Part 1
# Niebuhr's lectures on Roman history, Vol. 2 (of 3) ### By Niebuhr, Barthold Georg
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NIEBUHR’S LECTURES
ON
ROMAN HISTORY.
VOL. II.
NIEBUHR’S LECTURES
ON
ROMAN HISTORY
TRANSLATED FROM THE EDITION OF DR. M. ISLER,
BY H. M. CHEPMELL, M.A., AND F. DEMMLER, PH.D.
[Illustration]
_IN THREE VOLUMES.--VOL. II._
London: CHATTO & WINDUS, PICCADILLY. 1875.
CONTENTS.
Page
FIRST PUNIC WAR, 1
Foundation of Carthage, 1
Earliest history of Carthage, 2
Extent of the Carthaginian empire at the outbreak of the war, 4
Constitution of Carthage, 5
Geographical description of Sicily, 8
Division of the war, 9
Siege of Agrigentum, 10
Conquest of Agrigentum, 11
A Roman fleet built, 12
Boarding-bridges, 14
Naval victory of C. Duilius near Mylæ, 15
Events of less importance, 16
New naval force of the Romans, 17
Seafight near Ecnomus, 19
Regulus lands in Africa, 20
Prodigy in Regulus’ camp, 21
Negotiations for a peace, 21
Xanthippus, 22
Regulus defeated, 24
Shipwreck of the Roman fleet, 24
Regulus’ death. Criticism on the tales concerning it, 25
Victory of Metellus near Panormus, 28
Siege of Lilybæum, 29
Defeat of P. Claudius near Drepana, 32
Claudius appoints M. Claudius Glycia as dictator, 33
Destruction of a merchant fleet, 34
Eryx surprised and taken, 35
Hamilcar Barcas, 35
Seafight near the Ægatian Isles, 38
End of the war, 40
SICILY A ROMAN PROVINCE. _PRÆTOR PEREGRINUS._ WAR WITH THE FALISCANS. MUTINY OF THE MERCENARIES AT CARTHAGE. THE FIRST ILLYRIAN WAR. THE _LEX FLAMINIA_ FOR THE DIVISION OF THE _AGER GALLICUS PICENUS_. WAR AGAINST THE CISALPINE GAULS. SECOND ILLYRIAN WAR. THE CARTHAGINIANS FOUND AN EMPIRE IN SPAIN, 41
Sicily a Roman province. Definition of the word province, 41
_Prætor peregrinus_, 42
The public festivals are paid for by the ædiles, 42
The character of the senate changes, 43
War with the Faliscans, 43
Mutiny of the mercenaries at Carthage, 44
Sardinia rebels against Carthage, 45
Another peace between Carthage and Rome, 46
The first Illyrian war, 46
Embassy of the Romans to Greece, 47
Greek affairs, 48
The agrarian law of Flaminius, 50
War with the Cisalpine Gauls, 52
Battle near Clastidium, 56
Second Illyrian war, 57
A Carthaginian empire founded in Spain, 58
Peoples of Spain, 59
Death of Hamilcar, 61
THE SECOND PUNIC WAR, 61
Sources and literature, 62
Hannibal, 64
P. Cornelius Scipio, 66
Q. Fabius Maximus, 67
M. Claudius Marcellus, 68
Division of the war, 68
War in Spain, 68
Siege of Saguntum, 71
Embassy to Carthage, 72
March of Hannibal across the Pyrenees, 75
Hannibal in Gaul, 76
His passage over the Alps, 77
Battle on the Ticinus, 83
Battle on the Trebia, 84
C. Flaminius, 87
Hannibal wades through the marshes, 89
Battle of the Trasimene lake, 91
Q. Fabius Maximus dictator, 94
Fabius hems in Hannibal near Mount Callicula, 96
Minucius defeated by Hannibal, 97
C. Terentius Varro, 97
Battle of Cannæ, 99
Maharbal advises Hannibal to march to Rome, 103
Hannibal in Capua, 103
The Italian peoples fall off from Rome, 107
Efforts made by the Romans, 108
Ti. Sempronius Gracchus conquers near Beneventum, 110
Hannibal at the gates of Rome, 112
Taking of Capua, 113
Death of Hiero, 114
Negotiations of Hieronymus, 115
Disturbances at Syracuse, 115
Siege of Syracuse, 116
Archimedes, 117
Taking of Syracuse. Marcellus’ conduct, 117
Taking of Agrigentum, 119
War in Spain, 120
Death of the two Scipios, 121
P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus, 122
Taking of New Carthage, 124
Hasdrubal goes to Italy, 124
Battle of Sena, 126
Spain in the power of the Romans, 128
Mutiny of the troops in the camp of Scipio in Spain, 128
Scipio goes to Africa to Syphax, 131
Scipio is appointed consul, 132
Voluntary armaments of the Italians, 133
Scipio lands in Africa, 135
Masinissa, 135
Syphax made prisoner, 137
Offers of peace by the Carthaginians, 137
Hannibal and Mago summoned to Africa, 139
Battle of Zama, 140
Peace, 141
MACEDONIAN WAR, 143
Treaty of Philip with Hannibal, 143
Philip, 144
Affairs of the Greek states, 144
Peace of the Romans with the Ætolians, 146
Peace of the Romans with Philip, 146
Attacks of Philip and Antiochus on the Egyptian empire, 147
Causes of the second Macedonian war, 148
Its outbreak, 150
State of Greece, 150
T. Quinctius Flamininus, 153
Victory of the Romans near the _fauces Antigoneæ_, 155
Battle of Cynoscephalæ, 157
Quarrels of the Romans and Ætolians, 159
Peace with Philip, 161
Peace with Greece, 161
THE INSUBRIANS AND BOIANS VANQUISHED. WAR WITH ANTIOCHUS. WAR WITH THE GALATIANS, 164
War with the Insubrians, 164
War with the Boians, 164
Antiochus, 165
Hannibal in Syria, 167
Battle of Thermopylæ, 173
Siege of Ambracia, 174
Peace with the Ætolians, 175
Battle of Myonnesus, 175
Battle of Magnesia, 178
Peace with Antiochus, 179
War with the Galatians, 180
Earlier history of the Galatians, 181
Cn. Manlius conquers the Galatians, 182
IMPEACHMENT OF L. SCIPIO. END OF P. SCIPIO AFRICANUS AND OF HANNIBAL. DOMESTIC AFFAIRS. M. PORCIUS CATO, 184
Impeachment of the Scipios, 184
Increase of the tribes, 185
Increase of the number of prætors, 185
Fate of the Italians, 186
Changes at home, 187
Corruption of morals, 188
Embellishment of the city, 190
M. Porcius Cato, 190
Influence of moneyed property, 192
Hannibal’s death, 193
LITERATURE OF THE ROMANS AT THIS PERIOD. _ATELLANÆ_, _PRÆTEXTATÆ_; LIVIUS ANDRONICUS; NÆVIUS; ENNIUS; PLAUTUS. ROMAN HISTORIANS IN GREEK, 194
Native Roman civilization, 194
Atellan plays, 195
Translation of Greek literature. Livius Andronicus, 195
Nævius, Plautus, 196
Ennius, 198
Pacuvius, 199
Q. Fabius Pictor. L. Cincius Alimentus, 199
WARS WITH THE LIGURIANS; WITH THE CELTIBERIANS. THE THIRD MACEDONIAN WAR. PEACE WITH THE RHODIANS. FURTHER WARS IN SPAIN. STATE OF AFFAIRS AT HOME, 199
War with the Ligurians, 200
Standing armies, 201
Campaign of Cato in Spain, 202
Ti. Sempronius Gracchus concludes the war with the Celtiberians, 203
Third Macedonian war, 203
Negotiations with the Bastarnians, 204
Perseus, Demetrius, 205
Character of Perseus, 206
State of affairs in Greece and Asia, 206
Murderous attack on Eumenes at Delphi, 206
Outbreak of the war, 208
The neighbouring countries inclined in favour of Perseus, 211
L. Æmilius Paullus, general of the Romans, 212
Battle of Pydna, 213
Perseus, a prisoner of the Romans, 215
Fate of the Greek states, 216
Macedon newly constituted, 217
Moral condition of Rome, 218
Peace with Rhodes, 219
Wars in Gaul and Dalmatia, 220
Prusias, Eumenes, 221
Events in Egypt. The Parthians, 221
War in Spain, 222
M. Claudius Marcellus, 222
Treachery of Sulpicius Galba to the Lusitanians, 224
_Lex Voconia_, 225
_Lex Ælia et Fusia_, 225
Changes in the system of enlistment, 226
Law against the _ambitus_, 227
THE THIRD PUNIC WAR, 227
Masinissa, 228
War of the Carthaginians against Masinissa, 229
Opinions in Rome with regard to Carthage, 230
War against Carthage resolved upon at Rome, 231
Conditions of the Romans, 232
Outbreak of the war, 233
Masinissa tries to connect himself with Carthage, 236
P. Cornelius Scipio _Paulli f._, 237
Typography of Carthage, 239
Scipio’s attack on the town, 241
The Carthaginian fleet destroyed, 242
Conquest of the town, 243
Destruction of Carthage, 244
THE PSEUDO-PHILIP. THE ACHÆAN WAR. DESTRUCTION OF CORINTH, 244
Andriscus, 245
Victory of Metellus, 247
The Achæan war, 248
Its causes, 249
Successes of Metellus, 254
Mummius takes the command, 255
Destruction of Corinth, 256
Polybius, 256
WARS IN SPAIN. VIRIATHUS. DESTRUCTION OF NUMANTIA, 257
Viriathus, 257
War with the Celtiberians, 260
War with Numantia, 260
Q. Pompeius _A. f._, 261
C. Hostilius Mancinus conquered and hemmed in, 262
Ti. Gracchus, 262
Scipio conquers Numantia, 263
Destruction of Numantia, 264
SERVILE WAR IN SICILY. ACQUISITION OF THE KINGDOM OF PERGAMUS. ARISTONICUS. DOMESTIC AFFAIRS, 264
State of Sicily, 264
Servile war, 265
Death of Attalus, 266
Aristonicus, 267
The consulate for the first time filled by two plebeians, 268
TIBERIUS SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS, 269
_Ager publicus_ and the Licinian law, 271
Agrarian law of Tib. Gracchus, 277
Opposition to this law, 279
Dismissal of the tribune M. Octavius, 281
Opposition of the Latins, 282
Distribution of the inheritance of Attalus, 283
_Comitia_ for elections; murder of Tib. Gracchus, 284
Tyranny of the victorious party, 287
C. Papirius Carbo, 288
Death of P. Cornelius Scipio, 289
Rebellion of Fregellæ, 291
CAIUS SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS, 291
C. Gracchus in Sardinia, 293
His tribuneship, 293
Laws against the adversaries of his brother, 294
Corn law, 295
Relief of the soldiers, 296
The dispensation of justice transferred from the senate to the knights, 296
Plan for the extension of the franchise, 299
Distribution of the provinces, 300
Counter operations of M. Livius Drusus, 301
Reaction against C. Gracchus. His death, 303
Persecutions of his partizans, 306
FOREIGN CONQUESTS DOWN TO THE WAR WITH JUGURTHA, 307
Conquest of the Balearic isles and of Dalmatia, 307
War against the Allobroges, 307
The Cimbri and Scordiscans, 308
THE WAR AGAINST JUGURTHA. Q. CÆCILIUS METELLUS NUMIDICUS. C. MARIUS, 309
Sallust, 309
State of Numidia after Masinissa’s death, 309
Division of the empire. Jugurtha, 310
M. Æmilius Scaurus, 312
Horace’s want of historical lore, 312
L. Calpurnius Bestia goes to Africa, 314
Jugurtha in Rome, 315
An inquiry instituted in Rome, 316
Metellus goes to Africa, 316
His success against Jugurtha, 317
C. Marius, 318
Marius elected consul, 319
End of the war of Jugurtha, 321
WAR WITH THE CIMBRI AND TEUTONES, 322
Ethnography of the Cimbri, 322
The Teutones, 323
Their victories over the Romans, 323
Marius changes the Roman tactics, 325
The Cimbri march into northern Italy, 328
Q. Lutatius Catulus, 328
Victory of the Romans over the Ambrones, 329
Victory over the Teutones near Aquæ Sextiæ, 330
Victory over the Cimbri near Vercellæ (campi Raudii), 332
Triumph of Marius, 333
MARIUS’ SIXTH CONSULSHIP. L. APULEIUS SATURNINUS. C. SERVILIUS GLAUCIA, 334
L. Apuleius Saturninus, 334
C. Servilius Glaucia, 336
Legislation of Saturninus, 336
Agrarian law, 337
Opposition of Metellus, 338
Defeat of Saturninus and Glaucia, 339
M. LIVIUS DRUSUS, 340
Split between the different orders, 341
Position of the allies, 342
M. Livius tries to reform the courts of law, 344
He tries to procure the franchise for the Italians, 346
Opposition to his plans, 347
Murder of Livius Drusus, 348
His laws repealed, 349
THE SOCIAL WAR. MITHRIDATES. CIVIL WAR BETWEEN THE PARTIES OF MARIUS AND SYLLA. L. CORNELIUS CINNA, 350
The Roman proconsul in Ascalum murdered, 351
The Italians establish an independent state, 352
_Lex Julia_, 354
General view of the war, 355
Victory of C. Pompeius Strabo, 356
Single Italian peoples receive the Roman franchise, 357
New tribes, 357
The Umbrians and Etruscans participate in the war, but soon receive the Roman franchise, 358
L. Cornelius Sylla, 359
Earlier history of Pontus, 361
Mithridates, 361
Massacre of the Roman citizens in Asia Minor, 363
Sylla is appointed general against Mithridates, 364
P. Sulpicius, 366
Sylla marches with his army against Rome, 367
Marius’ flight, 368
Q. Pompeius murdered, 369
L. Cornelius Cinna, 370
Civil war, 370
Cinna deposed from the consulate, 370
Q. Sertorius, 371
Cinna marches against Rome, 372
Marius consul for the seventh time, 373
The Samnites receive the franchise, 374
Cinna murdered, 375
THE FIRST MITHRIDATIC WAR. SYLLA RETURNS TO ROME. HIS DICTATORSHIP AND DEATH, 375
Taking of Athens, 376
Peace with Mithridates, 376
Sylla returns to Italy, 378
Civil war, 379
Battle of Sacriportus, 381
Pontius Telesinus marches against Rome; battle at the Colline gate, 382
Sylla’s cruelty, 383
Proscriptions, 384
Military colonies, 384
Sylla’s laws, 384
The senate remodelled, 384
Limitation of the tribuneship, 387
The senate recovers the jurisdiction, 388
Increase of the sacerdotal offices, 388
Increase of the number of prætors and quæstors, 389
The Cornelians, 390
Sylla resigns the dictatorship, 390
His death, 391
LITERATURE. MANNERS AND MODE OF LIVING, 391
Sallust’s histories. Sisenna, 391
Claudius Quadrigarius, 392
Pacuvius, Terentius, Cæcilius Statius, 392
Attius Lucilius, Lævius, 393
Prose. Manners and mode of living, 394
Cicero. Hortensius, 394
COUNTER-REVOLUTION. LEPIDUS. SERTORIUS. POMPEY, 395
Designs of M. Æmilius Lepidus, 395
Catulus, 396
Elements for a commotion, 396
Lepidus’ undertaking against Rome miscarries. He and M. Brutus die, 397
The war of Sertorius, 397
Sallust’s histories, 397
Sertorius. Character of the people of the Val di Norcia, 397
Sertorius, abandoned in Spain by his troops, wanders about, 399
He is recalled to Spain. His measures, 400
Cn. Pompey, 401
His character, 402
Sertorius conquers, 403
His murder, 404
M. Peperna executed, 404
SERVILE WAR. SPARTACUS. M. LICINIUS CRASSUS, 404
Pompey and Crassus consuls, 404
Spartacus assembles about him the gladiators and slaves, 405
Germans. Crixus, Oenomaus, 406
Victory of Crassus, 406
Atrocities of the war, 406
SECOND AND THIRD WAR AGAINST MITHRIDATES, 407
Mithridates fulfils the stipulations of the peace, 407
L. Murena, 407
Sertorius concludes an alliance with Mithridates, 408
LECTURES ON ROMAN HISTORY.
THE FIRST PUNIC WAR.
Every body knows that Carthage is a colony of Tyre, founded seventy-two years before the received date of the building of Rome. This statement is quite historical. It rests upon those highly important notices in Josephus’ work against Apion, from Phœnician chronicles which he read in a Greek version of Menander of Ephesus. They are fully as genuine as Berosus and Sanchoniathon, and closely tally with the history of the Jewish kings: fraud on the part of Josephus is not to be thought of. The Romans knew of the historical books of the Phœnicians: after the destruction of Carthage, they presented them to the library of the Numidian kings. If we wish for a true and authentic account of the earliest history, we should be very thankful to have such dates as these. The assertion also of Timæus that Rome was built about the same time as Carthage, is not wide of the mark; that is to say, if we reckon the Sæcula at a hundred and ten years. Utica (Athika עֲתִיקָא) is an older colony of Tyre than Carthage: its foundation belongs to the age in which the power of the Phœnicians was at its height, and they had settlements in Cyprus, and were establishing themselves in every quarter. Those of Cythera, Thasos, and elsewhere, are of much later date; but it is likely that Cadiz (Gades) already existed when Carthage was built.
Carthage was originally founded under the name of Bozra (in Greek Βύρσα, whence the legend of the bullock’s hide). By the side of this Bozra, that is to say, city, there arose, even as Naples did at the side of Parthenope, a new town, קַרִתָּה חַדְתָּא _Kartha chadtha_, (by contraction Karchadta, from which the Greeks made out Καρχηδών). The town, for perhaps two hundred years, increased but slowly; it paid tribute to the Libyan peoples, and was for a long time in a state of dependence upon Tyre. Towards this, her mother-city, Carthage was never wanting in filial piety, not even when its relations to her had completely changed, which is one of the fine traits in her history. Of the time when Carthage began to extend its sway, we know nothing: placed as it was in the midst of barbarous nations, which were not able to amalgamate with it, it could not have risen into prosperity as quickly as the Greek colonies on the Asiatic coasts, where races of men were dwelling between which and the Pelasgian stock there was affinity, although not in language, yet in that spirit of refined humanity which distinguished them; as, for instance, the Lycians, and Carians, who, even before they were hellenized, had already attained to a considerable degree of civilization, as we see from their monuments and institutions. The Carthaginians did not betake themselves to husbandry, and therefore they could not multiply as fast as families which spread out; the Libyans were hard, oppressive neighbours, barbarians (_Berbers_ as they are called to this very day) who only gradually mingled with the Phœnician settlers. It was not until the middle of the third century of Rome, more than three hundred years after her own foundation, that Carthage made her appearance as a power. The earlier times are shrouded in impenetrable darkness. Justin gives some notices from Trogus, but most carelessly; so does also Diodorus, who in all likelihood borrowed from Timæus: the former has an account of a civil war, and of a conquest of Carthage by Malcus, one of its generals. Certain it is, that Carthage for a long time paid tribute to the Libyans; and the first sign of its vigour, is the throwing off of this yoke in a hard-fought struggle. Particularly favourable to Carthage seem to have been the fortunes of the mother country Phœnicia, which, after having long and painfully striven against Egypt, yielded itself to Persian protection; for though indeed its condition was thus tolerable enough, yet at times a foreign yoke was felt to be galling, and many may have then emigrated to the free colony, which was made to thrive the more, as Tyre, owing to its connexion with Persia, now became the port for the whole of Asia, even as far as India. The treaty with Rome in the year of the city 245, shows that the Carthaginians were then already masters of part of Sicily, of Sardinia, and of Libya, so that they were a great people for that age. About the year 272, they are said to have come over with an army of 300,000 men into Sicily, against Gelon of Syracuse and Theron of Agrigentum: this, however, is not real history. Pindar and Simonides sang the achievements of Gelon and Theron; but history was not yet written. It is not that such an expedition has never taken place; what is doubtful, is the assertion that it happened at the same time as the invasion of Xerxes. The battle of Himera is said to have been fought on the very day that he was defeated at Salamis; but, on the other hand, the better chronological statements which rest upon the authority of Timæus, show that Gelon, who is supposed to have conquered at Himera, came to the throne at a later date than that of the battle of Salamis. The expedition of the Carthaginians must have happened in the 76th, or 77th Olympiad, and it must have been insignificant. They were beaten, and did not for a long time think again of undertaking anything against Sicily: they now strengthened themselves in other quarters. When the Athenians engaged in their enterprise against Sicily, we hear little or nothing of the Carthaginians; they were confined to Motye, Panormus, and Solois, the first of which three places is a Phœnician settlement. Yet when the expedition had come to such an unhappy end, the implacable revenge wreaked against Segesta and the other cities which had welcomed the Athenians, now brought on the ruin of Sicily. These cities applied to Carthage, which sent a considerable army over (350): all the Greek towns were involved in the greatest danger; Selinus, Agrigentum, Camarina, Gela, and other places were destroyed. Dionysius the elder concluded a disadvantageous peace, but was afterwards more successful. In the reign of Dionysius the second, the Carthaginians renewed the contest. Timoleon defeated them, and drove them back to Motye and Lilybæum; yet in the peace the old _status quo_ was re-established, and the western part of Sicily remained in their hands: the rivers Nimera and Halycus continued to be the boundaries which thenceforth were looked upon as the normal ones, and were generally restored when a peace was made. In the days of Agathocles, the Carthaginians besieged Syracuse; but in a second campaign, during which Motye was destroyed, and they were for some time confined to Lilybæum, they were compelled to restore the boundary of the Himera. Then followed the events of the times of Pyrrhus, who carried out the plans of Agathocles still further. After his departure, the Carthaginians spread themselves again, and afterwards got possession once more of Agrigentum.
At the beginning of the first Punic war, Carthage was mistress of the whole of the western half of Sicily, and of the northern coast as far as Messana. In Africa, her rule extended to the corner of the great Syrtis; nearly the whole of the territory of Tunis was subject to her. Along a great part of the African coast, there was a number of Carthaginian colonial towns. There were likewise several of them in the interior; for the Libyans had adopted Punic civilization: even St. Augustine says that the Punic language was his mother tongue. When two hundred years afterwards the Arabs conquered these regions, they were able in some degree to converse with the inhabitants; and the present Tunisian dialect, as well as the Maltese, without doubt has still retained some Punic elements. The coast of Algiers, as far as the straits of Gibraltar, was occupied by their factories only, the mountains there approaching too near the sea to leave room for colonies. In Sardinia, the Carthaginians ruled over the whole of that gloomy but fruitful isle, with the exception of the inner highlands; and these were inhabited by savage tribes, which to this day have not changed their way of living, but, for instance, even now wear those sheep skins which Cicero calls _mastrucæ_. In Corsica, they had a few settlements, probably the excellent harbours there: the Balearic isles were also subject to them. The coasts of Granada and Murcia were likewise in their possession; and Cadiz, although a sister town, was treated as a dependent.
As to the constitution of Carthage, we are utterly in the dark. What has been written on it, is but insignificant; nor have my researches led me to any important results. They had, according to Aristotle, a δῆμος, that is to say, a mixed commonalty which had come together (συνήλυδες) of colonial citizens and Libyans (Amazirgh, Schilha’s, Maxyes, Massesyles). The Libyans, in their whole physical constitution, do not in the least differ from the nations of Southern Europe; and thus likewise ancient Egypt, before it was conquered by the Æthiopians, had a white population: the whole of the Mediterranean therefore was inhabited around by whites. These Libyans could very easily have amalgamated with the _Pœni_ in a δῆμος, even as at Rome the plebeians did with the patricians; yet there would be this distinction, that these last were of the same stock, whereas the Libyans and the _Pœni_ were altogether different, and particularly so in their language. The relation between the Libyans and the _Pœni_ is analogous to that of the Lettish and Lithuanian tribes to the German settlers, or of the Slavonic population near Lübeck and the Germans, the former of whom also became completely Germanized. We know moreover that Carthage had a senate; this is still the governing body in the first Punic war. According to Aristotle, the δῆμος at Carthage had but little to say, not much more than at Sparta, where only those who were in authority might speak in the assembly, and not the people, who were merely to assent or to reject; at Carthage, any one of the people was at least free to stand up and make a speech. Those whom Aristotle calls the βασιλεῖς, even the Suffetes or _Schofetim_, were no doubt in earlier times the commanders of the army likewise: afterwards, when the civil and military power were jealously kept distinct, their office was merely an administrative one. We also find that there was a powerful corporation called the Hundred, which cannot but be the same as the Hundred and Four in Aristotle: these I have long ago referred to the fifty weeks of the year. Moreover, he speaks of another kind of magistracy, of which we merely know that it was a πενταρχία (if the reading be correct, as the text of Aristotle’s Politics is derived from a single Parisian MS. of the fourteenth century), and that its members were chosen by the Hundred and Four. Of what nature it was, we do not know.