CHAPTER IV

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=Words adopted from Foreign Languages.=

1. =FROM AFRICAN DIALECTS.=--Chimpanzee, gnu, gorilla, karoo, kraal, zebra.

2. =FROM AMERICAN TONGUES.=--Buccaneer, cacique, cannibal, canoe, caoutchouc, cayman, chocolate, condor, guano, hammock, jaguar, jalap, jerked (beef), llama, mahogany, maize, manioc, moccasin, mustang, opossum, pampas, pemmican, potato, skunk, squaw, tapioca, tobacco, tomahawk, tomato, wigwam, yam.

3. =FROM THE ARABIC LANGUAGE.= (The word _al_ means _the_. Thus al_cohol_ = _the spirit_. A few of the following words, however, though they have come to us through Arabic, belong originally to other tongues. Thus alchemy and talisman are from the Greek; apricot is Latin.)--Admiral, alchemy, alcohol, alcove, alembic, algebra, alkali, amber, apricot, arrack, arsenal, artichoke, assassin, assegai, attar, azimuth, azure, caliph, carat, chemistry, cipher, civet, coffee, cotton, crimson, dragoman, elixir, emir, fakir, felucca, gazelle, giraffe, harem, hookah, koran (or alcoran), lute, magazine, mattress, minaret, mohair, monsoon, mosque, mufti, nabob, nadir, naphtha, salaam, senna, sherbet, shrub (the drink), simoom, sirocco, sofa, sultan, syrup, talisman, tamarind, tariff, vizier, zenith, zero.

4. =FROM CHINESE.=--Bohea, congou, hyson, joss, junk, nankeen, pekoe, souchong, tea.

5. =FROM DUTCH= (words relating chiefly to naval affairs).--Boom, boor, hoy, luff, reef, schiedam (gin), skates, skipper, sloop, smack, smuggle, stiver, taffrail, wear (of a ship), yacht.

6. =FROM FRENCH.=--Aide-de-camp, belle, bivouac, blonde, bouquet, brunette, brusque, carte-de-visite, coup-d’état, débris, début, déjeûner (breakfast), depot, éclat, ennui, etiquette, naive, naïveté, nonchalance, personnel, précis, programme, protégé, recherché, soirée.

7. =FROM GERMAN= (mostly mining terms).--Cobalt, felspar, horn-blend, landgrave, loafer, margrave, meerschaum, nickel, plunder, poodle, quartz, zinc.

8. =FROM HEBREW= (words relating chiefly to religion).--Abbey, abbot, amen, behemoth, cabal, cherub, gehenna, hallelujah, hosannah, Jehovah, jubilee, leviathan, manna, paschal, pharisee, pharisaical, rabbi, sabbath, Sadducees, Satan, seraph, shibboleth, Talmud.

9. =FROM HINDU.=--Avatar, banyan, bungalow, calico, chintz, coolie, cowrie, durbar, jungle, lac (of rupees), loot, mulligatawny, pagoda, palanquin, pariah, punch, pundit, rajah, rupee, ryot, sepoy, shampoo, sugar, suttee, thug, toddy.

10. =FROM HUNGARIAN.=--Hussar.

11. =FROM ITALIAN.=--Alarm, alert, alto, bagatelle, balcony, balustrade, bandit, bankrupt, bravo, brigade, brigand, broccoli, burlesque, bust, cameo, canteen, canto, caprice, caricature, carnival, cartoon, cascade, cavalcade, charlatan, citadel, colonnade, concert, contralto, conversazione, cornice, corridor, cupola, curvet, dilettante, ditto, doge, domino, extravaganza, fiasco, folio, fresco, gazette, gondola, granite, grotto, guitar, incognito, influenza, lagoon, lava, lazaretto, macaroni, madonna, madrigal, malaria, manifesto, motto, moustache, niche, opera, oratorio, palette, pantaloon, parapet, pedant, pianoforte, piazza, pistol, portico, proviso, quarto, regatta, ruffian, serenade, sonnet, soprano, stanza, stiletto, stucco, studio, tenor, terra-cotta, tirade, torso, trombone, umbrella, vermilion, vertu, virtuoso, vista, volcano, zany.

12. =FROM MALAY.=--Amuck, bamboo, bantam, caddy, cockatoo, dugong, gamboge, gong, guttapercha, mandarin (through the Portuguese), mango, ourangoutang, rattan, sago, upas.

13. =FROM PERSIAN.=--Bazaar, bashaw, caravan, check, checkmate, chess, dervish, divan, firman, hazard, horde, houri, jar, jackal, jasmine, lac (a gum), lemon, lilac, lime (the fruit), musk, orange, paradise, pasha, rook, saraband, sash, scimitar, shawl, taffeta, turban.

14. =FROM POLYNESIAN DIALECTS.=--Boomerang, kangaroo, taboo, tattoo (to paint the skin).

15. =FROM PORTUGUESE.=--Albatross, caste, cobra, cocoa-nut, commodore, fetish, lasso, marmalade, moidore, palaver, port (Oporto).

16. =FROM RUSSIAN.=--Czar, drosky, knout, morse (walrus), steppe, ukase.

17. =FROM SPANISH.=--Alligator, armada, barricade, battledore, bravado, buffalo, caracole, cargo, cigar, cochineal, cork, creole, desperado, don, duenna, El dorado, embargo, filibuster (from English flyboat), filigree, flotilla, galleon (a ship), grandee, grenade, guerilla, indigo, jennet, matadore, merino, mosquito, mulatto, negro, octoroon, quadroon, renegade, savannah, sherry (Xeres), tornado, vanilla.

18. =FROM TARTAR.=--Caviare (the roe of the sturgeon).

19. =FROM TURKISH.=--Bey, caftan, chibouk, chouse, janissary, kiosk, odalisque, ottoman, tulip, yashmak, yataghan.

CHIEF DATES IN THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

.....A.D.

1. =Cædmon= wrote a _Paraphrase of the Scriptures_ in First English prose.....=670=

2. =Bede=, or =Bæda=, wrote a translation into English of part of the _Gospel of St John_.....=735=

3. =King Alfred= translated many Latin works into English, among others, the _Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation_. King Alfred died.....=901=

4. =Ælfric= translates parts of the Bible.....=1000=

5. =Anglo-Saxon Chronicle= brought to a stop about.....=1154=

6. =Normandy= taken from England under King John. Normans now obliged to regard themselves as Englishmen, and more ready to use the English tongue.....=1204=

7. =Layamon’s= _Brut_--a poem--the first English book written after the stoppage of the _Chronicle_ (written in the _Southern English_ dialect).....=1205=

8. =First Proclamation= ever written in English, issued by Henry III......=1258=

9. =Sir John Mandeville=, the first writer of _formed_ English prose, ‘publishes’ his _Travels_.....=1356= (_Publishes_ in this century means: _Allows copies in manuscript to be made of his book._)

10. =Edward III.= authorises the use of English instead of French in courts of law and in schools.....=1362=

11. =John Wicliffe= translates most of the Bible.....=1380=

12. =Geoffrey Chaucer=, the ‘Father of English Poetry,’ wrote his _Canterbury Tales_ about.....=1388=

13. =William Caxton= prints the first English book ever printed, _The History of Troyes_, in Flanders.....=1471=

14. =Caxton= erects the first printing-press in the Broad Sanctuary, in Westminster, and publishes the first book ever printed in England, the _Game and Playe of the Chesse_.....=1474=

15. =The Book of Common Prayer= compiled by Cranmer.....=1549=

16. =The English Bible=, based upon William Tyndall’s and other translations, published.....=1611=

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