XIV.
BEARING THE CROSS.
Boabdil's "last sigh" was but the beginning of a long period of mourning and lamentation for the luckless Moors he had ushered to destruction. At first, indeed, it seemed as if the equitable terms upon which Granada had capitulated would be observed, and freedom of worship and the Mohammedan law would be upheld. The first archbishop, Hernando de Talavera, was a good and liberal-minded man, and forcible conversion formed no part of his policy. He strictly respected the rights of the Moors, and sought to win them over by force of example, by uniform justice and kindness, and by conforming as far as possible to their ways. He made his priests learn Arabic, and said his prayers in the same ungodly tongue, and by such concessions "so wrought on the minds of the populace that in 1499, when Cardinal Ximenes was sent by the queen to aid him in the work, it seemed as if the scenes which occurred at Jerusalem in the infancy of the Faith were about to be reenacted at Granada. In one day no less than 3,000 persons received baptism at the hands of the Primate, who sprinkled them with the hyssop of collective regeneration."[31] Ximenes was little in harmony with the archbishop's soft ways: he was the apostle of the Church Militant, always most active when militant meant triumphant, and would have the souls of these "infidels" saved from hell fire whether they liked it or no. He insinuated in Isabella's holy mind the pernicious doctrine that to keep faith with infidels was breaking faith with God; and it is one of the few blots on the good queen's name that she at length consented to the persecution of the Moors--or "Moriscos," as they now began to be called.
The first attempt to coerce the Granadinos was a failure. Some of the straiter Moslems expressed their repugnance to the new conversions to Christianity, and these malcontents were arrested. A woman being haled to prison on such a pretext roused the people of the Albaycin; they rose in arms and rescued her, and Granada was filled with uproar and barricade-fights. The garrison was hopelessly outnumbered; Ximenes raged with impotent fury; but the peaceful archbishop went forth, followed only by his cross-bearer, and, fearlessly entering the Albaycin, was at once surrounded by the people, who kissed his garments, and laid their wrongs before him in whom they accepted a just and generous mediator. Talavera composed the disputes, and the Cardinal had to retire.
Ximenes was, however, not a man to be easily deterred from his purpose. He induced the queen to promulgate a decree by which the Moors were given their choice of baptism or exile. They were reminded that their ancestors had once been Christian, and that by descent they themselves were born in the Church, and must naturally profess her doctrine. The mosques were closed, the countless manuscripts that contained the results of ages of Moorish learning were burnt by the ruthless Cardinal, and the unhappy "infidels" were threatened and beaten into the Gospel of Peace and Goodwill after the manner already approved by their Catholic Majesties in respect of the no less miserable Jews. The majority of course yielded, finding it easier to spare their religion than their homes; but a spark of the old Moorish spirit remained burning bright among the hillmen of the Alpuxarras, who for some time held their snowy fastnesses against their persecutors. The first effort to suppress the rebellion ended in disaster. Don Alonzo de Aguilar, whose fame in deeds of derring-do had been growing for forty years of valiant chivalry, was sent into the Sierra Bermeja in 1501, and sustained a terrible defeat at the hands of the Moriscos, who crushed his cavalry with the massive rocks which they hurled down upon them.
Beyond the sands, between the rocks, where the old cork trees grow, The path is rough, and mounted men must singly march and slow; There o'er the path the heathen range their ambuscado's line, High up they wait for Aguilar, as the day begins to shine.
There naught avails the Eagle eye, the guardian of Castile, The eye of wisdom, nor the heart that fear might never feel, The arm of strength that wielded well the strong mace in the fray, Nor the broad plate from whence the edge of falchion glance away.
Not knightly valour there avails, nor skill of horse and spear; For rock on rock comes rumbling down from cliff and cavern drear; Down, down like driving hail they come, and horse and horseman die Like cattle whose despair is dumb when the fierce lightnings fly.
Alonzo with a handful more escapes into the field, There like a lion, stands at bay, in vain besought to yield: A thousand foes around are seen, but none draws near to fight, Afar with bolt and javelin, they pierce the steadfast knight.
A hundred and a hundred darts are hissing round his head; Had Aguilar a thousand hearts, their blood had all been shed; Faint and more faint he staggers upon the slippery sod-- At last his back is to the earth, he gives his soul to God.
Another and more probable legend, however, tells how Aguilar was killed in fair fight by the commander of the Moors. He was the fifth lord of his line who died in combat with the infidels.
This temporary success, however, only aggravated the reprisals of the now exasperated Christians. The Count of Tendilla stormed Guejar; the Count of Serin "blew up the mosque in which the women and children of a wide district had been placed for safety," and King Ferdinand himself seized the key of the passes, the castle of Lanjaron. The remnant of the rebels fled to Morocco, Egypt, and Turkey, where their skill as artificers secured them a living. Thus the first revolt in the Alpuxarras was suppressed.
Half a century of smouldering hatred ensued. The Moriscos grudgingly fulfilled the minimum of the religious duties imposed on them by their outward conversion; but they took care to wash off the holy water with which their children were baptized as soon as they were out of the priest's sight; they came home from their Christian weddings to be married again after the Mohammedan rite; and they made the Barbary corsair at home in their cities, and helped him to kidnap the children of the Christians. A wise and honest government, respecting its pledges given at the surrender of Granada, would have been spared the dangers of this hidden disaffection; but the rulers of Spain were neither wise nor honest in their dealings with the Moriscos, and as time went on they became more and more cruel and false. The "infidels" were ordered to abandon their native and picturesque costume, and to assume the hats and breeches of the Christians; to give up bathing, and adopt the dirt of their conquerors; to renounce their language, their customs and ceremonies, even their very names, and to speak Spanish, behave Spanishly, and re-name themselves Spaniards. The great Emperor Charles V. sanctioned this monstrous decree in 1526, but he had the sense not to enforce it; and his agents used it only as a means of extorting bribes from the richer Moors as the price of official blindness. The Inquisition was satisfied for the time with a "traffic in toleration" which filled the treasury in a highly satisfactory way. It was reserved for Philip II. to carry into practical effect the tyrannical law which his father had prudently left alone. In 1567 he enforced the odious regulations about language, customs, and the like, and, to secure the validity of the prohibition of cleanliness, began by pulling down the beautiful baths of the Alhambra. The wholesale denationalization of the people was more than any folk--much less the descendants of the Almanzors, the Abd-er-Rahm[=a]ns, and the Abencerrages--could stomach. A fracas with some plundering tax-gatherers set light to the inflammable materials which had long been ready to burn up: some soldiers were murdered by peasants in whose huts they were billeted; a dyer of Granada, Farax Aben Farax, of the blood of the Abencerrages, gathered together a band of the disaffected, and escaped to the mountains before the garrison had made up their minds to pursue him; Hernando de Valor, of the race of the Khalifs of Cordova, a man of note in Granada, but brought to disgrace by his dissolute habits, was chosen King of Andalusia, with the title of Muley Mohammed Aben Omeyya; and in a week the whole of the Alpuxarras was in arms, and the second Morisco rebellion had begun (1568).
The district of the Alpuxarras was well fitted to harbour a revolt. The stretch of high land between the Sierra Nevada and the sea, about nineteen miles long and eleven broad, is "so rudely broken into rugged hill and deep ravine, that it would be hard to find in its whole surface a piece of level ground, except in the small valley of Andarax and on the belt of plain which intervenes betwixt the mountains and the sea. Three principal ranges, spurs of the Sierra Nevada, and themselves spurred with lesser offshoots, intersect it from north to south. Through the glens thus formed a number of streams--torrents in winter but often dry in summer--pour the snows of Muleyhacen and the Pic de Valeta into the Mediterranean. In natural beauty, and in many physical advantages, this mountain land is one of the most lovely and delightful regions of Europe. From the tropical heat and luxuriance, the sugar-canes and the palm-trees, of the lower valleys and of the narrow plain which skirts the sea like a golden zone, it is but a step, through gardens, steep cornfields, and olive groves, to fresh Alpine pastures and woods of pine, above which vegetation expires on the rocks where snow lies long and deep, and is still found in nooks and hollows in the burning days of autumn. When thickly peopled with laborious Moors, the narrow glens, bottomed with rich soil, were terraced and irrigated with a careful industry which compensated for want of space.[32] The villages, each nestling in its hollow, or perched on a craggy height, were surrounded by vineyards and gardens, orange and almond orchards, and plantations of olive and mulberry, hedged with the cactus and aloe; above, on the rocky uplands, were heard the bells of sheep and kine; and the wine and fruit, the silk and oil, the cheese and the wool of the Alpuxarras, were famous in the markets of Granada and the seaports of Andalusia."[33] It was this beautiful province that the bigotry of the priest was about to deliver over to the sword and brand of the soldier.
The great rebellion in the Alpuxarras lasted for two years, and its repression called forth the utmost energy of the Spaniards. Its records are full of deeds of reckless bloodshed, of torture, assassination, treachery, and horrible brutality on both sides; but they are relieved by acts of heroism and endurance which would do honour to any age and any nation. The struggle was fierce and desperate: it was the Moors' last stand; they felt themselves at bay, and they avenged in their first mad rush of fury a hundred years of insult and persecution. Village after village rose against its oppressors; churches were desecrated, Our Lady's picture was made a target, priests were murdered, and too often horrid torture was used against the Christians, who, for their part, took refuge in belfries and towers, and valiantly resisted the sudden assault of the enemy. We read how two women, left alone in a tower, fastened the door, and armed only with stones which they aimed from the battlements, wounded by arrows, and supported by nothing save their own brave hearts, kept out their assailants from dawn till noon, when relief fortunately came. Another golden deed is told of the advance of the Christian expedition to put down the revolt. The troops had arrived at the ravine of Tablete, a grim chasm, a hundred feet deep, with a roaring torrent at the bottom. The Moriscos had destroyed the bridge, and only a few tottering planks remained, by which a venturesome scout might cross if needful. On the other side of these planks Moorish archers kept their bows at stretch. It is not surprising that the soldiers recoiled from such a crossing; the dancing plank, the torrent's roar, and the Moorish arrows, were enough to daunt the bravest. While the army stood irresolute, a friar came to the front, and calmly led the way across the plank over the torrent, to the very arrows of the enemy, who were too much struck with admiration to think of shooting. Two soldiers sprang after the devoted friar--one reached the other side, the other fell into the hissing flood beneath. Then the whole army plucked up heart and crossing as quickly as they could, and mustering on the other side, charged up the slope, and carried the position. It was a Thermopylae reversed, with a friar for its Leonidas; a Balaclava galloped upon quicksands; and it redeems a long catalogue of baseness.
The Marquess of Mondejar, who commanded at Granada, endeavoured by conciliation and generosity to calm the rebellion, which his resolute march into the mountains at the head of four thousand men had to a great extent suppressed; but an accidental massacre at Jubiles, and an act of treachery at Laroles, rekindled the flame of revolt which had been
## partly extinguished; and the ruthless murder of one hundred and ten
Moriscos by their Christian fellow-prisoners in the jail of the Albaycin still further exasperated the persecuted race. Mondejar was innocent of any share in this bloody work, and was marching with his guard to the prison to quell the disturbance, when the Alcayde met him with the remark: "It is unnecessary; the prison is quiet--_the Moors are all dead_." After this the Moriscos gained daily in strength, and Aben Umeyya became really lord of the whole district of the Alpuxarras. This incapable and profligate sprig of Cordovan nobility enjoyed his power for a very brief period, however; for in October, 1569, private spite and suspicion led to his being strangled in bed by his own followers, when an able and devoted man, the true leader of the rebellion, and one who could even dare to die for his friend, assumed the title of king as Muley Abdallah Aben Abo.
Aben Abo had to deal with a new opponent. The king's half-brother, Don John of Austria, a young man of twenty-two, but full of promise, superseded Mondejar as commander-in-chief against the Moriscos, and after a protracted war of letters he convinced Philip of the gravity of the situation and the necessity for strong measures. At last Don John received his marching orders, and after that, it was but a short shrive that the Moriscos had to expect. In the winter of 1569-70 he began his campaign, and in May the terms of surrender had been arranged. The months between had been stained with a crimson river of blood. Don John's motto was "no quarter"; men, women, and children were butchered by his order and under his own eye; the villages of the Alpuxarras were turned into human shambles.
Even when the rebellion seemed at an end, a last feeble flicker of revolt once more sprang up: Aben Abo was not yet reconciled to oppression. Assassination, however, finally convinced him: his head was exhibited over the Gate of the Shambles at Granada for thirty years. The Grand Commander, Requesens, by an organized system of wholesale butchery and devastation, by burning down villages, and smoking the people to death in the caves where they had sought refuge, extinguished the last spark of open revolt before the 5th of November, 1570. The Moriscos were at last subdued, at the cost of the honour, and with the loss of the future, of Christian Spain.
Slavery and exile awaited the survivors of the rebellion. They were not very many. The late wars, it was said, had carried off more than twenty thousand Moors, and perhaps fifty thousand remained in the district on that famous Day of All Saints, 1570, when the honour of the apostles and martyrs of Christendom was celebrated by the virtual martyrdom of the poor remnant of the Moors. Those taken in open revolt were enslaved, the rest were marched away into banishment under escort of troops, while the passes of the hills were securely guarded. Many hapless exiles died by the way, from want, fatigue, and exposure; others reached Africa, where they might beg a daily pittance, but could find no soil to till; or France, where they received a cool welcome, though Henry IV. had found them useful instruments for his intrigues in Spain. The deportation was not finished till 1610, when half a million of Moriscos were exiled and ruined. It is stated that no less than three million of Moors were banished between the fall of Granada and the first decade of the 17th century. The Arab chronicler mournfully records the _coup-de-grace_; "The Almighty was not pleased to grant them victory, so they were overcome and slain on all sides, till at last they were driven forth from the land of Andalusia, the which calamity came to pass in our own days, in the year of the Flight, 1017. Verily to God belong lands and dominions, and He giveth them to whom He doth will."
The misguided Spaniards knew not what they were doing. The exile of the Moors delighted them; nothing more picturesque and romantic had occurred for some time. Lope de Vega sang about the _sentencia justa_ by which Philip III., _despreciando sus barbaros tesoros_, banished to Africa _las ultimas reliquias de los Moros_; Velazquez painted it in a memorial picture; even the mild and tolerant Cervantes forced himself to justify it. They did not understand that they had killed their golden goose. For centuries Spain had been the centre of civilization, the seat of arts and sciences, of learning, and every form of refined enlightenment. No other country in Europe had so far approached the cultivated dominion of the Moors. The brief brilliancy of Ferdinand and Isabella, and of the empire of Charles V., could found no such enduring preeminence. The Moors were banished; for a while Christian Spain shone, like the moon, with a borrowed light; then came the eclipse, and in that darkness Spain has grovelled ever since. The true memorial of the Moors is seen in desolate tracts of utter barrenness, where once the Moslem grew luxuriant vines and olives and yellow ears of corn; in a stupid, ignorant population where once wit and learning flourished; in the general stagnation and degradation of a people which has hopelessly fallen in the scale of the nations, and has deserved its humiliation.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
A.D.
TARIK: Battle of the Guadalete 711
CHARLES MARTEL: Battle of Tours 733
CHARLEMAGNE: Pass of Roncesvalles 777
OMEYYAD KINGS 755--1008
1. Abd-er-Rahman I. 755 2. Hisham I. 788 3. Hakam I. 796 4. Abd-er-Rahman II. 822 5. Mohammad 852 6. Mundhir 886 7. Abdallah 888 8. Abd-er-Rahman III., the Great 912 9. Hakam II. 961 10. Hisham II., &c. 976
Almanzor Vezir 978--1002
Berbers and Slavs 1008
The Cid 1064--1099
Invasion of Almoravides: Battle of Zallaka 1086
Invasion of Almohades 1145
Battle of Las Navas 1212
Fall of Granada 1491
Revolts in the Alpuxarras 1501 & 1568
Final Expulsion of the Moors from Spain 1610
[Illustration]
INDEX TO THE TEXT AND THE NOTES.
A
Abbadites, 176
Abb[=a]side, 59, 60, 63-4
Abdallah, 98-107
Abd-el-Melik, 55, 56
Abd-er-Rahm[=a]n I., 33, 57, 59-68, 131, 136
Abd-er-Rahm[=a]n II., 78-94
Abd-er-Rahm[=a]n III., 107-128
Abd-er-Rahm[=a]n of Narbonne, 28
Aben Abo, 277-8
Abencerrages, 227, 247
Aben Dmeyya, 274
Abu-l-Hasan (Alboacen), 232 _ff._, 247
Acisclus, St., 89
Aguilar, Don Alonzo de, 237, 271-2
Ahmar, Ibn-el-, 218
Alans, 6
Alarcos, 217
Albarracin, 209
Albaycin, 247, 271, 277
Albucasis, 144
Alcazar of Cordova, 131
Aledo, 177, 180
Alexander the Great, 1
Alexandria, 76
Alferez, 240
Alfonso I., 33
Alfonso IV., 176-181, 186, 194-196, 206
Alfonso the Battler, 184
Alfonso the Learned, 194, 218
Algarve, 110
Algeciras, 13, 179, 214, 221
Alhama, 235
Alhambra, 221 _ff._
Alhandega, 123
Almanzor, 156-166
Almeria, 148, 151, 176
Almohades, 214
Almoravides, 178-184
Alpuente, 209
Alpuxarras, 259, 271-280
Alvar Fanez, 181, 196
Alvaro, 86
Amir, Ibn-Aby-, 156-166
Andalus, Emir of, 51
Andalusia, 43
Andarax, 259
Antequera, 236
Aquitaine, 28, 29
Arabic Studies, 90
Arabs, pre-Mohammedan, I
Aragon, 208, 218
Archidona, 25, 62
Arts in Andalusia, 147
Asturias, 27, 33, 35, 116 _ff._, 186
Aurora, 156, 157, 158, 161, 164
Avenzoar, 144
Averroes, 144
Axarquia, 237
Ayesha, 225, 247
B
Badajoz, 119, 179, 186, 217
Barcelona, 165, 166, 201
Basques, 13, 34
Bavieca, 210, 213
Baza, 258, 259
Beaune, 28
Bedr, 61
Beja, 63
Bellido, 195
Berbers, 4, 13_n._, 20, 40, 52-6, 65, 101, 109, 167-184
Bermudez, Pero, 201, 213
Bernardo del Carpio, 34
Beytar, Ibn-, 144
Boabdil, 225, 242, 245, 246 _ff._, 267
Bobastro, 102, 110
Body-guard, 66, 75, 114, 158
Bordeaux, 29
Burgos, 197
Burgundy, 28
C
Cabra, Count of, 242, 263
Cadiz, 177-8, 184
Cadiz, Marquess of, 235, 236, 238, 252, 263
Calahorra, 206
Calatrava, 251
Campeador, 192, 195
Carcasonne, 28
Cardena, St. Pedro de, 199, 213
Carmona, 28, 63, 184
Castile, 123 _ff._, 165, 189
Cava, 11 _n._
Cazlona, 105
Ceuta, 4, 54, 55, 217
Cid, The, 177, 178, 181, 191-213
Charlemagne, 30, 33-8, 57, 65
Charles V., 222, 225, 231, 273
Charles Martel, 29, 30
Christian disaffection, 83 _ff._
Christian power, 116 _ff._, 185 _ff._
Christianity in Roman and Gothic Spain, 6-8
Chronicle of the Cid, 192, 195 _ff._
Coimbra, 186
Cordova, 24, 26, 62, 74, 78, 106-7, 129-145, 184, 218
Coria, 55
Covadonga, 116-7
D
Darro, 225
Dhu-n-N[=u]n, 101, 176
Dozy, 47, 52, 56, 63, 76, 122, 127, 163, 176, 192
Durenda, 36-7
E
Elvira, 25, 56, 102
Emir, 121
Estevan de Gormaz, San, 119, 120
Estremadura, 101
Eudes, 28, 29, 55
Eulogius, 86-95
F
Fakis, 76
Farax, 274
F[=a]timite Khalifs, 115
Ferdinand and Isabella, 232, 251, 257, 260 _ff._
Fernando I. of Leon and Castile, 186
Fernando III., 218
Feth, El-, 113
Fez, 76
Flora, 86-93
Florinda, 11
Foss, Day of the, 74
France, Arab advance into, 28-30
Franks, 29
G
Galicia, 55, 118, 165, 186
Garcia, 123
Garonne, 29
Gayangos, 56_n_.
Gebal-T[=a]rik (Gibraltar), 14
Generalife, 228, 231
Gerona, 148
Gh[=a]lib, 159
Gibralfaro, 253, 254
Gonzalez, Fernando, 123-5
Goths, 4-8, 26
Granada, 25, 102, 184, 217 _ff._, 267
Greek ambassadors, 143
Greek Empire, 3, 4
Guadalete, 14, 23
Guadarrama, 40, 185
Guadalquivir, 40, 131, 135
Guadix, 252, 254, 258
Guarinos, 35
H
Hafs[=u]n, Ibn-, 102, 106, 107, 110
Hajj[=a]j, Ibn-, 105-6
Hakam I., 74-7, 78
Hakam II., 152-6
---- his library, 155
Hamdin, Ibn-, 184
Hamm[=u]d, 175, 176
Har[=u]n-er-Rash[=i]d, 78, 81
Hasdai, 125-6
Hayy[=a]n, Ibn-, 67, 116
Henry VI., 279
Hish[=a]m I., 71-4, 136
Hish[=a]m II., 156-171
Hish[=a]m III., 171
Hroswitha, 144
H[=u]d, Ibn-, 217
I
Isaac the monk, 88, 89
Isaac the Mosilite, 81
Isabella, 232, 251, 254, 260, 269
Isidore of Beja, 48
Islam, 2
Irving, Washington, 19, 221 _ff._, 232 _ff._
J
Jaen, 56
Jayme I., 218
Jews of Spain, 24
John of Austria, Don, 278
Julian, 4, 11, 12, 13, 27
K
K[=a]dy, 87
K[=a]sy, Ibn-, 184
Khalif, 23, 27, 51, 56, 58-60
Khalif of Spain, 122
Kharaj, 44
L
Lamt[=u]ny, 184
Lanjaron, 272
Laroles, 277
Leon, 34, 35, 118, 159, 163, 189
Leon chivalry, 119, 190
Library of Hakam, 155
Lockhart, 21, 34-5, 124, 267, 271
Lorca, 101
Lormego, 186
Lothair, 29
Louis the Debonnaire, 83
Loxa, 251
Lucena, 242
M
Majolica, 148
Makkary, 56_n_, 128, 131
Malaga, 25, 56, 214, 251, 257
Malaga, the mountains of, 236 _ff._
Maml[=u]ks, 114
Mans[=u]r, the Khalif, 64
Marabout, 53
Mardan[=i]sh, Ibn-, 184
Martin, Abbey of St., 29
Mary, 92-3
Maxwell, Sir W. Stirling, 269, 275
Maym[=u]n, Ibn-, 184
Medina, 73
Medinaceli, 166
Merida, 28, 47, 55, 119
Mohammed I., 94, 98
Mohammed the Prophet, 2
Mahammedanism, 2
Mohammedan conquests, 3
Mondejar, Marquess of, 277
Monousa, 55
Moor, 13_n_
Moriscos, 270 _ff._
Mosque of Cordova, 136 _ff._
Mo'temid, 176, 178, 180
Muez, 121
Mugh[=i]th, 23, 24
Mugh[=i]th, Ibn-, 63
Mundhir, 98
Murcia, 25, 103, 110, 176, 218
Murviedro, 209
M[=u]sa of Granada, 263-6
M[=u]sa, son of Noseyr, 12, 13, 23, 27, 28
Mus-hafy, 158-160
Mutes, 75, 76
Muzaffar, 169
N
Najera, 206
Narbonne, 28, 30, 136
N[=a]sir-li-d[=i]ni-ll[=a]h, En-, 122
Nasr, 81, 89
Nasr, Beny-, 217 _ff._
Navarre, 119-121, 165, 166
Navas, Las, 217
O
Oliver, 37
Omeyyads, 33, 57, 59, 60, 62 _ff._
Ordono II., 119, 120, 121
Ordono IV., 125
Orelia, 19
Orihuela, 25, 47
Osma, 119, 120
Ostrogoths, 4
P
Paderborn, 33
Padul, 267
Pamplona, 166
Pavement of Martyrs, 30
Pelagius, or Pelayo, 33, 116-7
Perfectus, 89
Philip II., 273
Philip III., 279
Pinos, 226
Poictiers, 29
Pulgar, 264
Q
Quixote, Don, 35
R
Ramiro II., 122
Regio, 110
Renegades, 48, 102
Requesens, 278
Roland, 36-8
Roderick, 4, 8, 11-22, 48
Roderick's vision, 18, 19
Roncesvalles, 34-8, 65
Ronda, 251, 258
S
Sacralias, 179
Sancho, 90
Sancho of Navarre, 119-121
Sancho of Castile, 195
Sancho the Fat, 125
Santa Fe, 265
Santiago, Master of, 238 _ff._
Santiago de Compostella, 165
Saracens, 3
Science, 147
Seddaray, 184
Septimania, 28
Seville, 28, 62, 105, 109, 170-1, 176, 180, 184, 186, 214, 218
Sierra Nevada, 274
Simancas, 119
Slaves, 48
Slavs, 114, 158, 161, 170, 171, 175
Southey's Cid, 193
Spain under the Romans and the Goths, 4, 5-8
Suevi, 4, 6
Sult[=a]n, 121
T
Tablete, 276
Talavera, Archbishop, 269, 270
Tar[=i]f, 13
Tar[=i]fa, 13, 181
T[=a]rik, 13, 20, 21, 23-28
Tarraconaise, 29
Tar[=u]b, 81
Taxes, 44
Tendilla, Count of, 235, 263
Theodemir of Murcia, 25
Theological students, 73-6, 161
Theuda, 123
Tizona, 213
Toledo, 12, 14, 26, 28, 64, 74, 94, 102, 110, 148, 176, 186
Toledo, enchanted tower, 14-19
Toulouse, 28
Tours, 29, 30
Tribes, Arab, 50-2, 56, 101
Tudela, 120
Turpin, pseudo-, 35
V
Val de Junqueras, 120
Valencia, 176, 178, 182, 184, 205-213, 218
Vandals, 6
Vega, 221, 260
Velez, 251
Viseu, 186
Visigoths, 4-8
W
Wady Bekka, 14
Wel[=i]d the Khalif, 23, 28
Wittekind, 33, 34
Witiza, 8, 11, 20, 21, 27
X
Xativa, 205
Xeres, 184
Ximena, 198, 199, 200, 213
Ximenes, Cardinal, 269, 270
Ximenes, Seven Sisters of, 253
Y
Yahy[=a], 73
Yahy[=a] of Valencia, 205
Yemen tribes, 61, 65
Y[=u]suf the Almoravide, 179-181
Y[=u]suf, 62
Z
Z[=a]b, Prince of, 164
Zaghal, Ez-, 240, 247 _ff._, 259
Zahara, 232-4
Zahr[=a], Medinat-ez-, 140-4, 175
Zall[=a]ka, 179
Zamora, 119, 195
Zaragoza, 34, 65, 101, 122-3, 176, 186, 200
Zegris, 247
Zegry, Ez-, 253, 254
Ziry[=a]b, 81-2
Zogoiby, 246
Zoraya, 247
* * * * *
The following changes have been made in the text (note of etext transcriber):
Guadelquivir=>Guadalquivir {2}
Carcasfonne=>Carcasonne
Generalife=>Generalife
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Dozy: Hist. des Mus. d'Espagne, livre ii. ch. i.
[2] I reproduce this celebrated legend without vouching for its truth. Florinda, or Cava as the Moslems call her, plays too prominent a part in the first chapter of Andalusian history to be ignored; and, if her part be fictitious, her father's treachery at least is certain.
[3] The word Moor is conveniently used to signify Arabs and other Mohammedans in Spain, but properly it should only be applied to _Berbers_ of North Africa and Spain. In this volume the term is used in its common acceptation, unless the Arabs are specially distinguished from the Berbers.
[4] Washington Irving: The Conquest of Spain, Bohn's ed., 378 ff.; American edition, Spanish Papers, vol. i. p. 42.
[5] Lockhart: Spanish Ballads.
[6] On Pelayo or Pelagius, see below, ch. vii.
[7] Dozy: Hist. des Musulmans d'Espagne, livre ii. ch. ii.
[8] Dozy Hist. des Mus. d'Espagne, livre i.
[9] Makkary: History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain (Gayangos), vol. ii. p. 46. Dozy: Hist. des Mus. d'Espagne, livre i. ch. xii.
[10] For an account of the power of the body-guard and the fall of the Khalifate, the reader is referred to The Story of the Saracens, by Arthur Gilman.
[11] Dozy: Hist. des Mus. d'Espagne, livre i. ch. xiii.-xvi.
[12] Dozy: Hist. des Mus. d'Espagne, livre ii. ch. iii., iv.
[13] Makkary: ii. 121. Dozy: livre ii. ch. v.
[14] Dozy: Hist. des Mus. d'Espagne, ch. vi.-ix.
[15] Dozy: livre ii. ch. ix.
[16] Dozy: Hist. des Mus. d'Espagne, livre ii. ch. xi ff.
[17] Dozy: Hist. des Mus. d'Espagne, livre ii. ch. xvii.
[18] Ibn-Hayy[=a]n, in Makkary, ii. 34.
[19] Dozy, livre iii.
[20] Lockhart: Spanish Ballads.
[21] Dozy: Hist. des Mus. d'Espagne, livre iii. p. 90.
[22] Makkary: Hist. Moh. Dynast. ii. 146, 147.
[23] Makkary, i. book iii.
[24] Dozy. Hist. des Mus. d'Espagne, livre iii. ch. vi.-xii.
[25] Dozy, livre iii.
[26] The Alhambra was begun in the thirteenth century and completed in the fourteenth. Washington Irving, who visited it in 1829, in company with Prince Dolgorouki, has given an interesting account of his life there, which combines the romance and the history of the place.
[27] Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada, chap. iv.
[28] Mr. Irving says of his "chronicler": "In constructing my chronicle, I adopted the fiction of a Spanish monk as a chronicler. Fray Antonio Agapida was intended as a personification of the monkish zealots who hovered about the sovereigns in their campaigns, marring the chivalry of the camp by the bigotry of the cloister, and chronicling in rapturous strains every act of intolerance towards the Moors." (Introduction to the revised edition of the Conquest of Granada, 1850.)
[29] Washington Irving: Conquest of Granada, chap. xii.
[30] Lockhart: Spanish Ballads.
[31] Sir W. Stirling Maxwell: Don John of Austria, i. 115.
[32] The Spaniards were never able to do justice to the rich soil of Andalusia. So little did the Crown think of the fertile country about Granada that in 1591 the royal domains there were sold, because they cost more than the Spaniards could make them yield! In the time of the Moors the same lands were gardens of almost tropical luxuriance.
[33] Sir W. Stirling Maxwell: Don John of Austria, i. 126-8.
End of Project Gutenberg's The Moors in Spain, by Stanley Lane-Poole