M.

McElmo Cañon, cliff-dwellings of, 300, 302. square tower in, 301; triple-walled tower of, 224.

McGuire on antiquity of Red man, 27, n.

McKinley, William, mounds described by, 73.

Madisonville explorations, 523.

Mahucutah, Quiché progenitor, 214.

Maize, discovery of, 241.

Man, antiquity of in South America, 109–10, 129; four creations of, 214.

Man’s influence on nature, 110–11; measure of antiquity, 110; Martius on, 111, n.; Dr. Brinton on, 111; Dr. Meigs on Santos River remains, 113.

Man of recent origin in America, 130; Lubbock’s remarks on, 130; Foster on, 130, n.

Manchester stone fort, 59.

Mancos Cañon, cliff-houses of, 294, 295, 298, 299; watch-tower of, 296–97, 300; cave-fortresses of, 320–24.

Manuscripts of Mayas, 421. Troano MS, 422. of Mexicans, 429; Mendoza Codex, 431–33.

Maps, Aztec migration, 261–63.

Marietta mounds, 54.

Marsh, Prof. O. C., exploration by, 87–9.

Mastodon discovered by Dr. Koch, 116–18.

Mayas, traditional origin of, chap. v.; earliest home, 210; venerable civilization, 519; architecture of, 340–55; sculpture, 384–403; compared to Egyptian, 415; calendar of, 435–45; Katun or Cycle, 439–40; Ahau Katun, 442; intercalary days, 445; system adjusted to our chronology, 443–45; observations of Landa, Perez, Bancroft and Delaport on, 443–45.

Maya-Quiché languages classified, 472; stability of, 473; antiquity of, 474–5.

Maya Grammar, 477–79; Maya, Lord’s prayer in, 479.

Maya and Hebrew compared, 475. compared to Scandinavian languages, 476. compared to the Basque, 476; to West African languages, 477.

Maya writing, see Hieroglyphics.

Mazatepec, Toltec station, 246.

Mecitl (or Mixi), Aztec leader, 259.

Meigs on mean of Indian cranium, 167.

Melgar on two idols near Mexico, 416; on Maya language, 475.

Menominees, “White Indiana,” 189.

Mexican baptism, 462–3; crania, 175. Calendar, divisions of time, 446; the Cycle, 446; festival of, 456; months, 447; New Year, 447. Calendar Stone, 450; its interpreters, 450; dates furnished by, 458; Lunar reckoning, 455.

Mexican language, see Aztec language.

Mexico, pyramid of, 374; sculpture from, 408–11; vases from, 410; vases in the United States National Museum, 413–415.

Miami Valley, aboriginal cemetery in, 523.

Miamisburgh mound, 52.

Mica, use of by Mound-builders, 98.

Michigan mounds, 29.

Migration, the first to America, 512. conditions favorable in North-west, 513. Becker on, 513–14. of the Quichés, 215. of the Tolteca, 244–251. of the Aztecs, 259–63; of Tarascos, 261.

Migration map of Boturini, 433. of Gemelli Carreri, 261–63, 483. Gemelli interpreted by Ramirez, 262.

Minas Geraes, caves of, 116.

Mississippi delta, age of, 122–24; estimate by Lyell, 122; by Dr. Dowler, 123; by Dr. Hitchcock, 123; by Humphries and Abbott, 123.

Mississippi mounds, 69–70, 71.

Mitchell, Dr. A., explorations cited, 73.

Mitla, antiquities of, 361–62.

Mizteco-Zapotec languages, 479.

Miztecs, Mexican tribe. 234.

Mongol colonization of America, 151.

Monjas, Casa de, 350.

Montezuma Cañon, cliff-dwellings of, 316.

Montezuma, culture-hero, 333; legend of his birth, 334; legend concerning by Papagoes chief, 334; Montezuma II., Mexican emperor, 453; languages of his empire, 480.

Months, Maya, 437–39.

Monosyllabism, 495.

Moqui towns, Becker on origin, 332; name, 332; Lieutenant Ives’ description of, 326–30; pottery, 327; interior of dwellings, 328.

Moqui language, Aztec traces in, 489.

Mooshahueh, Moqui town, 328.

Morgan, L. H., Pueblo theory of, 55; Robert Clarke on, 53, n.

Mormon colonisation of America, 144; Bancroft on, 144.

Morton, Dr., classification of American races by, 157–59; table of cranial measurements by, 158, n. 1; views untenable, 159–165, 516; measurements of _Crania Americana_ classified, 161–63.

Moody, J., on Rockford Tablet, 44.

Moss, Captain, 302.

Mosaics at Mitla, 362–3.

Mosaic knife, 412.

Mosaic deluge, Mexican analogies with, 460.

Mound-builders, geographical distribution of works, 27; Mica mines of, 28; copper mines of, 92–94. no tradition of, 102–3; Mound-builders and Indians distinct, 65. language of, 492; diseases of, 184.

Mound-works at St. Clair river, 30; in British Columbia, 30; in Oregon, 31; Bonhomme’s island, 31; Missouri valley, 31, 33; on Butte prairies, 31, n. 1; in Dakota, 31, n. 2; in Wisconsin, 33; at Davenport, 37; heart of country, 40; St. Louis and American bottom, 41; in Ohio, 48; at Newark, 53–55; in Wabash valley, 57, n. 2; in Tennessee, 58–68; in North and South Carolina, 67; in Mississippi, 67; in Alabama, 71; in Georgia, 72, 73; in Missouri, 74–77; in Louisiana, 77–79; in Texas, 78; antiquity of, 101; abandonment, 101–5, 458–9; age of vegetation on, 104; of Mancos Cañon, 294; in Vera Paz, 359; in Tehuantepec, 360; in Vera Cruz, 364.

Mound crania, condition of a measure of antiquity, 105–6; typical mound skull, 166.

Mound sculptures, 187–9.

Mugeres Isla, statue from, 403.

Müller, Max, 471.

Mummies from Peru, 186. from Tennessee, 187.

Mural paintings at Chichen-Itza, 401.

N.

Nachan, “city of serpents,” 205.

Nahua architecture, 359–83. sculpture, 406–15.

Nahua Calendar, 445–459. writers on, 445, n. 3. analogies with calendars of Asia and Egypt, 459.

Nahua language, see Aztec language. ancient and modern, 480, 481, 486, 493–4, n. 1. elements of in language of North-west, 491. the probable language of Mound-builders, 492. spoken in Florida, 493; analogies to, 494.

Nahua nations, origin of, 232. predecessors of in Mexico, 232. chronology of according to _Codex Chimalpopoca_ and _Popol Vuh_, 241, 250. their arrival at Panuco, 242. extent of territory in Mexico, 248. migrations of, 244, 251, 517. southern origin considered, 252.

Nahuatlacas, seven Nahua tribes, 256–9.

Najera on the Otomi and the Chinese, 494–5.

Nashville, Tenn., mounds near, 62, 65, 67.

Natchez pelvic bone, discovered by Dr. Dickson, 113. Lyell’s observations on, 113–14. Foster’s observations on, 114, n. 4.

Negroid type, ancient, 197.

Nemontemi, Aztec intercalary days, 455.

Neolithic age in America, 23.

Nephites, colonists of America, 144.

Newark, Ohio, works at, 53–55.

New Jersey, traces of inter-glacial man in, 127–8.

New Madrid, Missouri, great mound near, 75–76.

New Orleans, ancient skeleton discovered at, 123.

New York, ancient forts of, 28.

Nezahualcoyoth, King of Tezcuco, poems of, 470.

Niche stairway, 315.

Nootkas, Aztec traces among, 486.

Norse discovery of America, 153.

North-west, antiquity of man in, 128–9.

Nott and Gliddon on the origin of nations, 159.

O.

Oajaca, antiquities of, 360–64. languages of, 479.

Observations on places of sanctuary, 80.

Obsidian in mounds, 85.

Occupancy of Mississippi valley by Mound-builders, 106.

Ocean currents, 505.

Ococingo, ancient city in Chiapas, 211. site of, 226.

Ohio Archæological Society report, 82, n. 1.

Ohio mound crania, 170–1.

Ohio mound-works, 47. estimated number of, 48.

Ojo del Pescado, ruins at, 289.

Oldtown art, 64.

Oldtown, Tennessee, mounds, 61–3.

Olmecs, First Nahuas, 232–4, 518. destroy the giants, 235. build Chohila, 235, 248, 264.

Opata-Tarahumar-Pima family of languages, 488.

Ophir, 145.

Oraybe, Moqui town, 330.

Ordoñez, history of, 207.

Oregon, traces of Aztec in, 490.

Origin of the Americans, Autochthonic, 192 _et seq._

Origin of Americans reviewed, 516.

Origin of Ancient Americans, 134, 153. views of Duran, 135; L’Estrange, 136; Thorowgood, 136; Garcia, 136–7; Herrera, 137; Torquemada, 137; Pineda, 138; Echevarria y Veitia, 138; Ulloa, 139; Domenech, 139; Clavigero, 139. Bancroft’s summary of views cited, 139; views of modern authors, 201–2, notes; of old world origin, 202.

Origin of the Nahuas, according to Sahagun, 242.

Origin tradition of Mayas, 204. of Quichés, 211–12.

Orton, President Edward, on inter-glacial relics in Ohio, 126–7.

Otomi language compared to Chinese, 494–5.

Oztotlan, home of Aztecs, 248.

P.

Pacific Continent, 508.

Page, J. R., explorations by, 67.

Painted desert, 332.

Painting practised by Mound-builders, 65.

Palæolithic age in America, 23.

Palenque art compared with Egyptian, 418.

Palenque, centre of the earliest American civilization, 204, 208–9.

Palenque, situation, 340; antiquities, 340; palace, 342; architectural features of, 343; Tau at, 343; roofs, 344; arch, 345–6; tower, 345; sculpture at, 384–92; statue, 391.

Panuco (Panco, Panutla or Panoaia, Pantlan) Mexican port, 242.

Papantla, pyramid of, 367.

Patton, Dr., on Indiana mounds, 57, n. 2.

Pecos, New Mexico Pueblo, 331.

Pentateuch, true chronology of, 199.

_Peresianus Codex_, 427.

Peruvian crania, 175.

Petit Anse Island, remains from, 115. Foster’s observations on, 115. Hilgard and Fontaine’s report on, 115.

Physiognomy of ancient Americans, 186.

Phœnician colonization of America, 145–6. George Jones on, 145–6.

Picture-writing of Aztecs, 428–33; specimen from _Codex Mendoza_, 431–2.

Pimentel on Chichimec language, 255.

Pimentel’s classification of Maya languages, 472; epitome of Aztec Grammar from, 482–83.

Pineda on origin of Americans, 138.

Plastered room in mound, 75

Platycnemism, 183; Gillman’s discoveries of, 185, n. 2.

Plato’s Atlantis, tradition of, 142.

Polynesia, ancient empire of, 508. Baldwin on, 508.

Polysynthesis, a law of American language, 471.

Pomme-de-Terre River, Dr. Koch’s discoveries at, 118–19.

Pontonchan, 234.

_Popol Vuh_ (national book of the Quichés), 212, n. 2. second division of, 221.

Pottery from the cliff-houses, 327.

Powell, Major J. W., explorations, 285–287.

Pratt, W. H., explorations by, 42, n. 2.

Pre-Columbian colonization, views on, 141–154.

Progress, architectural, in mound-works, 79–80.

Prophecy, analogies of, 464.

Ptolemy cited, 497.

Pueblo civilization, extent of, 283. architecture, chap. vii. transition in style, 284.

Pueblos of New Mexico, 330–1. in ruins, 331.

Pueblo Pintado, 291.

Pueblos, the, and Aztecs, 331; and mound-builders, 332; architecture and remains compared, 333; creation and flood and Babel myths of, 335–6.

Puente Nacional, pyramid at, 365.

Putnam, F. W., explorations by, 57, 65, 67. explorations in Tennessee, 173.

Pyramid, the American, 341. structure according to Bancroft, 341. of Tehuantepec, 360. of Puento Nacional, 365. of Centla, 366. of El Castillo, 366. of Tusipan, 367. of Papantla, 367. of Cholula, 368. of Xochicalco, 370–73. of Mexico, 374. of Teotihuacan, 375–9.

Q.

Quemada, Los edificios of, 379–81.

Quiché architecture, 355–9.

Quiché-Cakchiquel languages, 476.

Quinames (Quinametin), 282; first inhabitants of Mexico, 245; their destruction, 233.

Quiché poetry, 515.

Quichés reputed to be Carthaginians, 226.

Quichés, Maya nation, 211; origin tradition, 211–12; creation myth, 213; creations of men, 214; migrations, 215; deities of, turned to stone, 216; heroic age of, 220.

Quetzalcoatl, culture hero, 219, 237; traditions of, 267–71; from Hue hue Tlapalan, 267; priest and God of Toltecs, 268; habits, 268; author of letters and Mexican calendar, 268; his enemy, 269; departure from Tulla, 270; reign at Cholula, 270; departure to the East, 271; expectation of his return, 271; origin of legends concerning him, 272, 394, 457; nationality, 464; positive morality, 515; discovery of maize, 242.

Quiyahuitztlan, Anahuac, Toltec station, 245.

R.

“Raised Beeches,” discovered by Alexander Agassiz, 504.

Ramirez, on Aztec migration map, 263.

Rau, Charles, on Mexican copper mining, 94, n. 2. on aboriginal trade, 98.

Red Man, antiquity of, 22; traditions, 22.

Read, M. C., on Grave Creek Tablet cited, 87, n.

Religious analogies, 459–68.

Religion of the Quichés, 212. a war of, 226.

Remains at Santos River, Brazil, Lyell and Meigs on antiquity of, 113.

Reviellagigedo, viceroy to Mexico, 453.

Report of Ohio Archæological Society, 82, n. 1.

Retzius, on Morton’s measurements, 165. on Mexican crania, 175, n.

River Rouge mound, 29. crania from, 167–8.

River Terraces, mound-works on, 103. Mr. Baldwin’s views, 103. Foster’s view, 104. n. 1.

Rock shelters in San Juan Cañon, 309. in Montezuma Cañon, 316.

“Rockford Tablet,” 44.

Room plastered in mound, 75.

Rosny, M. Leon de, essay by, 425–26. key to hieratic writings of Mayas, 427.

Ross County (Ohio) works, 48.

Roque, Father, observations on Aztec, 486.

Russell, G. P., explorations by, 87–89.

S.

Sabine worship, 40–85.

Sacrifices, human, 273, 452–53.

Sacrificial mounds, 83–6; stratified according to Squier and Davis, 84; stratification denied by Prof. Andrews, 83.

Sacrifices, probably human, 39.

Sahagun’s account of the first Nahuas, 240–6.

Salado Rio, antiquities of, 283.

Salinas River, 283.

Sadelmair, discoveries of, 283.

Salisbury, Stephen, cited, 396–401.

Salish family of languages, Aztec element in, 492.

Sanctuary, places of, 80.

Sandals of Chaac-Mol, 398.

San Juan Cañon, cliff-dwellings of, 307. Echo Cave in, 310–11.

San Miguel Valley, antiquities of, 275–7.

Savage Art, unity in style of, 196.

Scandinavian and Mexican analogies, 466. discovery of America, 22, 153; Prof. Rafn on, 153.

Schools of Tezcuco, 481.

Sculpture, from mounds, 382; at Palenque, 384–92; Uxmal, 393–95; Chichen-Itza, 398–403; Copan, 405; Monte Alban, 406; at Tusapan, 407; Xochicalco, 408; at Mexico, 409–10.

Sculptures from the mounds, 187–9.

Seltzertown pyramidal mound, 72.

Separate creation theory, Morton and Agassiz’s views of, 157–9; groundless, 191. Sepulture, mounds of, 86–88.

“Serpents,” kingdom of, 222.

Serpent Temple, 394; symbol, 419, 272; Serpent-work, Adams county, Ohio, 34.

“Seven Caves,” 215, 219, 248, 264–66.

Shaler, Prof., on Dr. Abbott’s discoveries, 128.

Shell-heaps on Atlantic sea-board, 28, 106–7. fresh-water of, 107–9; in Florida, 107. Prof. Wyman on, 106–8; Dr. Brinton on, 107; on Pacific coast, 109; examination by Paul Schumacher, 109.

Shoshone-Comanche languages, 489; Aztec elements in, 492.

Signal Systems of the Mound-builders, 52. on Great Miami River, 52. Squier and Davis on, 53.

Skrellings, 22.

Sorcery practised upon Xibalban kings, 225.

Spain’s state of learning in 17th century, 133, n. 2.

Squier and Davis, estimate of number of mound-works in Ohio, 48; classification of mound-works by, 81.

Squier on Newark works, 53.

Stations, of Toltec migration, 244–46; of Aztec migration, according to Veytia, Tezozomoc and Clavigero, 260; names interpreted by Humboldt, 261, n. 3.

Statuettes in National Museum, 415.

St. Clair River mounds, 30.

Stephens and Catherwood, explorations, chap. viii., _passim_.

Steinthal, Prof., classification of languages by, 471, n. 4.

Stevenson, M. F., description of mounds by, 72.

St. Francis Valley mounds, 74.

St. Louis, mound-works at, 40, 73.

Stone Age in New Jersey, 26; Dr. Abbott on, 26.

Stone coffins, burial in, 60.

Stone graves in Tennessee, 60; in Indiana, 57.

Stone implements from Bridger basin, Wyoming, 24, n. 1.

Stone tubes used by Mound-builders, 96.

St. Patrick in America, 152.

Stucco reliefs at Palenque, 384–88.

Sun-dried brick, 75; wall of at Seltzertown, 72; in Phillips County, Missouri, 75.

Sun, tablet of, 392. symbol of, 395.

Sun worship, 40, 85.

Swallow, Prof., explorations by, 75.

Syphilis among Mound-builders, 184.

T.

Tabasco, ancient civilization of, 203.

Tablet of cross, 390; of sun, 392; at Chichen-Itza, 398.

Tablet, Rockford, 44; Cincinnati, 44.

Tablets at Palenque, 384–90.

Table Mountain, cranium from, 125.

Tamoanchan, city of Tobasco, 241, 243.

Tarahumara, language of North Mexico, 487.

Tarascos, migrations of, 261.

“Taylor mound,” the, 87–89.

Tehuantepec, antiquities of, 350–60; language of, 479.

Tegua, Moqui pueblo, 326.

Temple base near Nashville, 62.

Temple of Mexico, 374.

Tennessee mound-works, 58; explorations of Prof. Jones in, 58–65; of Prof. Putnam, 65–67.

Tennessee mound crania, 171–4.

Tennessee Valley mounds, 71; Mr. Fountain on, 71.

Teo-Culhuacan, 250–60, 265, 266.

Teotihuacan, pyramids of, 375–79; compared with Egypt, 375, 382, 383.

Teotihuacan, sacred city of, 234, 343, 266.

Tepanecs, Nahua tribe, 256.

Tepetla, Toltec station, 246.

Tepehuana, language of North Mexico, 487.

Terra-Cotta, figure from Isla Mugeres, 403.

Terminos, Laguna de, 234.

Texas mounds, 78.

Tezcatlipoca, bloody god of the Nahuas, 269–70; sorcery of, 269.

Tezcuco, schools of, 481.

Tezpi, flood myth, 263, n.

Tezquil nation, 208.

Theban calendar compared to the Aztec, 459.

Thomas, Dr., on Dakota mounds, 31–2. Gen. H. W. on same, 32; low type skull cited, 128, n. 5, 167.

Thomson, Sir C. Wyville, on Atlantic land ridge, 502–3.

Thompson, Dr. J. P., on Usher’s chronology, 201.

Thorowgood on origin of ancient Americans, 136.

Thorwald, Ericson, 22.

Tibiæ, flattened, 30.

Time, Absolute and Relative, 200.

Tlacamitzin, Toltec chief, 244.

Tlachicatzin, city in Hue hue Tlapalan, 245.

Tlahuicas, Nahua tribe, 256.

Tlaloc, Aztec rain-god, 457.

Tlapalans, four, 252; Bancroft and Brasseur’s views upon, 251–2.

Tlapallan de Cortes, 251; location of examined, 251.

Tlapallanconco, Toltec station, 245.

Tlascatecs, Nahua tribe, republic of, 257.

Tohil (Quiché deity), 215.

Tollan, Toltec capital, 218, 246.

Toltec migration, 244, 251; migration according to Becker, 248–50; according to Ixtlilxochitl, 244–46, 250; account examined, 246.

Toltec flood myth, 238.

Toltecs, origin according to Ixtlilxochitl, 239. southern origin considered, 252; outlines of history, 254; annals, Bancroft’s resumé of, 255.

Tomlinson’s report on Grave Creek mound, 87.

Tongues, confusion of, 238.

Totonacs, Mexican nation, 234.

Totzapan, 246.

Tower of Mancos Cañon, 297–300; McElmo, 324; at Chichen, Mayapan and Tuloom, 355.

Toxpan, Toltec station, 245.

Trade-winds, 508; agents in the discovery of America, 506.

Tradition (Indian) valueless, 102. Dr. Foster on, 102. of Nahua Mound-builders, Becker on, 102–3, n.

Tradition and History and their scope, 109–10.

Tradition of uncertain value, 204.

Trinity myth in Yucatan, 231.

Troano MS, 422.

Tula (Tulha or Tulan), 211. sculptured column from, 413.

Tulan, 215–16; four in number, 217–18.

Tulancingo (Tollancingo), Mexican city, 246.

Tulan-Zuiva, 215, 264–66, 248.

Tumuli of Vera Paz, 359; Tehuantepec, 360. Vera Cruz, 364.

Tusapan, antiquities of, 367.

Typical mound skull, 166.

Tzendal, language of Chiapas, dialect of the Maya, 206.

Tzendel, a Maya dialect, the oldest American language, 473.

U.

_Uraeus_, Egyptian symbol, 467.

Ural-Altaic languages compared to Indian tongues, 496.

Usher, Bishop, chronology of faulty, 199.

Usumacinta Valley, the seat of most ancient American civilization, 208.

Utah languages, 489–90.

Utatlan, Quiché city, 227; antiquities of, 358.

Utes, the enemies of the cliff-dwellers, 303.

Uxmal, architectural remains, 347–52. arches and roofs, 349–50. sculpture, 393; Façades at, 394. Le Plongeon’s observations on, 457.