards us in the southern portion. _Gossellin._

[647] οὐδ’ ὅπου ἀρχή.

[648] So in the text, but there is manifestly an error.

[649] Od. i. 181.

[650] I. Meganisi.

[651] Il. xv. 519.

[652] Il. ii. 631.

[653] Od. i. 246.

[654] C. Tornese.

[655] Monte Nero.

[656] We may hence conjecture that Cephallenia in the time of Homer was divided into two parts, Dulichium and Samé. It may explain at least the uncertainty of the ancients respecting the position of Dulichium. Pausanias, b. vi. c. 15, speaking of the Paleis says, that formerly they were called Dulichii; and Hesychius, that Dulichium is a city of Cephallenia.

[657] Situated near the modern capital Argostoli.

[658] Probably the site of the ruins in the harbour of Viscardo.

[659] I. Dascaglio.

[660] Od. iv. 846.

[661] Il. xiii. 12.

[662] Il. xxiv. 753.

[663] Il. xxiv. 78.

[664] In the Valle d’Alessandro, in Cephalonia, there is still a place called Samo.

[665] Il. xxiv. 752.

[666] Σάμοι.

[667] Il. xiii. 13.

[668] Zante.

[669] 3600 stadia? see b. xvii. c. iii. § 20.

[670] Curzolari, Oxia, Petala, &c.

[671] Od. xv. 298.

[672] C. Papa.

[673] Sophocles, Trachiniæ, v. 9.

[674] Il. ii. 628.

[675] Not identified.

[676] Gossellin remarks the double error committed by Winkelman, who, on the authority of this passage, states that the Hercules (not the Labours of Hercules) of Lysippus was transferred to Rome in the time of Nero, long after this Book was written.

[677] Dragomestre.

[678] The lake Xerolimne.

[679] Kramer proposes the transposition of the sentence within brackets to the beginning of the paragraph.

[680] Il. ii. 639.

[681] M. Zigos.

[682] Angelo Castron.

[683] Near Mauro Mati.

[684] See c. ii. § 3, Epictetus.

[685] Od. ii. 52.

[686] Od. xv. 16.

[687] Il. xiv. 116.

[688] Il. ix. 525.

[689] B. ix. c. iii. § 11.

[690] As distinguished from geography. See b. i. c. i. § 16, note⁵⁷.

[691] The author of a work in several books on Eubœa. Athenæus, b. vi. c. 18.

[692] The unshorn.

[693] From Acarnan, son of Alcmæon. Thucyd. b. ii. c. 102. But the hero from whom the Curetes obtained their name is not mentioned.

[694] The position of this mountain is not determined.

[695] Œneus and his children were themselves Porthaonidæ. Œneus had possession only of Calydon, his brother Agrius and his children had a part of Pleuronia. Thestius, cousin-german of Œneus and of Agrius, received as his portion the remainder of Pleuronia and transmitted it to his children, (the Thestiadæ,) who probably succeeded in gaining possession of the whole country. The Porthaonidæ of the branch of Agrius, were Thersites, Onchestus, Prothous, Celeulor, Lycopeüs, and Melanippus. _Apollodorus_, b. i. c. 7, 8.

[696] Il. xiv. 117.

[697] Il. ix. 544.

[698] Il. ix. 525.

[699] “Cette digression est curieuse, sans doute * * * * Plusieurs critiques ont fait de ce morceau l’objet de leur étude; néanmoins il demeure hérissé de difficultés, et dernièrement M. Heyne (quel juge!) a prononcé que tout y restait à éclaircir.” _Du Theil._

The myths relating to the Curetes abound with different statements and confusion. The following are the only points to be borne in mind. The Curetes belong to the most ancient times of Greece, and probably are to be counted among the first inhabitants of Phrygia. They were the authors and expositors of certain religious rites, which they celebrated with dances. According to mythology they played a part at the birth of Jupiter. They were sometimes called Idæan Dactyli. Hence their name was given to the ministers of the worship of the Great Mother among the Phrygians, which was celebrated with a kind of religious frenzy. The Curetes were also called Corybantes. Hence also arose the confusion between the religious rites observed in Crete, Phrygia, and Samothrace. Again, on the other hand, the Curetes have been mistaken for an Ætolian people, bearing the same name. Heyne, Not. ad Virgil. Æn. iii. 130. Religion. et Sacror. cum furore peract. Orig. Comm. Soc. R. Scient. Gotting. vol. viii. Dupuis, origin de tous les cultes, tom. 2. Sainte Croix Mém. pour servir à la religion Secrète, &c., Job. Guberleth. Diss. philol. de Myster. deorum Cabir. 1703. Frèret. Recher. pour servir à l’histoire des Cyclopes, &c. Acad. des Inscript. &c., vol. xxiii. His. pag. 27. 1749.

[700] τοσαύτη ποικιλία, will bear also to be translated, id tantum varietatis, “this difference only,” as Groskurd observes.

[701] M. de Saint Croix (Recherches sur les Mystères, &c. sect. 2, page 25) is mistaken in asserting that “Strabo clearly refutes the statements of those who believed that the Cabeiri, Dactyli, Curetes, Corybantes, and Telchines, were not only the same kind of persons, but even separate members of the same family.” It appears to me, on the contrary, that this was the opinion adopted by our author. _Du Theil._

[702] προσθεὶς τὸν οἰκεῖον τῇ ἱστορίᾳ φυσικὸν λόγον. rationem naturalem, utpote congruentum huc, historiæ adjiciens. _Xylander._ Or paraphrased, “The history of this people will receive additional and a fitting illustration by a reference to physical facts,” such as the manner of wearing their hair, tonsure, &c.

[703] ἑλκεχίτωνας. The words καὶ κρώβυλον καὶ τέττιγα ἐμπλεχθῆναι appear, according to Berkel. ad Steph. p. 74, to be here wanting, “and to bind the hair in the form of the Crobulus and ornamented with a grasshopper.” The hair over the forehead of the Apollo Belvidere is an example of the crobulus.

[704] Herod. vii. 208.

[705] κουρὰν τριχός.

[706] κόραις καὶ κόροις.

[707] Strabo therefore considered the 193, 194, 195 verses of Il. xix. as authentic. Heyne was inclined to consider them as an interpolation, in which he is supported by other critics.

[708] Il. xix. 248. The text is probably mutilated, and Strabo may have quoted the verses in Homer in which Merion is represented as dancing in armour. Il. xvi. 617.

[709] Kramer suspects this passage to be an interpolation.

[710] The reading in the text is τὸν δ’ ὄντως νοῦν. The translation adopts Meineke’s reading, νοοῦντα.

[711] Quam præclare philosophatus sit Strabo, me non monente, unusquisque assequitur; præclarius, utique, quam illi, qui ex nostro ritu religioso omnem hilaritatem exulare voluere. _Heyne_, Virg. iii. 130.

[712] The original, as Du Theil observes, is singularly obscure, ἀλλ’ ἡ φύσις, ἡ τῶν παιδευμάτων, ἐξεταζέσθω, τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐνθένδε ἔχουσα.

[713] Following the reading suggested by Groskurd.

[714] This word appears here misplaced.

[715] The chain of mountains extending from the sources of the Sagaris (the Zagari) to the Propontis was called Dindymene.

[716] Sipuli Dagh.

[717] Possene.

[718] This name is not derived from any place.

[719] διὰ τὸ ὅμορον, for διά τε Ὅμηρον. _Meineke._

[720] The literal translation has been preserved in the text for the sake of the argument. The following is Potter’s translation, in which, however, great liberty is taken with the original.

“To whom the mysteries of the gods are known, By these his life he sanctifies, And, deep imbibed their chaste and cleaning lore, Hallows his soul for converse with the skies. Enraptur’d ranging the wild mountains o’er, The mighty mother’s orgies leading, He his head with ivy shading, His light spear wreath’d with ivy twine, To Bacchus holds the rites divine. Haste then, ye Bacchæ, haste, Attend your god, the son of heaven’s high king. From Phrygia’s mountains wild and waste To beauteous-structur’d Greece your Bacchus bring * * * * * O ye Curetes, friendly band, You, the blest natives of Crete’s sacred land, Who tread those groves, which, dark’ning round, O’er infant Jove their shelt’ring branches spread, The Corybantes in their caves profound, The triple crest high waving on their head, This timbrel framed, whilst clear and high Swelled the Bacchic symphony. The Phrygian pipe attemp’ring sweet, Their voices to respondence meet, And placed in Rhea’s hands. The frantic satyrs to the rites advance, The Bacchæ join the festive bands, And raptur’d lead the Trieteric dance.”

[721] There were several mountains bearing the name of Olympus. 1. In Thessaly. 2. In Peloponnesus. 3. Of Ida. 4. In Mysia. 5. In Crete.

[722] San Dimitri.

[723] Od. iii. 144.

[724] Adopting Kramer’s suggestion of παραδοὺς τὰ for παραδόντα.

[725] Bendis, Diana of the Thracians; among the Athenians there was a festival called Bendideia.

[726] Athenæus, b. xi. c. 8. Æschylus in the Edoni (a fragment) calls cymbals cotylæ.

[727] Probably from a passage in the Erectheus, a lost play of Euripides.

[728] Nablas and Sambyce are Syriac words. Athenæus, b. iv. c. 24.

[729] The invention of Anacreon, according to Neanthus Cyzicenus.

[730] Athenæus, b. xiv. c. 8, 9.

[731] See above, ch. iii. § 1, 6, 8.

[732] κουροτροφήσαντες.

[733] κουρῆτες.

[734] Who were the Prasians of Rhodes I confess I cannot say. _Palmer._

[735] From whence Strabo does not inform us.

[736] The Scholiast of Apollonius remarks that it was formerly called Leucosia, afterwards Samos from a certain Saiis, and Samothrace when it came into possession of the Thracians. It had also the name of Dardania.

[737] The true origin of the word, according to Casaubon, is to be found in the Hebrew word Cabir, signifying powerful. Tobias Gutberlethus, De mysteriis deorum Cabirotum.

[738] M. Sitia.

[739] Places unknown.

[740] In the plain of Troy.

[741] According to the Scholiast on Apollonius Rhod., Arg. 5, 917 persons were initiated into the mysteries of the Cabeiri in Samothrace. The Cabeiri were four in number; Axieros, Axiokersa, Axiokersos, and Casmilos. Axieros corresponded to Demeter or Ceres, Axiokersa to Persephone or Proserpine, Axiokersos to Hades or Pluto, and Casmilos to Hermes or Mercury. See Ueber die Gottheiten von Samothrace, T. W. I. Schelling, 1815; and the Classical Journal, vol. xiv. p. 59.

[742] Herod. iii. 37.

[743] Probably a temple of Apollo Smintheus.

[744] Corybissa, Eureïs, and Æthaloeïs are unknown.

[745] They were called Curetes because they were boys, and κουρῆτες μὲν ἀπὸ τοῦ κόρους εἶναι καλούμενοι. Groskurd suspects these or similar words to have followed “Corybantes.”

[746] Od. viii. 250.

[747] i. e. toes.

[748] In a lost play, The Deaf Satyrs.

[749] In hoc quoque dissentio, sapientes fuisse, qui ferri metalla et æris invenerunt, cum incendio silvarum adusta tellus, in summo venas jacentes liquefacta fudisset. Seneca, Epist. 90.

[750] Diodorus Siculus, b. v., says that they obtained the name from being equal in number to the ten fingers or toes (Dactyli).

[751] Groskurd proposes Corybantes for these latter Idæan Dactyli.

[752] The common European name Candia is unknown in the island; the Saracenic “Kandax,” Megalo Kastron, became with the Venetian writers Candia; the word for a long time denoted only the principal city of the island, which retained its ancient name in the chroniclers and in Dante, Inferno xiv. 94. It is described by Strabo as lying between Cyrenaica and that part of Hellas which extends from Sunium to Laconia, and parallel in its length from W. to E. of these two points. The words μέχρι Λακωνικῆς may be understood either of Malea or Tænarum; it is probable that this geographer extended Crete as far as Tænarum, as from other passages in his work (ii. c. v. § 20; viii. c. v. § 1) it would appear that he considered it and the W. points of Crete as under the same meridian. It is still more difficult to understand the position assigned to Crete with regard to Cyrenaica (xvii. c. iii. § 22). Strabo is far nearer the truth, though contradicting his former statements, where he makes Cimarus, the N.W. promontory of Crete, 700 stadia from Malea, and Cape Sammonium 1000 stadia from Rhodes, (ii. c. iv. § 3,) which was one of the best ascertained points of ancient geography. _Smith_, v. Crete.

[753] τῆς Ἑλλάδος τῆς ἀπὸ Σουνίου μέχρι Λακωνικῆς.

[754] Gossellin observes that the false position assigned to these countries, and the contradiction perceptible in the measures in stadia, given by Strabo, and above all the impossibility of reconciling them upon one given plan, is a proof that the author consulted different histories, and different maps, in which the distances were laid down in stadia differing in length.

[755] The ruins are indicated as existing a little to the north of Hagios Kurghianis, in the Austrian map.

[756] Cimarus is given in Kiepert, as the island Grabusa Agria, at the extremity of Cape Buso, and also in the Austrian map. Kramer remarks that the promontory Cimarus is mentioned by no other author. Corycus on the other hand is placed by Strabo below, § 5, in these parts, although the reading is suspicious, and in b. viii. c. v. § 1, and in b. xvii. c. iii. § 22; but the reading again in this last reference is doubtful. Cape Cimarus is now C. Buso or Grabusa.

[757] In b. ii. c. iv. § 3, it is written Salmonium, (c. Salamoni,) in which passage Kramer has retained the spelling of the name, on the ground that this form is to be found in Apollonius, Arg. 4, 1693, and Dionys. Perieg. 110. Salmone in the Acts, xxvii. 7.

[758] C. Colonna.

[759] Not in the text of Kramer. Casaubon’s conjecture.

[760] The words of the text are, πλάτει δὲ ὑπὸ τὸ μέγεθος, which Meineke translates, “Its width is not in proportion to its length.” Kramer says that the preposition ὑπὸ suggests the omission of the words τετρακοσίων or τριακοσίων που, and that the words τ. μ. are probably introduced from the margin, and are otherwise inadmissible.

[761] It is impossible to say what words should fill up the hiatus in the text, but probably something to this effect, ἀπὸ τῶν ἑσπερίων μερῶν ἀρξαμένοις ἡ νῆσος πλατεῖά ἐστι. _Kramer._ Groskurd proposes ἡ νῆσος αἰφνιδίως στενοχωρεῖ, the island suddenly narrows.

[762] On the bay of Armiro.

[763] Castel Franco. Acts of Apostles, xxvii. 12.

[764] Porto Trano. At the bottom of the bay of Mirabel.

[765] Near Lytto.

[766] Girapetra.

[767] By the islands of the Rhodians are meant Caso, Nisari, Scarpanto, &c.

[768] Aspra-vuna, or Sfakia.

[769] Mt. Penta-Dactylon in the Morea.

[770] Psiloriti.

[771] From what point in the Cyrenaïca is not said. From b. viii. c. iii. § 1, it would appear to be Phycus, (Ras al Sem,) but from b. xvii. c. iii. § 20, it would seem to be Apollonias, (Marsa-susa,) the maritime arsenal of the Cyrenæans, situated at about 170 stadia to the east of Phycus, and 80 stadia to the west of Cyrene.

[772] C. Crio.

[773] Of 700 stadia to a degree. _Gossellin._

[774] Cerigo.

[775] The distance from Samonium (Cape Salamone) to Alexandria, in a straight line, is about 5500 stadia of 1111-1/9 to the degree. _Gossellin._

[776] Gossellin’s conjecture, for the number is wanting in the text.

[777] τριχάϊκες.

[778] Od. xix. 175.

[779] So also Diod. Sic. b. v.

[780] τριχάϊκας.

[781] τριλοφίας.

[782] τριχίνους.

[783] The ruins are situated at Makro Teikhos, to the south-east of Candia, the modern capital.

[784] Il. ii. 646; Od. xix. 178. Hagius Dheka. Pashley.

[785] Near Jerami, in the Austrian map. Pashley places it at Khania.

[786] Lytto.

[787] Il. ii. 647.

[788] Cartero, a maritime town on the river of the same name.

[789] At the mouth of the Aposelemi.

[790] Now the Cartero.

[791] Pausanias, b. ix. c. 11, says that the ships of Minos were unprovided with sails, which were the subsequent invention of Dædalus.

[792] Groskurd proposes to supply the hiatus in the text thus: Cnossus [towards the north, inclining to the Ægæan sea, Phæstus turned towards the south and the African sea, Cydonia in the western part of the island] opposite.

[793] Od. xix. 178.

[794] Il. xiii. 450.

[795] The Cretan war was conducted by Q. Metellus, proconsul, who from thence obtained the cognomen of Creticus.

[796] Il. ii. 646.

[797] Letima or Matala, Cape Theodosia.

[798] The Maloniti or Messara.

[799] On C. Lionda.

[800] Strabo must have confounded two totally distinct cities, (Priansus and Prasus,) when he spoke of them under a common name, and assigned them a single situation, both close to Mount Dikte, and at the same time continuous with the Lebenians, whose city was three days’ journey from the mountain. Pashley, Travels in Crete, vol. i. p. 290. Kramer does not agree with Pashley, and, until further information shall be obtained, rests upon the authority of Boeckh, C. I. No. 2556, who affirms that there is some doubt about the name Priansus, which is only found on coins and inscriptions; both Hoeck (v. Kreta I. p. 413) and Boeckh (C. I. ii. p. 405) consider Priansus and Prasus as the same place.

[801] M. Sitia.

[802] Phæn. 33.

[803] Callim. Hymn to Diana, 195.

[804] Tityrus is the ridge of mountains which terminates in Cape Spada.

[805] Kisamos.

[806] See Pashley, Travels in Crete, vol. i. c. 4, who places Aptera at Palæocastron, on the south of the bay of Siedh and Polyrrhenia, at the Palæocastron, to the south of the Gulf of Kisamos.

[807] Hodyitra.

[808] Il. ii. 648.

[809] Episcopiano.

[810] Od. iii. 191.

[811] Sordid avarice and covetousness have taken such hold upon them, that among the Cretans alone, of all nations, nothing in the form of gain is considered dishonourable. Polybius, b. vi.

[812] His father, Temenus, was the founder of Argos. See b. viii.

[813] There is, however, diversity of opinions on the subject.

[814] Aristotle, Politics, b. ii. c. 10, where he compares the Cretan with the Lacedæmonian constitution.

[815] τῶν γερόντων.

[816] ἱππέων.

[817] According to Plutarch, with the poems of Homer.

[818] Herod. i. 65.

[819] Anciently Calliste, Herod., now Santorino, a corruption of Santa Irene, to whom it was dedicated.

[820] Nanphio, or Anafi.

[821] Standia.

[822] Therasia, on the west of Santorino.

[823] Nio.

[824] According to Herodotus, in the Life of Homer.

[825] Sikino, anciently Œnoë. Pliny iv. 12.

[826] Cardiodissa, or Cardiana.

[827] Policandro.

[828] Argentiere. Cretæ plura genera. Ex iis Cimoliæ duo ad medicos pertinentia, candidum et ad purpurissimum inclinans. Pliny, b. v. c. 17. Cretosaque rura Cimoli. Ovid. Met. vii. 464. But from Aristophanes, the Frogs, it would appear to have been a kind of fullers’ earth.

[829] Siphanto, anciently also Meropia and Acis. There were once gold and silver mines in it, which were destroyed by inundation. There is also another proverb, which alluded to its poverty, “a Siphnian pledge,” Σίφνιος ἀῤῥαβὼν. Herodotus speaks of its being once the most wealthy of the islands, iii. 57.

[830] Milo.

[831] Cape Skylli.

[832] Thucyd. b. v. c. 115, 116.

[833] Dhiles.

[834] Thermia. Hence Apollo Cynthius.

[835] Mentioned in b. vi. c. ii. § 4, as connected with the Nile. Bryant, Mytho. v. i. p. 206, derives the name from Ain Opus, The fountain of the Serpent, i. e. Python.

[836] Boeckh, Fragm. Pind. 58. ii. 2, p. 587.

[837] Thucyd. iii. 104.

[838] Isola Longa, or Macronisi.

[839] It was situated in the bay of Mandri.

[840] C. Colonna.

[841] Zia.

[842] Serpho.

[843] Polino.

[844] Antiparos.

[845] Bara.

[846] Naxia.

[847] Syra.

[848] Myconi.

[849] Tino.

[850] Andro.

[851] Jura. Pliny, viii. 29, says the inhabitants were driven from the island by mice.

[852] B. C. 31.

[853] The title (which has been much questioned by critics) of this lost work of Aratus appears to have been, from this passage, Τὰ κατὰ λεπτόν, which Latin translators have rendered, Minuta, or Details. Casaubon is of opinion that it is the same as referred to by Callimachus, under the title Ῥήσεις λέπται, Clever Sayings. Ernest. ad Callim. Ep. 29. T. l. p. 333. The translation of the lines quoted follows the corrections of Coray.

[854] In the middle of the Cyclades, and by far the most remarkable, is Delos, celebrated for the temple of Apollo, and for its commerce. Pliny iv. 12.

[855] Under L. Mummius, B. C. 146.

[856] Thucyd. i. 36.

[857] Καὶ ὅτε συνεστήκει ἡ Κόρινθος.

[858] Archelaüs and Metrophanes.

[859] Aristion, B. C. 87.

[860] Pausanias, viii. 33, § 2, (writing in the time of Hadrian,) says of Delos, that with the exception of the persons who came from Athens, for the purpose of protecting the temple and to perform the Delian ceremonies, it was deserted.

[861] Rhena, called also Dhiles; but it is the largest of the two islands now bearing that name. Pliny says it was anciently called also Celadussa, from the noise of the waves, κελαδεῖν.

[862] Virg. Æn. iii. 124, Linquimus Ortygiæ portus pelagoque volamus.

[863] Zia. Pinguia Cææ, Ter centum nivei tondent dumeta jurenci.

Virg. Geor. i. 14, 15.

[864] Of Olbia or Olbiopolis, on the Borysthenes or Bog.

[865] ὁ μὴ δυνάμενος ζῆν καλῶς οὐ ζῇ κακῶς.

[866] Naxia.

[867] Andro.

[868] Taschos.

[869] Kemars.

[870] The marble was taken from Mt. Marpessus. Pliny xxxvi. 5; Virg. Æn. 6, Marpesia cautes.

[871] Od. xv. 402.

[872] Myconi.

[873] Myconi calva omnis juventus. Terence, Hecy. a. 3, s. 4; Pliny, b. xi. c. 37.

[874] It was an erroneous opinion entertained by the ancients, that frogs did not croak in this island (Sirpho); hence the proverb, a Seriphian frog, βάτραχος Σερίφιος.

[875] Tine. Anciently it had also the names Hydrussa and Ophiussa.

[876] Amorgo.

[877] Levita.

[878] Lero.

[879] Patmo.

[880] The Furni; called in b. xiv. c. i. § 13, Corsiæ.

[881] Nicaria.

[882] According to the enumeration here made by Strabo, of the islands comprehended in the Icarian sea, it appears that in his opinion none of the islands situated to the north of Cos belonged to the Carpathian sea; for according to his own statement, which immediately follows, the Carpathian sea to the north was bounded by the Icarian sea.

[883] All the manuscripts and all editions give Λέρος. Is the island spoken of in this passage the same as the one mentioned just above by the name of Leria? Pliny, Hist. Nat. b. iv. 23, appears to have been acquainted with two islands bearing the name of Leros. One, from the position he assigns to it, appears to be the one Strabo above speaks of under the name of Leria; but the second Leros of Pliny, b. v. § 36, must be placed on the coast of Caria. Strabo appears to have entertained nearly the same ideas, for we shall hereafter (b. xiv. c. i. § 6) see him give the name of Leros to an island situated in the neighbourhood of Icaria; and below (§ 19) he cites also a Leros, which would seem to have been in the neighbourhood of the southern extremity of Caria.

[884] Probably interpolated.

[885] Istanpolia, or Stanpalia.

[886] Tino.

[887] Carchi.

[888] Il. ii. 676.

[889] Calimno.

[890] Fæcundaque melle Calydna (v. l. Calumne). Ovid. Met. b. viii. ver. 222.

[891] B. ii. c. v. § 31.

[892] The following are the measurements of our author:

Stadia. From Rhodes to Issus 5,000 From Issus to the Caspian Gates 10,000 From the Caspian Gates to the sources of the Indus 14,000 From the Indus to the mouth of the Ganges 13,500 From thence to Thinæ 2,500 ------ 45,000

[893] Strabo calls the Parthians, Parthyæi; and Parthia, Parthyæa.

[894] The Sea of Azoff.

[895] The Straits of Kertch or Zabache.

[896] The Kur or Kour.

[897] Eraskh or Aras.

[898] Georgia.

[899] Shirvan.

[900] See b. ii. c. v. § 31.

[901] To understand how this part of Asia formed a peninsula, according to the ideas of our author, we must bear in mind, that (1) he supposed the source of the Don to have been situated in the neighbourhood of the Northern Ocean; (2) he imagined the Caspian Sea to communicate with the same Ocean. Thus all the territory comprehended between the Don and the Caspian formed a sort of peninsula, united to the continent by an isthmus which separated the Euxine from the Caspian, and on which was situated Colchis, Iberia, and Albania. The 3000 stadia assigned to the breadth of this isthmus appears to be measured by stadia of 1111-1/9 to a degree. _Gossellin._

[902] The Euxine.

[903] Pompey appears to have visited this philosopher twice on this occasion, B. C. 62, and B. C. 67, on the termination of his eastern campaigns.

[904] Il. vi. 208. _Pope._

[905] In many authors these names are used indifferently, the one for the other; they are however distinguished by Pliny, (iv. 13,) who states that this sea begins to be called the Caspian after you have passed the river Cyrus, (Kur,) and that the Caspii live near it; and in vi. 16, that it is called the Hyrcanian Sea, from the Hyrcani who live along its shores. The western side should therefore in strictness be called the Caspian; the eastern, the Hyrcanian. _Smith_, art. Caspium Mare.

[906] A narrow pass leading from North Western Asia into the N. E. provinces of Persia. Their exact position was at the division of Parthia from Media, about a day’s journey from the Median town of Rhagæ. (Arrian. iii. 19.) According to Isodorus Charax, they were immediately below Mt. Caspius. As in the case of the people called Caspii, there seem to have been _two_ mountains _Caspius_, one near the Armenian frontier, the other near the Parthian. It was through the pass of the Caspiæ Pylæ that Alexander the Great pursued Darius. (Arrian. _Anab._ iii. 19; Curt. vi. 14; Amm. Marc, xxiii. 6.) It was one of the most important places in ancient geography, and from it many of the meridians were measured. The exact place corresponding with the Caspiæ Pylæ is probably a spot between _Hark-a-Koh_, and _Siah-Koh_, about 6 parasangs from _Rey_, the name of the entrance of which is called Dereh. _Smith_, art. Caspiæ Pylæ.

[907] Du Theil justly remarks on the obscurity of this passage. His translation or paraphrase is as follows; “La troisième contiendra ce qui touche à l’isthme dont nous avons parlé; et, par suite, ceux des pays qui, au sud de cet isthme et des Pyles Caspiennes, mais toujours en deçà, ou, au moins, dans le sein même du Taurus, se succédant de l’est à l’ouest, se rapprochent le plus de l’Europe.” In B. ii. c. v. § 31, Strabo assigns Colchis to the third portion, but in this book to the first.

[908] The Kizil Irmak.

[909] B. i. c. iii. § 2.

[910] A district of wide extent in Central Asia, comprehending nearly the whole of ancient Persia; and bounded on the N. by the provinces of Bactriana, Margiana, and Hyrcania; on the E. by the Indus; on the S. by the Indian Ocean and the eastern portion of the Persian Gulf; and on the W. by Media and the mountains S. of the Caspian Sea. Its exact limits are laid down with little accuracy in ancient authors, and it seems to have been often confounded (as in Pliny, b. vi. c. 23, 25) with the small province of Aria. It comprehended the provinces of Gedrosia, Drangiana, Arachosia, Paropamisus mountains, Aria, Parthia, and Carmania. _Smith_, art. Ariana. See b. xv. c. ii. § 7, 8.

[911] The Aorsi and Siraci occupied the country between the Sea of Azoff, the Don, the Volga, the Caspian Sea, and the Terek. May not the Aorsi, says Gossellin, be the same as the Thyrsagetæ, Agathursi, Utidorsi, Adorsi, Alanorsi of other writers, but whose real name is Thyrsi? The Siraci do not appear to differ from the Soraci or Seraci of Tacitus, (Ann. xii. 15, &c.,) and may be the same as Iyrces, Ἰύρκες, afterwards called Turcæ.

[912] The country to the N. and N. E. of Anapa. By Bosporus we are to understand the territory on each side of the Straits of Kertch.

[913] B. ii. c. v. § 31.

[914] Cn. Pompeius Theophanes was one of the more intimate friends of Pompey, by whom he was presented with the Roman franchise in the presence of his army. This occurred in all probability about B. C. 62. _Smith_, art. Theophanes.

[915] About B. C. 16. _Smith_, art. Polemon I.

[916] If there ever did exist such a city as Tanaïs I should expect to find it at the extremity of that northern embouchure of the Don, which I have before mentioned as bearing the very name the Greeks gave to the city, with the slightest variation of orthography, in the appellation Tdanaets or Danaetz. _Clarke’s Travels in Russia_, chap. 14.

[917] Strabo makes the distance too great between the two rivers Rhombites.

[918] Kertch.

[919] According to La Motraye, Achilleum corresponds to Adasbournout, but Du Theil quotes also the following passage from Peyssonel. According to Strabo, Achilleum must have been situated opposite Casau-dip, the ancient Parthenium on the point Tchochekha-Bournou (the pig’s head). But perhaps the ancients placed Achilleum near the entrance of the Euxine into the Palus Mæotis. Is not the fort of Achou, which is 8 leagues more to the east on the Palus Mæotis, the true Achilleum, the name being corrupted and abridged by the Tartars?

[920] The point Rubanova.

[921] Ada.

[922] Taman.

[923] C. Takli.

[924] Ak Tengis.

[925] Another branch of the Kuban.

[926] The Kuban, anciently also the Vardanus.

[927] The Bog.

[928] The Dnieper.

[929] It is probable that the Kuban Lake is here confounded with, or considered a portion of, the Lake Ak Tengis. Considering the intricacy of all this coast, the changes that have taken place, and the absence of accurate knowledge, both in ancient and modern times, of these unfrequented parts, much must be left to conjecture. The positions therefore assigned to ancient cities are doubtful. The names indeed are inserted in Kiepert’s maps, but without the assistance of recent travellers it would be hazardous to pretend to fix upon their _exact_ sites.

[930] ἔστι δὲ καὶ Γοργιπία Some word or words appear to be wanting here. Kiepert assigns a place to this name, but it seems doubtful whether a place or a district is to be understood. Below, § 14, the Sindic harbour and city are mentioned, which may have been situated at Sound-jouk-kale. D’Anville places them here or at Anapa, but the contour of the coast in his map does not resemble that of any modern maps.

[931] The modern town Phanagoria does not seem to occupy the site of the ancient city.

[932] ἐξ ἀπάτης.

[933] ἡνίοχοι.

[934] Pschate.

[935] Keremp.

[936] C. Aia.

[937] The Tschilder mountains, of which Scydeces and Paryandres are a continuation.

[938] Thermeh.

[939] On the mouth of the river Anthemus to the N. of Colchis. It was situated 100 M. P., or 790 stadia to the N. P. of the Phasis, and 2260 stadia from Trapezus (Trebizond). (Pliny, vi. 5; Arrian, Perip. pp. 10, 18.) Upon or near the spot to which the twin sons of Leda gave their name, (Mela, i. 19, § 5; comp. Am. Marc. xxii. 8, § 24,) the Romans built Sebastopolis, (Steph. B.; Procop. B. G. iv. 4,) which was deserted in the time of Pliny, but was afterwards garrisoned by Justinian. The Soteriopolis of later times has been identified with it. The position of this place must be looked for near the roadstead of _Iskuria_. _Smith_, art. Dioscurias.

[940] οἷς οὐδὲν τῶν ὄντων μέλει, or careless of the truth. Kramer observes that these words are inconveniently placed in the Greek text.

[941] The Rion.

[942] The Tschorocsu.

[943] The Ilori.

[944] Choropani.

[945] The point of embarkation on the Cyrus (the Kur) is supposed to have been Surham, the ancient Sura.

[946] Gossellin, Groskurd, and Kramer, all agree that there is here an error. Kramer is of opinion that the conjecture of Gossellin may be adopted, viz. “eight or nine,” instead of “three or two,” the letters Γ and Β being a corruption of Η and Θ.

[947] Coray’s proposed reading is adopted, κατὰ for καὶ.

[948] According to Heyne, this was an Assyrian goddess worshipped under various titles.

[949] In consequence of the intrigues of his stepmother Ino he was to be sacrificed to Zeus, but his mother Nephele removed him and his sister Helle, and the two then rode away on the ram with the golden fleece, the gift of Hermes, through the air. Helle fell into the sea, which was afterwards called, after her, the Hellespont. _Smith_, art. Phrixus.

[950] The son of Menodotus by a daughter of Adobogion, a descendant of the tetrarchs of Galatia. He was the personal friend of Cæsar, who at the commencement of the Alexandrian war (B. C. 48) sent him into Syria and Cilicia to raise auxiliary forces. _Smith_, art. Mithridates, and see B. xiii. c. iv. § 3.

[951] Eurip. Troad. 26.

[952] σκηπτουχίας.

[953] Casaubon would read Corax.--The Sukum.

[954] Adopting Kramer’s proposed reading, ἔνιοι in place of εἰ μὴ.

[955] The Arak.

[956] In the English map, reduced from the Russian military map, there are two rivers Alasan, flowing in contrary directions from M. Bebala. The modern names of the other rivers here mentioned are not well ascertained.

[957] Tchorocsu.

[958] Ilori.

[959] Probably the Alasan flowing from M. Bebala.

[960] Akalziche.

[961] The Aras.

[962] Strabo mentions the Gelæ again, c. vii. § 1, but in a manner which does not agree with what he here says of their position. We must perhaps suppose that this people, in part at least, have changed their place of residence, and that now the greater part of their descendants are to be found in Ghilan, under the name of Gelé, or Gelaki. The name of Leges, or Legæ, who have continued to occupy these regions, is recognised in that of Legi, Leski. _Gossellin._

[963] The Mermadalis seems to be the same river called below by Strabo Mermodas. Critics and modern travellers differ respecting its present name. One asserts that it is the Marubias, or Marabias, of Ptolemy, another takes it to be the Manitsch, called in Austrian maps Calaus. Others believe it to be the small stream Mermedik, which flows into the Terek. Others again recognise the Mermadalis in the Egorlik. _Gossellin._

[964] Unknown. Pallas thought that he had discovered their name in that of the Tscherkess, who occupied the country where Strabo places the Gargarenses, and might be their descendants.

[965] The same river probably before called the Mermadalis.

[966] This sentence has been supposed by some critics to be an interpolation. Strabo above, c. ii. § 1, has already spoken of the Siraci, who would seem to have been the inhabitants of Siracena, and may sometimes have been called Siraceni. In c. ii. § 11, he speaks of the Sittaceni, and assigns them a position which would indicate them as a different people from the Seraci, or Siraceni. _Gossellin._

[967] Groskurd reads ἀπορία, want, instead of εὐπορία, plenty.

[968] Χαμαικοῖται People who lie on the ground.

[969] Panxani, Paxani, Penzani.

[970] The text is here corrupt.

[971] The country occupied by the Cadusii of whom Eratosthenes speaks appears to have been the Ghilan, a name probably derived from the Gelæ, who are constantly associated with the Cadusii.

[972] The Gihon.

[973] The Sihon.

[974] i. e. the Hyperboreans above the Adriatic, the Sauromatæ above the Danube, and the Arimaspi above the Euxine.

[975] The name Sacæ is to be traced in Sakita, a district on the confines of those of Vash and Gil, situated on the north of the Gihon or Oxus, consequently in ancient Sogdiana. _D’Anville._

[976] C. viii. § 2.

[977] At ubi cœpit in latitudinem pandi lunatis obliquatur cornibus. _Pliny_, N. H.

[978] See b. ii. c. i. § 14.

[979] These names have here probably undergone some change. Talabroce may be the Tambrace or Tembrax of Polybius; Samariane, the Soconax of Ptolemy; Carta, Zadra-Carta; and Tape, the Syrinx of Polybius.

[980] The text is here corrupt.

[981] About 7 gallons.

[982] About 12 gallons.

[983] B. ii. c. i. § 14.

[984] πεύκη.

[985] ἐλάτη.

[986] πίτυς.

[987] The country here spoken of appears to be that celebrated from the earliest times for its breed of horses to which the epithet Nesæan was applied by ancient writers. See c. xiii. § 7.

[988] The modern name is uncertain.

[989] The same statement was made to Pompey, when in these regions in pursuit of Mithridates.

[990] αὐτοῦ in this passage, as Kramer remarks, is singular.

[991] From what point our author does not say.

[992] There is some confusion in the text, which Groskurd attempts to amend as follows: “But among the barbarians the heights of Ariana, and the northern mountains of India, are separately called Emoda, &c.

[993] B. xv. c. i. § 11. The name is derived from the Sanscrit _himavat_, which is preserved in the Latin hiems, winter, and in the modern name Himalaya. See _Smith_, art. Imaus.

[994] On advancing from the S. E. of the Hyrcanian Sea towards the E.

[995] The Syr-Daria.

[996] Aparni, Xanthii, and Pissuri, in this passage, seem to be the same as Parni, Xandii, and Parii, in c. ix. § 3, if we may understand in the present passage these people to be referred to only by name, but not as living in the country here described.

[997] These gods, otherwise unknown, are mentioned again in b. xv. c. iii. § 15.

[998] The Northern Ocean.

[999] διαδήματα.

[1000] τοῖς ὅλοις ἐδάφεσιν.

[1001] There is great doubt where it was situated; the distances recorded by ancient writers not corresponding accurately with known ruins. It has been supposed that _Damgham_ corresponds best with this place; but Damgham is too near the Pylæ Caspiæ: on the whole it is probable that any remains of Hecatompylos ought to be sought in the neighbourhood of a place now called _Jah Jirm_. _Smith_, art. Hecatompylos.

[1002] Now Herat, the capital of Khorassan. See _Smith_, art. Aria Civitas.

[1003] Zarang.

[1004] Sigistan.

[1005] Ulan Robât, but see _Smith_, art. Arachotus.

[1006] Balkh. See _Smith_.

[1007] The sum total is 15,210 stadia, and not 15,300 stadia. This latter sum total is to be found again in b. xv. c. ii. § 8, but the passage there referred to has served to correct a still greater error in the reading of this chapter, viz. 15,500. Corrections of the text have been proposed, but their value is doubtful.

[1008] Its present name is said to be Comis.

[1009] The Rents.

[1010] Adopting Tyrwhitt’s conjecture, πρὸς ἄλλοις.

[1011] The Parapomisus. Kramer’s proposed correction is adopted.

[1012] For Isamus in the text, Imaus is adopted by Groskurd, and Kramer considers this reading highly probable. Isamus is not found in any other passage, but Mannert, (Geogr. v. p. 295,) finding in Pliny (N. H. vi. 21, § 17) the river Iomanes, proposes to read in this passage Ἰομάνου, in which he recognises the Jumna.

[1013] Tatta or Sindi.

[1014] Adraspa. B. xv. c. ii. § 10.

[1015] Mentioned nowhere else. Kramer seems to approve of Du Theil’s proposed correction, Tapuria.

[1016] ἐνταφιαστὰς.

[1017] B. x. c. v. § 6.

[1018] The text is corrupt.

[1019] παρωνόμασαν.

[1020] i. e. on the same parallel.

[1021] That is, from the Caspian Gates to Thinæ. _Gossellin._

[1022] Strabo does not here determine either the parallel from which we are to measure, nor the meridian we are to follow to discover this greatest breadth, which according to him is “less than 10,000 stadia.” This passage therefore seems to present great difficulties. The difficulties respecting the parallel can only be perceived by an examination and comparison of the numerous passages where our author indicates the direction of the chain of mountains which form the Taurus.

[1023] I do not see where this statement is to be found, except implicitly. Strabo seems to refer us in general to various passages where he endeavours to determine the greatest length of the habitable world, in b. ii. _Du Theil._

[1024] I am unable to fix upon the author’s train of thought. For immediately after having assigned to this portion of the Habitable Earth (whose dimensions he wishes to determine) 30,000 stadia as its “greatest length,” and 10,000 stadia as its “greatest breadth,” Strabo proceeds to prove what he had just advanced respecting its greatest length. Then he should, it seems, have endeavoured to furnish us, in the same manner, with a proof that its greatest breadth is not more, as he says, than 10,000. But in what follows there is nothing advanced on this point; all that he says is to develope another proposition, viz. that the extent of the Hyrcanian--Caspian Sea is at the utmost 6000 stadia.

The arguments contained in this paragraph on the whole appear to me strange; they rest on a basis which it is difficult to comprehend; they establish explicitly a proposition which disagrees with what the author has said elsewhere, and lastly they present an enormous geographical error.

It will therefore be useful to the reader to explain, as far as I understand it, the argument of our author.

1. The exact form of the chlamys is unknown to us, but it was such, that its greatest _breadth_ was to be found, if not exactly in, at least near, the middle of its _length_. The Habitable Earth being of the form of a Chlamys, its greatest _breadth_ would be found about the middle of its greatest _length_.

2. The greatest _length_ of the Habitable World being 70,000 stadia, its greatest _breadth_ ought to be found at the distance of 35,000 stadia from its eastern or western extremity, but this greatest _breadth_ is only 30,000 stadia, and it does not extend, on the north, beyond the parallel of the mouth of the Hyrcanian Sea. B. ii.

3. The meridian which passes at the distance of 35,000 stadia from the eastern or western extremities of the Habitable Earth, is that which, drawn from the mouth of the Hyrcanian Sea to the Northern Ocean, and prolonged in another direction through the mouth of the Persian Gulf to the sea called Erythræan, would pass through the city Artemita. Consequently it is on the meridian of Artemita that we must look for the greatest breadth of the Habitable Earth.

4. On this same meridian, we must reckon from the parallel of the last habitable country in the south to the mouth of the Persian Gulf, about 8000 stadia; then from the mouth of the Persian Gulf to Artemita, 8000 stadia; and from Artemita to the bottom of the Hyrcanian Sea, 8000 stadia: total 24,000 stadia.

5. It being established that the breadth of the Habitable Earth is 30,000 stadia, and not to extend it northwards beyond the parallel of the mouth of the Hyrcanian Sea, where it communicates with the Northern Ocean, the distance to this point from the bottom of this same sea must be calculated at 6000 stadia. _Du Theil._

[1025] The modern Shirban is supposed to occupy its site.

[1026] Namely 6000. B. ii. c. i. § 17.

[1027] Introduced from the margin according to Groskurd’s opinion, supported also by Kramer.

[1028] i. e. To northern or southern Asia. B. ii. c. I. § 20.

[1029] There are five islands off the Hiera Acta, which is now Cape Khelidonia. The Greeks still call them Cheledoniæ, of which the Italians make Celidoni; and the Turks have adopted the Italian name, and call them Shelidan. _Smith_, art. Chelidoniæ Insulæ.

[1030] Amanus descends from the mass of Taurus, and surrounds the Gulf of Issus.

[1031] Dudschik Dagh.

[1032] It is generally supposed that the modern town Al Bostan on the Sikoon, Seihun, or Sarus, is or is near the site of Comana of Cappadocia. _Smith_, art. Comana.

[1033] Malatia.

[1034] Dzophok.

[1035] Azerbaijan.

[1036] The range overhanging Cerasus, now Kerasun.

[1037] Camasch. The country situated N. W. of the Euphrates in about 38° lat.

[1038] The range of Kurdistan on the E. of the Tigris.

[1039] The range lying between the Euphrates and the Tigris, between 37° and 38° lat.

[1040] Nisibin or Netzid.

[1041] Meja-Farkin, by “above” these cities, would appear to mean overhanging them both, as it is situated between them.

[1042] Nepat-Learn.

[1043] B. ii. c. i. § 22.

[1044] Hamadan.

[1045] An interpolation; probably introduced from Matiane below. _Falconer. Kramer._

[1046] Its ancient name according to Kramer was Kapotan. Kaputan-Dzow, The Blue Lake, now the Lake Urmiah.

[1047] καπυρωθεῖσιν Kramer observes that the meaning of the word in this passage is not clear. It may possibly mean some colour to which the name of the lake was given.

[1048] It is uncertain whether this is a place, or a district.

[1049] Adopting Groskurd’s emendation χειμάδιον.

[1050] In the text χειμάδιον. Kramer suggests the reading βασίλειον.

[1051] Lucerne?

[1052] Groskurd proposes “length.”

[1053] πῖλος.

[1054] Heroic monuments of Jason.

[1055] Kharput.

[1056] An almost uniform tradition has pointed out an isolated peak of this range as the Ararat of Scripture. It is still called Ararat or Agri-Dagh, and by the Persians Kuh-il-Nuh, mountain of Noah. _Smith._

[1057] Formerly the mass of ruins called Takt-Tiridate, (Throne of Tiridates,) near the junction of the Aras and the Zengue, were supposed to represent the ancient Artaxata. Col. Monteith fixes the site at a remarkable bend of the river somewhat lower down than this. See _Smith_, art. Artaxata.

[1058] Kars is the capital of this country.

[1059] σκώληκας and θρῖπας, species of worms. See _Smith_, art. Chorzene.

[1060] Melitene. _Groskurd._

[1061] It corresponds, Kramer observes, with Táron, a province of Armenia, which is called by Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 24, Taraunitium (not Taranitium) regio.

[1062] We should read probably Matiane. The meaning of the word proposed by Strabo may easily be proved to be incorrect, by reference to the Armenian language, in which no such word is to be found bearing this sense. As _Kapoit_ in the Armenian tongue signifies “blue,” this explanation of Strabo’s appears to refer to the lake Spauta or Kapauta, above, c. xiii. § 2. _Kramer._

[1063] The lake Arsissa, Thospitis or Van.

[1064] This is an error; one of the branches of the Tigris rises among the mountains on the S. W. of the lake Van, and which form part of the range of Nepat-Learn or Niphates.

[1065] The Kurds.

[1066] Groskurd proposes Syspiritis.

[1067] ἀπήγχθη _Meineke._

[1068] It is doubtful whether this colour was red, blue, or purple.

[1069] Herod. i. 202.

[1070] Arbil.

[1071] That this is an error is manifest. Falconer proposes Armenia; Groskurd, Assyria; but what name is to be supplied is altogether uncertain. The name of the city is also wanting, according to Kramer, who proposes Nisibis.

[1072] The beginning is wanting, according to the opinion of critics, Xylander, Casaubon, and others.

[1073] The range of mountains to the S. of Caramania.

[1074] Kizil-Irmak.

[1075] Itsch-Ili.

[1076] Archelaus received from Augustus (B. C. 20) some parts of Cilicia on the coast and the Lesser Armenia. In A. D. 15 Tiberius treacherously invited him to Rome, and kept him there. He died, probably about A. D. 17, and his kingdom was made a Roman province.

[1077] Herod. i. 6, 28.

[1078] Eregli near the lake Al-gol.

[1079] That is, surrounded by mountains, as below.

[1080] The range on the west of the river Sarus, Seichun, now bearing various names.

[1081] Supposed to be Al-Bostan.

[1082] The Crimea.

[1083] Dschehan-Tschai.

[1084] The text is here corrupt.

[1085] The reading is doubtful.

[1086] The passage is corrupt. Groskurd proposes Asbamean in place of Dacian, mention being made of a temple of Asbamean Jove in Amm. Marcell. xxiii. 6. Kramer also suggests the transposition of this sentence to the end of § 6.

[1087] Probably the Kermel-su, a branch of the Pyramus.

[1088] There is some confusion in this statement.

[1089] Kara-Hissar.

[1090] Between the mountains Bulghar-Dagh and Allah-Dagh.

[1091] Kaisarieh.

[1092] Edsehise-Dagh, the highest peak, has been estimated at 13,000 feet above the sea.

[1093] The Karasu, the black river, a branch of the Kizil-Irmak. The modern name appears common to many rivers.

[1094] χρημάτων, the reading proposed by Kramer.

[1095] i. e. the kingdom of Pontus.

[1096] Kara-Hissar.

[1097] Du Theil quotes Justin, 38, c. 2, where it is stated that Ariobarzanes was appointed king by the Romans. Probably the election was confirmed by the Senate.

[1098] Kizil-Irmak.

[1099] Who lived on the west of the river Sidenus (Siddin).

[1100] Amassera.

[1101] Erekli, or Benderegli.

[1102] Erekli.

[1103] The Bithynians, or rather Thyni, occupied the sea-coast from the Bosphorus to the river Sagaris (Sakaria). The Mariandyni extended to Heracleia (Erekli); and the Caucones to the east as far as the river Parthenius (Tschati-su).

[1104] Sizeboli, south of the Gulf of Burgas.

[1105] Midjeh.

[1106] B. vii. c. iii. § 2.

[1107] Kramer is of opinion that Strabo is mistaken in this account of the origin of Heracleia.

[1108] Athenæus, b. vi. c. 85, vol. i. p. 414, Bohn’s Class. Library.

[1109] Tilijos.

[1110] B. viii. c. iii. § 17.

[1111] Il. ii. 855.

[1112] Kidros.

[1113] On the bay of the modern Sebastopol, b. vii. c. iv. § 2.

[1114] Mangalia.

[1115] Some of the smaller mountain streams which descend from the range of hills extending from Scutari to the Sangaria. According to Gossellin the Psillis may be the river near Tschileh, and the Calpas the river near Kerpeh.

[1116] Il. xvi. 719.

[1117] The virgin river, from its flowers and tranquil course.

[1118] Il. ii. 851.

[1119] B. v. c. i. § 4.

[1120] Herod. i. 6.

[1121] About the Thermodon, now Termeh.

[1122] The country about Samsoun.

[1123] Il. ii. 853.

[1124] Kara-Aghatsch.

[1125] Il. i. 855.

[1126] Between C. Tchakras and Delike-Tschili.

[1127] B. vii. c. iv. § 3.

[1128] Kinoli.

[1129] Ineboli, near the mouth of the Daurikan-Irmak.

[1130] Ak-Liman.

[1131] B. vii. c. vi. § 2.

[1132] The eunuch Bacchides, or Bacchus, according to others, whom Mithridates, after despairing of success, commissioned with the order for his women to die. _Plutarch, Life of Lucullus._

[1133] Probably a celestial globe constructed by Billarus, or on the principles of Billarus, a person otherwise unknown. Strabo mentions, b. ii. c. v. § 10, the Sphere of Crates, Cicero the Sphere of Archimedes and of Posidonius. History speaks of several of these spheres, among others of that of Ptolemy and Aratus. Leontinus, a mechanician of the sixth century, explains the manner in which this last was constructed.

[1134] Lucullus, upon his entry into Sinope, put to death 8000 Cilicians whom he found there. The rest of the inhabitants, after having set fire to the town, carried with them the statue of Autolycus, the founder of Sinope, the work of Sthenis; but not having time to put it on board ship, it was left on the sea-shore. Autolycus was one of the companions of Hercules in his expedition against the Amazons. Sthenis, as well as his brother Lysistratus, was a celebrated statuary; he was a native of Olynthus and a contemporary of Alexander the Great.

[1135] The temple of Jupiter Urius near Chalcedon.

[1136] He was also the author of a History of the Tyrants of Ephesus. _Athenæus_, b. vi. c. 59, p. 395, Bohn’s Class. Library.

[1137] ἀπὸ τῶν ἁλῶν.

[1138] B. iv. c. iv. § 3.

[1139] ζόρκες.

[1140] Wesir Kopti.

[1141] The district between the Halys (Kizil-Irmak) and the Iris (Jeschil Irmak).

[1142] Some words of the text are lost.

[1143] The tract of country between the Iris and the Thermodon.

[1144] The territory on the east of the Thermodon (Termeh).

[1145] Jeschil Irmak.

[1146] Tasch Owa.

[1147] Gumenek.

[1148] Kas Owa.

[1149] Turchal.

[1150] Tschoterlek Irmak.

[1151] Amasija.

[1152] Germeili Tschai.

[1153] At the mouth of the river Puleman.

[1154] Fatsa?

[1155] Samsun.

[1156] According to Arrian, Pharnacia in his time was the name of Cerasus (Kerasun).

[1157] Trebisond.

[1158] The temple of Jupiter near Chalcedon.

[1159] To the west of the mouth of the Termeh.

[1160] Jasun.

[1161] C. Vona.

[1162] Ordu.

[1163] Platana.

[1164] B. xi. c. ii. § 12.

[1165] Probably the same as the Macropogones and Macrocephali.

[1166] Aggi-dagh.

[1167] The mountains above Erzeroum.

[1168] The inhabitants of the Seven Villages.

[1169] Iildiz-dagh.

[1170] Dwellers in towers.

[1171] Il. ii. 856.

[1172] Sarakoi.

[1173] Il. ii. 863.

[1174] Od. xviii. 5.

[1175] Od. xxi. 6.

[1176] In Kiepert’s map it is without a name. Leake calls it Boklu. It falls into the sea to the west of Cyzicus.

[1177] B. vii. c. iii. § 6. B. i. c. ii. § 23.

[1178] Il. iii. 189.

[1179] B. xiii. c. iv. § 5, it joins the Hyllus, called Phrygius in the time of Strabo. The Phrygius takes its rise in the mountains north of Thyatira, (Ak Hissar,) and falls into the Hermus (Gedis Tschai).

[1180] Bos Dagh.

[1181] Manisa.

[1182] Bojuk Meinder.

[1183] Il. xii. 20.

[1184] B. vii. c. iii. § 6.

[1185] Gumenek.

[1186] Zileh.

[1187] This district is at the foot of the mountains which separated the Roman from the Persian Armenia. Carana (now _Erzum_, Erzerum, or _Garen_) was the capital of this district. It was afterwards called Theodosiopolis, which name was given to it in honour of the Emperor Theodosius the Younger by Anatolius his general in the East, A. D. 416. It was for a long time subject to the Byzantine emperors, who considered it the most important fortress of Armenia. About the middle of the 11th century it received the name of Arze-el-Rum, contracted into Arzrum or Erzrum. It owed its name to the circumstance, that when Arzek was taken by the Seljuk Turks, A. D. 1049, the inhabitants of that place, which from its long subjection to the Romans had received the epithet of Rúm, retired to Theodosiopolis, and gave it the name of their former abode. _Smith._

[1188] On the S. W. of the ridge of Tauschan Dagh.

[1189] Mersivan. The text is corrupt. Groskurd’s emendation is followed in the translation.

[1190] Ladik-Gol.

[1191] Kawsa.

[1192] Ijan (Tauschan) Kalessi.

[1193] Tusanlu-su, a branch of the Ieschil Irmak.

[1194] West of Koseh Dagh.

[1195] Situated between the Kizil-Irmak and the river Delidsche Irmak, a tributary of the former.

[1196] Alkas-Dagh.

[1197] Gok-Irmak, or Kostambul Tschai, flowing between the mountain ridges. Jeralagoz-Dagh and Sarikawak-Dagh.

[1198] B. C. 88.

[1199] Tasch-Kopri.

[1200] Pliny, xxxiv. c. 18.

[1201] Great-grandson of Deïotarus I.

[1202] According to Alexander Polyhistor, the town was built by a goatherd, who had found one of his goats straying there, but this is probably a mere philological speculation, _gangra_ signifying “a goat” in the Paphlagonian language. In ecclesiastical writers it is often mentioned as the metropolitan see of Paphlagonia. The orchards of this town were celebrated for their apples. Athen. iii.--_Smith._

[1203] Book iv. c. i. § 6. Athen. b. viii.

[1204] Isnik Gol.

[1205] Sakaria.

[1206] B. vii. c. vi. § 2.

[1207] G. of Ismid.

[1208] Ismid or Iskimid.

[1209] B. of Gemlik.

[1210] Brusa.

[1211] Mudania.

[1212] Livy, xxxviii. 39.

[1213] The kings of Pergamus.

[1214] The Acquired.

[1215] The ridge of Katerlu Dagh and Samanlu Dagh.

[1216] In the text, Prusias. The translation follows the suggestion of Kramer.

[1217] Il. ii. 862.

[1218] Il. xiii. 792.

[1219] Sarakoi.

[1220] Il. ii. 824.

[1221] Karabogha.

[1222] Keschisch-Dagh.

[1223] Claudiopolis, now Boli.

[1224] Tilijos.

[1225] Isnik. The Turkish name is a contraction of εἰς Νίκαιαν, as Ismir, Smyrna, is a contraction of εἰς Σμύρνην, Istambol, Constantinople, of εἰς τὴν πόλιν, Stanco, Cos, of εἰς τὴν Κῶ.

[1226] Xenocrates, one of the most distinguished disciples of Plato, was of Chalcedon. Dionysius the dialectician is probably the same as Dionysius of Heracleia, who abandoned the Stoics to join the sect of Epicurus. Hipparchus, the first and greatest of Greek astronomers, (B. C. 160-145,) was of Nicæa. So also was Diophanes, quoted by Varro and Columella, as the abbreviator of the twenty books on Agriculture by Mago, in the Punic language. Suidas speaks of Theodosius, a distinguished mathematician, who, according to Vossius, may be here meant. A treatise of his “on Spherics” still exists, and was printed in Paris in 1558. Of Cleophanes of Myrleia little is known. Strabo mentions also a grammarian, Asclepiades of Myrleia, in b. iii. c. iv. § 19. To these great names may be added as of Bithynian origin, but subsequent to the time of Strabo, Dion Chrysostom, one of the most eminent among Greek rhetoricians and sophists; he was born at Nicomedia, and died about A. D. 117. Arrian, the author of “India,” and the “Anabasis” (the Asiatic expedition) “of Alexander,” was also born at Nicomedia towards the end of A. D. 100.

[1227] Probably a grove.

[1228] Bala Hissar, to the south of Siwri-Hissar; between these two places is Mt. Dindymus, Gunescth-Dagh.

[1229] On the west of the lake Simau.

[1230] Suleimanli.

[1231] The kings of Pergamus.

[1232] Juliopolis.

[1233] Tuz-Tscholli.

[1234] Konia.

[1235] Meineke’s correction.

[1236] Its position is uncertain, probably Divle, to the S. of the Lake Ak-Gol. See _Smith_, art. _Derbe_.

[1237] Caraman.

[1238] Tschol-Abad.

[1239] Aphiom Kara Hissar.

[1240] Sulpitius Quirinus. The Cyrenius “governor of Syria” in St. Luke. Tacitus (Ann. B. iii. c. 48) speaks of his expedition against the Homonadeis, and Josephus of his arrival in Syria, where he was sent with Coponius by Augustus.

[1241] Eske-Adatia.

[1242] Balkesi.

[1243] To the north of the chain of Taurus which commenced at the promontory Trogilium opposite Samos.

[1244] Tabas.

[1245] Surk.

[1246] Pliny, b. xv. c. 7, and b. xii. c. 4.

[1247] Kopru-Su.

[1248] Ak-Su.

[1249] Bakyr-Tschai.

[1250] The district around Bergama.

[1251] Sipuli-Dagh.

[1252] The district between Bergama and the sea.

[1253] Protheüs, who had led the Magnetes to Troy, upon his return from that expedition, and in compliance with a vow which he had made to Apollo, selected every tenth man and sent them to the temple at Delphi. These Magnetes, for some reason, abandoned the temple and embarked for Crete; from thence they passed into Asia, accompanied by some Cretans, and founded Magnesia near the Mæander. B. xiv. c. i. § 11.

[1254] Herod. i. 173; vii. 92.

[1255] Il. vi. 184.

[1256] Il. vi. 204.

[1257] Il. vi. 199.

[1258] Il. ii. 655, 677.

[1259] Il. iii. 2.

[1260] Il. iii. 8.

[1261] Keschisch Dagh.

[1262] Kas-Dagh.

[1263] Artaki.

[1264] Satal-dere?

[1265] Mualitsch-Tschai.

[1266] Iaskili.

[1267] Mudania.

[1268] Loubadi.

[1269] Manijas.

[1270] According to Pliny, b. v. c. 32, it was united to the mainland by Alexander.

[1271] Marseilles.

[1272] Simau-Su.

[1273] Simau-Gol.

[1274] Imrali, or Kalo-limno.

[1275] Karabogher.

[1276] Kiutahia.

[1277] Eski-Schehr.

[1278] Gedis.

[1279] Hergan Kaleh.

[1280] Ischekli.

[1281] Afium-Karahissar.

[1282] Dinear.

[1283] Iorghan-Ladik.

[1284] Geira.

[1285] Destroyed by an earthquake in the time of Nero, afterwards Konos.

[1286] Teseni.

[1287] Ballyk.

[1288] Sultan Dagh.

[1289] Ak Schehr.

[1290] Ialobatsch.

[1291] Mender Tschai.

[1292] Samsun.

[1293] The lake above Celænæ bore the name of Aulocrene or Pipe Fountain, probably from the reeds which grew there. Pliny, b. v. c. 29.

[1294] Urumluk.

[1295] The place is identified by the hot springs about 12 miles from Denizli or Jenidscheh.

[1296] Ala Schehr.

[1297] The Black.

[1298] The number of cities destroyed were twelve, and the catastrophe took place in the night. An inscription relating to this event is still preserved at Naples. Tacit. Ann. B. ii. c. 47. Sueton. in V. Tiberii.

[1299] Tiberius, the adopted son of Augustus.

[1300] B. i. c. iii. § 4.

[1301] Herophilus, a celebrated physician, and contemporary of Erasistratus. He was one of the first founders of the medical school in Alexandria, and whose fame afterwards surpassed that of all others. He lived in the 4th and 3rd centuries B. C.

[1302] Zeuxis was the author of a commentary on Hippocrates: it is now lost; even in the time of Galen, about A. D. 150, it was rare. Alexander Philalethes, who succeeded Zeuxis, had as his pupil and probably successor Demosthenes Philalethes, who was the author of a treatise on the eyes, which was still in existence in the 14th century.

[1303] The Niobe, a lost tragedy of Sophocles, is often quoted; this is probably here meant.

[1304] Satal-dere.

[1305] The Troad is called Biga by the Turks, from the name of a town which now commands that district. Biga is the ancient Sidene.

[1306] Kodscha-Tschai. Oustvola. _Gossellin._

[1307] The ruins of Abydos are on the eastern side of the Hellespont, near a point called Nagara. Sestos, of which the ruins also exist, called Zemenic, are on the opposite coast.

[1308] Baba Kalessi.

[1309] Eski Stamboul, or Old Constantinople.

[1310] Bakir-Tschai, or Germasti.

[1311] Beiram-koi, or Asso, or Adschane.

[1312] Edremid or Adramytti.

[1313] Dikeli-koi.

[1314] Tschandarlik.

[1315] Mytilene.

[1316] Lamurt-koi.

[1317] Gedis-Tschai.

[1318] Karadscha-Fokia.

[1319] The return of the Heracleidæ having taken place, according to Thucydides and other writers, eighty years after the capture of Troy, some critics have imagined that the text of Strabo in this passage should be changed from ἑξήκοντα ἔτεσι, sixty years, to ὀγδοήκοντα ἔτεσι, eighty years. Thucydides, in the same chapter, and in the space of a few lines, speaks of the return of the Bœotians to their own country, as having taken place sixty years after the capture of Troy; and of the return of the Heracleidæ to the Peloponnesus, as having taken place eighty years after the same event; it is probable that Strabo, who followed Thucydides, substituted, through inattention, one number for another.

[1320] Kamaraes, or Kemer. (Kamar, _Arab._ the Moon.)

[1321] Near Mussatsch-Koi.

[1322] Il. xiv. 283.

[1323] The passage in brackets Meineke suspects to be an interpolation, as Rhesus and Heptaporus cannot be placed in this part of Ida, nor do any of the streams mentioned by Homer in the same passage flow into the Ægean Sea.

[1324] Il. xii. 19.

[1325] Il. ii. 824.

[1326] The whole range of Ida now bears various names: the highest summit is called Kas-dagh. Gossellin says that the range is called Kara-dagh, but this name (black mountain) like Karasu (Black river) and Kara-Koi (Black village) are so commonly applied that they amount to no distinction; in more modern maps this name does not appear. It may be here observed that the confusion of names of those parts in the Turkish empire which were formerly under the Greeks, arises from the use of names in both languages.

[1327] Il. xiv. 292.

[1328] The Gulf of Edremid or Jalea, the ancient Elæa.

[1329] The meridian, according to our author’s system, passing through Constantinople, Rhodes, Alexandria, Syene, and Meröe.

[1330] Il. ix. 328.

[1331] Od. xviii. 518.

[1332] Il. ix. 129.

[1333] Il. xx. 92.

[1334] Il. ii. 691.

[1335] Il. ii. 690.

[1336] Il. xix. 295.

[1337] Il. i. 366.

[1338] Il. vi. 395.

[1339] Il. xxi. 86.

[1340] Il. iii. 816.

[1341] Il. ii. 819.

[1342] Il. xx. 83.

[1343] Il. ii. 824.

[1344] Il. ii. 835.

[1345] Il. iv. 499.

[1346] Bergas.

[1347] Il. xv. 546.

[1348] Il. ii. 831.

[1349] So that Cilicia was divided into three principalities, as Strabo observes below, c. i. § 70. But perhaps this division was only invented for the purpose of completing the number of the nine principalities, for Strabo above, c. i. § 2, speaks in a manner to let us suppose that other authors reckoned eight only. However this may be, the following is the number of the dynasties or principalities established by our author. 1. That of Mynes; 2. that of Eetion, both in Cilicia; 3. that of Altes; 4. that of Hector; 5. that of Æneas; 6. that of Pandarus; 7. that of Asius; 8. that of the son of Merops; 9. that of Eurypylus, also in Cilicia. _Coraÿ._

[1350] Granting to Priam the sovereignty of the districts just mentioned by Strabo, his dominion extended over a country about twenty maritime leagues in length and the same in breadth. It would be impossible to determine the exact limits of these different districts, but it is seen that The Trojans, properly so called, occupied the basin of the Scamander (Menderes-Tschai).

The Cilicians, commanded by Eetion, occupied the territory which surrounds the present Gulf of Adramytti.

The Cilicians of Mynes were to the south of the above.

The Leleges extended along a part of the northern coast of the Gulf of Adramytti, from Cape Baba.

The Dardanians were above the Trojans, and the chain of Ida. On the north, extending on both sides of the Hellespont, were the people of Arisbe, Sestos, and Abydos.

The people of Adrasteia occupied the Propontis, as far as the Granicus.

The Lycians, the country beyond, as far as the Æsepus and Zeleia.

Strabo mentioned a ninth (c. i. § 2) principality subject to Priam; he does not mention it by name, or rather it is wanting in the text. M. de Choiseul-Gouffier, (Voyage Pittoresque de la Grèce, vol. ii.,) with much probability, thinks that this principality was that of the island of Lesbos. _Gossellin._

[1351] Il. xxiv. 543.

[1352] Il. ii. 824.

[1353] M. Falconer prétend qu’au lieu de 80 stades il faut lire 180.--Nos cartes modernes confirment la conjecture de M. Falconer. _Gossellin._

[1354] Il. ii. 828.

[1355] Karadere.

[1356] For Σκάρθων in the text--read ὁ δ’ ἐκ ... εἰς Σκάρδωνα. Meineke, who however suspects the whole passage to be an interpolation.

[1357] Peor Apis, or Baal Peor?

[1358] Lapsaki or Lampsaki.

[1359] The reading is very doubtful.

[1360] Marmara, from the marble, μάρμαρον, found there.

[1361] Gallipoli.

[1362] Beiram-dere.

[1363] Il. ii. 328.

[1364] Il. v. 612.

[1365] The same person probably as Cephalion, author of a History of the Trojan War.

[1366] Neoptolemus composed a glossary, or dictionary, divided into several books.

[1367] Charon was the author of a History of the Persian War, and of the Annals of Lampsacus.

[1368] Adeimantes was probably one of the courtiers of Demetrius Poliorcetes.

[1369] Anaximenes was the author of a History of Early Times, and of a work entitled, The Death of Kings. The “Rhetoric addressed to Alexander,” now known as The Rhetoric of Aristotle, has been ascribed to him. For the above see Athenæus.

[1370] Called “Stagnum Agrippæ” in Tacit. Ann. b. xv. c. 37.

[1371] Il. ii. 835.

[1372] Il. iv. 522.

[1373] Il. ii. 254.

[1374] The Maritza in Roumelia.

[1375] Il. xvi. 717.

[1376] A bridge of boats which could be unfixed at pleasure for the passage of vessels.

[1377] Meineke reads κρατίστη, the strongest fortified, instead of ἀρίστη.

[1378] Il. ii. 819.

[1379] Il. xv. 425.

[1380] The ancient Dardania in the interior; a second Dardania was afterwards built on the sea-coast.

[1381] Il. xx. 215.

[1382] Od. ix. 109, 112.

[1383] Il. xx. 216.

[1384] Il. xi. 166.

[1385] According to Arrian and Plutarch, it was before his victory.

[1386] A native of Alexandreia-Troas and a grammarian; he was the author of Commentaries on various authors and of a History of the Trojan War.--_Athenæus._

[1387] According to Pliny, b. vii. 29, this casket contained the perfumes of Darius, unguentorum scrinium. According to Plutarch, (Life of Alexander) the poem of Homer was the Iliad revised and corrected by Aristotle. From what Strabo here says of Callisthenes and Anaxarchus, we may probably understand a second revision made by them under the inspection of Alexander.

[1388] Called above, § 22, Cape Dardanium (Cape Barber). Pliny gives the name Dardanium to the town which Herodotus and Strabo call Dardanus, and places it at an equal distance from Rhœteium and Abydos. The modern name Dardanelles is derived from it.

[1389] The name was given, it is said, in consequence of the imprecations of Hecuba on her captors. Others say that Hecuba was transformed into a bitch. The tomb occupied the site of the present castle in Europe called by the Turks Kilid-bahr.

[1390] Pliny states that in his time there were no traces of the Rhodius, nor of the other rivers mentioned by Strabo in following Homer. According to others, the Rhodius is the torrent which passes by the castle of the Dardanelles in Asia, called by the Turks Sultan-kalessi, and therefore cannot unite with the Æsepus.

[1391] Ienischer.

[1392] The Scamander no longer unites with the Simoïs, and for a considerable length of time has discharged itself into the Archipelago. The ancient mouth of these rivers preserve, however, the name Menderé, which is an evident alteration of Scamander, and the name Menderé has also become that of the ancient Simoïs. It is to be observed that Demetrius of Scepsis, whose opinions on what regards these rivers and the position of Troy are quoted by Strabo, constantly takes the Simoïs or Menderé for the Scamander of Homer. The researches of M. de Choiseul-Gouffier on the Troad appear to me clearly to demonstrate that Demetrius of Scepsis is mistaken.--_Gossellin._

[1393] The temple or tomb of Protesilaus, one of the Greek princes who went to the siege of Troy, and the first who was killed on disembarking. Artayctes, one of the generals of Xerxes, pillaged the temple and profaned it by his debauchery. According to Herodotus, (b. ix. 115,) who narrates the circumstance, the temple and the tomb of Protesilaus must have been in Eleussa (Paleo-Castro) itself, or at least very near this city. Chandler thought he had discovered this tomb near the village which surrounds the castle of Europe.

[1394] The port of the Achæans, the spot, that is, where the Greeks disembarked on the coast of the Troad, at the entrance of the Hellespont, appears to have been comprehended between the hillock called the Tomb of Achilles and the southern base of the heights, on which is situated another tomb, which goes by the name of the Tomb of Ajax. This space of about 1500 toises in length, now sand and lagunes, where the village Koum Kale and the fortress called the New Castle of Asia stand, and which spreads across the mouth of the Menderé, once formed a creek, the bottom of which, from examination on the spot, extended 1200 or 1500 toises from the present shore. It is from the bottom of this marshy creek the 12 stadia must be measured which Strabo reckons from the Port of the Achæans to New Ilium. These 12 stadia, estimated at 700 to a degree, (like the generality of other measures adopted by Strabo in this district,) are equal to 977 toises, and conduct in a straight line to the western point of the mountain Tchiblak, where there are remains of buildings which may be the vestiges of New Ilium.

The other 30 stadia, which, according to Strabo, or rather according to Demetrius of Scepsis, was the distance from New Ilium to the town of the Ilienses, are equal to 2440 toises, and terminate at the most eastern edge of the table-land of Tchiblak, in a spot where ruins of a temple and other edifices are seen. Thus there is nothing to prevent our taking this place for the site of the town of the Ilienses, and this is the opinion of many modern travellers. But did this town occupy the same ground as the ancient Ilium, as Demetrius of Scepsis believed? Strabo thinks not, and we shall hereafter see the objections he has to offer against the opinion of Demetrius.--_Gossellin._

[1395] Consequently ancient Ilium, according to Strabo, was forty-two stadia from the coast. Scylax places it at twenty-five stadia; but probably the copyists of this latter writer have confounded the numerical Greek letters κε (25) with με (45).

[1396] According to Homer, (Od. xxiv. 75,) Patrocles must have the same tomb with Achilles, as their ashes were united in the same urn; those of Antilochus were contained in a separate urn.

[1397] Il. v. 642.

[1398] Il. v. 641.

[1399] This plain, according to Demetrius, was to the east of the present Menderé, and was enclosed by this river and the mountain Tchiblak.

[1400] Il. xvi. 738.

[1401] If the name Cebrene or Cebrenia were derived from Cebriones, it would have been, according to analogy, Cebrionia; but it would have been better to have supposed the name to have been derived from Cebren, the more so as this river was supposed to be the father of Œnone the wife of Alexander (Paris). Whatever may be the origin of the name, the city Cebrene was, according to Ephorus, a colony of Cyme in Æolia.

[1402] The position of the tomb of Æsyetes is said to be near a village called by the Turks Udjek, who also give the name Udjek-tepe to the tomb itself. The tomb of Ilus, it is presumed, must be in the neighbourhood of the ancient bed of Scamander, and Batieia below the village Bounar-bachi.

[1403] This and the following paragraph more especially are at variance with the conjecture of those who place New Ilium at the village Tchiblak, situated beyond and to the north of the Simoïs.

[1404] As there are no mountains on the left bank of the Menderé, at the distance at which Demetrius places the town of the Ilienses, the long ridge or height of which Strabo speaks can only be referred to the hill of Tchiblak. In that case the Simoïs of Demetrius must be the stream Tchiblak, which modern maps represent as very small, but which Major Rennell, on authority as yet uncertain, extends considerably, giving it the name Shimar, which according to him recalls that of Simoïs.--_Gossellin._

[1405] Kramer proposes the insertion of ὤν before τῶν εἰρημένων ἀγκώνων ἐπ’ εὐθείας, by which we are to understand that the extremities of the arms and of the ridge are in the same straight line.

Groskurd reads μεταξὺ before τ. ε. α., changes the construction of the sentence, and reads the letter ψ instead of ε. His translation is as follows: “Both-mentioned plains are separated from each other by a long neck of land between the above-mentioned arms, which takes its commencement from the present Ilium and unites with it, extending itself in a straight line as far as Cebrenia, and forms with the arms on each side the letter ψ.”

The topography of the plain of Troy and its neighbourhood is not yet sufficiently known to be able to distinguish all the details given by Demetrius. It appears only that he took the Tchiblak for the Simoïs, and placed the plain of Troy to the right of the present Menderé, which he called the Scamander. This opinion, lately renewed by Major Rennell, presents great and even insurmountable difficulties when we endeavour to explain on this basis the principal circumstances of the Iliad. It must be remembered that in the time of Demetrius the remembrance of the position of ancient Troy was entirely lost, and that this author constantly reasoned on the hypothesis, much contested in his time, that the town of the Ilienses corresponded with that of ancient Ilium. _Observations on the Topography of the plain of Troy by James Rennell._--_Gossellin._

[1406] Il. xx. 51.

[1407] Il. x. 430.

[1408] Tumbrek.

[1409] Erineos, a wild fig-tree. Homer, it is to be observed, speaks of a single wild fig-tree, whereas Strabo describes a spot planted with them. This place, or a place near the ancient Ilium, is called by the Turks, according to M. Choiseul-Gouffier, Indgirdagh--i.e. the mountain of fig-trees, although none were to be found there whether cultivated or wild.

[1410] Il. vi. 433.

[1411] Il. ix. 352.

[1412] 1628 toises. The alluvial deposit has now extended the mouth of the Menderé 3400 toises from the ruins where the measurement indicated the position of New Ilium.--_Gossellin._

[1413] The passage is corrupt, and the translation is rather a paraphrase, assisted by the conjectures of Kramer.

[1414] Od. xiv. 469.

[1415] Od. xiv. 496.

[1416] Il. xx. 209.

[1417] Il. xviii. 254.

[1418] Hestiæa was distinguished for her commentary on Homer somewhat in the same manner as Madame Dacier in modern times.

[1419] Il. ii. 792.

[1420] M. Lechevalier, who extends Ilium and its citadel Pergamus to the highest summit of the mountain Bounar-bachi, acknowledges that the nature of the ground would prevent the course of Hector and Achilles taking place round this position, in consequence of the rivers and the precipices which surround it on the S. E. To meet the objection which these facts would give rise to, M. Lechevalier interprets the expressions of Homer in a manner never thought of by the ancient grammarians, although they contorted the text in every possible manner, to bend it to their peculiar opinions. Would it not be more easy to believe that at the time of the siege of Troy this city was no longer on the summit of the mountain, nor so near its ancient acropolis as it was at first; and that the inhabitants moved under the reign of Ilus, as Plato says, and as Homer leads us to conclude, to the entrance of the plain and to the lower rising grounds of Ida? The level ground on the top mountain which rises above Bounar-bachi, and on which it has been attempted to trace the contour of the walls of ancient Ilium and of its citadel, is more than 3200 toises in circumference.

But it is difficult to conceive how, at so distant a period and among a people half savage, a space of ground so large and without water could be entirely occupied by a town, whose power scarcely extended beyond 25 leagues. On the other hand, as the exterior circuit of this mountain is more than 5500 toises, it is not to be conceived how Homer, so exact in his description of places, should have represented Achilles and Hector, already fatigued by a long-continued battle, as making an uninterrupted course of about seven leagues round this mountain, before commencing in single combat. It appears to me therefore that the Troy of Homer must have covered a much less space of ground than is generally supposed, and according to all appearances this space was bounded by a hillock, on which is now the village of Bounar-bachi. This hillock is about 700 or 800 toises in circumference; it is isolated from the rest of the mountain; and warriors in pursuing one another could easily make the circuit. This would not prevent Pergamus from being the citadel of Ilium, but it was separated from it by an esplanade, which served as a means of communication between the town and the fortress.--_Gossellin._

[1421] This paragraph, according to Kramer, is probably an interpolation.

[1422] Herod. viii. c. 85.

[1423] Thucyd., b. iii. c. 50, does not use the word Troad, but says “all the towns possessed by the Mitylenæans.”

[1424] Poets and mythologists subsequent to Homer supposed Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, to have been violated by Ajax, the Locrian; that as a punishment for his crime this hero perished by shipwreck on his return from Troy, and that three years afterwards Locris was visited by a famine, which occasioned great destruction to the inhabitants. The oracle consulted on the occasion of this calamity advised the Locrians to send annually to Minerva of Ilium two young women chosen by lot. They obeyed and continued to send them for 1000 years, until the time of the sacred war.

[1425] Il. xiii. 363.

[1426] Il. vi. 448.

[1427] Od. iii. 130.

[1428] Il. xii. 15.

[1429] Il. vi. 92 and 273.

[1430] Il. ix. 455.

[1431] Il. vi. 305.

[1432] The corrupt passage replaced by asterisks is εἶθ’ ἱκετεύοντες τε φρένας, which is unintelligible.

[1433] The following is a translation of the passage, as found in the speech of Lycurgus, still preserved to us:

“Who has not heard of Troy, the greatest City of those times, and sovereign of all Asia, that when once destroyed by The Greeks it remained for ever uninhabited?”

[1434] Modern maps place the Cotylus, and consequently the sources of the river which Demetrius calls Scamander, at more than 30,000 toises, or nearly eleven leagues, to the S. E. of the entrance of the Hellespont, when the source of the Scamander should be near Troy; and Troy itself, according to the measurement adopted by Demetrius, ought not to be more than 3400 toises, or a league and a quarter, from the sea. There is therefore a manifest contradiction, and it appears, as I have already remarked, that the river called Scamander by Demetrius, is not the river so called by Homer, but the Simoïs of the poet.--_Gossellin._

Modern travellers accuse Demetrius with having confounded the Scamander with the Simoïs. The Simoïs they say rises in Cotylus, (Kas-dagh,) as also the Granicus, (Oustrola,) and the Æsepus, (Satal-dere,) but the sources of the Scamander are below, and to the W. of Ida, near the village called by the Turks Bounar-bachi, which signifies the head of the source. If it is an error, Demetrius is not alone responsible for it, as Hellenicus (Schol. in Iliad xxi. 242) also says that the Scamander had its source in Mount Ida itself. Both probably rested on the authority of Homer, who places the source of the Scamander in Ida. They did not, however, observe that Homer employs the expression ἀπ’ Ἰδαίων ὀρέων in a more extensive sense.--_Du Theil._

[1435] Il. xxii. 147.

[1436] We owe to the researches of M. de Choiseul Gouffier, published without his knowledge in 1793, an acquaintance with these two springs, which present nearly the same phenomena as described by Homer. These springs have since been seen by many travellers; they are situated at the foot of a small hill on which is Bounar-bachi, and about 6500 toises in a straight line from the mouth of the Menderé. The stream which flows from them never fails, and after having run for some time parallel to the Menderé, it turns suddenly to throw itself into the Archipelago, near the middle of the interval which separates the ruins of Alesandria-Troas from the cape Koum-kale, but still leaving traces of a bed through which it formerly flowed to join the Menderé. We are now convinced that this little river is the Scamander of Homer, that the present Menderé is the Simoïs of that poet, and that the ancient Ilium, which was near the sources of the Scamander, must have been situated on the heights of Bounar-bachi.

In the time of Homer these two rivers united together and discharged themselves into the sea by the same mouth: but the course of the Scamander has been changed for a long time, since, according to Pliny, (v. c. 33,) a part of its waters spread themselves over a marsh, and the remainder flowed unto the Ægæan Sea, between Alexandria-Troas and Sigeum. This ancient author therefore gave to the little river (which he called Palœscamander, the old Scamander) exactly the same course which the stream Bounar-bachi still follows. This change of direction in the course of the river appears to me to have been anterior to the time of Demetrius of Scepsis, for this alone can explain his error. For, no longer finding a stream which runs on the left of the present Menderé, and which might represent the Scamander, he thought proper to transfer this latter name to the Simoïs, and to look for the site of the Ilium of Homer, as also of the plain which was the scene of the combats described by the poet, on the right of this river. Thence he is persuaded that the town of the Ilienses occupied the same site as the ancient Ilium, and that the stream of the Tschiblak was the Simoïs.

I must remark that the Menderé is a torrent, the waters of which fail during a great part of the year, whilst the stream of the Bounar-bachi always continues to flow. This advantage is probably the reason why it preserved the name of Scamander to the sea, although it ran into the bed of the Simoïs and was far inferior to this torrent in the length of its course. Hence it may be perceived how the name of Scamander, now changed into that of Menderé, has remained attached to this ancient mouth, how ultimately it was given to the whole course of the Simoïs, and how Demetrius of Scepsis was led into error by the change in the course of the true Scamander, and by the transfer of its name to the Simoïs.--Voyage Pittoresque de la Grèce par _M. de Choiseul Gouffier_. Le Voyage dans la Troad, par _M. Lechevalier_. The Topography of Troy, _W. Gell_.--_Gossellin._

[1437] Il. xii. 20.

[1438] B. xii. c. iii. § 21.

[1439] Below Strabo calls this same place Ænea, and in b. xii. c. iii. § 23, Enea-Come. Pliny calls it Nea; it is said to be the same place called by the Turks Ene.

[1440] Ἀργύρια, in the neuter gender, with the accent on the antipenultima, means “silver mines.” But Ἀργυρία, with the accent on the penultima, becomes the name of a town.

[1441] Il. ii. 856.

[1442] What other places? I do not think that Strabo or Demetrius have mentioned any other place bearing the name of Palæscepsis.--_Du Theil._

[1443] Il. i. 38.

[1444] There are no islands to the south of Tenedos,--that is, between Tenedos and Cape Lectum (Baba). The state of the text might induce us to suppose that, instead of Lectum, Strabo wrote Sigeum. Then the Calydnæ islands would answer to the Mauro islands or to the isles des Lapins.--_Gossellin._

[1445] Called also Lyrnessa and Phœnice. The first of these names is the same as that of one of the 12 towns on the continent sacked by Achilles. The name Phœnice was given to it probably by a Phœnician colony. Leucophrys, (white brows,) from the colour of the coast.

[1446] From σμίνθος, a rat, in the Æolic dialect. The worship of Apollo Smintheus was not confined to the town of Chrysa alone; it was common to all the continent of the Troad and to the adjacent islands; it extended along the whole coast to the island of Rhodes, as Strabo afterwards informs us. He has already told us that there was a temple of Apollo Smintheus in the island of Tenedos. Coins of this island exist, bearing the effigy of the god with a rat under the chin. The town of Hamaxitus, on the continent, had also its temple of Apollo Smintheus, where was not only to be seen the picture of a rat near the tripod of the god, but also tame rats, maintained at the public expense.

[1447] Sect. 63.

[1448] In the island of Rhodes more especially many Sminthia must have existed, as Andreas, a native of Lindus, one of the three cities of the island, made these temples the subject of a treatise entitled “On the Sminthia of Rhodes.”

[1449] The Turks call the place Fousla, “the salt-pans.”

[1450] Il. x. 429.

[1451] Il. xxi. 86.

[1452] Il. xiv. 443.

[1453] Il. vi. 34.

[1454] At the foot of the mountain on which is now the village Ine.

[1455] Palamedium? Pliny, b. v. c. 30.

[1456] Karatepe-bournou, or Cape San Nicolo.

[1457] Antandro.

[1458] Dikeli-koi.

[1459] Tschandarlyk.

[1460] Ialea.

[1461] From σκέπτομαι, (sceptomai,) _I see to a distance_, from which the compound περισκέπτομαι, (perisceptomai,) _I see to a distance around_. Strabo perceived the absurdity of such an etymology. Others derived the name of this place from σκήπτομαι, _I pretend_, whence σκῆψις, (skepsis,) _a pretext_, because it was on this part of the chain of Ida that Rhea, on the birth of Jupiter, substituted for him a stone clothed as an infant, and presented it to be devoured by Saturn in place of her child. This etymology is conformable to analogy, although founded on a ridiculous fable.

[1462] B. xiii. c. i. § 6.

[1463] Il. xx. 188.

[1464] Il. xiii. 460

[1465] See note³¹⁰, vol. i. p. 76.

[1466] Some assert that Capys, the father of Anchises, was the founder of Capua or Capya in Italy. The town in Arcadia was afterwards called Caphya or Caphyæ.

[1467] Segesta.

[1468] Trapani.

[1469] Cape Boë.

[1470] Il. xx. 306.

[1471] This statement is not in contradiction with those (Athen. b. i. c. 3) who assert that Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, and Polycrates, tyrant of Samos, were the first who formed libraries. The libraries of these two princes, who lived six centuries before our time, were probably confined to half a dozen poets, and it may be supposed that the care Pisistratus took to collect the poems of Homer did not extend to poets posterior to his time. But in the time of Aristotle there existed many poems, a great number of oratorical discourses, historical works, and various treatises of philosophy.

[1472] Apellicon proclaimed himself a philosopher of the school of Aristotle. From what Athenæus, b. v., says of him, he appears to have used his great wealth for the purposes of ostentation rather than of employing it for the benefit of others. He was sent by Aristion, (or Athenion, as Athenæus calls him,) tyrant of Athens, to Delos, at the head of ten thousand soldiers, to remove the treasures of the temple. He was defeated by the Romans, and having lost his whole army, escaped with difficulty.

[1473] This name was given to books intended to be seen and read by every one, but which did not contain the fundamental dogmas which Aristotle only communicated to those of his own school. The books which contained these doctrines were called, by way of distinction, _esoteric_. Such at least is the opinion of those who admit of the existence of a secret doctrine, and a public doctrine, in the philosophy of Aristotle. This passage of Strabo however seems to favour those who maintained a different opinion, namely, that this celebrated distinction of _exoteric_ and _esoteric_ doctrines, which is peculiar to the works of Aristotle, is not founded on any essential difference of doctrine, but rather on a difference of method, so that the word _exoteric_ was applied to works where the opinions of the philosopher were set forth in a manner to be understood by all intelligent readers, whether of his own school or strangers; and _esoteric_ to those works where his opinions were thoroughly discussed, and in a scientific manner, and which, not being intelligible to every one, required to be explained by the master himself.

[1474] Tyrannion was a native of Amisus, whose lectures he attended (b. xii. c. iii. § 16). He is often quoted among the commentators of Homer. It was he also who gave copies of the works of Aristotle to Andronicus of Rhodes, for whom he made a catalogue of them.

[1475] Metrodorus was not only a fellow-countryman of Demetrius, who was one of the richest and most distinguished citizens of Scepsis, but also his contemporary and protegé. A small treatise of Metrodorus is cited, entitled περὶ ἀλειπτικῆς, which may mean “on anointing with oil,” or “on oil used in the public exercises.” It seems however very probable that the treatise on the Troad, (Τρωïκὰ,) which Athenæus attributes to another Metrodorus of Chios, was the work of this Metrodorus of Scepsis. The place of his birth, which was in the Troad, might have suggested, as it did to his patron, the idea of treating a subject liable to discussion, and to endeavour to throw light upon it by the words of Homer. Add to this that Strabo quotes also Metrodorus on the subject of the Amazons, whose history appears so closely connected with the Trojan war that all who have touched on the one, have also treated of the other. Pliny quotes also a Metrodorus on the subject of the serpents of the river Rhyndacus, near the Troad. It is also a question whether Metrodorus was one of those who occupied themselves with mnemonics, or the art of increasing and strengthening the memory. According to Plutarch, Metrodorus was the victim of Mithridates. Tigranes, who had placed the philosopher in his power, more from inadvertence than intentionally, so much regretted his death that he celebrated magnificent obsequies to his memory.

[1476] Gargara is the same town called above by Strabo Gargaris, unless he meant by the latter name the territory of Gargara, a distinction we find made below between Pedasa and Pedasis. The author of the Etymologicum Magnum calls the place Gargarus, and informs us that the inhabitants abandoned it on account of the cold, it being situated on Mount Ida; that they founded a new town in the plain, and that the town abandoned afterwards received the name of Old Gargara.

The town called Lamponia by Strabo is called Lamponium by Hellanicus and Herodotus.

[1477] By “the kings,” we must probably understand the kings of Bithynia rather than the kings of Persia, as understood by Rambach (De Mileto ejusque coloniæ); for if we suppose that colonists are here meant who came to Gargara from Miletus after the destruction of this latter town by the Persians, how could Demetrius of Scepsis say of the Gargareans that, “Æolians as they were, or instead of Æolians they became semi-barbarians?” He ought at least to have said, “that they became Ionians,” for Miletus, a Greek city of Ionia, at the time of its destruction by the Persians, was far from being barbarous. But Miletopolis, although from its name and position in the territory of Cyzicus was probably, like Cyzicus, a colony of Miletus, yet might have been peopled with barbarians at the time Gargara received colonists. Mualitsh is the modern name of Miletopolis.

[1478] Il. x. 428.

[1479] Budrun, the birth-place of Herodotus.

[1480] Herod. i. 175; viii. 104.

[1481] Paitschin?

[1482] Eski-Hissar.

[1483] C. vii. § 49.

[1484] Il. i. 366.

[1485] Il. ii. 691.

[1486] Il. ii. 295.

[1487] Il. i. 432.

[1488] Il. i. 439.

[1489] Il. i. 37.

[1490] Dikeli-koi.

[1491] For νησὶς Meineke reads γῆ τις, “a certain earth.” Pliny, b. ii. c. 95, speaks of islands “which are always floating;” something of the kind occurs in volcanic lakes.

[1492] Ak-su or Bakir.

[1493] It is difficult to clear up this passage ἣν ΑΙΓΑ τινὲς ὀνομαζουσιν ὁμωνύμως τῷ ξώῳ· δεῖ δὲ μακρῶς τὴν δευτέραν συλλαβὴν ἐκφέρειν ἈΙΓΑΝ ὡς ἈΚΤΑΝ καὶ ἈΡΧΑΝ. There is no doubt that the first of these words in capitals, to be homonymous with _goat_, should be αἶγα, as is read in the old editions, and in many manuscripts, and not αἰγᾶ, αἰγὰ, or αἰγὰν, as in others. Αἶγα is the accusative of Αἲξ, (Æx,) _a goat_, which name Artemidorus actually gives to this promontory. But as our language has no termination of cases, the passage requires some explanation. If the Greeks desired to express in the nominative case the position of the promontory with respect to the island of Lesbos, they would say, according to Artemidorus, _The cape Æx_ (Αἲξ) _is in front of Lesbos_; according to Strabo, _The cape Æga_ (Αἰγᾶ) _is in front of Lesbos_. The first, Æx, signifies _a goat_, as Artemidorus intended; the second, Æga, in the Doric dialect (for Æge, Αἰγῆ) means a goat’s skin. If they desired to employ the word in the accusative, they said, according to Artemidorus, _We have doubled Cape Æga_ (Αἶγα); according to Strabo, _We have doubled Cape Ægan_ (Αἰγᾶν). The matter is clear thus far, but what follows, δεῖ δὲ μακρῶς * * * ὡς ἀκτᾶν καὶ ἀρχᾶν, is difficult to explain. The two last words are Doric genitive plurals, the first for ἀκτῶν, _shores_, the second for ἀρχῶν, _beginnings_; and yet one would expect to find examples of accusatives in the singular number, as ἀκτὰν and ἀρχὰν; the difference of accent is here of no importance, for the last syllables of these accusatives are long, as Strabo wishes to make the last syllable long of Ægan (Αἰγᾶν). If he had required examples agreeing with this last word in quantity, accent, and case, he might have cited sycan, (συκᾶν, a fig-tree,) or some other word of this form. It might be supposed that Ακτᾶν was here taken in the acceptation [ἀκτέην, ἀκτῆν, and, in the Doric dialect, ἀκτᾶν]; but there still remains ἀρχᾶν, unless we change the word to ἀρχτᾶν, _a bear’s skin_.--_Coraÿ._

[1494] Od. xi. 521.

[1495] Eurypylus, son of Telephus, being invited by Priam to come to his assistance, answered that he could not do so without the permission of his mother, Astyoche. Priam by rich presents obtained from her this permission. There are other explanations equally uncertain. Bryant asserts that the Cetæi were pirates, and exacted young women as tribute from the people whom they attacked.

[1496] Sigri.

[1497] Molyvo.

[1498] Cape Sta. Maria.

[1499] Adshane.

[1500] This is the number given in Agathermus, and there is no difference in manuscripts in this part of the text. Falconer thinks we ought to read χιλίων ἑκατὸν καὶ δέκα (1110) for χιλίων ἑκατὸν (1100), to make the sum-total given agree with the sum-total of the particular distances. I am more inclined to deduct 10 stadia from the 210, which is the distance given between Sigrium and Methymne.--_Coraÿ._

[1501] Arginusi Islands; according to others, Musconisia.

[1502] The entrance to the Gulf of Caloni.

[1503] Pira.

[1504] We should probably read here Melanchus, tyrant of Lesbos, who, assisted by the brothers of Alcæus, overthrew Pittacus.

[1505] Diophanes was the friend of Tiberius Gracchus, and was the victim of his friendship. Potamo was professor of rhetoric at Rome, and was the author of the Perfect Orator, the Life of Alexander the Great, the Praise of Cæsar, the Praise of Brutus, and the Annals of Samos. Pliny mentions a sculptor of the name of Lesbocles, whose name seems to indicate his origin from Lesbos. Athenæus also names a sculptor from Mitylene called Lesbothemis. Strabo is probably the only person who makes mention of Crinagoras. Theophanes is known as an historian, and especially as the friend of Pompey, whom however he advised to retire to Egypt. The philosopher Lesbonax, father of Potamo, was a native of Mitylene.

[1506] Eresso.

[1507] To the N. E. of Sigri.

[1508] In which are comprehended the Arginusi mentioned above.

[1509] According to Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus, Hecatonnesoi means the “hundred islands,” the word being composed not of Hecatus but of Hecaton, ἑκατὸν, “a hundred,” and νῆσοι, “islands.”

[1510] The name appears to be wanting.

[1511] Derived from πορδὴ and πέρδω.

[1512] Il. vi. 414, 421.

[1513] Il. ii. 692; xix. 296.

[1514] Il. x. 428.

[1515] Il. xiv. 443.

[1516] Il. xxi. 86.

[1517] Il. xxi. 87.

[1518] Il. xxi. 84.

[1519] Il. ii. 840.

[1520] Il. xvii. 301.

[1521] Kramer adopts Coraÿ’s correction of ἑλόντας for ἐλθόντας, although he at the same time remarks, that we have no other information of Larisa being then taken.

[1522] Karasu, or Kutschuk-Meinder.

[1523] Sarabat.

[1524] Salambria.

[1525] In spite of the improbability of these anecdotes, there must have been something real in the dulness of the Cymæans; for Cymæan was employed by the Greeks as a word synonymous with stupid. Cæsar, among the Romans, (Plutarch, Cæsar,) adopted this name in the same sense. This stupidity gave occasion to a proverb, ὄνος εἰς κυμαίους, an ass among the Cymæans, which was founded on the following story. The first time an ass appeared among the Cymæans, the inhabitants, who were unacquainted with the beast, deserted the town with such precipitation that one would have said they were escaping from an earthquake.

[1526] Il. ii. 814.

[1527] Bergamo.

[1528] Sart.

[1529] A building raised in commemoration of a victory. It was destroyed by Philip of Macedon, Polyb. xvi. 1. It appears, however, that he restored it to its ancient splendour, as forty-fire years afterwards it was devastated a second time by Prusias, king of Bithynia, which Strabo notices hereafter.

[1530] The circumstances are differently narrated by Plutarch “On brotherly love,” and by Livy, xlii. c. 15 and 16.

[1531] Diegylis, king of the Cæni, a Thracian people, was the father-in-law of Prusias.

[1532] Aristonicus, brother of Attalus, and a natural son of Eumenes, for some time contended with the Romans for the possession of this inheritance; but finally he was vanquished and made prisoner by the consul Perperna, carried to Rome, and there died in prison. B. xiv. c. i. § 38.

[1533] ἐξέδρα The exhedra was that part of the building added to the portico, and, according to Vitruvius, when spacious it consisted of three parts, and was provided with seats. It probably here means a place for sitting and resting, protected by a covering supported by columns, so as to afford a view all round.

[1534] Pliny also places Macedonians, surnamed Cadueni, near Tmolus. B. v. c. 29.

[1535] Bouz-dagh.

[1536] Il. ii. 865.

[1537] Some pretended miracle relating probably to the baskets carried by the virgins on their heads at festivals.

[1538] Il. ii. 864.

[1539] B. ix.

[1540] Il. vii. 221.

[1541] Il. ii. 783.

[1542] Pliny does not approve of the word Pithecussæ being derived from πίθηκος, a monkey; but from πίθος, a cask. This latter derivation is not natural, whilst the former is at least conformable to analogy. Hesychius confirms the Tyrrhenian meaning of the word Arimi, calling Ἄριμος, πίθηκος. The expression in Homer, εἰν Ἀρίμοις, “among the Arimi,” (which in Roman letters would be _ein Arimis_, and which is translated into Latin by _in Arimis_,) signifies “in the Pithecussæ Islands,” according to the opinion of those who placed Typhoëus in Italy. But it is remarkable that from the two words _ein Arimis_ of Homer the name _Inarimis_ has been invented; and quoted as Homer’s by Pliny (iii. 6): Ænasia ipsa, a statione navium Æneæ, Homero Inarime dicta, Græcis Pithecussa, non a simiarum multitudine, ut aliqui existimavere sed a figlinis doliorum. It is not Homer, however, that he ought to have quoted, but Virgil, who was the first to coin one word out of the two Greek words.

Inarime Jovis imperiis imposta Typhoëo. Æn. ix. 716.

The modern name is Ischia.

[1543] Pyth. i. 31.

[1544] Kelikdni.

[1545] Herod. i. 93.

[1546] Pyrgela.

[1547] Il. ii. 461.

[1548] Catania.

[1549] The range of mountains on the south of the Caÿster, bearing various names.

[1550] Celænæ was the citadel of Apameia Cibotus, Afuim-Kara hissar.

[1551] Cape Sta. Maria.

[1552] Coraÿ proposes to read for Καρῶν Καρούρων, translate, “between Carura and Nysa.”

[1553] Sultan-hissar.

[1554] Eski-hissar.

[1555] Pambuk-kalessi.

[1556] They were the priests of Cybele, and so called from a river of Phrygia.

[1557] Madder-root.

[1558] Geira.

[1559] Jenedscheh.

[1560] Chorsum.

[1561] Dekoï.

[1562] Il. vi. 184.

[1563] Il. vi. 203.

[1564] Ebedschek-Dirmil.

[1565] Giaur-Kalessi.

[1566] Urludscha.

JOHN CHILDS AND SON, BUNGAY.