CHAPTER XXVIII

.

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

DOMESTICATION--NATURE AND CAUSES OF VARIABILITY--SELECTION--DIVERGENCE AND DISTINCTNESS OF CHARACTER--EXTINCTION OF RACES--CIRCUMSTANCES FAVOURABLE TO SELECTION BY MAN--ANTIQUITY OF CERTAIN RACES--THE QUESTION WHETHER EACH PARTICULAR VARIATION HAS BEEN SPECIALLY PREORDAINED.

As summaries have been added to nearly all the chapters, and as, in the chapter on pangenesis, various subjects, such as the forms of reproduction, inheritance, reversion, the causes and laws of variability, &c., have been recently discussed, I will here only make a few general remarks on the more important conclusions which may be deduced from the multifarious details given throughout this work.

Savages in all parts of the world easily succeed in taming wild animals; and those inhabiting any country or island, when first invaded by man, would probably have been still more easily tamed. Complete subjugation generally depends on an animal being social in its habits, and on receiving man as the chief of the herd or family. Domestication implies almost complete fertility under new and changed conditions of life, and this is far from being invariably the case. An animal would not have been worth the labour of domestication, at least during early times, unless of service to man. From these circumstances the number of domesticated animals has never been large. With respect to plants, I have shown in the ninth chapter how their varied uses were probably first discovered, and the early steps in their cultivation. Man could not have known, when he first domesticated an animal or plant, whether it would flourish and multiply when transported to other countries, therefore he could not have been thus influenced in his choice. We see that the close adaptation of the reindeer and camel to extremely cold and hot countries has not prevented their domestication. Still less {406} could man have foreseen whether his animals and plants would vary in succeeding generations and thus give birth to new races; and the small capacity of variability in the goose and ass has not prevented their domestication from the remotest epoch.

With extremely few exceptions, all animals and plants which have been long domesticated, have varied greatly. It matters not under what climate, or for what purpose, they are kept, whether as food for man or beast, for draught or hunting, for clothing or mere pleasure,--under all these circumstances domesticated animals and plants have varied to a much greater extent than the forms which in a state of nature are ranked as one species. Why certain animals and plants have varied more under domestication than others we do not know, any more than why some are rendered more sterile than others under changed conditions of life. But we frequently judge of the amount of variation by the production of numerous and diversified races, and we can clearly see why in many cases this has not occurred, namely, because slight successive variations have not been steadily accumulated; and such variations will never be accumulated when an animal or plant is not closely observed, or much valued, or kept in large numbers.

The fluctuating, and, as far as we can judge, never-ending variability of our domesticated productions,--the plasticity of their whole organisation,--is one of the most important facts which we learn from the numerous details given in the earlier chapters of this work. Yet domesticated animals and plants can hardly have been exposed to greater changes in their conditions than have many natural species during the incessant geological, geographical, and climatal changes of the whole world. The former will, however, commonly have been exposed to more sudden changes and to less continuously uniform conditions. As man has domesticated so many animals and plants belonging to widely different classes, and as he certainly did not with prophetic instinct choose those species which would vary most, we may infer that all natural species, if subjected to analogous conditions, would, on an average, vary to the same degree. Few men at the present day will maintain that animals and plants were created with a tendency to vary, which long remained dormant, in order that fanciers in after ages might {407} rear, for instance, curious breeds of the fowl, pigeon, or canary-bird.

From several causes it is difficult to judge of the amount of modification which our domestic productions have undergone. In some cases the primitive parent-stock has become extinct, or cannot be recognised with certainty owing to its supposed descendants having been so much modified. In other cases two or more closely allied forms, after being domesticated, have crossed; and then it is difficult to estimate how much of the change ought to be attributed to variation. But the degree to which our domestic breeds have been modified by the crossing of distinct natural forms has probably been exaggerated by some authors. A few individuals of one form would seldom permanently affect another form existing in much greater numbers; for, without careful selection, the stain of the foreign blood would soon be obliterated, and during early and barbarous times, when our animals were first domesticated, such care would seldom have been taken.

There is good reason to believe that several of the breeds of the dog, ox, pig, and of some other animals, are respectively descended from distinct wild prototypes; nevertheless the belief in the multiple origin of our domesticated animals has been extended by some few naturalists and by many breeders to an unauthorised extent. Breeders refuse to look at the whole subject under a single point of view; I have heard one, who maintained that our fowls were the descendants of at least half-a-dozen aboriginal species, protest that he was in no way concerned with the origin of pigeons, ducks, rabbits, horses, or any other animal. They overlook the improbability of many species having been domesticated at an early and barbarous period. They do not consider the improbability of species having existed in a state of nature which, if like our present domestic breeds, would have been highly abnormal in comparison with all their congeners. They maintain that certain species, which formerly existed, have become extinct or unknown, although the world is now so much better known. The assumption of so much recent extinction is no difficulty in their eyes; for they do not judge of its probability by the facility or difficulty of the extinction of other closely allied wild forms. Lastly, {408} they often ignore the whole subject of geographical distribution as completely as if its laws were the result of chance.

Although from the reasons just assigned it is often difficult to judge accurately of the amount of change which our domesticated productions have undergone, yet this can be ascertained in the cases in which we know that all the breeds are descended from a single species, as with the pigeon, duck, rabbit, and almost certainly with the fowl; and by the aid of analogy this is to a certain extent possible in the case of animals descended from several wild stocks. It is impossible to read the details given in the earlier chapters, and in many published works, or to visit our various exhibitions, without being deeply impressed with the extreme variability of our domesticated animals and cultivated plants. I have in many instances purposely given details on new and strange peculiarities which have arisen. No part of the organisation escapes the tendency to vary. The variations generally affect parts of small vital or physiological importance, but so it is with the differences which exist between closely allied species. In these unimportant characters there is often a greater difference between the breeds of the same species than between the natural species of the same genus, as Isidore Geoffroy has shown to be the case with size, and as is often the case with the colour, texture, form, &c., of the hair, feathers, horns, and other dermal appendages.

It has often been asserted that important parts never vary under domestication, but this is a complete error. Look at the skull of the pig in any one of the highly improved breeds, with the occipital condyles and other parts greatly modified; or look at that of the niata ox. Or again, in the several breeds of the rabbit, observe the elongated skull, with the differently shaped occipital foramen, atlas, and other cervical vertebræ. The whole shape of the brain, together with the skull, has been modified in Polish fowls; in other breeds of the fowl the number of the vertebræ and the forms of the cervical vertebræ have been changed. In certain pigeons the shape of the lower jaw, the relative length of the tongue, the size of the nostrils and eyelids, the number and shape of the ribs, the form and size of the oesophagus, have all varied. In certain quadrupeds the length of the intestines has been much increased or {409} diminished. With plants we see wonderful differences in the stones of various fruits. In the Cucurbitaceæ several highly important characters have varied, such as the sessile position of the stigmas on the ovarium, the position of the carpels within the ovarium, and its projection out of the receptacle. But it would be useless to run through the many facts given in the earlier chapters.

It is notorious how greatly the mental disposition, tastes, habits, consensual movements, loquacity or silence, and the tone of voice have varied and been inherited with our domesticated animals. The dog offers the most striking instance of changed mental attributes, and these differences cannot be accounted for by descent from distinct wild types. New mental characters have certainly often been acquired, and natural ones lost, under domestication.

New characters may appear and disappear at any stage of growth, and be inherited at a corresponding period. We see this in the difference between the eggs of various breeds of the fowl, and in the down on chickens; and still more plainly in the differences between the caterpillars and cocoons of various breeds of the silk-moth. These facts, simple as they appear, throw light on the characters which distinguish the larval and adult states of natural species, and on the whole great subject of embryology. New characters are liable to become attached exclusively to that sex in which they first appeared, or they may be developed in a much higher degree in the one than the other sex; or again, after having become attached to one sex, they may be partially transferred to the opposite sex. These facts, and more especially the circumstance that new characters seem to be

## particularly liable, from some unknown cause, to become attached to the

male sex, have an important bearing on the acquirement by animals in a state of nature of secondary sexual characters.

It has sometimes been said that our domestic productions do not differ in constitutional peculiarities, but this cannot be maintained. In our improved cattle, pigs, &c., the period of maturity, including that of the second dentition, has been much hastened. The period of gestation varies much, but has been modified in a fixed manner in only one or two cases. In {410} our poultry and pigeons the acquirement of down and of the first plumage by the young, and of the secondary sexual characters by the males, differ. The number of moults through which the larvæ of silk-moths pass, varies. The tendency to fatten, to yield much milk, to produce many young or eggs at a birth or during life, differs in different breeds. We find different degrees of adaptation to climate, and different tendencies to certain diseases, to the attacks of parasites, and to the action of certain vegetable poisons. With plants, adaptation to certain soils, as with some kinds of plums, the power of resisting frost, the period of flowering and fruiting, the duration of life, the period of shedding the leaves and of retaining them throughout the winter, the proportion and nature of certain chemical compounds in the tissues or seeds, all vary.

There is, however, one important constitutional difference between domestic races and species; I refer to the sterility which almost invariably follows, in a greater or less degree, when species are crossed, and to the perfect fertility of the most distinct domestic races, with the exception of a very few plants, when similarly crossed. It certainly appears a remarkable fact that many closely allied species which in appearance differ extremely little should yield when united only a few, more or less sterile offspring, or none at all; whilst domestic races which differ conspicuously from each other, are when united remarkably fertile, and yield perfectly fertile offspring. But this fact is not in reality so inexplicable as it at first appears. In the first place, it was clearly shown in the nineteenth chapter that the sterility of crossed species does not closely depend on differences in their external structure or general constitution, but results exclusively from differences in the reproductive system, analogous with those which cause the lessened fertility of the illegitimate unions and illegitimate offspring of dimorphic and trimorphic plants. In the second place, the Pallasian doctrine, that species after having been long domesticated lose their natural tendency to sterility when crossed, has been shown to be highly probable; we can scarcely avoid this conclusion when we reflect on the parentage and present fertility of the several breeds of the dog, of Indian and European cattle, sheep, and pigs. Hence it would be unreasonable to expect that races formed under domestication {411} should acquire sterility when crossed, whilst at the same time we admit that domestication eliminates the normal sterility of crossed species. Why with closely allied species their reproductive systems should almost invariably have been modified in so peculiar a manner as to be mutually incapable of acting on each other--though in unequal degrees in the two sexes, as shown by the difference in fertility between reciprocal crosses in the same species--we do not know, but may with much probability infer the cause to be as follows. Most natural species have been habituated to nearly uniform conditions of life for an incomparably longer period of time than have domestic races; and we positively know that changed conditions exert an especial and powerful influence on the reproductive system. Hence this difference in habituation may well account for the different action of the reproductive organs when domestic races and when species are crossed. It is a nearly analogous fact, that most domestic races may be suddenly transported from one climate to another, or be placed under widely different conditions, and yet retain their fertility unimpaired; whilst a multitude of species subjected to lesser changes are rendered incapable of breeding.

With the exception of fertility, domestic varieties resemble species when crossed in transmitting their characters in the same unequal manner to their offspring, in being subject to the prepotency of one form over the other, and in their liability to reversion. By repeated crosses a variety or a species may be made completely to absorb another. Varieties, as we shall see when we treat of their antiquity, sometimes inherit their new characters almost, or even quite, as firmly as species. With both, the conditions leading to variability and the laws governing its nature appear to be the same. Domestic varieties can be classed in groups under groups, like species under genera, and these under families and orders; and the classification may be either artificial,--that is, founded on any arbitrary character,--or natural. With varieties a natural classification is certainly founded, and with species is apparently founded, on community of descent, together with the amount of modification which the forms have undergone. The characters by which domestic varieties differ from each other are more {412} variable than those distinguishing species, though hardly more so than with certain protean species; but this greater degree of variability is not surprising, as varieties have generally been exposed within recent times to fluctuating conditions of life, are much more liable to have been crossed, and are still in many cases undergoing, or have recently undergone, modification by man's methodical or unconscious selection.

Domestic varieties as a general rule certainly differ from each other in less important parts of their organisation than do species; and when important differences occur, they are seldom firmly fixed; but this fact is intelligible if we consider man's method of selection. In the living animal or plant he cannot observe internal modifications in the more important organs; nor does he regard them as long as they are compatible with health and life. What does the breeder care about any slight change in the molar teeth of his pigs, or for an additional molar tooth in the dog; or for any change in the intestinal canal or other internal organ? The breeder cares for the flesh of his cattle being well marbled with fat, and for an accumulation of fat within the abdomen of his sheep, and this he has effected. What would the floriculturist care for any change in the structure of the ovarium or of the ovules? As important internal organs are certainly liable to numerous slight variations, and as these would probably be inherited, for many strange monstrosities are transmitted, man could undoubtedly effect a certain amount of change in these organs. When he has produced any modification in an important part, it has generally been unintentionally in correlation with some other conspicuous part, as when he has given ridges and protuberances to the skulls of fowls, by attending to the form of the comb, and in the case of the Polish fowl to the plume of feathers on the head. By attending to the external form of the pouter-pigeon, he has enormously increased the size of the oesophagus, and has added to the number of the ribs, and given them greater breadth. With the carrier-pigeon, by increasing, through steady selection, the wattles on the upper mandible, he has greatly modified the form of the lower mandible; and so in many other cases. Natural species, on the other hand, have been modified exclusively for their own good, to fit them for infinitely {413} diversified conditions of life, to avoid enemies of all kinds, and to struggle against a host of competitors. Hence, under such complex conditions, it would often happen that modifications of the most varied kinds, in important as well as in unimportant parts, would be advantageous or even necessary; and they would slowly but surely be acquired through the survival of the fittest. Various indirect modifications would likewise arise through the law of correlated variation.

Domestic breeds often have an abnormal or semi-monstrous character, as the Italian greyhound, bulldog, Blenheim spaniel, and bloodhound amongst dogs,--some breeds of cattle and pigs, several breeds of the fowl, and the chief breeds of the pigeon. The differences between such abnormal breeds occur in parts which in closely-allied natural species differ but slightly or not at all. This may be accounted for by man's often selecting, especially at first, conspicuous and semi-monstrous deviations of structure. We should, however, be cautious in deciding what deviations ought to be called monstrous: there can hardly be a doubt that, if the brush of horse-like hair on the breast of the turkey-cock had first appeared on the domesticated bird, it would have been considered a monstrosity; the great plume of feathers on the head of the Polish cock has been thus designated, though plumes are common with many kinds of birds; we might call the wattle or corrugated skin round the base of the beak of the English carrier-pigeon a monstrosity, but we do not thus speak of the globular fleshy excrescence at the base of the beak of the male _Carpophaga oceanica_.

Some authors have drawn a wide distinction between artificial and natural breeds; although in extreme cases the distinction is plain, in many other cases an arbitrary line has to be drawn. The difference depends chiefly on the kind of selection which has been applied. Artificial breeds are those which have been intentionally improved by man; they frequently have an unnatural appearance, and are especially liable to loss of excellence through reversion and continued variability. The so-called natural breeds, on the other hand, are those which are now found in semi-civilised countries, and which formerly inhabited separate districts in nearly all the European kingdoms. They have been rarely acted on by man's {414} intentional selection; more frequently, it is probable, by unconscious selection, and partly by natural selection, for animals kept in semi-civilised countries have to provide largely for their own wants. Such natural breeds will also, it may be presumed, have been directly acted on to some extent by the differences, though slight, in the surrounding physical conditions.

It is a much more important distinction that some breeds have been from their first origin modified in so slow and insensible a manner, that if we could see their early progenitors we should hardly be able to say when or how the breed first arose; whilst other breeds have originated from a strongly-marked or semi-monstrous deviation of structure, which, however, may subsequently have been augmented by selection. From what we know of the history of the racehorse, greyhound, gamecock, &c., and from their general appearance, we may feel nearly confident that they were formed by a slow process of improvement: and with the carrier-pigeon, as well as with some other pigeons, we know that this has been the case. On the other hand, it is certain that the ancon and mauchamp breeds of sheep, and almost certain that the niata cattle, turnspit and pug-dogs, jumper and frizzled fowls, short-faced tumbler pigeons, hook-billed ducks, &c., and with plants a multitude of varieties, suddenly appeared in nearly the same state as we now see them. The frequency of these cases is likely to lead to the false belief that natural species have often originated in the same abrupt manner. But we have no evidence of the appearance, or at least of the continued procreation, under nature, of abrupt modifications of structure; and various general reasons could be assigned against such a belief: for instance, without separation a single monstrous variation would almost certainly be soon obliterated by crossing.

On the other hand, we have abundant evidence of the constant occurrence under nature of slight individual differences of the most diversified kinds; and thus we are led to conclude that species have generally originated by the natural selection, not of abrupt modifications, but of extremely slight differences. This process may be strictly compared with the slow and gradual improvement of the racehorse, greyhound, and gamecock. As every detail of structure in each species is closely adapted to its general {415} habits of life, it will rarely happen that one part alone will be modified; but the co-adapted modifications, as formerly shown, need not be absolutely simultaneous. Many variations, however, are from the first connected by the law of correlation. Hence it follows that even closely-allied species rarely or never differ from each other by some one character alone; and this same remark applies to a certain extent to domestic races; for these, if they differ much, generally differ in many respects.

Some naturalists boldly insist[928] that species are absolutely distinct productions, never passing by intermediate links into each other; whilst they maintain that domestic varieties can always be connected either with each other or with their parent-forms. But if we could always find the links between the several breeds of the dog, horse, cattle, sheep, pigs, &c., the incessant doubts whether they are descended from one or several species would not have arisen. The greyhound genus, if such a term may be used, cannot be closely connected with any other breed, unless, perhaps, we go back to the ancient Egyptian monuments. Our English bulldog also forms a very distinct breed. In all these cases crossed breeds must of course be excluded, for the most distinct natural species can thus be connected. By what links can the Cochin fowl be closely united with others? By searching for breeds still preserved in distant lands, and by going back to historical records, tumbler-pigeons, carriers, and barbs can be closely connected with the parent rock-pigeon; but we cannot thus connect the turbit or the pouter. The degree of distinctness between the various domestic breeds depends on the amount of modification which they have undergone, and especially on the neglect and final extinction of the linking, intermediate, and less valued forms.

It has often been argued that no light is thrown, from the admitted changes of domestic races, on the changes which natural species are believed to undergo, as the former are said to be mere temporary productions, always reverting, as soon as they become feral, to their pristine form. This argument has been well combated by Mr. Wallace;[929] and full details were given in the thirteenth chapter, showing that the tendency to reversion in feral {416} animals and plants has been greatly exaggerated, though no doubt to a certain extent it exists. It would be opposed to all the principles inculcated in this work, if domestic animals, when exposed to new conditions and compelled to struggle for their own wants against a host of foreign competitors, were not in the course of time in some manner modified. It should also be remembered that many characters lie latent in all organic beings ready to be evolved under fitting conditions; and in breeds modified within recent times the tendency to reversion is

## particularly strong. But the antiquity of various breeds clearly proves

that they remain nearly constant as long as their conditions of life remain the same.

It has been boldly maintained by some authors that the amount of variation to which our domestic productions are liable is strictly limited; but this is an assertion resting on little evidence. Whether or not the amount in any particular direction is fixed, the tendency to general variability seems unlimited. Cattle, sheep, and pigs have been domesticated and have varied from the remotest period, as shown by the researches of Rütimeyer and others, yet these animals have, within quite recent times, been improved in an unparalleled degree; and this implies continued variability of structure. Wheat, as we know from the remains found in the Swiss lake-habitations, is one of the most anciently cultivated plants, yet at the present day new and better varieties occasionally arise. It may be that an ox will never be produced of larger size or finer proportions than our present animals, or a race-horse fleeter than Eclipse, or a gooseberry larger than the London variety; but he would be a bold man who would assert that the extreme limit in these respects has been finally attained. With flowers and fruit it has repeatedly been asserted that perfection has been reached, but the standard has soon been excelled. A breed of pigeons may never be produced with a beak shorter than that of the present short-faced tumbler, or with one longer than that of the English carrier, for these birds have weak constitutions and are bad breeders; but the shortness and length of the beak are the points which have been steadily improved during at least the last 150 years; and some of the best judges deny that the goal has yet been reached. We may, also, reasonably suspect, from what {417} we see in natural species of the variability of extremely modified parts, that any structure, after remaining constant during a long series of generations, would, under new and changed conditions of life, recommence its course of variability, and might again be acted on by selection. Nevertheless, as Mr. Wallace[930] has recently remarked with much force and truth, there must be both with natural and domestic productions a limit to change in certain directions; for instance, there must be a limit to the fleetness of any terrestrial animal, as this will be determined by the friction to be overcome, the weight to be carried, and the power of contraction in the muscular fibres. The English racehorse may have reached this limit; but it already surpasses in fleetness its own wild progenitor, and all other equine species.

It is not surprising, seeing the great difference between many domestic breeds, that some few naturalists have concluded that all are descended from distinct aboriginal stocks, more especially as the principle of selection has been ignored, and the high antiquity of man, as a breeder of animals, has only recently become known. Most naturalists, however, freely admit that various extremely dissimilar breeds are descended from a single stock, although they do not know much about the art of breeding, cannot show the connecting links, nor say where and when the breeds arose. Yet these same naturalists will declare, with an air of philosophical caution, that they can never admit that one natural species has given birth to another until they behold all the transitional steps. But fanciers have used exactly the same language with respect to domestic breeds; thus an author of an excellent treatise says he will never allow that carrier and fantail pigeons are the descendants of the wild rock-pigeon, until the transitions have "actually been observed, and can be repeated whenever man chooses to set about the task." No doubt it is difficult to realise that slight changes added up during long centuries can produce such results; but he who wishes to understand the origin of domestic breeds or natural species must overcome this difficulty.

The causes inducing and the laws governing variability have been so lately discussed, that I need here only enumerate the leading points. As domesticated organisms are much more {418} liable to slight deviations of structure and to monstrosities, than species living under their natural conditions, and as widely-ranging species vary more than those which inhabit restricted areas, we may infer that variability mainly depends on changed conditions of life. We must not overlook the effects of the unequal combination of the characters derived from both parents, nor reversion to former progenitors. Changed conditions have an especial tendency to render the reproductive organs more or less impotent, as shown in the chapter devoted to this subject; and these organs consequently often fail to transmit faithfully the parental characters. Changed conditions also act directly and definitely on the organisation, so that all or nearly all the individuals of the same species thus exposed become modified in the same manner; but why this or that part is especially affected we can seldom or never say. In most cases, however, of the direct action of changed conditions, independently of the indirect variability caused by the reproductive organs being affected, indefinite modifications are the result; in nearly the same manner as exposure to cold or the absorption of the same poison affects different individuals in various ways. We have reason to suspect that an habitual excess of highly nutritious food, or an excess relatively to the wear and tear of the organisation from exercise, is a powerful exciting cause of variability. When we see the symmetrical and complex outgrowths, caused by a minute atom of the poison of a gall-insect, we may believe that slight changes in the chemical nature of the sap or blood would lead to extraordinary modifications of structure.

The increased use of a muscle with its various attached parts, and the increased activity of a gland or other organ, lead to their increased development. Disuse has a contrary effect. With domesticated productions organs sometimes become rudimentary through abortion; but we have no reason to suppose that this has ever followed from mere disuse. With natural species, on the contrary, many organs appear to have been rendered rudimentary through disuse, aided by the principle of the economy of growth, and by the hypothetical principle discussed in the last chapter, namely, the final destruction of the germs or gemmules of such useless parts. This difference may be partly {419} accounted for by disuse having acted on domestic forms for an insufficient length of time, and partly from their exemption from any severe struggle for existence, entailing rigid economy in the development of each part, to which all species under nature are subjected. Nevertheless the law of compensation or balancement apparently affects, to a certain extent, our domesticated productions.

We must not exaggerate the importance of the definite action of changed conditions in modifying all the individuals of the same species in the same manner, or of use and disuse. As every part of the organisation is highly variable, and as variations are so easily selected, both consciously and unconsciously, it is very difficult to distinguish between the effects of the selection of indefinite variations, and the direct action of the conditions of life. For instance, it is possible that the feet of our water-dogs, and of the American dogs which have to travel much over the snow, may have become partially webbed from the stimulus of widely extending their toes; but it is far more probable that the webbing, like the membrane between the toes of certain pigeons, spontaneously appeared and was afterwards increased by the best swimmers and the best snow-travellers being preserved during many generations. A fancier who wished to decrease the size of his bantams or tumbler-pigeons would never think of starving them, but would select the smallest individuals which spontaneously appeared. Quadrupeds are sometimes born destitute of hair, and hairless breeds have been formed, but there is no reason to believe that this is caused by a hot climate. Within the tropics heat often causes sheep to lose their fleeces, and on the other hand wet and cold act as a direct stimulus to the growth of hair; it is, however, possible that these changes may merely be an exaggeration of the regular yearly change of coat; and who will pretend to decide how far this yearly change, or the thick fur of arctic animals, or as I may add their white colour, is due to the direct

## action of a severe climate, and how far to the preservation of the best

protected individuals during a long succession of generations?

Of all the laws governing variability, that of correlation is the most important. In many cases of slight deviations of structure as well as of grave monstrosities, we cannot even {420} conjecture what is the nature of the bond of connexion. But between homologous parts--between the fore and hind limbs--between the hair, hoofs, horns, and teeth--we can see that parts which are closely similar during their early development, and which are exposed to similar conditions, would be liable to be modified in the same manner. Homologous parts, from having the same nature, are apt to blend together and, when many exist, to vary in number.

Although every variation is either directly or indirectly caused by some change in the surrounding conditions, we must never forget that the nature of the organisation which is acted on essentially governs the result. Distinct organisms, when placed under similar conditions, vary in different manners, whilst closely-allied organisms under dissimilar conditions often vary in nearly the same manner. We see this in the same modification frequently reappearing at long intervals of time in the same variety, and likewise in the several striking cases given of analogous or parallel varieties. Although some of these latter cases are simply due to reversion, others cannot thus be accounted for.

From the indirect action of changed conditions on the organisation, through the impaired state of the reproductive organs--from the direct action of such conditions (and this will cause the individuals of the same species either to vary in the same manner, or differently in accordance with slight differences in their constitution)--from the effects of the increased or decreased use of parts,--and from correlation,--the variability of our domesticated productions is complicated in an extreme degree. The whole organisation becomes slightly plastic. Although each modification must have its proper exciting cause, and though each is subjected to law, yet we can so rarely trace the precise relation between cause and effect, that we are tempted to speak of variations as if they spontaneously arose. We may even call them accidental, but this must be only in the sense in which we say that a fragment of rock dropped from a height owes its shape to accident.

* * * * *

It may be worth while briefly to consider the results of the exposure to unnatural conditions of a large number of animals of the same species, allowed to cross freely, with no selection of any {421} kind; and afterwards to consider the results when selection is brought into play. Let us suppose that 500 wild rock-pigeons were confined in their native land in an aviary, and fed in the same manner as pigeons usually are; and that they were not allowed to increase in number. As pigeons propagate so rapidly, I suppose that a thousand or fifteen hundred birds would have to be annually killed by mere chance. After several generations had been thus reared, we may feel sure that some of the young birds would vary, and the variations would tend to be inherited; for at the present day slight deviations of structure often occur, but, as most breeds are already well established, these modifications are rejected as blemishes. It would be tedious even to enumerate the multitude of points which still go on varying or have recently varied. Many variations would occur in correlation, as the length of the wing and tail feathers--the number of the primary wing-feathers, as well as the number and breadth of the ribs, in correlation with the size and form of the body--the number of the scutellæ, with the size of the feet--the length of the tongue, with the length of the beak--the size of the nostrils and eyelids and the form of lower jaw in correlation with the development of wattle--the nakedness of the young with the future colour of the plumage--the size of the feet and beak, and other such points. Lastly, as our birds are supposed to be confined in an aviary, they would use their wings and legs but little, and certain parts of the skeleton, such as the sternum and scapulæ and the feet, would in consequence become slightly reduced in size.

As in our assumed case many birds have to be indiscriminately killed every year, the chances are against any new variety surviving long enough to breed. And as the variations which arise are of an extremely diversified nature, the chances are very great against two birds pairing which have varied in the same manner; nevertheless, a varying bird even when not thus paired would occasionally transmit its character to its young; and these would not only be exposed to the same conditions which first caused the variation in question to appear, but would in addition inherit from their one modified parent a tendency again to vary in the same manner. So that, if the conditions decidedly tended to induce some particular variation, all the birds might {422} in the course of time become similarly modified. But a far commoner result would be, that one bird would vary in one way and another bird in another way; one would be born with a little longer beak, and another with a shorter beak; one would gain some black feathers, another some white or red feathers. And as these birds would be continually intercrossing, the final result would be a body of individuals differing from each other slightly in many ways, yet far more than did the original rock-pigeons. But there would not be the least tendency to the formation of distinct breeds.

If two separate lots of pigeons were to be treated in the manner just described, one in England and the other in a tropical country, the two lots being supplied with different food, would they, after many generations had passed, differ? When we reflect on the cases given in the twenty-third chapter, and on such facts as the difference in former times between the breeds of cattle, sheep, &c., in almost every district of Europe, we are strongly inclined to admit that the two lots would be differently modified through the influence of climate and food. But the evidence on the definite

## action of changed conditions is in most cases insufficient; and, with

respect to pigeons, I have had the opportunity of examining a large collection of domesticated birds, sent to me by Sir W. Elliot from India, and they varied in a remarkably similar manner with our European birds.

If two distinct breeds were to be confined together in equal numbers, there is reason to suspect that they would to a certain extent prefer pairing with their own kind; but they would likewise intercross. From the greater vigour and fertility of the crossed offspring, the whole body would by this means become interblended sooner than would otherwise have occurred. From certain breeds being prepotent over others, it does not follow that the interblended progeny would be strictly intermediate in character. I have, also, proved that the act of crossing in itself gives a strong tendency to reversion, so that the crossed offspring would tend to revert to the state of the aboriginal rock-pigeon. In the course of time they would probably be not much more heterogeneous in character than in our first case, when birds of the same breed were confined together. {423}

I have just said that the crossed offspring would gain in vigour and fertility. From the facts given in the seventeenth chapter there can be no doubt of this; and there can be little doubt, though the evidence on this head is not so easily acquired, that long-continued close interbreeding leads to evil results. With hermaphrodites of all kinds, if the sexual elements of the same individual habitually acted on each other, the closest possible interbreeding would be perpetual. Therefore we should bear in mind that with all hermaphrodite animals, as far as I can learn, their structure permits and frequently necessitates a cross with a distinct individual. With hermaphrodite plants we incessantly meet with elaborate and perfect contrivances for this same end. It is no exaggeration to assert that, if the use of the talons and tusks of a carnivorous animal, or the use of the viscid threads of a spider's web, or of the plumes and hooks on a seed may be safely inferred from their structure, we may with equal safety infer that many flowers are constructed for the express purpose of ensuring a cross with a distinct plant. From these various considerations, the conclusion arrived at in the chapter just referred to--namely, that great good of some kind is derived from the sexual concourse of distinct individuals--must be admitted.

To return to our illustration: we have hitherto assumed that the birds were kept down to the same number by indiscriminate slaughter; but if the least choice be permitted in their preservation and slaughter, the whole result will be changed. Should the owner observe any slight variation in one of his birds, and wish to obtain a breed thus characterised, he would succeed in a surprisingly short time by carefully selecting and pairing the young. As any part which has once varied generally goes on varying in the same direction, it is easy, by continually preserving the most strongly marked individuals, to increase the amount of difference up to a high, predetermined standard of excellence. This is methodical selection.

If the owner of the aviary, without any thought of making a new breed, simply admired, for instance, short-beaked more than long-beaked birds, he would, when he had to reduce the number, generally kill the latter; and there can be no doubt that he would thus in the course of time sensibly modify his {424} stock. It is improbable, if two men were to keep pigeons and act in this manner, that they would prefer exactly the same characters; they would, as we know, often prefer directly opposite characters, and the two lots would ultimately come to differ. This has actually occurred with strains or families of cattle, sheep, and pigeons, which have been long kept and carefully attended to by different breeders without any wish on their part to form new and distinct sub-breeds. This unconscious kind of selection will more especially come into action with animals which are highly serviceable to man; for every one tries to get the best dog, horse, cow, or sheep, and these animals will transmit more or less surely their good qualities to their offspring. Hardly any one is so careless as to breed from his worst animals. Even savages, when compelled from extreme want to kill some of their animals, would destroy the worst and preserve the best. With animals kept for use and not for mere amusement, different fashions prevail in different districts, leading to the preservation, and consequently to the transmission, of all sorts of trifling peculiarities of character. The same process will have been pursued with our fruit-trees and vegetables, for the best will always have been the most largely cultivated, and will occasionally have yielded seedlings better than their parents.

The different strains, just alluded to, which have been raised by different breeders without any wish for such a result, and the unintentional modification of foreign breeds in their new homes, both afford excellent evidence of the power of unconscious selection. This form of selection has probably led to far more important results than methodical selection, and is likewise more important under a theoretical point of view from closely resembling natural selection. For during this process the best or most valued individuals are not separated and prevented crossing with others of the same breed, but are simply preferred and preserved; but this inevitably leads during a long succession of generations to their increase in number and to their gradual improvement; so that finally they prevail to the exclusion of the old parent-form.

With our domesticated animals natural selection checks the production of races with any injurious deviation of {425} structure. In the case of animals kept by savages and semi-civilised people, which have to provide largely for their own wants under different circumstances, natural selection will probably play a more important part. Hence such animals often closely resemble natural species.

As there is no limit to man's desire to possess animals and plants more and more useful in any respect, and as the fancier always wishes, from fashion running into extremes, to produce each character more and more strongly pronounced, there is a constant tendency in every breed, through the prolonged action of methodical and unconscious selection, to become more and more different from its parent-stock; and when several breeds have been produced and are valued for different qualities, to differ more and more from each other. This leads to Divergence of Character. As improved sub-varieties and races are slowly formed, the older and less improved breeds are neglected and decrease in number. When few individuals of any breed exist within the same locality, close interbreeding, by lessening their vigour and fertility, aids in their final extinction. Thus the intermediate links are lost, and breeds which have already diverged gain Distinctness of Character.

In the chapters on the Pigeon, it was proved by historical details and by the existence of connecting sub-varieties in distant lands that several breeds have steadily diverged in character, and that many old and intermediate sub-breeds have become extinct. Other cases could be adduced of the extinction of domestic breeds, as of the Irish wolf-dog, the old English hound, and of two breeds in France, one of which was formerly highly valued.[931] Mr. Pickering remarks[932] that "the sheep figured on the most ancient Egyptian monuments is unknown at the present day; and at least one variety of the bullock, formerly known in Egypt, has in like manner become extinct." So it has been with some animals, and with several plants cultivated by the ancient inhabitants of Europe during the neolithic period. In Peru, Von Tschudi[933] found in certain tombs, apparently prior to the dynasty of the Incas, two kinds of maize not now known in the country. With our flowers and culinary vegetables, {426} the production of new varieties and their extinction has incessantly recurred. At the present time improved breeds sometimes displace at an extraordinarily rapid rate older breeds; as has recently occurred throughout England with pigs. The Long-horn cattle in their native home were "suddenly swept away as if by some murderous pestilence," by the introduction of Short-horns.[934]

What grand results have followed from the long-continued action of methodical and unconscious selection, checked and regulated to a certain extent by natural selection, is seen on every side of us. Compare the many animals and plants which are displayed at our exhibitions with their parent-forms when these are known, or consult old historical records with respect to their former state. Almost all our domesticated animals have given rise to numerous and distinct races, excepting those which cannot be easily subjected to selection--such as cats, the cochineal insect, and the hive-bee,--and excepting those animals which are not much valued. In accordance with what we know of the process of selection, the formation of our many races has been slow and gradual. The man who first observed and preserved a pigeon with its oesophagus a little enlarged, its beak a little longer, or its tail a little more expanded than usual, never dreamed that he had made the first step in the creation of the pouter, carrier, and fantail-pigeon. Man can create not only anomalous breeds, but others with their whole structure admirably co-ordinated for certain purposes, such as the race-horse and dray-horse, or the greyhound. It is by no means necessary that each small change of structure throughout the body, leading towards excellence, should simultaneously arise and be selected. Although man seldom attends to differences in organs which are important under a physiological point of view, yet he has so profoundly modified some breeds, that assuredly, if found wild, they would be ranked under distinct genera.

The best proof of what selection has effected is perhaps afforded by the fact that whatever part or quality in any animal, and more especially in any plant, is most valued by man, that part or quality differs most in the several races. This result is well seen by comparing the amount of difference {427} between the fruits produced by the varieties of the same fruit-tree, between the flowers of the varieties in our flower-garden, between the seeds, roots, or leaves of our culinary and agricultural plants, in comparison with the other and not valued parts of the same plants. Striking evidence of a different kind is afforded by the fact ascertained by Oswald Heer,[935] namely, that the seeds of a large number of plants,--wheat, barley, oats, peas, beans, lentils, poppies,--cultivated for their seed by the ancient Lake-inhabitants of Switzerland, were all smaller than the seeds of our existing varieties. Rütimeyer has shown that the sheep and cattle which were kept by the earlier Lake-inhabitants were likewise smaller than our present breeds. In the middens of Denmark, the earliest dog of which the remains have been found was the weakest; this was succeeded during the Bronze age by a stronger kind, and this again during the Iron age by one still stronger. The sheep of Denmark during the Bronze period had extraordinarily slender limbs, and the horse was smaller than our present animal.[936] No doubt in these cases the new and larger breeds were generally introduced from foreign lands by the immigration of new hordes of men. But it is not probable that each larger breed, which in the course of time supplanted a previous and smaller breed, was the descendant of a distinct and larger species; it is far more probable that the domestic races of our various animals were gradually improved in different parts of the great Europæo-Asiatic continent, and thence spread to other countries. This fact of the gradual increase in size of our domestic animals is all the more striking as certain wild or half-wild animals, such as red-deer, aurochs, park-cattle, and boars,[937] have within nearly the same period decreased in size.

The conditions favourable to selection by man are,--the closest attention being paid to every character,--long-continued perseverance,--facility in matching or separating animals,--and especially a large number being kept, so that the inferior individuals may be freely rejected or destroyed, and the better ones preserved. When many are kept there will also be a {428} greater chance of the occurrence of well-marked deviations of structure. Length of time is all-important; for as each character, in order to become strongly pronounced, has to be augmented by the selection of successive variations of the same nature, this can only be effected during a long series of generations. Length of time will, also, allow any new feature to become fixed by the continued rejection of those individuals which revert or vary, and the preservation of those which inherit the new character. Hence, although some few animals have varied rapidly in certain respects under new conditions of life, as dogs in India and sheep in the West Indies, yet all the animals and plants which have produced strongly marked races were domesticated at an extremely remote epoch, often before the dawn of history. As a consequence of this, no record has been preserved of the origin of our chief domestic breeds. Even at the present day new strains or sub-breeds are formed so slowly that their first appearance passes unnoticed. A man attends to some particular character, or merely matches his animals with unusual care, and after a time a slight difference is perceived by his neighbours;--the difference goes on being augmented by unconscious and methodical selection, until at last a new sub-breed is formed, receives a local name, and spreads; but, by this time, its history is almost forgotten. When the new breed has spread widely, it gives rise to new strains and sub-breeds, and the best of these succeed and spread, supplanting other and older breeds; and so always onwards in the march of improvement.

When a well-marked breed has once been established, if not supplanted by still improving sub-breeds, and if not exposed to greatly changed conditions of life, inducing further variability or reversion to long-lost characters, it may apparently last for an enormous period. We may infer that this is the case from the high antiquity of certain races; but some caution is necessary on this head, for the same variation may appear independently after long intervals of time, or in distant places. We may safely assume that this has occurred with the turnspit-dog which is figured on the ancient Egyptian monuments, with the solid-hoofed swine[938] mentioned by Aristotle, with five-toed fowls {429} described by Columella, and certainly with the nectarine. The dogs represented on the Egyptian monuments, about 2000 B.C., show us that some of the chief breeds then existed, but it is extremely doubtful whether any are identically the same with our present breeds. A great mastiff sculptured on an Assyrian tomb, 640 B.C., is said to be the same with the dog still imported into the same region from Thibet. The true greyhound existed during the Roman classical period. Coming down to a later period, we have seen that, though most of the chief breeds of the pigeon existed between two and three centuries ago, they have not all retained to the present day exactly the same character; but this has occurred in certain cases in which improvement was not desired, for instance in the case of the Spot or the Indian ground-tumbler.

De Candolle[939] has fully discussed the antiquity of various races of plants; he states that the black-seeded poppy was known in the time of Homer, the white-seeded sesamum by the ancient Egyptians, and almonds with sweet and bitter kernels by the Hebrews; but it does not seem improbable that some of these varieties may have been lost and reappeared. One variety of barley and apparently one of wheat, both of which were cultivated at an immensely remote period by the Lake-inhabitants of Switzerland, still exist. It is said[940] that "specimens of a small variety of gourd which is still common in the market of Lima were exhumed from an ancient cemetery in Peru." De Candolle remarks that, in the books and drawings of the sixteenth century, the principal races of the cabbage, turnip, and gourd can be recognised; this might have been expected at so late a period, but whether any of these plants are absolutely identical with our present sub-varieties is not certain. It is, however, said that the Brussels sprout, a variety which in some places is liable to degeneration, has remained genuine for more than four centuries in the district where it is believed to have originated.[941]

* * * * *

In accordance with the views maintained by me in this work and elsewhere, not only the various domestic races, but the {430} most distinct genera and orders within the same great class,--for instance, whales, mice, birds, and fishes--are all the descendants of one common progenitor, and we must admit that the whole vast amount of difference between these forms of life has primarily arisen from simple variability. To consider the subject under this point of view is enough to strike one dumb with amazement. But our amazement ought to be lessened when we reflect that beings, almost infinite in number, during an almost infinite lapse of time, have often had their whole organisation rendered in some degree plastic, and that each slight modification of structure which was in any way beneficial under excessively complex conditions of life, will have been preserved, whilst each which was in any way injurious will have been rigorously destroyed. And the long-continued accumulation of beneficial variations will infallibly lead to structures as diversified, as beautifully adapted for various purposes, and as excellently co-ordinated, as we see in the animals and plants all around us. Hence I have spoken of selection as the paramount power, whether applied by man to the formation of domestic breeds, or by nature to the production of species. I may recur to the metaphor given in a former chapter: if an architect were to rear a noble and commodious edifice, without the use of cut stone, by selecting from the fragments at the base of a precipice wedge-formed stones for his arches, elongated stones for his lintels, and flat stones for his roof, we should admire his skill and regard him as the paramount power. Now, the fragments of stone, though indispensable to the architect, bear to the edifice built by him the same relation which the fluctuating variations of each organic being bear to the varied and admirable structures ultimately acquired by its modified descendants.

Some authors have declared that natural selection explains nothing, unless the precise cause of each slight individual difference be made clear. Now, if it were explained to a savage utterly ignorant of the art of building, how the edifice had been raised stone upon stone, and why wedge-formed fragments were used for the arches, flat stones for the roof, &c.; and if the use of each part and of the whole building were pointed out, it would be unreasonable if he declared that nothing had been {431} made clear to him, because the precise cause of the shape of each fragment could not be given. But this is a nearly parallel case with the objection that selection explains nothing, because we know not the cause of each individual difference in the structure of each being.

The shape of the fragments of stone at the base of our precipice may be called accidental, but this is not strictly correct; for the shape of each depends on a long sequence of events, all obeying natural laws; on the nature of the rock, on the lines of deposition or cleavage, on the form of the mountain which depends on its upheaval and subsequent denudation, and lastly on the storm or earthquake which threw down the fragments. But in regard to the use to which the fragments may be put, their shape may be strictly said to be accidental. And here we are led to face a great difficulty, in alluding to which I am aware that I am travelling beyond my proper province. An omniscient Creator must have foreseen every consequence which results from the laws imposed by Him. But can it be reasonably maintained that the Creator intentionally ordered, if we use the words in any ordinary sense, that certain fragments of rock should assume certain shapes so that the builder might erect his edifice? If the various laws which have determined the shape of each fragment were not predetermined for the builder's sake, can it with any greater probability be maintained that He specially ordained for the sake of the breeder each of the innumerable variations in our domestic animals and plants;--many of these variations being of no service to man, and not beneficial, far more often injurious, to the creatures themselves? Did He ordain that the crop and tail-feathers of the pigeon should vary in order that the fancier might make his grotesque pouter and fantail breeds? Did He cause the frame and mental qualities of the dog to vary in order that a breed might be formed of indomitable ferocity, with jaws fitted to pin down the bull for man's brutal sport? But if we give up the principle in one case,--if we do not admit that the variations of the primeval dog were intentionally guided in order that the greyhound, for instance, that perfect image of symmetry and vigour, might be formed,--no shadow of reason can be assigned for the belief that variations, alike in nature and the result {432} of the same general laws, which have been the groundwork through natural selection of the formation of the most perfectly adapted animals in the world, man included, were intentionally and specially guided. However much we may wish it, we can hardly follow Professor Asa Gray in his belief "that variation has been led along certain beneficial lines," like a stream "along definite and useful lines of irrigation." If we assume that each particular variation was from the beginning of all time preordained, the plasticity of organisation, which leads to many injurious deviations of structure, as well as that redundant power of reproduction which inevitably leads to a struggle for existence, and, as a consequence, to the natural selection or survival of the fittest, must appear to us superfluous laws of nature. On the other hand, an omnipotent and omniscient Creator ordains everything and foresees everything. Thus we are brought face to face with a difficulty as insoluble as is that of free will and predestination.

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{433}

INDEX.

ABBAS Pacha, a fancier of fantailed pigeons, i. 206. ABBEY, Mr., on grafting, ii. 147; on mignonette, ii. 237. ABBOTT, Mr. Keith, on the Persian tumbler pigeon, i. 150. ABBREVIATION of the facial bones, i. 73. ABORTION of organs, ii. 315-318, 397. ABSORPTION of minority in crossed races, ii. 87-89, 174. ACCLIMATISATION, ii. 305-315; of maize, i. 322. ACERBI, on the fertility of domestic animals in Lapland, ii. 112. _Achatinella_, ii. 53. _Achillea millefolium_, bud variation in, i. 408. _Aconitum napellus_, roots of, innocuous in cold climates, ii. 274. _Acorus calamus_, sterility of, ii. 170. ACOSTA, on fowls in South America at its discovery, i. 237. _Acropera_, number of seeds in, ii. 379. ADAM, Mr., origin of _Cytisus Adami_, i. 390. ADAM, W., on consanguineous marriages, ii. 123. ADAMS, Mr., on hereditary diseases, ii. 7. ADVANCEMENT in scale of organisation, i. 8. _Ægilops triticoides_, observations of Fabre and Godron on, i. 313; increasing fertility of hybrids of, with wheat, ii. 110. _Æsculus flava_ and _rubicunda_, i. 392. _Æsculus pavia_, tendency of, to become double, ii. 168. _Æthusa cynapium_, ii. 337. AFFINITY, sexual elective, ii. 180. AFRICA, white bull from, i. 91; feral cattle in, i. 85; food-plants of savages of, i. 307-309; South, diversity of breeds of cattle in, i. 80; West, change in fleece of sheep in, i. 98. _Agave vivipara_, seeding of, in poor soil, ii. 169. AGE, changes in trees, dependent on, i. 387. AGOUTI, fertility of, in captivity, ii. 152. AGRICULTURE, antiquity of, ii. 243. _Agrostis_, seeds of, used as food, i. 309. AGUARA, i. 26. AINSWORTH, Mr., on the change in the hair of animals at Angora, ii. 278. AKBAR Khan, his fondness for pigeons, i. 205; ii. 204. _Alauda arvensis_, ii. 154. ALBIN, on "Golden Hamburgh" fowls, i. 247; figure of the hook-billed duck, i. 277. ALBINISM, i. 111, ii. 17. ALBINO, negro, attacked by insects, ii. 229. ALBINOES, heredity of, ii. 9. ALBINUS, thickness of the epidermis on the palms of the hands in man, ii. 297. ALCO, i. 31, ii. 102. ALDROVANDI, on rabbits, i. 104; description of the nun pigeon, i. 156; on the fondness of the Dutch for pigeons in the seventeenth century, i. 205; notice of several varieties of pigeons, i. 207-210; on the breeds of fowls, i. 247; on the origin of the domestic duck, i. 278. ALEFIELD, Dr., on the varieties of peas and their specific unity, i. 326; on the varieties of beans, i. 330. ALEXANDER the Great, his selection of Indian cattle, ii. 202. ALGÆ, retrogressive metamorphosis in, ii. 361; division of zoospores of, ii. 378. ALLEN, W., on feral fowls, i. 237; ii. 33. ALLMAN, Professor, on a monstrous _Saxifraga geum_, ii. 166; on the development of the Hydroida, ii. 368. ALMOND, i. 337; antiquity of, ii. 429; bitter, not eaten by mice, ii. 232. _Alnus glutinosa_ and _incana_, hybrids of, ii. 130. ALPACA, selection of, ii. 208. _Althæa rosea_, i. 378, ii. 107. _Amaryllis_, ii. 139. _Amaryllis vittata_, effect of foreign pollen on, i. 400. AMAUROSIS, hereditary, ii. 9. AMERICA, limits within which no useful plants have been furnished by, i. 310; colours of feral horses in, i. 60-61; North, native cultivated plants of, i. 312; skin of feral pig from, i. 77; South, variations in cattle of, i. 88, 92. _Amygdalus persica_, i. 336-344, 374. {434} AMMON, on the persistency of colour in horses, ii. 21. _Anagallis arvensis_, ii. 190. ANALOGOUS variation, i. 409, ii. 348-352; in horses, i. 55; in the horse and ass, i. 64; in fowls, i. 243-246. _Anas boschas_, i. 277, ii. 40; skull of, figured, i. 282. _Anas moschata_, ii. 40. "ANCON" sheep of Massachusetts, i. 100, ii. 103. ANDALUSIAN fowls, i. 227. ANDALUSIAN rabbits, i. 105. ANDERSON, J., on the origin of British sheep, i. 94; on the selection of qualities in cattle, ii. 196; on a one-eared breed of rabbits, i. 108; on the inheritance of characters from a one-eared rabbit and three-legged bitch, ii. 12; on the persistency of varieties of peas, i. 329; on the production of early peas by selection, ii. 201; on the varieties of the potato, i. 330-331; on crossing varieties of the melon, i. 399; on reversion in the barberry, i. 384. ANDERSON, Mr., on the reproduction of the weeping ash by seed, ii. 19; on the cultivation of the tree pæony in China, ii. 205. ANDERSSON, Mr., on the Damara, Bechuana, and Namaqua cattle, i. 88; on the cows of the Damaras, ii. 300; selection practised by the Damaras and Namaquas, ii. 207; on the use of grass-seeds and the roots of reeds as food in South Africa, i. 309. _Anemone coronaria_, doubled by selection, ii. 200. ANGINA pectoris, hereditary, occurring at a certain age, ii. 79. ANGLESEA, cattle of, i. 80. ANGOLA sheep, i. 95. ANGORA, change in hair of animals at, ii. 278; cats of, i. 45, 47; rabbits of, i. 106, 120. ANIMALS, domestication of, facilitated by fearlessness of man, i. 20; refusal of wild, to breed in captivity, ii. 149; compound, individual peculiarities of, reproduced by budding, i. 374; variation by selection in useful qualities of, ii. 220. ANNUAL plants, rarity of bud-variation in, i. 408. ANOMALIES in the osteology of the horse, i. 50. ANOMALOUS breeds of pigs, i. 75; of cattle, i. 89. _Anser albifrons_, characters of, reproduced in domestic geese, i. 288. _Anser ægyptiacus_, i. 282; ii. 68. _Anser canadensis_, ii. 157. _Anser cygnoides_, i. 237. _Anser ferus_, the original of the domestic goose, i. 287; fertility of cross of, with domestic goose, i. 288. ANSON, on feral fowls in the Ladrones, i. 238. ANTAGONISM between growth and reproduction, ii. 384. _Anthemis nobilis_, bud-variation in flowers of, i. 379; becomes single in poor soil, ii. 167. ANTHEROZOIDS, apparent independence of, in algæ, ii. 384. ANTHERS, contabescence of, ii. 165-166. ANTIGUA, cats of, i. 46; changed fleece of sheep in, i. 98. _Antirrhinum majus_, peloric, i. 365; ii. 59, 70, 166; double-flowered, ii. 167; bud-variation in, i. 381. ANTS, individual recognition of, ii. 251. APES, anthropomorphous, ii. 123. APHIDES, attacking pear-trees, ii. 231; development of, ii. 361-362. APOPLEXY, hereditary, occurring at a certain age, ii. 78. APPLE, i. 348-350; fruit of, in Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 317; rendered fastigate by heat in India, i. 361; bud-variation in the, i. 376; with dimidiate fruit, i. 392-393; with two kinds of fruit on the same branch, i. 392; artificial fecundation of, i. 401; St. Valéry, i. 401; ii. 166; reversion in seedlings of, ii. 31; crossing of varieties of, ii. 129; growth of the, in Ceylon, ii. 277; Winter Majetin, not attacked by _coccus_, ii. 231; flower-buds of, attacked by bullfinches, ii. 232; American, change of when grown in England, ii. 275. APRICOT, i. 344-345; glands on the leaves of, ii. 231; analogous variation in the, ii. 348. _Aquila fusca_, copulating in captivity, ii. 154. _Aquilegia vulgaris_, i. 365; ii. 330. ARAB boarhound, described by Harcourt, i. 17. _Arabis blepharophylla_ and _A. Soyeri,_ effects of crossing, i. 400. _Aralia trifoliata_, bud-variation in leaves of, i. 382. ARAUCARIAS, young, variable resistance of, to frost, ii. 309. ARCHANGEL pigeon, ii. 240. ARCTIC regions, variability of plants and shells of, ii. 256. _Aria vestita_, grafted on thorns, i. 387. ARISTOPHANES, fowls mentioned by, i. 246. ARISTOTLE, on solid-hoofed pigs, i. 75; domestic duck unknown to, i. 277; on the assumption of male characters by old hens, ii. 51. {435} ARNI, domestication of the, i. 82. ARREST of development, ii. 315-318. ARTERIES, increase of anastomosing branches of, when tied, ii. 230. ARU islands, wild pig of, i. 67. ARUM, Polynesian varieties of, ii. 256. _Ascaris_, number of eggs of, ii. 379. ASH, varieties of the, i. 360; weeping, i. 361; simple-leaved, i. 362; bud-variation in, i. 382; effects of graft upon the stock in the, i. 394; production of the blotched Breadalbane, _ibid._; weeping, capricious reproduction of, by seed, ii. 19. _Asinus Burchellii_, i. 64. _Asinus hemionus_, ii. 43. _Asinus indicus_, ii. 42-43, 48. _Asinus quagga_, i. 64. _Asinus tæniopus_, ii. 41; the original of the domestic ass, i. 62. ASPARAGUS, increased fertility of cultivated, ii. 113. ASS, early domestication of the, i. 62; breeds of, _ibid._; small size of, in India, _ibid._; stripes of, i. 62-63; ii. 351; dislike of to cross water, i. 181; reversion in, ii. 41-43, 47; hybrid of the, with mare and zebra, ii. 42; prepotency of the, over the horse, ii. 67-68; crossed with wild ass, ii. 206; variation and selection of the, ii. 236. ASSYRIAN sculpture of a mastiff, i. 17. ASTERS, ii. 20, 316. ASTHMA, hereditary, ii. 8, 79. ATAVISM. _See_ Reversion. ATHELSTAN, his care of horses, ii. 203. ATKINSON, Mr., on the sterility of the Tarroo silk-moth in confinement, ii. 157. AUBERGINE, ii. 91. AUDUBON, on feral hybrid ducks, i. 190; ii. 46; on the domestication of wild ducks on the Mississippi, i. 278; on the wild cock turkey visiting domestic hens, i. 292; fertility of _Fringilla ciris_ in captivity, ii. 154; fertility of _Columba migratoria_ and _leucocephala_ in captivity, ii. 155; breeding of _Anser canadensis_ in captivity, ii. 157. AUDUBON and Bachman, on the change of coat in _Ovis montana_, i. 99; sterility of _Sciurus cinerea_ in confinement, ii. 152. AURICULA, effect of seasonal conditions on the, ii. 273; blooming of, ii. 346. AUSTRALIA, no generally useful plants derived from, i. 310; useful plants of, enumerated by Hooker, i. 311. AUSTRIA, heredity of character in emperors of, ii. 65. AUTENRIETH, on persistency of colour in horses, ii. 21. AVA, horses of, i. 53. _Avena fatua_, cultivability of, i. 313. AYEEN Akbery, pigeons mentioned in the, i. 150, 155, 185, 205, 207, 208. AYRES, W. P., on bud-variation in pelargoniums, i. 378. _Azalea indica_, bud-variation in, i. 377. AZARA, on the feral dogs of La Plata, i. 27; on the crossing of domestic with wild cats in Paraguay, i. 45; on hornlike processes in horses, i. 50; on curled hair in horses, i. 54; ii. 205, 325; on the colours of feral horses, i. 60, 61; ii. 259; on the cattle of Paraguay and La Plata, i. 82, 86, 89; ii. 250; on a hornless bull, ii. 205; on the increase of cattle in South America, ii. 119; on the growth of horns in the hornless cattle of Corrientes, ii. 39; on the "Niata" cattle, i. 90; on naked quadrupeds, ii. 279; on a race of black-skinned fowls in South America, i. 258; ii. 209; on a variety of maize, i. 321.

BABINGTON, C. C., on the origin of the plum, i. 345; British species of the genus _Rosa_, i. 366; distinctness of _Viola lutea_ and _tricolor_, i. 368. BACHMANN, Mr., on the turkey, ii. 262. _See also_ Audubon. BADGER, breeding in confinement, ii. 151. "BAGADOTTEN-TAUBE," i. 141. BAILY, Mr., on the effect of selection on fowls, ii. 198; on Dorking fowls, ii. 238. BAIRD, S., on the origin of the turkey, i. 292. BAKER, Mr., on heredity in the horse, ii. 11; on the degeneration of the horse by neglect, ii. 239; orders of Henrys VII. and VIII. for the destruction of undersized mares, ii. 203. BAKEWELL, change in the sheep effected by, ii. 198. BALANCEMENT, ii. 342-344; of growth, law of, i. 274. BALDHEAD, pigeon, i. 151. BALDNESS, in man, inherited, ii. 73-74; with deficiency in teeth, ii. 326-327. BALLANCE, Mr., on the effects of interbreeding on fowls, ii. 125; on variation in the eggs of fowls, i. 248. _Ballota nigra_, transmission of variegated leaves in, i. 383. BAMBOO, varieties of the, ii. 256. BANANA, variation of the, i. 372; ii. 256, 258; bud-variation in the, i. 377; sterility of the, ii. 268. BANTAM fowls, i. 230; Sebright, origin of, ii. 96; sterility of, ii. 101. BARB (Pigeon), i. 144-146, 210; ii. 227; {436} figure of, i. 145; figure of lower jaw of, i. 164. BARBS, of wheat, i. 314. BARBERRY, dark or red-leaved variety, i. 362; ii. 19; reversion in suckers of seedless variety, i. 384. BARBUT, J., on the dogs of Guinea, i. 25; on the domestic pigeons in Guinea, i. 186; fowls not native in Guinea, i. 237. BARKING, acquisition of the habit of, by various dogs, i. 27. BARLEY, wild, i. 313; of the lake-dwellings, i. 317-318; ancient variety of, ii. 429. BARNES, Mr., production of early peas by selection, ii. 201. BARNET, Mr., on the intercrossing of strawberries, i. 351; dioeciousness of the Hautbois strawberry, i. 353; on the scarlet American strawberry, ii. 200. BARTH, Dr., use of grass-seeds as food in Central Africa, i. 308. BARTLETT, A. D., on the origin of "Himalayan" rabbits by intercrossing, i. 109; on the feral rabbits of Porto Santo, i. 114; on geese with reversed feathers on the head and neck, i. 288; on the young of the black-shouldered peacock, i. 290; on the breeding of the Felidæ in captivity, ii. 150. BARTRAM, on the black wolf-dog of Florida, i. 22. BATES, H. W., refusal of wild animals to breed in captivity, ii. 150, 152; sterility of American monkeys in captivity, ii. 153; sterility of tamed guans, ii. 156. BATRACHIA, regeneration of lost parts in, ii. 15. BEACH, raised, in Peru, containing heads of maize, i. 320. BEAK, variability of, in fowls, i. 258; individual differences of, in pigeons, i. 160; correlation of, with the feet in pigeons, i. 171-174. BEALE, Lionel, on the contents of cells, ii. 370; on the multiplication of infectious atoms, ii. 378; on the origin of fibres, ii. 382. BEANS, i. 330; of Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 319; varieties of, produced by selection, ii. 218; French and scarlet, variable resistance of to frost, ii. 309, 314; superiority of native seed of, ii. 314; a symmetrical variation of scarlet, ii. 322; experiments on kidney, i. 330; with monstrous stipules and abortive leaflets, ii. 343. BEARD, pigeon, i. 151. BEARS, breeding in captivity, ii. 151. BEASLEY, J., reversion in crossed cattle, ii. 41. BEATON, D., effect of soil upon strawberries, i. 353; on varieties of pelargonium, i. 364, ii. 274, 311; bud-variation in _Gladiolus colvillii_, i. 382; cross between Scotch kail and cabbage, ii. 98; hybrid gladiolus, ii. 139; constant occurrence of new forms among seedlings, ii. 235; on the doubling of the compositæ, ii. 316. BECHUANA cattle, i. 88. BECK, Mr., constitutional differences in pelargoniums, i. 364. BECKMANN, on changes in the odours of plants, ii. 274. BECKSTEIN, on the burrowing of wolves, i. 27; "Spitz" dog, i. 31; origin of the Newfoundland dog, i. 42; crossing of domestic and wild swine, i. 66; on the Jacobin pigeon, i. 154, 209; notice of swallow-pigeons, i. 156; on a fork-tailed pigeon, i. 157; variations in the colour of the croup in pigeons, i. 184; on the German dove-cot pigeon, i. 185; fertility of mongrel pigeons, i. 192; on hybrid turtle-doves, i. 193; on crossing the pigeon with _Columba oenas_, _C. palumbus_, _Turtur risoria_, and _T. vulgaris_, i. 193; development of spurs in the silk-hen, i. 256; on Polish fowls, i. 257, 264; on crested birds, i. 257; on the Canary-bird, i. 295, ii. 22, 161; German superstition about the turkey, i. 293; occurrence of horns in hornless breeds of sheep, ii. 30; hybrids of the horse and ass, ii. 68; crosses of tailless fowls, ii. 92; difficulty of pairing dove-cot and fancy pigeons, ii. 103; fertility of tame ferrets and rabbits, ii. 112; fertility of wild sow, _ibid._; difficulty of breeding caged birds, ii. 154; comparative fertility of _Psittacus erithacus_ in captivity, ii. 155; on changes of plumage in captivity, ii. 158; liability of light-coloured cattle to the attacks of flies, ii. 229; want of exercise a cause of variability, ii. 257; effect of privation of light upon the plumage of birds, ii. 280; on a sub-variety of the monk-pigeon, ii. 350. BEDDOE, Dr., correlation of complexion with consumption, ii. 335. BEDEGUAR gall, ii. 284. BEE, persistency of character of, ii. 236, 254; intercrossing, ii. 126; conveyance, of pollen of peas by, i. 329. BEE-OPHRYS, self-fertilisation of, ii. 91. BEECH, dark-leaved, i. 362, ii. 19; fern-leaved, reversion of, i. 382; weeping, non-production of by seed, ii. 19. BEECHEY, horses of Loochoo Islands, i. 53. BEET, i. 326; increase of sugar in, by selection, ii. 201. {437} _Begonia frigida_, singular variety of, i. 365; sterility of, ii. 166. BELGIAN rabbit, i. 106. BELL, T., statement that white cattle have coloured ears, i. 85. BELL, W., bud-variation in _Cistus tricuspis_, i. 377. BELLINGERI, observations on gestation in the dog, i. 30; on the fertility of dogs and cats, ii. 112. BELON, on high-flying pigeons in Paphlagonia, i. 209; varieties of the goose, i. 289. BENGUELA, cattle of, i. 88. BENNETT, Dr. G., pigs of the Pacific islands, i. 70, 87; dogs of the Pacific islands, i. 87; varieties of cultivated plants in Tahiti, ii. 256. BENNETT, Mr., on the fallow deer, ii. 103. BENTHAM, G., number and origin of cultivated plants, i. 306; cereals all cultivated varieties, i. 312; species of the orange group, i. 334-335; distinctions of almond and peach, i. 338; British species of _Rosa_, i. 366; identity of _Viola lutea_ and _tricolor_, i. 368. _Berberis vulgaris_, i. 384, ii. 19. _Berberis Wallichii_, indifference of, to climate, ii. 164. BERJEAN, on the history of the dog, i. 16, 18. BERKELEY, G. F., production of hen-cocks in a strain of game-fowls, i. 253. BERKELEY, M. J., crossing of varieties of the pea, i. 397; effect of foreign pollen on grapes, i. 400; on hybrid plants, ii. 131; analogy between pollen of highly-cultivated plants and hybrids, ii. 268; on Hungarian kidney-beans, ii. 275; failure of Indian wheat in England, ii. 307; bud developed on the petal of a _Clarkia_, ii. 384. BERNARD, inheritance of disease in the horse, ii. 10. BERNARD, C., independence of the organs of the body, ii. 368-369; special affinities of the tissues, ii. 380. BERNHARDI, varieties of plants with laciniated leaves, ii. 348. _Bernicla antarctica_, i. 288. BERTERO, on feral pigeons in Juan Fernandez, i. 190. _Betula alba_, ii. 18. BEWICK, on the British wild cattle, i. 84. BIBLE, reference to breeding studs of horses in, i. 54; references to domestic pigeons in the, i. 205; indications of selection of sheep in the, ii. 201; notice of mules in the, ii. 202. BIDWELL, Mr., on self-impotence in _Amaryllis_, ii. 139. BIRCH, weeping, i. 387, ii. 18. BIRCH, Dr. S., on the ancient domestication of the pigeon in Egypt, i. 205; notice of bantam fowls in a Japanese encyclopædia, i. 230, 247. BIRCH, Wyrley, on silver-grey rabbits, i. 109-110. BIRDS, sterility caused in, by change of conditions, ii. 153-157. BLADDER-NUT, tendency of the, to become double, ii. 168. BLAINE, Mr., on wry-legged terriers, ii. 245. BLAINVILLE, origin and history of the dog, i. 15-16; variations in the number of teeth in dogs, i. 34; variations in the number of toes in dogs, i. 35; on mummies of cats, i. 43; on the osteology of solid-hoofed pigs, i. 75; on feral Patagonian and N. American pigs, i. 77. "BLASS-TAUBE," i. 156. BLEEDING, hereditary, ii. 7, 8; sexual limitation of excessive, ii. 73. BLENDING of crossed races, time occupied by the, ii. 87. BLINDNESS, hereditary, ii. 9; at a certain age, ii. 78; associated with colour of hair, ii. 328. BLOODHOUNDS, degeneration of, caused by interbreeding, ii. 121. BLUMENBACH, on the protuberance of the skull in Polish fowls, i. 257; on the effect of circumcision, ii. 23; inheritance of a crooked finger, ii. 23; on badger-dogs and other varieties of the dog, ii. 220; on _Hydra_, ii. 293; on the "nisus formativus," ii. 294. BLYTH, E., on the Pariah dog, i. 24; hybrids of dog and jackal, i. 32; early domestication of cats in India, i. 43; origin of domestic cat, _ib._; crossing of domestic and wild cats, i. 44; on Indian cats resembling _Felis chaus_, i. 45; on striped Burmese ponies, i. 58; on the stripes of the ass, i. 63; on Indian wild pigs, i. 66; on humped cattle, i. 79, 80; occurrence of _Bos frontosus_ in Irish crannoges, i. 81; fertile crossing of zebus and common cattle, i. 83; on the species of sheep, i. 94; on the fat-tailed Indian sheep, i. 96; origin of the goat, i. 101; on rabbits breeding in India, i. 112; number of tail-feathers in fantails, i. 146; Lotan tumbler pigeons, i. 150; number of tail-feathers in _Ectopistes_, i. 159; on _Columba affinis_, i. 183; pigeons roosting in trees, i. 181; on _Columba leuconota_, i. 182; on _Columba intermedia_ of Strickland, i. 184; variation in colour of croup in pigeons, i. 184-185, 197; voluntary domestication of rock-pigeons in India, i. 185; feral pigeons on the Hudson, i. 190; {438} occurrence of sub-species of pigeons, i. 204; notice of pigeon-fanciers in Delhi, &c., i. 206; hybrids of _Gallus Sonneratii_ and the domestic hen, i. 234; supposed hybridity of _Gallus Temminckii_, i. 235; variations and domestication of _Gallus bankiva_, i. 235-236, 237; crossing of wild and tame fowls in Burmah, i. 236; restricted range of the larger gallinaceous birds, i. 237; feral fowls in the Nicobar islands, i. 238; black-skinned fowls occurring near Calcutta, i. 256; weight of _Gallus bankiva_, i. 272; degeneration of the turkey in India, i. 294, ii. 278; on the colour of gold-fish, i. 296; on the Ghor-Khur (_Asinus indicus_), ii. 42; on _Asinus hemionus_, ii. 43; number of eggs of _Gallus bankiva_, ii. 112; on the breeding of birds in captivity, ii. 157; co-existence of large and small breeds in the same country, ii. 279; on the drooping ears of the elephant, ii. 301; homology of leg and wing feathers, ii. 323. BOETHIUS on Scotch wild cattle, i. 85. BOITARD and Corbié, on the breeds of pigeons, i. 132; Lille pouter pigeon, i. 138; notice of a gliding pigeon, i. 156; variety of the pouter pigeon, i. 162; dove-cot pigeon, i. 185; crossing pigeons, i. 192-193, ii. 97, 126; sterility of hybrids of turtle-doves, i. 193; reversion of crossed pigeons, i. 197, ii. 40; on the fantail, i. 208, ii. 66; on the trumpeter, ii. 66; prepotency of transmission in silky fantail, ii. 67, 69; secondary sexual characters in pigeons, ii. 74; crossing of white and coloured turtle-doves, ii. 92; fertility of pigeons, ii. 112. BOMBYCIDÆ, wingless females of, ii. 299. _Bombyx hesperus_, ii. 304. _Bombyx Huttoni_, i. 302. _Bombyx mori_, i. 300-304. BONAFOUS, on maize, i. 320, 321. BONAPARTE, number of species of Columbidæ, i. 133; number of tail-feathers in pigeons, i. 158; size of the feet in Columbidæ, i. 174; on _Columba guinea_, i. 182; _Columba turricola_, _rupestris_, and _Schimperi_, i. 184. _Bonatea speciosa_, development of ovary of, i. 403. BONAVIA, Dr., growth of cauliflowers in India, ii. 310. BONES, removal of portions of, ii. 296; regeneration of, ii. 294; growth and repair of, ii. 381-382. BONNET, on the salamander, ii. 15, 341, 358, 385; theory of reproduction, ii. 385. BORCHMEYER, experiments with the seeds of the weeping ash, ii. 19. BORECOLE, i. 323. BORELLI, on Polish fowls, i. 247. BORNEO, fowls of, with tail-bands, i. 235. BORNET, E., condition of the ovary in hybrid _Cisti_, i. 389; self-impotence of hybrid _Cisti_, ii. 140. BORROW, G., on pointers, i. 42. BORY de Saint-Vincent, on gold-fish, i. 297. _Bos_, probable origin of European domestic cattle from three species of, i. 83. _Bos frontosus_, i. 79, 81-82. _Bos indicus_, i. 79. _Bos longifrons_, i. 79, 81. _Bos primigenius_, i. 79-81, 119. _Bos sondaicus_, ii. 206. _Bos taurus_, i. 79. _Bos trochoceros_, i. 81. BOSC, heredity in foliage-varieties of the elm, i. 362. BOSSE, production of double flowers from old seed, ii. 167. BOSSI, on breeding dark-coloured silkworms, i. 302. BOUCHARDAT, on the vine disease, i. 334. BOUDIN, on local diseases, ii. 276; resistance to cold of dark-complexioned men, ii. 335. "BOULANS," i. 137. "BOUTON d'Alep," ii. 276. BOWEN, Prof., doubts as to the importance of inheritance, ii. 3. BOWMAN, Mr., hereditary peculiarities in the human eye, ii. 8-10; hereditary cataract, ii. 79. BRACE, Mr., on Hungarian cattle, i. 80. _Brachycome iberidifolia_, ii. 261. BRACTS, unusual development of, in gooseberries, i. 355. BRADLEY, Mr., effect of grafts upon the stock in the ash, i. 394; effect of foreign pollen upon apples, i. 401; on change of soil, ii. 146. "BRAHMA Pootras," a new breed of fowls, i. 245. BRAIN, proportion of, in hares and rabbits, i. 126-129. BRANDT, origin of the goat, i. 101. _Brassica_, varieties of, with enlarged stems, ii. 348. _Brassica asperifolia_, ii. 343. _Brassica napus_, i. 325. _Brassica oleracea_, i. 323. _Brassica rapa_, i. 325, ii. 165. BRAUN, A., bud-variation in the vine, i. 375; in the currant, i. 376; in _Mirabilis jalapa_, i. 382; in _Cytisus adami_, i. 388; on reversion in the foliage of trees, i. 382; spontaneous production of _Cytisus purpureo-elongatus_, i. 390; reversion of flowers by stripes and blotches, ii. 37; excess of nourishment a source of variability, ii. 257. {439} BRAZIL, cattle of, i. 88. BREAD-FRUIT, varieties of, ii. 256; sterility and variability of, ii. 262. BREE, W. T., bud-variation in _Geranium pratense_ and _Centaurea cyanus_, i. 379; by tubers in the dahlia, i. 385; on the deafness of white cats with blue eyes, ii. 329. BREEDING, high, dependent on inheritance, ii. 3-4. BREEDS, domestic, persistency of, ii. 246, 428-429; artificial and natural, ii. 413-414; extinction of, ii. 425; of domestic cats, i. 45-47; of pigs produced by crossing, i. 78; of cattle, i. 86-87, 91-93; of goats, i. 101. BREHM, on _Columba amaliæ_, i. 183. BRENT, B. P., number of mammæ in rabbits, i. 106; habits of the tumbler pigeon, i. 151; Laugher pigeon, i. 155; colouring of the kite tumbler, i. 160; crossing of the pigeon with _Columba oenas_, i. 193; mongrels of the trumpeter pigeon, ii. 66; close interbreeding of pigeons, ii. 126; opinion on Aldrovandi's fowls, i. 247; on stripes in chickens, i. 249-250; on the combs of fowls, i. 253; double-spurred Dorking fowls, i. 255; effect of crossing on colour of plumage in fowls, i. 258; incubatory instinct of mongrels between non-sitting varieties of fowls, ii. 44; origin of the domestic duck, i. 277; fertility of the hook-billed duck, _ibid._; occurrence of the plumage of the wild duck in domestic breeds, i. 280; voice of ducks, i. 281; occurrence of a short upper mandible in crosses of hook-billed and common ducks, i. 281; reversion in ducks produced by crossing, ii. 40; variation of the canary-bird, i. 295; fashion in the canary, ii. 240; hybrids of canary and finches, ii. 45. BRICKELL, on raising nectarines from seed, i. 340; on the horses of North Carolina, ii. 300. BRIDGES, Mr., on the dogs of Tierra del Fuego, i. 39; on the selection of dogs by the Fuegians, ii. 207. BRIDGMAN, W. K., reproduction of abnormal ferns, i. 383, ii. 379. BRIGGS, J. J., regeneration of portions of the fins of fishes, ii. 15. BROCA, P., on the intercrossing of dogs, i. 31-32; on hybrids of hare and rabbit, i. 105; on the rumpless fowl, i. 259; on the character of half-castes, ii. 47; degree of fertility of mongrels, ii. 100; sterility of descendants of wild animals bred in captivity, ii. 160. BROCCOLI, i. 323; rudimentary flowers in, ii. 316; tenderness of, ii. 310. BROMEHEAD, W., doubling of the Canterbury bell by selection, ii. 200. BROMFIELD, Dr., sterility of the ivy and _Acorus calamus_, ii. 170. _Bromus secalinus_, i. 314. BRONN, H. G., bud-variation in _Anthemis_, i. 379; effects of cross-breeding on the female, i. 404; on heredity in a one-horned cow, ii. 12, 13; propagation of a pendulous peach by seed, ii. 18; absorption of the minority in crossed races, ii. 88; on the crossing of horses, ii. 92; fertility of tame rabbits and sheep, ii. 112; changes of plumage in captivity, ii. 158; on the dahlia, ii. 261. BRONZE period, dog of, i. 18. BROWN, G., variations in the dentition of the horse, i. 50. BROWN-SÉQUARD, Dr., inheritance of artificially-produced epilepsy in the guinea-pig, ii. 24. _Brunswigia_, ii. 139. BRUSSELS Sprouts, i. 323, ii. 429. _Bubo maximus_, ii. 154. BUCKLAND, F., on oysters, ii. 280; number of eggs in a codfish, ii. 379. BUCKLE, Mr., doubts as to the importance of inheritance, ii. 3. BUCKLEY, Miss, carrier-pigeons roosting in trees, i. 181. BUCKMAN, Prof., cultivation of _Avena fatua_, i. 313; cultivation of the wild parsnip, i. 326, ii. 201, 277; reversion in the parsnip, ii. 31. BUCKWHEAT, injurious to white pigs, when in flower, ii. 337. BUD and seed, close analogy of, i. 411. BUD-REVERSION, ii. 37. BUDS, adventitious, ii. 384. BUD-VARIATION, i. 373-411, ii. 254, 287-288, 291; contrasted with seminal reproduction, i. 373; peculiar to plants, i. 374; in the peach, i. 340, 374; in plums, i. 375; in the cherry, _ibid._; in grapes, _ibid._; in the gooseberry, currant, pear, and apple, i. 376; in the banana, camellia, hawthorn, _Azalea indica_, and _Cistus tricuspis_, i. 377; in the hollyhock and pelargonium, i. 378; in _Geranium pratense_ and the chrysanthemum, i. 379; in roses, i. 367, 379-381; in sweet williams, carnations, pinks, stocks, and snapdragons, i. 381; in wall-flowers, cyclamen, _Oenothera biennis_, _Gladiolus colvillii_, fuchsias, and _Mirabilis jalapa_, i. 382; in foliage of various trees, i. 382-384; in cryptogamic plants, i. 383; by suckers in _Phlox_ and barberry, i. 384; by tubers in the potato, _ibid._; in the dahlia, i. 385; by bulbs in hyacinths, _Imatophyllum miniatum_, and tulips, i. 385; in _Tigridia conchiflora_, i. 386; {440} in _Hemerocallis_, _ibid._; doubtful cases, i. 386-387; in _Cytisus Adami_, i. 387-394; probable in _Æsculus rubicunda_, i. 392; summary of observations on, 406. BUFFON, on crossing the wolf and dog, i. 32; increase of fertility by domestication, ii. 111; improvement of plants by unconscious selection, ii. 216; theory of reproduction, ii. 375. _Bulimus_, ii. 53. BULL, apparent influence of, on offspring, ii. 68. BULLACE, i. 345. BULLDOG, recent modifications of, i. 42. BULLFINCH, breeding in captivity, ii. 154; attacking flower-buds, ii. 232. BULT, Mr., selection of pouter pigeons, ii. 197. "BÜNDTNERSCHWEIN," i. 67. BUNTING, reed, in captivity, ii. 158. BURDACH, crossing of domestic and wild animals, i. 66; aversion of the wild boar to barley, ii. 303. BURKE, Mr., inheritance in the horse, ii. 10. _Burlingtonia_, ii. 135. BURMAH, cats of, i. 47. BURMESE ponies, striped, i. 58, 59. BURNES, Sir A., on the Karakool sheep, i. 98, ii. 278; varieties of the vine in Cabool, i. 333; hawks, trained in Scinde, ii. 153; pomegranates producing seed, ii. 168. BURTON Constable, wild cattle at, i. 84. "BURZEL-TAUBEN," i. 150. BUSSORAH carrier, i. 141. _Buteo vulgaris_, copulation of, in captivity, ii. 154. BUTTERFLIES, polymorphic, ii. 399-400. BUZAREINGUES, Girou de, inheritance of tricks, ii. 6.

CABANIS, pears grafted on the quince, ii. 239. CABBAGE, i. 323-326; varieties of, i. 323; unity of character in flowers and seeds of, i. 323-324; cultivated by ancient Celts, i. 324; classification of varieties of, _ibid._; ready crossing of, _ibid._, ii. 90, 91, 98, 130; origin of, i. 325; increased fertility of, when cultivated, ii. 113; growth of, in tropical countries, ii. 277. CABOOL, vines of, i. 333. CABRAL, on early cultivation in Brazil, i. 311. CACTUS, growth of cochineal on, in India, ii. 275. CÆSAR, _Bos primigenius_ wild in Europe in the time of, i. 81; notice of fowls in Britain, i. 246; notice of the importation of horses by the Celts, ii. 203. CAFFRE fowls, i. 230. CAFFRES, different kinds of cattle possessed by the, i. 88. "CÁGIAS," a breed of sheep, i. 95. CALCEOLARIAS, i. 364; ii. 147; effects of seasonal conditions on, ii. 274; peloric flowers in, ii. 346. "CALONGOS," a Columbian breed of cattle, i. 88. CALVER, Mr., on a seedling peach producing both peaches and nectarines, i. 341. CALYX, segments of the, converted into carpels, ii. 392. CAMEL, its dislike to crossing water, i. 181. _Camellia_, bud-variations in, i. 377; recognition of varieties of, ii. 251; variety in, hardiness of, ii. 308. CAMERON, D., on the cultivation of Alpine plants, ii. 163. CAMERONN, Baron, value of English blood in race-horses, ii. 11. _Campanula medium_, ii. 200. CANARY-BIRD, i. 295; conditions of inheritance in, ii. 22; hybrids of, ii. 45; period of perfect plumage in, ii. 77; diminished fertility of, ii. 161; standard of perfection in, ii. 195; analogous variation in, ii. 349. CANCER, heredity of, ii. 7, 8, 79. CANINE teeth, development of the, in mares, ii. 318. _Canis alopex_, i. 29. _Canis antarcticus_, i. 20. _Canis argentatus_, ii. 151. _Canis aureus_, i. 29. _Canis cancrivorus_, domesticated and crossed in Guiana, i. 23. _Canis cinereo-variegatus_, i. 29. _Canis fulvus_, i. 29. _Canis Ingæ_, the naked Peruvian dog, i. 23. _Canis latrans_, resemblance of, to the Hare Indian dog, i. 22; one of the original stocks, i. 26. _Canis lupaster_, i. 25. _Canis lupus_, var. _occidentalis_, resemblance of, to North American dogs, i. 21; crossed with dogs, i. 22; one of the original stocks, i. 26. _Canis mesomelas_, i. 25, 29. _Canis primævus_, tamed by Mr. Hodgson, i. 26. _Canis sabbar_, i. 25. _Canis simensis_, possible original of greyhounds, i. 33. _Canis thaleb_, i. 29. _Canis variegatus_, i. 29. CANTERBURY Bell, doubled by selection, ii. 200. CAPE of Good Hope, different kinds of cattle at the, i. 88; {441} no useful plants derived from the, i. 310. CAPERCAILZIE, breeding in captivity, ii. 156. _Capra ægagrus_ and _C. Falconeri_, probable parents of domestic goat, i. 101. CAPSICUM, i. 371. CARDAN, on a variety of the walnut, i. 356; on grafted walnuts, ii. 259-260. CARDOON, ii. 34. _Carex rigida_, local sterility of the, ii. 170. CARLIER, early selection of sheep, ii. 204. CARLISLE, Sir A., inheritance of peculiarities, ii. 6, 8; of polydactylism, ii. 13. "CARME" pigeon, i. 156. CARNATION, bud-variation in, i. 381; variability of, i. 370; striped, produced by crossing red and white, i. 393; effect of conditions of life on the, ii. 273. CARNIVORA, general fertility of, in captivity, ii. 150. CAROLINE Archipelago, cats of, i. 47. CARP, ii. 236. CARPELS, variation of, in cultivated cucurbitaceæ, i. 359. CARPENTER, W. B., regeneration of bone, ii. 294; production of double monsters, ii. 340; number of eggs in an _Ascaris_, ii. 379. _Carpinus betulus_, i. 362. _Carpophaga littoralis_ and _luctuosa_, i. 182. CARRIER pigeon, i. 139-142; English, i. 139-141; figured, i. 140; skull figured, i. 163; history of the, i. 211; Persian, i. 141; Bussorah, _ibid._; Bagadotten, skull figured, i. 163; lower jaw figured, i. 165. CARRIÈRE, cultivation of the wild carrot, i. 326; intermediate form between the almond and the peach, i. 338; glands of peach-leaves, i. 343; bud-variation in the vine, i. 375; grafts of _Aria vestita_ upon thorns, i. 387; variability of hybrids of _Erythrina_, ii. 265. CARROT, wild, effects of cultivation on the, i. 326; reversion in the, ii. 31; run wild, ii. 33; increased fertility of cultivated, ii. 113; experiments on the, ii. 277; acclimatisation of the, in India, ii. 311. _Carthamus_, abortion of the pappus in, ii. 316. CARTIER, cultivation of native plants in Canada, i. 312. CARYOPHYLLACEÆ, frequency of contabescence in the, ii. 165. CASPARY, bud-variation in the moss-rose, i. 380; on the ovules and pollen of _Cytisus_, i. 388-389; crossing of _Cytisus purpureus_ and _C. laburnum_, i. 389; trifacial orange, i. 391; differently-coloured flowers in the wild _Viola lutea,_ i. 408; sterility of the horse-radish, ii. 170. CASTELNAU, on Brazilian cattle, i. 88. CASTRATION, assumption of female characters caused by, ii. 51-52. _Casuarius bennettii_, ii. 156. CAT, domestic, i. 43-48; early domestication and probable origin of the, i. 43-44; intercrossing of with wild species, i. 44-45; variations of, i. 45-48; feral, i. 47, ii. 33; anomalous, i. 48; polydactylism in, ii. 14; black, indications of stripes in young, ii. 55; tortoiseshell, ii. 73; effects of crossing in, ii. 86; fertility of, ii. 111; difficulty of selection in, ii. 234, 236; length of intestines in, ii. 302; white with blue eyes, deafness of, ii. 329; with tufted ears, ii. 350. CATARACT, hereditary, ii. 9, 79. CATERPILLARS, effect of changed food on, ii. 280. CATLIN, G., colour of feral horses in North America, i. 61. CATTLE, European, their probable origin from three original species, i. 79-82; humped, or Zebus, i. 79-80; intercrossing of, i. 83, 91-93; wild, of Chillingham, Hamilton, Chartley, Burton Constable, and Gisburne, i. 84, ii. 119; colour of feral, i. 84-85, ii. 102; British breeds of, i. 86-87; South African breeds of, i. 88; South American breeds of, i. 89, ii. 205; Niata, i. 89-91, ii. 205, 208, 332; effects of food and climate on, i. 91-92; effects of selection on, i. 92-93; Dutch-buttocked, ii. 8; hornless, production of horns in, ii. 29-30, 39; reversion in, when crossed, ii. 41; wildness of hybrid, ii. 45; short-horned, prepotency of, ii. 65; wild, influence of crossing and segregation on, ii. 86; crosses of, ii. 96, 104, 118; of Falkland islands, ii. 102; mutual fertility of all varieties of, ii. 110; effects of interbreeding on, ii. 117-119; effects of careful selection on, ii. 194, 199; naked, of Columbia, ii. 205; crossed with wild banteng in Java, ii. 206; with reversed hair in Banda Oriental, ii. 205; selection of trifling characters in, ii. 209; fashion in, ii. 210; similarity of best races of, ii. 241; unconscious selection in, ii. 214; effects of natural selection on anomalous breeds of, ii. 226-227; light-coloured, attacked by flies, ii. 229, 336; Jersey, rapid improvement of, ii. 234; effects of disuse of parts in, ii. 299; rudimentary horns in, ii. 315; supposed influence of humidity on the hair of, ii. 326; {442} white spots of, liable to disease, ii. 337; supposed analogous variation in, ii. 349; displacement of long-horned by short-horned, ii. 426. CAULIFLOWER, i. 323; free-seeding of, in India, ii. 310; rudimentary flowers in, ii. 316. CAVALIER pigeon, ii. 97. _Cavia aperea_, ii. 152. CAY (_Cebus azaræ_), sterility of, in confinement, ii. 153. _Cebus azaræ_, ii. 153. _Cecidomyia_, larval development of, ii. 283, 360, 367; and _Misocampus_, i. 5. CEDARS of Lebanon and Atlas, i. 364. CELERY, turnip-rooted, i. 336; run wild, ii. 33. CELL-THEORY, ii. 370. _Celosia cristata_, i. 365. CELSUS, on the selection of seed-corn, i. 318, ii. 203. CELTS, early cultivation of the cabbage by the, i. 324; selection of cattle and horses by the, ii. 202-203. _Cenchrus_, seeds of a, used as food, i. 309. _Centaurea cyanus_, bud-variation in, i. 379. CEPHALOPODA, spermatophores of, ii. 383. _Cerasus padus_, yellow-fruited, ii. 19. _Cercoleptes_, sterility of, in captivity, ii. 152. _Cercopithecus_, breeding of a species of, in captivity, ii. 153. CEREALS, i. 312-313; of the Neolithic period in Switzerland, i. 317; adaptation of, to soils, ii. 305. _Cereus_, ii. 38. _Cereus speciosissimus_ and _phyllanthus_, reversion in hybrids of, i. 392. _Cervus canadensis_, ii. 158. _Cervus dama_, ii. 120. CETACEA, correlation of dermal system and teeth in the, ii. 328. CEYLON, cats of, i. 46; pigeon-fancying in, i. 206. _Chamærops humilis_, crossed with date palm, i. 399. CHAMISSO, on seeding bread-fruit, ii. 168. CHANNEL islands, breeds of cattle in, i. 80. CHAPMAN, Professor, peach-trees producing nectarines, i. 341. CHAPUIS, F., sexual peculiarities in pigeons, i. 162, ii. 74; effect produced by first male upon the subsequent progeny of the female, i. 405; sterility of the union of some pigeons, ii. 162. CHARACTERS, fixity of, ii. 239; latent, ii. 51-56, 399-400; continued divergence of, ii. 241; antagonistic, ii. 401. CHARDIN, abundance of pigeons in Persia, i. 205. CHARLEMAGNE, orders as to the selection of stallions, ii. 203. CHARTLEY, wild cattle of, i. 84. CHATÉ, reversion of the upper seeds in the pods of stocks, ii. 347-348. CHATIN, on _Ranunculus ficaria_, ii. 170. CHAUNDY, Mr., crossed varieties of cabbage, ii. 130. CHEETAH, general sterility of, in captivity, ii. 151. _Cheiranthus cheiri_, i. 382. CHERRIES, i. 347-348; bud-variation in, i. 375; white Tartarian, ii. 230; variety of, with curled petals, ii. 232; period of vegetation of, changed by forcing, ii. 311. CHEVREUL, on crossing fruit-trees, ii. 129. CHICKENS, differences in characters of, i. 249-250; white, liable to gapes, ii. 228, 336. CHIGOE, ii. 275. CHILE, sheep of, i. 95. CHILLINGHAM cattle, identical with _Bos primigenius_, i. 81; characters of, i. 83-84. CHILOE, half-castes of, ii. 46. CHINA, cats of, with drooping ears, i. 47; horses of, i. 53; striped ponies of, i. 59; asses of, i. 62; notice of rabbits in, by Confucius, i. 103; breeds of pigeons reared in, i. 206; breeds of fowls of, in fifteenth century, i. 232, 247; goose of, i. 237. CHINCHILLA, fertility of, in captivity, ii. 152. CHINESE, selection practised by the, ii. 204-205; preference of the, for hornless rams, ii. 209; recognition of the value of native breeds by the, ii. 313. CHINESE, or Himalayan rabbit, i. 108. "CHIVOS," a breed of cattle in Paraguay, i. 89. CHOUX-RAVES, i. 323. CHRIST, H., on the plants of the Swiss Lake-dwellings, i. 309, 318; intermediate forms between _Pinus sylvestris_ and _montana_, i. 363. CHRYSANTHEMUM, i. 379. _Chrysotis festiva_, ii. 280. CINERARIA, effects of selection on the, ii. 200. CIRCASSIA, horses of, ii. 102. CIRCUMCISION, ii. 23. CIRRIPEDES, metagenesis in, ii. 366. _Cistus_, intercrossing and hybrids of, i. 336, 389, ii. 140. _Cistus tricuspis_, bud-variation in, i. 377. CITRONS, i. 334-335. "_Citrus aurantium fructu variabili_," i. 336. _Citrus decumana_, i. 335. _Citrus lemonum_, i. 336. {443} _Citrus medica_, i. 335-336. CLEFT palate, inheritance of, ii. 24. CLEMENTE, on wild vines in Spain, i. 332. CLERMONT-TONNERRE, on the St. Valery apple, i. 401. CLAPHAM, A., bud-variation in the hawthorn, i. 377. "CLAQUANT," i. 138. "CLAQUERS" (pigeons), i. 156. CLARK, G., on the wild dogs of Juan de Nova, i. 27; on striped Burmese and Javanese ponies, i. 59; breeds of goats imported into the Mauritius, i. 101; variations in the mammæ of goats, i. 102; bilobed scrotum of Muscat goat, _ibid._ CLARK, H. J., on fission and gemmation, ii. 359. CLARKE, R. T., intercrossing of strawberries, i. 352. CLARKE, T., hybridisation of stocks, i. 399, ii. 93. CLARKSON, Mr., prize-cultivation of the gooseberry, i. 355. CLASSIFICATION, explained by the theory of natural selection, i. 11. CLIMATE, effect of, upon breeds of dogs, i. 37; on horses, i. 52, 53; on cattle, i. 91, 92; on the fleece of sheep, i. 98, 99; on seeds of wheat, i. 316; on cultivated cabbages, i. 325; adaptation of maize to, i. 322. CLIMATE and pasture, adaptation of breeds of sheep to, i. 96-97. CLIMATE and soil, effects of, upon strawberries, i. 353. CLINE, Mr., on the skull in horned and hornless rams, ii. 333. CLOS, on sterility in _Ranunculus ficaria_, ii. 170. CLOTZSCH, hybrids of various trees, ii. 130. CLOVER, pelorism in, ii. 340. COATE, Mr., on interbreeding pigs, ii. 122. COCCUS of apple trees, ii. 231. COCHIN fowls, i. 227, 250, 252, 260-261; occipital foramen of, figured, i. 261; section of skull of, figured, i. 263; cervical vertebra of, figured, i. 267. COCHINEAL, persistence of, ii. 236; preference of, for a particular cactus, ii. 275. _Cochlearia armoracia_, ii. 170. COCK, game, natural selection in, ii. 225; spur of, grafted on the comb, ii. 296; spur of, inserted into the eye of an ox, ii. 369; effect of castration upon the, ii. 51-52. COCK'S-COMB, varieties of the, i. 365. COCOONS, of silkworms, variations in, i. 302-303. CODFISH, bulldog, i. 89; number of eggs in the, ii. 379. _Coelogenys paca_, ii. 152. COLIN, prepotency of the ass over the horse, ii. 67-68; on cross-breeding, ii. 97; on change of diet, ii. 304. COLLINSON, Peter, peach-tree producing a nectarine, i. 340. COLORATION, in pigeons, an evidence of unity of descent, i. 195-197. COLOUR, correlation of, in dogs, i. 28-29; persistence of, in horses, i. 50; inheritance and diversity of, in horses, i. 55; variations of, in the ass, i. 62-63; of wild or feral cattle, i. 85; transmission of, in rabbits, i. 107; peculiarities of, in Himalayan rabbits, i. 111; influence of, ii. 227-230; correlation of, in head and limbs, ii. 324; correlated with constitutional peculiarities, ii. 335-338. COLOUR and odour, correlation of, ii. 325. COLOUR-BLINDNESS, hereditary, ii. 9; more common in men than in women, ii. 72-73; associated with inability to distinguish musical sounds, ii. 328. COLOURS, sometimes not blended by crossing, ii. 92. _Columba affinis_, Blyth, a variety of _C. livia_, i. 183. _Columba amaliæ_, Brehm, a variety of _C. livia_, i. 183. _Columba guinea_, i. 182. _Columba gymnocyclus_, Gray, a form of _C. livia_, i. 184. _Columba gymnophthalmos_, hybrids of, with _C. oenas_, i. 193; with _C. maculosa_, i. 194. _Columba intermedia_, Strickland, a variety of _C. livia_, i. 184. _Columba leucocephala_, ii. 155. _Columba leuconota_, i. 182, 195. _Columba littoralis_, i. 182. _Columba livia_, ii. 29, 40; the parent of domestic breeds of pigeons, i. 183; measurements of, i. 134; figured, i. 135; skull figured, i. 163; lower jaw figured, i. 164, 168; scapula figured, i. 167. _Columba luctuosa_, i. 182. _Columba migratoria_ and _leucocephala_, diminished fertility of, in captivity, ii. 155. _Columba oenas_, i. 183; crossed with common pigeon and _C. gymnophthalmos_, i. 193. _Columba palumbus_, i. 193, ii. 350. _Columba rupestris_, i. 182, 184, 195. _Columba Schimperi_, i. 184. _Columba torquatrix_, ii. 350. _Columba turricola_, i. 184. COLUMBIA, cattle of, i. 88. COLUMBINE, double, i. 365, ii. 330. {444} COLUMBUS, on West Indian dogs, i. 23. COLUMELLA, on Italian shepherd's dogs, i. 23; on domestic fowls, i. 231, 247, ii. 202, 429; on the keeping of ducks, i. 277; on the selection of seed-corn, i. 318; on the benefits of change of soil to plants, ii. 146; on the value of native breeds, ii. 313. COLZA, i. 325. COMB, in fowls, variations of, i. 253-254; sometimes rudimentary, ii. 315. COMPENSATION, law of, i. 274. COMPENSATION of growth, ii. 342-344. COMPLEXION, connexion of, with constitution, ii. 335. COMPOSITÆ, double flowers of, i. 365, ii. 167, 316. CONCEPTION, earlier in Alderney and Zetland cows than in other breeds, i. 87. CONDITIONS of life, changed, effect of, ii. 418-419; on horses, i. 52; upon variation in pigeons, i. 212-213; upon wheat, i. 315-316; upon trees, i. 361; in producing bud-variation, i. 408; advantages of, ii. 145-148, 176-177; sterility caused by, ii. 148-165; conducive to variability, ii. 255-261, 394; accumulative action of, ii. 261-263; direct action of, ii. 271-292. CONDOR, breeding in captivity, ii. 154. CONFINEMENT, effect of, upon the cock, ii. 52. CONFUCIUS, on the breeding of rabbits in China, i. 103. CONOLLY, Mr., on Angora goats, ii. 326. CONSTITUTIONAL differences in sheep, i. 96-97; in varieties of apples, i. 349-350; in pelargoniums, i. 364; in dahlias, i. 370. CONSTITUTIONAL peculiarities in strawberries, i. 353; in roses, i. 367. CONSUMPTION, hereditary, ii. 8; period of appearance of, ii. 77; correlated with complexion, ii. 335. CONTABESCENCE, ii. 165-166. _Convolvulus batatas_, ii. 169, 309. _Convolvulus tricolor_, bud-variation in, i. 408. COOPER, Mr., improvement of vegetables by selection, ii. 204. COOPER, White, hereditary peculiarities of vision, ii. 9; association of affections of the eyes with those of other systems, ii. 328. CORALS, bud-variation in, i. 374; non-diffusion of cell-gemmules in, ii. 379. CORBIÉ. _See_ Boitard. CORNEA, opacity of, inherited, ii. 9. _Cornus mascula_, yellow-fruited, ii. 19. CORRELATION, ii. 319; of neighbouring parts, ii. 320; of change in the whole body and in some of its parts, ii. 321; of homologous parts, ii. 322-331; inexplicable, ii. 331-333; commingling of, with the effects of other agencies, ii. 333-335. CORRELATION of skull and limbs in swine, i. 73; of tusks and bristles in swine, i. 76; of multiplicity of horns and coarseness of wool in sheep, i. 95; of beak and feet in pigeons, i. 172-173; between nestling down and colour of plumage in pigeons, i. 194; of changes in silkworms, i. 304; in plants, ii. 219; in maize, i. 323; in pigeons, i. 167-171, 218; in fowls, i. 274-275. CORRESPONDING periods, inheritance at, ii. 75-80. CORRIENTES, dwarf cattle of, i. 89. CORRINGHAM, Mr., influence of selection on pigs, ii. 198. CORSICA, ponies of, i. 52. "CORTBECK" (pigeon) of Aldrovandi, i. 209. _Corvus corone_ and _C. cornix_, hybrids of, ii. 94. _Corydalis_, flower of, ii. 304. _Corydalis cava_, ii. 132-133. _Corydalis solida_, sterile when peloric, ii. 167. _Corydalis tuberosa_, peloric by reversion, ii. 58-59. _Corylus avellana_, i. 357. COSTA, A., on shells transferred from England to the Mediterranean, ii. 280. "COUVE TRONCHUDA," i. 323. COW, inheritance of loss of one horn in the, ii. 12, 23; amount of milk furnished by the, ii. 300; development of six mammæ in, ii. 317. COWSLIP, ii. 21, 182. CRACIDÆ, sterility of the, in captivity, ii. 156. CRANES, fertility of, in captivity, ii. 156. _Cratægus oxyacantha_, i. 363, ii. 18, 232, 258, 377. _Cratægus monogyna_, i. 364. _Cratægus sibirica_, i. 364. CRAWFURD, J., Malasian cats, i. 47; horses of the Malay Archipelago, i. 49; horses of Japan, i. 53; occurrence of stripes in young wild pigs of Malacca, i. 76; on a Burmese hairy family with deficient teeth, ii. 77, 327; Japanese origin of the bantam, i. 230; game fowls of the Philippine islands, i. 232; hybrids of _Gallus varius_ and domestic fowl, i. 234; domestication of _Gallus bankiva_, i. 236; feral fowls in the Pellew islands, i. 238; history of the fowl, i. 246; history of the domestic duck, i. 277; domestication of the goose, i. 287; cultivated plants of New Zealand, i. 312; {445} breeding of tame elephants in Ava, ii. 150; sterility of _Goura coronata_ in confinement, ii. 155; geese of the Philippine islands, ii. 162. CREEPERS, a breed of fowls, i. 230. CRESTED fowl, i. 227; figured, i. 229. "CRÈVE-COEUR," a French sub-breed of fowls, i. 229. CRISP, Dr., on the brains of the hare and rabbit, i. 126. CROCKER, C. W., singular form of _Begonia frigida_, i. 365-366, ii. 166; sterility in _Ranunculus ficaria_, ii. 170. CROCUS, ii. 165. CROSS-BREEDING, permanent effect of, on the female, i. 404. CROSSING, ii. 85-144, 173-192; a cause of uniformity, ii. 85-90, 173; occurs in all organised beings, ii. 90-92; some characters not blended by, ii. 92-95, 173; modifications and new races produced by, ii. 95-99; causes which check, ii. 100-109; domestication and cultivation favourable to, ii. 109-113, 189; beneficial effects of, ii. 114-131, 174-176; necessary in some plants, ii. 131-140, 175-176, 423; summary of subject of, ii. 140-144; of dogs with wolves in North America, i. 21-22; with _Canis cancrivorus_ in Guiana, i. 23; of dog with wolf, described by Pliny and others, i. 24; characters furnished by, brought out by reversion in the progeny, ii. 34-36; a direct cause of reversion, ii. 39-47, 48; a cause of variability, ii. 264-267. CRUSTACEA, macrourous, differences in the development of the, ii. 368. CRUSTACEAN with an antenna-like development of the eye-peduncle, ii. 391. CRYPTOGAMIC plants, bud-variation in, i. 383. CUBA, wild dogs of, i. 27. "CUCKOO," sub-breeds of fowls, i. 244. CUCUMBER, variation in number of carpels of, i. 359; supposed crossing of varieties of the, i. 400. _Cucumis momordica_, i. 360. _Cucumis sativa_, i. 359. _Cucurbita_, dwarf, correlation of leaves in, ii. 330. _Cucurbita maxima_, i. 357, 359. _Cucurbita moschata_, i. 357, 359. _Cucurbita pepo_, i. 357, ii. 108; varieties of, i. 358; relation in size and number of fruit of, ii. 343. CUCURBITACEÆ, i. 357-360; supposed crossing of, i. 399; Naudin's observations on hybrids of, ii. 172; acclimatisation of, ii. 313. "CULBUTANTS" (pigeons), i. 150. CULTIVATION of plants, origin of, among savages, i. 309-310; fertility increased by, ii. 111-113. CUNIER, on hereditary night-blindness, ii. 9. CURRANTS, of Tierra del Fuego, i. 309; bud-variation in, i. 376. CURTIS, Mr., bud-variation in the rose, i. 381. CUVIER, on the gestation of the wolf, i. 29; the odour of the jackal, an obstacle to domestication, i. 30; differences of the skull in dogs, i. 34; external characters of dogs, i. 35; elongation of the intestines in domestic pigs, i. 73, ii. 303; fertility of the hook-billed duck, i. 277; number of digits, ii. 13; hybrid of ass and zebra, ii. 42; breeding of animals in the Jardin des Plantes, ii. 149; sterility of predaceous birds in captivity, ii. 154; facility of hybridisation in confinement, ii. 160. CYANOSIS, affection of fingers in, ii. 332. CYCLAMEN, bud-variation in, i. 382. _Cynara cardunculus_, ii. 34. _Cynips fecundatrix_, ii. 283. _Cynocephalus hamadryas_, ii. 153. _Cyprinus auratus_, i. 296-297. _Cyrtanthus_, ii. 139. _Cyrtopodium_, ii. 134. _Cytisus Adami_, ii. 364; its bud-variation, i. 387-389, 406, ii. 37; seedlings from, i. 388; different views of its origin, i. 389-390; experiments in crossing _C. purpureus_ and _laburnum_ to produce, i. 389; its production by M. Adam, i. 390; discussion of origin of, i. 396. _Cytisus alpino-laburnum_, ovules and pollen of, i. 389; origin of, i. 390. _Cytisus alpinus_, i. 388. _Cytisus laburnum_, i. 387, 389, 390, 396. _Cytisus purpureo-elongatus_, ovules and pollen of, i. 389; production of, i. 390. _Cytisus purpureus_, i. 387, 388, 389, 390, 396.

DAHLBOM, effects of food on hymenoptera, ii. 281. DAHLIA, i. 369-370, ii. 147; bud-variation by tubers in the, i. 385; improvement of, by selection, ii. 216; steps in cultivation of, ii. 261; effect of conditions of life on, ii. 273; correlation of form and colour in, ii. 331. DAISY, hen and chicken, i. 365; Swan River, ii. 261. DALBRET, varieties of wheat, i. 314. DALIBERT, changes in the odours of plants, ii. 274. DALLY, Dr., on consanguineous marriages, ii. 122. DALTONISM, hereditary, ii. 9. DAMARAS, cattle of, i. 88, ii. 207-208. {446} DAMSON, i. 347. DANDOLO, Count, on silkworms, i. 301. DANIELL, fertility of English dogs in Sierra Leone, ii. 161. DANISH Middens, remains of dogs in, i. 18. DAPPLING in horses, asses, and hybrids, i. 55. DARESTE. C., on the skull of the Polish fowl, i. 262; on the production of monstrous chickens, ii. 289; co-existence of anomalies, ii. 331; production of double monsters, ii. 340. DARVILL, Mr., heredity of good qualities in horses, ii. 11. DARWIN, C., on _Lepus magellanicus_, i. 112; on the wild potato, i. 330; dimorphism in the polyanthus and primrose, ii. 21. DARWIN, Dr., improvement of vegetables by selection, ii. 204. DARWIN, Sir F., wildness of crossed pigs, ii. 45. D'ASSO, monogynous condition of the hawthorn in Spain, i. 364. _Dasyprocta aguti_, ii. 152. Date-palm, varieties of the, ii. 256; effect of pollen of, upon the fruit of _Chamærops_, i. 299. _Datura_, ii. 38; variability in, ii. 266. _Datura lævis_ and _stramonium_, reversion in hybrids of, i. 392. _Datura stramonium_, ii. 67. DAUBENTON, variations in the number of mammæ in dogs, i. 35; proportions of intestines in wild and domestic cats, i. 48, ii. 302. DAUDIN, on white rabbits, ii. 230. DAVY, Dr., on sheep in the West Indies, i. 98. DAWKINS and Sandford, early domestication of _Bos longifrons_ in Britain, i. 81. DEAF-MUTES, non-heredity of, ii. 22. DEAFNESS, inheritance of, ii. 78. DEBY, wild hybrids of common and musk ducks, ii. 46. DE CANDOLLE, Alph., number and origin of cultivated plants, i. 306-307, 371; regions which have furnished no useful plants, i. 310; wild wheat, i. 312-313; wild rye and oats, i. 313; antiquity of varieties of wheat, i. 316; apparent inefficacy of selection in wheat, i. 318; origin and cultivation of maize, i. 320, ii. 307; colours of seeds of maize, i. 321; varieties and origin of the cabbage, i. 324-325; origin of the garden-pea, i. 326; on the vine, i. 332, ii. 308; cultivated species of the orange group, i. 335; probable Chinese origin of the peach, i. 337; on the peach and nectarine, i. 340, 342; varieties of the peach, i. 342; origin of the apricot, i. 344; origin and varieties of the plum, i. 345; origin of the cherry, i. 347; varieties of the gooseberry, i. 354; selection practised with forest-trees, i. 361; wild fastigate oak, i. 361; dark-leaved varieties of trees, i. 362; conversion of stamens into pistils in the poppy, i. 365; variegated foliage, i. 366; heredity of white hyacinths, i. 371, ii. 20; changes in oaks dependent on age, i. 387; inheritance of anomalous characters, ii. 19; variation of plants in their native countries, ii. 256; deciduous bushes becoming evergreen in hot climates, ii. 305; antiquity of races of plants, ii. 429. DE CANDOLLE, P., non-variability of monotypic genera, ii. 266; relative development of root and seed in _Raphanus sativus_, ii. 343. DECAISNE, on the cultivation of the wild carrot, i. 326; varieties of the pear, i. 350; inter-crossing of strawberries, i. 351; fruit of the apple, i. 401; sterility of _Lysimachia nummularia_, ii. 170; tender variety of the peach, ii. 308. DEER, assumption of horns by female, ii. 51; imperfect development of horns in a, on a voyage, ii. 158. DEER, fallow, ii. 103. DEERHOUND. Scotch, difference in size of the sexes of, ii. 73; deterioration of, ii. 121. DEGENERATION of high-bred races, under neglect, ii. 239. DE JONGHE, J., on strawberries, i. 352, ii. 243; soft-barked pears, ii. 231; on accumulative variation, ii. 262; resistance of blossoms to frost, ii. 306. DELAMER, E. S., on rabbits, i. 107, 112. _Delphinium ajacis_, ii. 21. _Delphinium consolida_, ii. 20-21. _Dendrocygna viduata_, i. 182, ii. 157. DENTITION, variations of, in the horse, i. 50. DEODAR, i. 364. DESMAREST, distribution of white on dogs, i. 29; cat from the Cape of Good Hope, i. 47; cats of Madagascar, i. 47; occurrence of striped young in Turkish pigs, i. 76; French breeds of cattle, i. 80; horns of goats, i. 102; on hornless goats, ii. 315. DESOR, E., on the Anglo-Saxon race in America, ii. 276. DESPORTES, number of varieties of roses, i. 367. DEVAY, Dr., singular case of albinism, ii. 17; on the marriage of cousins, ii. 122; on the effects of close interbreeding, ii. 143, 263. DEVELOPMENT and metamorphosis, ii. 388-389. DEVELOPMENT, arrests of, ii. 315-318. DEVELOPMENT, embryonic, ii. 366-368. {447} D'HERVEY-Saint-Denys, L., on the ya-mi, or imperial rice of the Chinese, ii. 205. DHOLE, fertility of the, in captivity, ii. 151. DIABETES, occurrence of, in three brothers, ii. 17. _Dianthus_, contabescent plants of, ii. 165-166; hybrid varieties of, ii. 267. _Dianthus armeria_ and _deltoides_, hybrids of, ii. 98. _Dianthus barbatus_, i. 381. _Dianthus caryophyllus_, i. 381. _Dianthus japonicus_, contabescence of female organs in, ii. 166. DICHOGAMOUS plants, ii. 90. DICKSON, Mr., on "running" in carnations, i. 381; on the colours of tulips, i. 386. _Dicotyles torquatus_ and _labiatus_, ii. 150. DIEFFENBACH, dog of New Zealand, i. 26; feral cats in New Zealand, i. 47; polydactylism in Polynesia, ii. 14. _Dielytra_, ii. 59. DIET, change of, ii. 303-304. _Digitalis_, properties of, affected by culture, ii. 274; poison of, ii. 380. DIGITS, supernumerary, ii. 57; analogy of, with embryonic conditions, ii. 16; fusion of, ii. 341. DIMORPHIC plants, ii. 166; conditions of reproduction in, ii. 181-184. DIMORPHISM, reciprocal, ii. 90. DINGO, i. 25; variation of, in colour, i. 28; half-bred, attempting to burrow, i. 28; attraction of foxes by a female, i. 31; variations of, in confinement, ii. 263. DIOECIOUSNESS of strawberries, i. 353. DISEASES, inheritance of, ii. 7-8; family uniformity of, ii. 57; inherited at corresponding periods of life, ii. 77-80; peculiar to localities and climates, ii. 276; obscure correlations in, ii. 331-332; affecting certain parts of the body, ii. 380; occurring in alternate generations, ii. 401. DISTEMPER, fatal to white terriers, ii. 227. DISUSE and use of parts, effects of, ii. 295-303, 352-353, 418-419; in the skeleton of rabbits, i. 124-128; in pigeons, i. 171-177; in fowls, i. 270-274; in ducks, i. 284-286; in the silk-moth, i. 300-304. DIVERGENCE, influence of, in producing breeds of pigeons, i. 220. DIXON, E. S., on the musk duck, i. 182; on feral ducks, i. 190; on feral pigeons in Norfolk Island, i. 190; crossing of pigeons, i. 192; origin of domestic fowls, i. 230; crossing of _Gallus Sonneratii_ and common fowl, i. 234; occurrence of white in the young chicks of black fowls, i. 244; Paduan fowl of Aldrovandi, i. 247; peculiarities of the eggs of fowls, i. 248; chickens, i. 249-250; late development of the tail in Cochin cocks, i. 250; comb of lark-crested fowls, i. 256; development of webs in Polish fowls, i. 259; on the voice of fowls, i. 259; origin of the duck, i. 277; ducks kept by the Romans, i. 278; domestication of the goose, i. 287; gander frequently white, i. 288; breeds of turkeys, i. 293; incubatory instinct of mongrels of non-sitting races of fowls, ii. 44; aversion of the dove-cot pigeon to pair with fancy birds, ii. 103; fertility of the goose, ii. 112; general sterility of the guans in captivity, ii. 156; fertility of geese in captivity, ii. 157; white peafowl, ii. 332. DOBELL, H., inheritance of anomalies of the extremities, ii. 14; non-reversion to a malformation, ii. 36. DOBRIZHOFFER, abhorrence of incest by the Abipones, ii. 123. DOGS, origin of, i. 15; ancient breeds of, i. 17, ii. 429; of neolithic, bronze and iron periods in Europe, i. 18-19, ii. 427; resemblance of to various species of canidæ, i. 21; of North America compared with wolves, i. 21-22; of the West Indies, South America, and Mexico, i. 23, 31; of Guiana, i. 23; naked dogs of Paraguay and Peru, _ibid._ and 31; dumb, on Juan Fernandez, i. 27; of Juan de Nova, i. 27; of La Plata, i. 27; of Cuba, i. 27; of St. Domingo, i. 28; correlation of colour in, i. 28-29; gestation of, i. 29-30; hairless Turkish, i. 30, ii. 227; inter-crossing of different breeds of, i. 31; characters of different breeds of, discussed, i. 34-37; degeneration of European, in warm climates, i. 36, 38; ii. 278, 305; liability to certain diseases in different breeds of, i. 36 and _note_; causes of differences of breeds discussed, i. 37-43; catching fish and crabs in New Guinea and Tierra del Fuego, i. 39; webbing of the feet in, i. 39; influence of selection in producing different breeds of, i. 39, 43; retention of original habits by, i. 182; inheritance of polydactylism in, ii. 14; feral, ii. 33; reversion in fourth generation of, ii. 34; of the Pacific Islands, ii. 87, 220, 303; mongrel, ii. 92-93; comparative facility of crossing different breeds of, ii. 102; fertility of, ii. 111, 151; inter-breeding of, ii. 120-121; selection of, among the Greeks, ii. 202, 209; among savages, ii. 206-207; unconscious selection of, ii. 211-212; valued by the Fuegians, ii. 215; climatal changes in hair of, ii. 278; production of drooping ears in, ii. 301; {448} rejection of bones of game by, ii. 303; inheritance of rudiments of limbs in, ii. 315; development of fifth toe in, ii. 317; hairless, deficiency of teeth in, ii. 326; short-faced, teeth of, ii. 345; probable analogous variation in, ii. 349; extinction of breeds of, ii. 425. DOMBRAIN, H. H., on the auricula, ii. 346-347. DOMESTICATION, essential points in, ii. 405-406; favourable to crossing, ii. 109-110; fertility increased by, ii. 111-113, 174. DOMESTICATED animals, origin of, ii. 160-161; occasional sterility of, under changed conditions, ii. 161-162. DONDERS, Dr., hereditary hypermetropia, ii. 8. DORKING fowl, i. 227, 261; furcula of, figured, i. 268. DORMOUSE, ii. 152. DOUBLE FLOWERS, ii. 167-168, 171-172; produced by selection, ii. 200. DOUBLEDAY, H., cultivation of the filbert pine strawberry, i. 354. DOUGLAS, J., crossing of white and black game-fowls, ii. 92. DOWNING, Mr., wild varieties of the hickory, i. 310; peaches and nectarines from seed, i. 339-340; origin of the Boston nectarine, i. 340; American varieties of the peach, i. 343; North American apricot, i. 344; varieties of the plum, i. 346; origin and varieties of the cherry, i. 347-348; "twin cluster pippins," i. 349; varieties of the apple, i. 350; on strawberries, i. 351, 353; fruit of the wild gooseberry, i. 355; effects of grafting upon the seed, ii. 26; diseases of plum and peach trees, ii. 227-228; injury done to stone fruit in America by the "weevil," ii. 231; grafts of the plum and peach, ii. 259; wild varieties of pears, ii. 260; varieties of fruit-trees suitable to different climates, ii. 306. _Draba sylvestris_, ii. 163. DRAGON, pigeon, i. 139, 141. "DRAIJER" (pigeon), i. 156. DRINKING, effects of, in different climates, ii. 289. DROMEDARY, selection of, ii. 205-206. DRUCE, Mr., inter-breeding of pigs, ii. 121. DU CHAILLU, fruit-trees in West Africa, i. 309. DUCHESNE on _Fragaria vesca_, i. 351, 352, 353. DUFOUR, Léon, on _Cecidomyia_ and _Misocampus_, i. 5. DUCK, musk, retention of perching habit by the, i. 182; feral hybrid of, i. 190. DUCK, penguin, hybrid of, with Egyptian goose, ii. 68. DUCK, wild, difficulty of rearing, ii. 233; effects of domestication on, ii. 278. DUCKS, breeds of, i. 276-277; origin of, i. 277; history of, _ibid._; wild, easily tamed, i. 278-279; fertility of breeds of, when crossed, i. 279; with the plumage of _Anas boschas_, i. 280; Malayan penguin, identical in plumage with English, i. 280; characters of the breeds of, i. 281-284; eggs of, i. 281; effects of use and disuse in, i. 284-286, ii. 298; feral, in Norfolk, i. 190; Aylesbury, inheritance of early hatching by, ii. 25; reversion in, produced by crossing, ii. 40; wildness of half-bred wild, ii. 45; hybrids of, with the musk duck, ii. 45-46; assumption of male plumage by, ii. 51; crossing of Labrador and penguin, ii. 97; increased fertility of, by domestication, ii. 112; general fertility of, in confinement, ii. 157; increase of size of, by care in breeding, ii. 199; change produced by domestication in, ii. 262. DUMÉRIL, Aug., breeding of _Siredon_ in the branchiferous stage, ii. 384. DUN-coloured horses, origin of, i. 59. DUREAU de la Malle, feral pigs in Louisiana, ii. 33; feral fowls in Africa, _ibid._; bud-variation in the pear, i. 376; production of mules among the Romans, ii. 110. _Dusicyon sylvestris_, i. 23. DUTCH rabbit, i. 107. DUTCH roller pigeon, i. 151. DUTROCHET, pelorism in the laburnum, ii. 346. DUVAL, growth of pears in woods in France, ii. 260. DUVAL-Jouve, on _Leersia oryzoides_, ii. 91. DUVERNOY, self-impotence in _Lilium candidum_, ii. 137. DZIERZON, variability in the characters and habits of bees, i. 298.

EARLE, Dr., on colour-blindness, ii. 72, 328. EARS, of fancy rabbits, i. 106; deficiency of, in breeds of rabbits, i. 108; rudimentary, in Chinese sheep, ii. 315; drooping, ii. 301; fusion of, ii. 341. EATON, J. M., on fancy pigeons, i. 148, 153; variability of characters in breeds of pigeons, i. 161; reversion of crossed pigeons to coloration of _Columba livia_, i. 198; on pigeon-fancying, i. 206, 215-216; on tumbler-pigeons, i. 209, ii. 242; carrier-pigeon, i. 211; effects of interbreeding on pigeons, ii. 126; properties of pigeons, ii. 197-198; death of short-faced tumblers in the egg, ii. 226; {449} Archangel pigeon, ii. 240. ECHINODERMATA, metagenesis in, ii. 367. _Ectopistes_, specific difference in number of tail-feathers in, i. 159. _Ectopistes migratorius_, sterile hybrids of, with _Turtur vulgaris_, i. 193. EDENTATA, correlation of dermal system and teeth in the, ii. 328. EDGEWORTH, Mr., use of grass-seeds as food in the Punjab, i. 309. EDMONSTON, Dr., on the stomach in _Larus argentatus_ and the raven, ii. 302. EDWARDS and COLIN, on English wheat in France, ii. 307. EDWARDS, W. F., absorption of the minority in crossed races, ii. 87. EDWARDS, W. W., occurrence of stripes in a nearly thoroughbred horse, i. 57; in foals of racehorses, i. 59. EGGS, of fowls, characters of, i. 248; variations of, in ducks, i. 281; of the silkmoth, i. 301. EGYPT, ancient dogs of, i. 17-18; ancient domestication of the pigeon in, i. 204; absence of the fowl in ancient, i. 246. EGYPTIAN goose, hybrids of, with penguin duck, i. 282. EHRENBERG, Prof., multiple origin of the dog, i. 16; dogs of Lower Egypt, i. 25; mummies of _Felis maniculata_, i. 43. ELEMENT, male, compared to a premature larva, ii. 384. ELEMENTS of the body, functional independence of the, ii. 368-371. ELEPHANT, its sterility in captivity, ii. 150. ELK, Irish, correlations in the, ii. 333-334. ELLIOT, Sir Walter, on striped horses, i. 58; Indian domestic and wild swine, i. 66; pigeons from Cairo and Constantinople, i. 132; fantail pigeons, i. 146; Lotan tumbler pigeons, i. 150; a pigeon uttering the sound _Yahu_, i. 155; _Gallus bankiva_ in Pegu, i. 236. ELLIS, Mr., varieties of cultivated plants in Tahiti, ii. 256. ELM, nearly evergreen Cornish variety of the, i. 363, ii. 310; foliage-varieties of the, i. 362. ELM, weeping, i. 361; not reproduced by seed, ii. 19. _Emberiza passerina_, ii. 158. EMBRYOS, similarity of, i. 12; fusion of, ii. 339. ENGEL, on _Laurus sassafras_, ii. 274. ENGLAND, domestication of _Bos longifrons_ in, i. 81; selection of horses in, in mediæval times, ii. 203; laws against the early slaughter of rams in, ii. 203. EPHEMERIDÆ, development of the, ii. 366. _Epidendrum cinnabarinum_ and _E. zebra_, ii. 134. EPILEPSY, hereditary, ii. 8, 78. ERDT, disease of the white parts of cattle, ii. 337. ERICACEÆ, frequency of contabescence in the, ii. 165. ERICHTHONIUS, an improver of horses by selection, ii. 202. ERMAN, on the fat-tailed Kirghisian sheep, i. 98, ii. 280; on the dogs of the Ostyaks, ii. 206. _Erodium_, ii. 59. _Erythrina Crista-galli_ and _E. herbacea_, hybrids of, ii. 265. ESQUILANT, Mr., on the naked young of dun-coloured pigeons, i. 170. ESQUIMAUX dogs, their resemblance to wolves, i. 21; selection of, ii. 206. EUDES-DESLONGCHAMPS, on appendages under the jaw of pigs, i. 75-76. _Euonymus Japonicus_, i. 383. EUROPEAN cultivated plants, still wild in Europe, i. 307. EVANS, Mr., on the Lotan tumbler pigeon, i. 150. EVELYN, pansies grown in his garden, i. 368. EVEREST, R., on the Newfoundland dog in India, i. 36, ii. 305; degeneration of setters in India, i. 38; Indian wild boars, i. 66. EWES, hornless, ii. 350. EXTINCTION of domestic races, i. 221. EYES, hereditary peculiarities of the, ii. 8-10; loss of, causing microphthalmia in children, ii. 24; modification of the structure of, by natural selection, ii. 222-223; fusion of, ii. 341. EYEBROWS, hereditary elongation of hairs in, ii. 8. EYELIDS, inherited peculiarities of the, ii. 8. EYTON, Mr., on gestation in the dog, i. 30; variability in number of vertebræ in the pig, i. 74; individual sterility, ii. 162.

_Faba vulgaris_, i. 330. FABRE, observations on _Ægilops triticoides,_ i. 313. _Fagus sylvatica_, ii. 19. FAIRWEATHER, Mr., production of double flowers from old seed, ii. 167. _Falco albidus_, resumption of young plumage by, in captivity, ii. 158. _Falco ossifragus_, ii. 230. _Falco subbuteo_, copulating in captivity, ii. 154. _Falco tinnunculus_, breeding in captivity, ii. 154. {450} FALCONER, Dr., sterility of English bulldogs in India, i, 38; resemblance between _Sivatherium_ and Niata cattle, i. 89; selection of the silkworm in India, i. 301; fastigate apple-trees in Calcutta, i. 361; reproduction of a supernumerary thumb after amputation, ii. 14; fertility of the dhole in captivity, ii. 151; fertility of English dogs in India, ii. 161; sterility of the tiger in captivity, ii. 151; turkeys at Delhi, ii. 161; on Indian cultivated plants, ii. 165; Thibet mastiff and goat, ii. 278. FALCONS, sterility of, in captivity, ii. 153. FALKLAND Islands, horses of the, i. 52-53, 61; feral pigs of the, i. 77; feral cattle of the, i. 82, 86; feral rabbits of the, i. 112. FALLOW deer, ii. 103, 120. FANTAIL pigeons, i. 146-148, ii. 227; figured, i. 147; furcula of, figured, i. 167; history of, i. 208; absence of oil-gland in, ii. 344. FAROE Islands, pigeons of the, i. 183. FASHION, influence of, in breeding, ii. 240. FASTIGATE trees, ii. 277, 348. FAUNAS, geographical differences, of, i. 10. "FAVOURITE" bull, ii. 65, 118. FEATHERS, homologous variation in, ii. 325. FEET, of pigeons, individual differences of, i. 160; correlations of external characters in, i. 170-171. FEET and beak, correlation of, in pigeons, i. 171-174. FELIDÆ, fertility of, in captivity, ii. 150. _Felis bubastes_, i. 43. _Felis caffra_, i. 44. _Felis caligulata_, i. 43. _Felis chaus_, i. 43-44. _Felis jubata_, ii. 151. _Felis lybica_, i. 44. _Felis maniculata_, i. 43. _Felis manul_, i. 45. _Felis ornata_, i. 45. _Felis sylvestris_, i. 44. _Felis torquata_, i. 45. FEMALE, affected by male element, ii. 365, 387-388. FEMALE flowers, in male panicle of maize, i. 321. FENNEL, Italian variety of, i. 326. FERAL cats, i. 47; cattle, i. 86; rabbits, i. 111-115; Guinea fowl, i. 294; animals and plants, reversion in, ii. 32-34, 47. FERGUSON, Mr., supposed plurality of origin of domestic fowls, i. 231; chickens of black game-fowls, i. 244; relative size of eggs of fowls, i. 248; yolk of eggs of game-fowls, i. 249; early pugnacity of game-cocks, i. 250; voice of the Malay fowl, i. 259; effects of interbreeding on fowls, ii. 124; selection in Cochin China fowls, ii. 196; on fashion in poultry, ii. 240. FERNANDEZ, on Mexican dogs, i. 23. FERNS, reproduction of abnormal forms of, by spores, i. 383; non-diffusion of cell-gemmules in, ii. 379. FERRETS, ii. 111, 151, 206. FERTILISATION, artificial, of the St. Valery apple, i. 350. FERTILITY, various degrees of, in sheep, i. 97; unlimited mutual, of breeds of pigeons, i. 192-194; comparative of mongrels and hybrids, ii. 100-101, 178-180; influence of nourishment on, ii. 111; diminished by close interbreeding, ii. 118, 175; reduced, of Chillingham wild cattle, ii. 119; of domesticated varieties when crossed, ii. 189. _Festuca_, species of, propagated by bulblets, ii. 170. FILBERTS, spared by tomtits, ii. 231. FILIPPI, on the breeding of branchiferous tritons, ii. 384. FINCHES, general sterility of, in captivity, ii. 154. FINNIKIN (pigeon), i. 156. FINNOCHIO, i. 326. FIR, Scotch, acclimatisation of, ii. 310. FISH, Mr., advantage of change of soil to plants, ii. 147. FISHES, regeneration of portions of fins of, ii. 15; variability of, when kept in tanks, ii. 259; marine, living in fresh water, ii. 304; double monsters of, ii. 340. FISSION and gemmation, ii. 358. FITCH, Mr., persistency of a variety of the pea, i. 329. FITTEST, survival of the, i. 6. FITZINGER, origin of sheep, i. 94; African maned sheep, i. 96. FIXEDNESS of character, conditions of, discussed, ii. 62-64. FLAX, found in the Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 317; climatal difference in products of, ii. 274. FLEECE, fineness of, in Austrian merinos, ii. 197. FLEISCHMANN, on German sheep crossed with merinos, ii. 88-89. "FLORENTINER-TAUBE," i. 142-143. FLOUNDER, ii. 53. FLOURENS, crossing of wolf and dog, i. 32; prepotency of the jackal over the dog, ii. 67; hybrids of the horse and ass, ii. 68; breeding of monkeys in Europe, ii. 153. {451} FLOWER-GARDEN, earliest known, in Europe, ii. 217. FLOWERS, capricious transmission of colour-varieties in, ii. 20-21; tendency to uniformity in striped, ii. 70; scorching of, dependent on colour, ii. 229; change in, caused by conditions of life, ii. 273; rudimentary, ii. 316; relative position of, to the axis, ii. 345. FOETATION, abdominal, ii. 294. FOLEY, Mr., wild varieties of pears, ii. 260. FOLIAGE, inherited peculiarities of, i. 362; variegation, of, i. 366; bud-variation in, i. 382-384. FOOD, influence of, on the pig, i. 72; on cattle, i. 91; excess of, a cause of variability, ii. 257. FORBES, D., on Chilian sheep, i. 95; on the horses of Spain, Chili, and the Pampas, i. 52. _Formica rufa_, ii. 251. FORTUNE, R., sterility of the sweet potato in China, ii. 169; development of axillary bulbs in the yam, _ibid._ FOWL, common, breeds of, i. 225-230; supposed plurality of origin, i. 230; early history of, i. 231-233; causes of production of breeds of, i. 233; origin of from _Gallus bankiva_, i. 236-239, 245; feral, notices of, i. 237-238; reversion and analogous variation in, i. 239-246, ii. 35, 38, 39, 40, 349, 350; "cuckoo" sub-breeds of, i. 244; history of, i. 246-247; structural characters of, i. 247-250; sexual peculiarities of, i. 251-257, ii. 74; external differences of, i. 257-260; differences of breeds of, from _G. bankiva_, i. 260; osteological characters of, i. 260-270; effects of disuse of parts in, i. 270-274, ii. 298; feral, i. 190, ii. 33; polydactylism in, ii. 14; fertility of, increased by domestication, ii. 112, 167; sterility of, under certain conditions, ii. 162; influence of selection on, ii. 196, 198, 209, 210; evils of close interbreeding of, ii. 124-125; crossing of, ii. 95, 96, 97; prepotency of transmission in, ii. 67; rudimentary organs in, ii. 315; crossing of non-sitting varieties of, ii. 43-44; homology of wing and leg feathers in, ii. 323; hybrids of, with pheasants and _Gallus Sonneratii_, ii. 45; black-skinned, ii. 209-210; black, preyed upon by the osprey in Iceland, ii. 230; five-toed, mentioned by Columella, ii. 429; rumpless, tailed chickens produced by, ii. 31; Dorking, crosses of, ii. 93; form of comb and colour of plumage in, ii. 238; game, crossing of white and black, ii. 92; five-spurred, ii. 391; Spanish, liable to suffer from frost, ii. 306; Polish, peculiarities of skull of, ii. 332-333. FOX, sterility of, in captivity, ii. 151. FOX, S. Bevan, races of bees, i. 298. FOX, W. Darwin, gestation of the dog, i. 30; "Negro" cat, i. 46; reversion of sheep in colour, ii. 30; period of gestation in the pig, i. 74; young of the Himalayan rabbit, i. 109; crossing of wild and domestic turkeys, i. 292; reversion in crossed musk ducks, ii. 40; spontaneous segregation of varieties of geese, ii. 104; effects of close interbreeding upon bloodhounds, ii. 121; deafness of white cats with blue eyes, ii. 329. FOXHOUNDS, i. 40, ii. 120. _Fragaria chiloensis_, i. 351. _Fragaria collina_, i. 351. _Fragaria dioica_ of Duchesne, i. 353. _Fragaria elatior_, i. 351. _Fragaria grandiflora_, i. 351. _Fragaria vesca_, i. 351. _Fragaria virginiana_, i. 351. _Fraxinus excelsior_, i. 360, 362, ii. 19. _Fraxinus lentiscifolia_, ii. 19. FRIESLAND cattle, probably descended from _Bos primigenius_, i. 81. FRILLBACK (pigeon), i. 155; Indian, i. 153. _Fringilla ciris_, ii. 154. _Fringilla spinus_, ii. 154. FRIZZLED fowls, i. 230; horses, i. 54. FROG, polydactylism in the, ii. 14. FRUIT, seedless, ii. 168. FRUIT-TREES, varieties of, occurring wild, i. 310. FRY, Mr., on fertile hybrid cats, i. 44; on feral fowls in Ascension, i. 238. FUCHSIAS, origin of, i. 364; bud-variation in, i. 382. _Fuchsia coccinea_ and _fulgens_, twin seed produced by crossing, i. 391. FUEGIANS, their superstition about killing young water-fowl, i. 310; selection of dogs by the, ii. 207; their comparative estimation of dogs and old women, ii. 215; their power of distant vision, ii. 223. FUNGI, parasitic, ii. 284-285. FURCULA, characters and variations of the, in pigeons, i. 167; alteration of, by disuse, in pigeons, i. 175; characters of, in fowls, i. 268. FUSION of homologous parts, ii. 393.

GAIT, inheritance of peculiarities of, ii. 6. GALAPAGOS Archipelago, its peculiar fauna and flora, i. 9. _Galeobdolon luteum_, pelorism in, ii. 59, 345. {452} GALLS, ii. 282-284. GALL-GNATS, ii. 283. GALL-LIKE excrescences not inherited, ii. 23. GALLINACEOUS birds, restricted range of large, i. 237; general fertility of in captivity, ii. 155. _Gallinula chloropus_, ii. 156. _Gallinula nesiotis_, i. 287. GALTON, Mr., fondness of savages for taming animals, i. 20, ii. 160; cattle of Benguela, i. 88; on hereditary talent, ii. 7. GALLESIO, species of oranges, i. 334, 335, 336; hybridisation of oranges, i. 336; persistency of races in the peach, i. 339; supposed specific distinctions of peach and nectarine, i. 340; Bizzaria orange, i. 391; crossing of red and white carnations, i. 393; crossing of the orange and lemon, i. 399, ii. 365; effect of foreign pollen on maize, i. 400; spontaneous crossing of oranges, ii. 91; monstrosities a cause of sterility in plants, ii. 166; seeding of ordinarily seedless fruits, ii. 168; sterility of the sugar cane, ii. 169; tendency of male flowers to become double, ii. 171; effects of selection in enlarging fruit, &c., ii. 217; variation of the orange tree in North Italy, ii. 256; naturalisation of the orange in Italy, ii. 309. _Gallus æneus_, a hybrid of _G. varius_ and the domestic fowl, i. 235. _Gallus bankiva_, probable original of domestic fowls, i. 233, 236-239, 245; game-fowl, nearest to, i. 226; crossed with _G. Sonneratii_, i. 234; its character and habits, i. 235-236, ii. 109; differences of various breeds of fowls from, i. 260; occipital foramen of, figured, i. 261; skull of, figured, i. 262; cervical vertebra of, figured, i. 267; furcula of, figured, i. 268; reversion to, in crossed fowls, ii. 39-40; hybrid of, with _G. varius_, i. 235, ii. 40; number of eggs of, ii. 112. _Gallus ferrugineus_, i. 226. _Gallus furcatus_, i. 234. _Gallus giganteus_, i. 235. _Gallus Sonneratii_, characters and habits of, i. 233; hybrids of, i. 234, ii. 45. _Gallus Stanleyi_, hybrids of, i. 234. _Gallus Temminckii_, probably a hybrid, i. 235. _Gallus varius_, character and habits of, i. 234; hybrids and probable hybrids of, i. 234-235. GAMBIER, Lord, his early cultivation of the pansy, i. 368. GAME-FOWL, i. 226, 250, 251, 252. GAPES, ii. 228. GARCILAZO de la Vega, annual hunts of the Peruvian Incas, ii. 207. GARNETT, Mr., migratory propensities of hybrid ducks, ii. 45. GARROD, Dr., on hereditary gout, ii. 7. GASPARINI, a genus of pumpkins, founded on stigmatic characters, i. 359. GAUDICHAUD, bud-variation in the pear, i. 376; apple tree with two kinds of fruit on branch, i. 392. GAUDRY, anomalous structure in the feet of horses, i. 50. GAY, on _Fragaria grandiflora_, i. 351; on _Viola lutea_ and _tricolor_, i. 368; on the nectary of _Viola grandiflora_, i. 369. GAYAL, domestication of the, i. 82. GAYOT, _see_ Moll. GÄRTNER, on the sterility of hybrids, i. 192, ii. 101; acquired sterility of varieties of plants when crossed, i. 358; sterility in transplanted plants, and in the lilac in Germany, ii. 164; mutual sterility of blue and red flowers of the pimpernel, ii. 190; supposed rules of transmission in crossing plants, ii. 68; on crossing plants, ii. 98, 127, 130, 131; on repeated crossing, ii. 267; absorption of one species by another, when crossed, ii. 88; crossing of varieties of the pea, i. 397; crossing maize, ii. 105; crossing of species of _Verbascum_, ii. 93, 105; reversion in hybrids, ii. 36, 49, 50; of _Cereus_, i. 392; of _Tropæolum majus_ and _minus_, i. 392; variability of hybrids, ii. 265; variable hybrids from one variable parent, ii. 270; graft hybrid produced by inosculation in the vine, i. 395; effect produced by grafts on the stock, i. 394, ii. 278; tendency of hybrid plants to produce double flowers, ii. 171; production of perfect fruit by sterile hybrids, ii. 172; sexual elective affinity, ii. 180; self-impotence in _Lobelia_, _Verbascum_, _Lilium_, and _Passiflora_, ii. 136-137; on the action of pollen, ii. 108; fertilisation of _Malva_, i. 402-403, ii. 363; prepotency of pollen, ii. 187; prepotency of transmission in species of _Nicotiana_, ii. 67; bud-variation in _Pelargonium zonale_, i. 375; in _Oenothera biennis_, i. 382; in _Achillæa millefolium_, i. 408; effect of manure on the fertility of plants, ii. 163; on contabescence, ii. 165-166; inheritance of plasticity, ii. 241; villosity of plants, ii. 277. GEESE (_anseres_) general fertility of, in captivity, ii. 157. GEGENBAUR, on the number of digits, ii. 13. GEMMATION and fission, ii. 358. {453} GEMMULES, or cell-gemmules, ii. 374, 378-381, 384. GENET, fertility of the, in captivity, ii. 151. GENERATION, alternate, ii. 361, 367, 390. GENERATION, sexual, ii. 359-364. GENIUS, inheritance of, ii. 7. _Gentiana amarella_, ii. 168. GEOFFROY Saint-Hilaire, production of monstrous chickens, ii. 289; "_Loi de l'affinité de soi pour soi_," ii. 339; compensation of growth, ii. 342. GEOFFROY Saint-Hilaire, Isid., origin of the dog, i. 66; barking of a jackal, i. 27; period of gestation and odour of the jackal, i. 30; anomalies in the teeth of dogs, i. 34; variations in the proportions of dogs, i. 35; webbed feet of Newfoundland dogs, i. 39; crossing of domestic and wild cats, i. 44; domestication of the arni, i. 82; supposed introduction of cattle into Europe from the East, _ibid._; absence of interdigital pits in sheep, i. 95; origin of the goat, i. 101; feral geese, i. 190; ancient history of the fowl, i. 246; skull of the Polish fowl, i. 262; preference of the Romans for the liver of white geese, i. 289; polydactylism, ii. 12; assumption of male characters by female birds, ii. 51; supernumerary mammæ in women, ii. 58; development of a proboscis in the pig, _ibid._; transmission and blending of characters in hybrids, ii. 94; refusal of animals to breed in captivity, ii. 149; on the Guinea pig, ii. 152; silkworms producing white cocoons, ii. 199; on the carp, ii. 236; on _Helix lactea_, ii. 280; on monstrosities, ii. 254; injury to the embryo a cause of monstrosity, ii. 269; alteration in the coat of horses in coal mines, ii. 278; length of the intestines in wild and tame animals, ii. 302-303; inheritance of rudimentary limbs in the dog, ii. 315; correlation in monstrosities, ii. 320; supernumerary digits in man, ii. 322; co-existence of anomalies, ii. 331; fusion of homologous parts, ii. 341-342; presence of hairs and teeth in ovarian tumours, ii. 370; development of teeth on the palate in the horse, ii. 391. GEOGRAPHICAL differences of faunas, i. 10. GEOLOGICAL succession of organisms, i. 11. _Geranium_, ii. 59. _Geranium phæum_ and _pyrenaicum_, ii. 258. _Geranium pratense_, i. 379. GERARD, asserted climatal change in Burgundian bees, i. 297. GERARDE, on varieties of the hyacinth, i. 370. GERSTÄCKER, on hive-bees, i. 299. GERVAIS, Prof., origin of the dog, i. 16; resemblance of dogs and jackals, i. 24; taming of the jackal, i. 26; number of teeth in dogs, i. 34; breeds of dogs, i. 36; on tertiary horses, i. 51; biblical notices of horses, i. 55; species of _Ovis_, i. 94; wild and domestic rabbits, i. 103; rabbits from Mount Sinai and Algeria, i. 105; earless rabbits, i. 108; batrachia with doubled limbs, ii. 391. GESTATION, period of, in the dog, wolf, &c, i. 29-30; in the pig, i. 74; in cattle, i. 87, ii. 321; in sheep, i. 97. GESTURES, inheritance of peculiarities in, ii. 6. "GHOONDOOKS" a sub-breed of fowls, i. 229. GHOR-KHUR, ii. 42. GILES, Mr., effect of cross-breeding in the pig, i. 404. GIRAFFE, co-ordination of structure of, ii. 221. GIRARD, period of appearance of permanent teeth in dogs, i. 35. GIROU de Buzareingues, inheritance in the horse, ii. 10; reversion by age in cattle, ii. 38; prepotency of transmission of character in sheep and cattle, ii. 66; on crossing gourds, ii. 108. GISBURNE, wild cattle at, i. 84. _Gladiolus_, i. 364; self-impotence of hybrids of, ii. 139. _Gladiolus colvillii_, bud-variation in, i. 382. GLANDS, compensatory development of, ii. 300. GLASTONBURY thorn, i. 364. GLENNY, Mr., on the _Cineraria_, ii. 200. GLOEDE, F., on strawberries, i. 353. GLOGER, on the wings of ducks, ii. 298. "GLOUGLOU" (pigeon), i. 154. _Gloxiniæ_, peloric, i. 365, ii. 167. GMELIN, on red cats, at Tobolsk, i. 47. GOAT, i. 101-102, ii. 33; polydactylism in the, ii. 14; sexual differences in horns of, ii. 73; valued by South Africans, ii. 207; Thibet, ii. 278; amount of milk and development of udders in the, ii. 300; hornless, rudimentary bony cores in, ii. 316; Angora, ii. 326. GODRON, odour of the hairless Turkish dog, i. 30; differences in the skull of dogs, i. 34; increase of breeds of horses, i. 51; crossing of domestic and wild swine, i. 66; on goats, i. 101-102; colour of the skin in fowls, i. 258; bees of north and south of France, i. 297; introduction of the silkworm into Europe, i. 300; variability in the silkworm, i. 304; supposed species of wheat, i. 312-314; on _Ægilops triticoides_, i. 313; variable presence of barbs in grasses, i. 314; {454} colours of the seeds of maize, i. 321; unity of character in cabbages, i. 323; correlation of colour and odour, i. 325; effect of heat and moisture on the cabbage, i. 325; on the cultivated species of _Brassica_, i. 325; on the Rouncival and sugar peas, i. 327; variation in the numbers of peas in the same pod, i. 328; wild vines in Spain, i. 332; on raising peaches from seed, i. 339; supposed specific distinctness of peach and nectarine, i. 340; nectarine producing peaches, i. 341; on the flower of _Corydalis_, i. 344; origin and variations of the plum, i. 345; origin of the cherry, i. 347; reversion of single-leaved strawberries, i. 353; five-leaved variety of _Fragaria collina_, i. 353; supposed immutability of specific characters, i. 358-359; varieties of _Robinia_, i. 361; permanency of the simple-leaved ash, i. 362; non-inheritance of certain mutilations, ii. 23; wild turnips, carrots, and celery, ii. 33; pre-potency of a goat-like ram, ii. 66; benefit of change of soil to plants, ii. 146; fertility of peloric flowers of _Corydalis solida_, ii. 167; seeding of ordinarily seedless fruit, ii. 168; sexual sterility of plants propagated by buds, &c., ii. 169; increase of sugar in beet-root, ii. 201; effects of selection in enlarging particular parts of plants, ii. 217; growth of the cabbage in the tropics, ii. 277; rejection of bitter almonds by mice, ii. 232; influence of marshy pasture on the fleece of sheep, ii. 278; on the ears of ancient Egyptian pigs, ii. 301; primitive distinctness of species, ii. 415; solid hoofed swine, ii. 429. GOETHE, on compensation of growth, ii. 342. GOLDFISH, i. 296-297, ii. 236. GOMARA, on South American cats, i. 46. GONGORA, number of seeds in the, ii. 379. GOOSE, ancient domestication of, i. 287; sacred to Juno in Rome, _ibid._; inflexibility of organisation of, i. 288; skull perforated in tufted, i. 288; characters of breeds and sub-breeds of, i. 288-289; variety of, from Sebastopol, i. 289, ii. 392; feral in La Plata, i. 190; Egyptian, hybrid of, with penguin duck, ii. 68; spontaneous segregation of varieties of, ii. 104; fertility of, increased by domestication, ii. 112; decreased fertility of, in Bogota, ii. 161; sterility of, in the Philippine Islands, ii. 162; selection of, ii. 204; white, preference of the Romans for the liver of, ii. 209; persistency of character in, ii. 254; Egyptian, change in breeding season of, ii. 304. GOOSEBERRY, i. 354-356; bud-variation in the, i. 376; Whitesmith's, ii. 232. GÖPPERT, on monstrous poppies, ii. 166. GOSSE, P. H., feral dogs in Jamaica, i. 28; feral pigs of Jamaica, i. 77-78; feral rabbits of Jamaica, i. 112; on _Columba leucocephala_, i. 183; feral Guinea fowl in Jamaica, i. 190; reproduction of individual peculiarities by gemmation in a coral, i. 374; frequency of striped legs in mules, ii. 42. GOULD, Dr., on hereditary hæmorrhage, ii. 7. GOULD, John, origin of the turkey, i. 292. _Goura coronata_ and _Victoriæ_, hybrids of, i. 194, ii. 155. GOURDS, i. 357; crossing of varieties of, ii. 108; ancient Peruvian variety of, ii. 429. GOUT, inheritance of, ii. 7; period of appearance of, ii. 77. GRABA, on the pigeon of the Faroe islands, i. 183. GRAFTING, ii. 147; effects of, ii. 259, 278; upon the stock, i. 394-395; upon the variability of trees, ii. 259; changes analogous to bud-variation produced by, i. 387, 389. GRAFT-HYBRIDS, i. 390-391, 394-397, ii. 364-365. GRAPES, bud-variation in, i. 375; cross of white and purple, i. 393; green, liable to disease, ii. 336; effect of foreign pollen on, i. 400. GRASSES, seeds of, used as food by savages, i. 307-309. GRAY, Asa, superior wild varieties of fruit-trees, i. 310; cultivated native plants of North America, i. 312, 357; non-variation of weeds, i. 317; supposed spontaneous crossing of pumpkins, i. 399; pre-ordination of variation, ii. 432; progeny of husked form of maize, i. 320; wild intermediate forms of strawberries, i. 352. GRAY, G. R., on _Columba gymnocyclus_, i. 184. GRAY, J. E., on _Sus pliciceps_, i. 70; on a variety of the gold-fish, i. 297; hybrids of the ass and zebra, ii. 42-43; on the breeding of animals at Knowsley, ii. 149; on the breeding of birds in captivity, ii. 157. GREENE, J. Reay, on the development of the echinodermata, ii. 367. GREENHOW, Mr., on a Canadian web-footed dog, i. 39. GREENING, Mr., experiments on _Abraxas grossulariata_, ii. 280. GREGSON, Mr., experiments on _Abraxas grossulariata_, ii. 280. GREY, Sir George, preservation of seed-bearing plants by the Australian savages, i. 310; {455} detestation of incest by Australian savages, ii. 123. GREYHOUNDS, sculptured on Egyptian monuments, and in the Villa of Antoninus, i. 17; modern breed of, i. 41; crossed with the bulldog, by Lord Orford, ii. 95; co-ordination of structure of, due to selection, ii. 221-222; Italian, ii. 227. GREYNESS, inherited at corresponding periods of life, ii. 77. GRIEVE, Mr., on early-flowering dahlias, i. 370. GRIGOR, Mr., acclimatisation of the Scotch fir, ii. 310. GROOM-NAPIER, C. O., on the webbed feet of the otter-hound, i. 40. "GROSSES-GORGES" (pigeons), i. 137. GROUND-TUMBLER, Indian, i. 150. GROUSE, fertility of, in captivity, ii. 156. GRÖNLAND, hybrids of _Ægilops_ and wheat, ii. 110. _Grus montigresia_, _cinerea_, and _Antigone_, ii. 156. GUANACOS, selection of, ii. 207. GUANS, general fertility of, in captivity, ii. 156. GUELDER-ROSE, ii. 185. GUELDERLAND fowls, i. 230. GUIANA, selection of dogs by the Indians of, ii. 206. GUINEA FOWL, i. 294; feral in Ascension, and Jamaica, i. 190, ii. 33; indifference of to change of climate, ii. 161. GUINEA pig, ii. 24, 152. GÜLDENSTADT, on the jackal, i. 25. GULL, herring, breeding in confinement, ii. 157. GULLS, general sterility of, in captivity, ii. 157. _Gulo_, sterility of, in captivity, ii. 152. GÜNTHER, A., on tufted ducks and geese, i. 274; on the regeneration of lost parts in batrachia, ii. 15. GURNEY, Mr., owls breeding in captivity, ii. 154; appearance of "black-shouldered" among ordinary peacocks, i. 291.

HABIT, influence of, in acclimatisation, ii. 312-315. HABITS, inheritance of, ii. 395. HÄCKEL, on cells, ii. 370; on the double reproduction of medusæ, ii. 384; on inheritance, ii. 397. HACKLES, peculiarities of, in fowls, i. 254. HAIR, on the face, inheritance of, in man, ii. 4; peculiar lock of, inherited, ii. 5; growth of, under stimulation of skin, ii. 326; homologous variation of, ii. 325; development of, within the ears and in the brain, ii. 391. HAIR and teeth, correlation of, ii. 326-328. HAIRY family, corresponding period of inheritance in, ii. 77. HALF-CASTES, character of, ii. 46. HALF-LOP rabbits, figured and described, i. 107-108; skull of, i. 119. _Haliætus leucocephalus_, copulating in captivity, ii. 154. HALLAM, Col., on a two-legged race of pigs, ii. 4. HAMBURGH fowl, i. 227, 261; figured, i. 228. HAMILTON, wild cattle of, i. 84. HAMILTON, Dr., on the assumption of male plumage by the hen pheasant, ii. 51. HAMILTON, F. Buchanan, on the shaddock, i. 335; varieties of Indian cultivated plants, ii. 256. HANCOCK, Mr., sterility of tamed birds, ii. 155-157. HANDWRITING, inheritance of peculiarities in, ii. 6. HANMER, Sir J., on selection of flower seeds, ii. 204. HANSELL, Mr., inheritance of dark yolks in duck's eggs, i. 281. HARCOURT, E. V., on the Arab boar-hound, i. 17; aversion of the Arabs to dun-coloured horses, i. 55. HARDY, Mr., effect of excess of nourishment on plants, ii. 257. HARE, hybrids of, with rabbit, i. 105; sterility of the, in confinement, ii. 152; preference of, for particular plants, ii. 232. HARE-LIP, inheritance of, ii. 24. HARLAN, Dr., on hereditary diseases, ii. 7. HARMER, Mr., on the number of eggs in a codfish, ii. 379. HARVEY, Mr., monstrous red and white African bull, i. 91. HARVEY, Prof., singular form of _Begonia frigida_, i. 365-366; effects of cross-breeding on the female, i. 404; monstrous saxifrage, ii. 166. HASORA wheat, i. 313. HAUTBOIS strawberry, i. 353. HAWKER, Col., on call or decoy ducks, i. 281. HAWTHORN, varieties of, i. 360-364; pyramidal, i. 361; pendulous hybridised, ii. 18; changes of, by age, i. 364, 387; bud-variation in the, i. 377; flower buds of, attacked by bullfinches, ii. 232. HAYES, Dr., character of Esquimaux dogs, i. 21-22. HAYWOOD, W., on the feral rabbits of Porto Santo, i. 114. HAZEL, purple-leaved, i. 362, 395, ii. 330. HEAD of wild boar and Yorkshire pig, figured, i. 72. {456} HEAD and limbs, correlated variability of, ii. 323. HEADACHE, inheritance of, ii. 79. HEARTSEASE, i. 368-369; change produced in the, by transplantation, i. 386; reversion in, ii. 31, 47; effects of selection on, ii. 200; scorching of, ii. 229; effects of seasonal conditions on the, ii. 274; annual varieties of the, ii. 305. HEAT, effect of, upon the fleece of sheep, i. 98. HEBER, Bishop, on the breeding of the rhinoceros in captivity, ii. 150. HEBRIDES, cattle of the, i. 80; pigeons of the, i. 183. HEER, O., on the plants of the Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 309, ii. 215, 427; on the cereals, i. 317-319; on the peas, i. 326; on the vine growing in Italy in the bronze age, i. 332. _Helix lactea_, ii. 280. _Hemerocallis fulva_ and _flava_, interchanging by bud-variation, i. 386. HEMLOCK yields no conicine in Scotland, ii. 274. HEMP, differences of, in various parts of India, ii. 165; climatal difference in products of, ii. 274. HEMPSEED, effect of, upon the colour of birds, ii. 280. HERMAPHRODITE flowers, occurrence of, in Maize, i. 321. HEN, assumption of male characters by the, ii. 51, 54; development of spurs in the, ii. 318. "HENNIES," or hen-like male fowls, i. 252. HENRY, T. A., a variety of the ash produced by grafting, i. 394; crossing of species of _Rhododendron_ and _Arabis_, i. 400. HENSLOW, Prof., individual variation in wheat, i. 314; bud-variation in the Austrian bramble rose, i. 381;

## partial reproduction of the weeping ash by seed, ii. 19.

HEPATICA, changed by transplantation, i. 386. HERBERT, Dr., variations of _Viola grandiflora_, i. 368; bud-variation in camellias, i. 377; seedlings from reverted _Cytisus Adami_, i. 388; crosses of Swedish and other turnips, ii. 93; on hollyhocks, ii. 107; breeding of hybrids, ii. 131; self-impotence in hybrid hippeastrums, ii. 138-139; hybrid _Gladiolus_, ii. 139; on _Zephyranthes candida_, ii. 164; fertility of the crocus, ii. 165; on contabescence, ii. 165; hybrid _Rhododendron_, ii. 265. HERCULANEUM, figure of a pig found in, i. 67. HERON, Sir R., appearance of "black-shouldered" among ordinary peacocks, i. 290-291; non-inheritance of monstrous characters by goldfish, i. 296; crossing of white and coloured Angora rabbits, ii. 92; crosses of solid-hoofed pigs, ii. 93. _Herpestes fasciatus_ and _griseus_, ii. 151. HEUSINGER, on the sheep of the Tarentino, ii. 227; on correlated constitutional peculiarities, ii. 337. HEWITT, Mr., reversion in bantam cocks, i. 240; degeneration of silk fowls, i. 243;

## partial sterility of hen-like male fowls, i. 252;

production of tailed chickens by rumpless fowls, i. 259; on taming and rearing wild ducks, i. 278-279, ii. 233, 262-263; conditions of inheritance in laced Sebright bantams, ii. 22; reversion in rumpless fowls, ii. 31; reversion in fowls by age, ii. 39; hybrids of pheasant and fowl, ii. 45, 68; assumption of male characters by female pheasants, ii. 51; development of latent characters in a barren bantam hen, ii. 54; mongrels from the silk-fowl, ii. 67; effects of close interbreeding on fowls, ii. 124-125; on feathered-legged bantams, ii. 323. HIBBERT, Mr., on the pigs of the Shetland Islands, i. 70. HIGHLAND cattle, descended from _Bos longifrons_, i. 81. HILDEBRAND, Dr., on the fertilisation of _Orchideæ_, i. 402-403; occasional necessary crossing of plants, ii. 90; on _Primula sinensis_ and _Oxalis rosea_, ii. 132; on _Corydalis cava_, ii. 132-133. HILL, R., on the Alco, i. 31; feral rabbits in Jamaica, i. 112; feral peacocks in Jamaica, i. 190; variation of the Guinea fowl in Jamaica, i. 294; sterility of tamed birds in Jamaica, ii. 155, 157. HIMALAYA, range of gallinaceous birds in the, i. 237. HIMALAYAN rabbit, i. 107, 108-111; skull of, i. 120. HIMALAYAN sheep, i. 95. HINDMARSH, Mr., on Chillingham cattle, i. 84. "HINKEL-TAUBE," i. 142-143. HINNY and mule, difference of, ii. 67-68. _Hipparion_, anomalous resemblance to in horses, i. 50. _Hippeastrum_, hybrids of, ii. 138-139. HIVE-BEES, ancient domestication of, i. 297; breeds of, i. 298; smaller when produced in old combs, i. 297; variability in, i. 298; crossing of Ligurian and common, i. 299. "HOCKER-TAUBE," i. 141. HOBBS, Fisher, on interbreeding pigs, ii. 121. HODGKIN, Dr., on the attraction of foxes by a female Dingo, i. 31; {457} origin of the Newfoundland dog, i. 42; transmission of a peculiar lock of hair, ii. 5. HODGSON, Mr., domestication of _Canis primævus_, i. 26; development of a fifth digit in Thibet mastiffs, i. 35; number of ribs in humped cattle, i. 79; on the sheep of the Himalaya, i. 95; presence of four mammæ in sheep, _ibid._; arched nose in sheep, i. 96; measurements of the intestines of goats, i. 102; presence of interdigital pits in goats, _ibid._; disuse a cause of drooping ears, ii. 301. HOFACKER, persistency of colour in horses, i. 51, ii. 21; production of dun horses from parents of different colours, i. 59; inheritance of peculiarities in handwriting, ii. 6; heredity in a one-horned stag, ii. 12; on consanguineous marriages, ii. 123. HOG, Red River, ii. 150. HOGG, Mr., retardation of breeding in cows by hard living, ii. 112. HOLLAND, Sir H., necessity of inheritance, ii. 2; on hereditary diseases, ii. 7; hereditary peculiarity in the eyelid, ii. 8; morbid uniformity in the same family, ii. 17; transmission of hydrocele through the female, ii. 52; inheritance of habits and tricks, ii. 395. HOLLY, varieties of the, i. 360, 362; bud-reversion in, i. 384; yellow-berried, ii. 19, 230. HOLLYHOCK, bud-variation in, i. 378; non-crossing of double varieties of, ii. 107; tender variety of the, ii. 310. HOMER, notice of Geese, i. 287; breeding of the horses of Æneas, ii. 202. HOMOLOGOUS parts, correlated variability of, ii. 322-331, 354-355; fusion of, ii. 393; affinity of, ii. 339-342. HOOFS, correlated with hair in variation, ii. 325. HOOK-BILLED DUCK, skull figured, i. 282. HOOKER, Dr. J. D., forked shoulder-stripe in Syrian asses, i. 63; voice of the cock in Sikkim, i. 259; use of Arum-roots as food, i. 307; native useful plants of Australia, i. 311; wild walnut of the Himalayas, i. 356; variety of the plane tree, i. 362; production of _Thuja orientalis_ from seeds of _T. pendula_, i. 362; singular form of _Begonia frigida_, i. 365; reversion in plants run wild, ii. 33; on the sugar-cane, ii. 169; on Arctic plants, ii. 256; on the oak grown at the Cape of Good Hope, ii. 274; on _Rhododendron ciliatum_, ii. 277; stock and mignonette, perennial in Tasmania, ii. 305. HOPKIRK, Mr., bud-variation in the rose, i. 381; in _Mirabilis jalapa_, i. 382; in _Convolvulus tricolor_, i. 408. HORNBEAM, heterophyllous, i. 362. HORNED fowl, i. 229; skull figured, i. 265. HORNLESS cattle in Paraguay, i. 89. HORNS of sheep, i. 95; correlation of, with fleece in sheep, ii. 326; correlation of, with the skull, ii. 333; rudimentary in young polled cattle, ii. 315; of goats, i. 102. HORSES, in Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 49; different breeds of, in Malay Archipelago, i. 49; anomalies in osteology and dentition of, i. 50; mutual fertility of different breeds, i. 51; feral, i. 51; habit of scraping away snow, i. 53; mode of production of breeds of, i. 54; inheritance and diversity of colour in, i. 55; dark stripes in, i. 56-61, ii. 351; dun-coloured, origin of, i. 59; colours of feral, i. 60-61; effect of fecundation by a Quagga on the subsequent progeny of, i. 403-404; inheritance of peculiarities in, ii. 10-11; polydactylism in, ii. 14; inheritance of colour in, ii. 21; inheritance of exostoses in legs of, ii. 23; reversion in, ii. 33, 41; hybrids of, with ass and zebra, ii. 42; prepotency of transmission in the sexes of, ii. 65; segregation of, in Paraguay, ii. 102; wild species of, breeding in captivity, ii. 150; curly, in Paraguay, ii. 205, 325; selection of, for trifling characters, ii. 209; unconscious selection of, ii. 212-213; natural selection in Circassia, ii. 225; alteration of coat of, in coal-mines, ii. 278; degeneration of, in the Falkland Islands, ii. 278; diseases of, caused by shoeing, ii. 300; feeding on meat, ii. 305; white and white-spotted, poisoned by mildewed vetches, ii. 337; analogous variations in the colour of, ii. 349; teeth developed on palate of, ii. 391; of bronze period in Denmark, ii. 427. HORSE-CHESNUT, early, at the Tuileries, i. 362; tendency to doubleness in, ii. 168. HORSE-RADISH, general sterility of the, ii. 170. "HOUDAN," a French sub-breed of fowls, i. 229. HOWARD, C., on an Egyptian monument, i. 17; on crossing sheep, ii. 95, 120. HUC, on the Emperor Khang-hi, ii. 205; Chinese varieties of the bamboo, ii. 256. HUMBOLDT, A., character of the Zambos, ii. 47; parrot speaking the language of an extinct tribe, ii. 154; on _Pulex penetrans_, ii. 275. HUMIDITY, injurious effect of, upon horses, i. 53. HUMPHREYS, Col., on Ancon sheep, i. 100. HUNGARIAN cattle, i. 80. {458} HUNTER, John, period of gestation in the dog, i. 29; on secondary sexual characters, i. 179; fertile crossing of _Anser ferus_ and the domestic goose, i. 288; inheritance of peculiarities in gestures, voice, &c., ii. 6; assumption of male characters by the human female, ii. 51; period of appearance of hereditary diseases, ii. 78; graft of the spur of a cock upon its comb, ii. 296; on the stomach of _Larus tridentatus_, ii. 302; double-tailed lizards, ii. 341. HUNTER, W., evidence against the influence of imagination upon the offspring, ii. 264. HUTTON, Capt., on the variability of the silk moth, i. 303; on the number of species of silkworms, i. 300; markings of silkworms, i. 302; domestication of the rock-pigeon in India, i. 185; domestication and crossing of _Gallus bankiva_, i. 236. HUTCHINSON, Col., liability of dogs to distemper, i. 35. HUXLEY, Prof., on the transmission of polydactylism, ii. 13; on unconscious selection, ii. 194; on correlation in the mollusca, ii. 320; on gemmation and fission, ii. 359; development of star-fishes, ii. 366. HYACINTHS, i. 370-371; bud-variation in, i. 385; graft-hybrid by union of half bulbs of, i. 395; white, reproduced by seed, ii. 20; red, ii. 229, 336; varieties of, recognisable by the bulb, ii. 251. HYACINTH, feather, ii. 185, 316. _Hyacinthus orientalis_, i. 370. _Hybiscus syriacus_, ii. 286. HYBRIDS, of hare and rabbit, i. 105; of various species of _Gallus_, i. 234-236; of almond, peach, and nectarine, i. 339; naturally produced, of species of _Cytisus_, i. 390; from twin-seed of _Fuchsia coccinea_ and _fulgens_, i. 391; reversion of, i. 392-394, ii. 36, 48-50; from mare, ass, and zebra, ii. 42; of tame animals, wildness of, ii. 44-46; female instincts of sterile male, ii. 52; transmission and blending of characters in, ii. 92-95; breed better with parent species than with each other, ii. 131; self-impotence in, ii. 138-140; readily produced in captivity, ii. 151. HYBRIDISATION, singular effects of, in oranges, i. 336; of cherries, i. 347; difficulty of, in _Cucurbitæ_, i. 358; of roses, i. 366. HYBRIDISM, ii. 178-191; the cause of a tendency to double flowers, ii. 171; in relation to pangenesis, ii. 385. HYBRIDITY in cats, i. 44-45; supposed of peach and nectarine, i. 342. _Hydra_, i. 374, ii. 293, 359. HYDRANGEA, colour of flowers of, influenced by alum, ii. 277. HYDROCELE, ii. 52. HYDROCEPHALUS, ii. 295. _Hypericum calycinum_, ii. 170. _Hypericum crispum_, ii. 227, 337. HYPERMETAMORPHOSIS, ii. 367. HYPERMETROPIA, hereditary, ii. 8.

ICHTHYOPTERYGIA, number of digits in the, ii. 16. _Ilex aquifolium_, ii. 19. IMAGINATION, supposed effect of, on offspring, ii. 263. _Imatophyllum miniatum_, bud-variation in, i. 385. INCEST, abhorred by savages, ii. 123-124. INCUBATION, by crossed fowls of non-sitting varieties, ii. 43-44. INDIA, striped horses of, i. 58; pigs of, i. 66, 67, 76; breeding of rabbits in, i. 112; cultivation of pigeons in, i. 205-206. INDIVIDUAL variability in pigeons, i. 158-160. INGLEDEW, Mr., cultivation of European vegetables in India, ii. 169. "INDISCHE Taube," ii. 144. INHERITANCE, ii. 1-84, 371-373, 395, 397-402; doubts entertained of by some writers, ii. 3; importance of to breeders, 3-4; evidence of, derived from statistics of chances, 5; of peculiarities in man, 5-7, 12-16; of disease, 7-8, 17; of peculiarities in the eye, 8-10; of deviations from symmetry, 12; of polydactylism, 12-16; capriciousness of, 17-22, 27; of mutilations, 22-24; of congenital monstrosities, 24; causes of absence of, 24-26; by reversion or atavism, 28-61; its connexion with fixedness of character, 62-64; affected by prepotency of transmission of character, 65-71; limited by sex, 71-75; at corresponding periods of life, 75-80; summary of the subject of, 80-84; laws of, the same in seminal and bud varieties, i. 409; of characters in the horse, i. 10-11; in cattle, i. 87; in rabbits, i. 107; in the peach, i. 339; in the nectarine, i. 340; in plums, i. 347; in apples, i. 350; in pears, i. 351; in the pansy, i. 369; of primary characters of _Columba livia_ in crossed pigeons, i. 201; of peculiarities of plumage in pigeons, i. 160-161; of peculiarities of foliage in trees, i. 362; effects of, in varieties of the cabbage, i. 325. INSANITY, inheritance of, ii. 7, 78. INSECTS, regeneration of lost parts in, ii. 15, 294; agency of, in fecundation of larkspurs, ii. 21; effect of changed conditions upon, ii. 157; sterile neuter, ii. 186-187; {459} monstrosities in, ii. 269, 391. INSTINCTS, defective, of silkworms, i. 304. INTERBREEDING, close, ill effects of, ii. 114-131, 175. INTERCROSSING, of species, as a cause of variation, i. 188; natural, of plants, i. 336; of species of Canidæ and breeds of dogs, i. 31-33; of domestic and wild cats, i. 44-45; of breeds of pigs, i. 71, 78; of cattle, i. 83; of varieties of cabbage, i. 324; of peas, i. 326, 329-330; of varieties of orange, i. 336; of species of strawberries, i. 351-352; of _Cucurbitæ_, i. 357-358; of flowering plants, i. 364; of pansies, i. 368. INTERDIGITAL pits, in goats, i. 102. INTERMARRIAGES, close, ii. 122-123. INTESTINES, elongation of, in pigs, i. 73; relative measurements of parts of, in goats, i. 102; effects of changed diet on, ii. 302. _Ipomoea purpurea_, ii. 128. IRELAND, remains of _Bos frontosus_ and _longifrons_ found in, i. 81. IRIS, hereditary absence of the, ii. 9; hereditary peculiarities of colour of the, ii. 9-10. IRISH, ancient, selection practised by the, ii. 203. IRON period, in Europe, dog of, i. 18. ISLANDS, oceanic, scarcity of useful plants on, i. 311. ISLAY, pigeons of, i. 183. ISOLATION, effect of, in favour of selection, ii. 233-234. ITALY, vine growing in, during the bronze period, i. 332. IVY, sterility of, in the north of Europe, ii. 170.

JACK, Mr., effect of foreign pollen on grapes, i. 400. JACKAL, i. 24, 27, 30; hybrids of, with the dog, i. 32; prepotency of, over the dog, ii. 67. JACOBIN pigeon, i. 154, 208. JACQUEMET-BONNEFORT, on the mulberry, i. 334. JAGUAR, with crooked legs, i. 17. JAMAICA, feral dogs of, i. 28; feral pigs of, i. 77; feral rabbits of, i. 112. JAPAN, horses of, i. 53. JAPANESE pig (figured), i. 69. JARDINE, Sir W., crossing of domestic and wild cats, i. 44. JARVES, J., silkworm in the Sandwich islands, i. 301. JAVA, Fantail pigeon in, i. 148. JAVANESE ponies, i. 53, 59. JEMMY BUTTON, i. 309. JENYNS, L., whiteness of ganders, i. 288; sunfish-like variety of the goldfish, i. 297. JERDON, J. C., number of eggs laid by the pea-hen, ii. 112; origin of domestic fowl, i. 237. JERSEY, arborescent cabbages of, i. 323. JESSAMINE, i. 394. JEITTELES, Hungarian sheep-dogs, i. 24; crossing of domestic and wild cats, i. 44. JOHN, King, importation of stallions from Flanders by, ii. 203. JOHNSON, D., occurrence of stripes on young wild pigs in India, i. 76. JORDAN, A., on Vibert's experiments on the vine, i. 332; origin of varieties of the apple, i. 350; varieties of pears found wild in woods, ii. 260. JOURDAN, parthenogenesis in the silk moth, ii. 364. JUAN DE NOVA, wild dogs on, i. 27. JUAN FERNANDEZ, dumb dogs on, i. 27. _Juglans regia_, i. 356-357. JUKES, Prof., origin of the Newfoundland dog, i. 42. JULIEN, Stanislas, early domestication of pigs in China, i. 68; antiquity of the domestication of the silk-worm in China, i. 300. JUMPERS, a breed of fowls, i. 230. JUNIPER, variations of the, i. 361, 364. _Juniperus suecica_, i. 361. _Jussiæa grandiflora_, ii. 170. JUSSIEU, A. de, structure of the pappus in _Carthamus_, ii. 316.

KAIL, Scotch, reversion in, ii. 32. "KALA-PAR" pigeon, i. 142. KALES, i. 323. KALM, P., on maize, i. 322, ii. 307; introduction of wheat into Canada, i. 315; sterility of trees growing in marshes and dense woods, ii. 170. "KALMI Lotan," tumbler pigeon, i. 151. KANE, Dr., on Esquimaux dogs, i. 21. KARAKOOL sheep, i. 98. KARKEEK, on inheritance in the horse, ii. 10. "KARMELITEN Taube," i. 156. KARSTEN on _Pulex penetrans_, ii. 275. KATTYWAR horses, i. 58. KEELEY, R., pelorism in _Galeobdolon luteum_, ii. 59. KERNER on the culture of Alpine plants, ii. 163. KESTREL, breeding in captivity, ii. 154. "KHANDÉSI," i. 141. KHANG-HI, selection of a variety of rice by, ii. 205. KIANG, ii. 43. KIDD, on the canary bird, i. 77, ii. 275. KIDNEY Bean, i. 371; varieties of, ii. 256, 275. {460} KIDNEYS, compensatory development of the, ii. 300; fusion of the, ii. 341; shape of, in birds, influenced by the form of the pelvis, ii. 344. KING, Col., domestication of rock doves from the Orkneys, i. 184, 185. KING, P. S., on the Dingo, i. 21, 28. KIRBY and Spence, on the growth of galls, ii. 283. KIRGHISIAN sheep, i. 98. KITE, breeding in captivity, ii. 154. KLEINE, variability of bees, i. 298. KNIGHT, Andrew, on crossing horses of different breeds, i. 51; crossing varieties of peas, i. 326, ii. 129; persistency of varieties of peas, i. 329; origin of the peach, i. 338; hybridisation of the morello by the Elton cherry, i. 347; on seedling cherries, _ibid._; variety of the apple not attacked by coccus, i. 349; intercrossing of strawberries, i, 351, 352; broad variety of the cock's comb, i. 365; bud variation in the cherry and plum, i. 375; crossing of white and purple grapes, i. 393; experiments in crossing apples, i. 402, ii. 129; hereditary disease in plants, ii. 11; on interbreeding, ii. 116; crossed varieties of wheat, ii. 130; necessity of intercrossing in plants, ii. 175; on variation, ii. 256, 257; effects of grafting, i. 387, ii. 278; bud-variation in a plum, ii. 289; compulsory flowering of early potatoes, ii. 343; correlated variation of head and limbs, ii. 323. KNOX, Mr., breeding of the eagle owl in captivity, ii. 154. KOCH, degeneracy in the turnip, i. 325. KOHLRABI, i. 323. KÖLREUTER, reversion in hybrids, i. 392, ii. 36; acquired sterility of crossed varieties of plants, i. 358, ii. 101; absorption of _Mirabilis vulgaris_ by _M. longiflora_, ii. 88; crosses of species of _Verbascum_, ii. 93, 107; on the hollyhock, ii. 107; crossing varieties of tobacco, ii. 108; benefits of crossing plants, ii. 130, 131, 175-176; self-impotence in _Verbascum_, ii. 136, 141; effects of conditions of growth upon fertility in _Mirabilis_, ii. 164; great development of tubers in hybrid plants, ii. 172; inheritance of plasticity, ii. 241; variability of hybrids of _Mirabilis_, ii. 265; repeated crossing a cause of variation, ii. 267-268; number of pollen-grains necessary for fertilization, ii. 363. "KRAUSESCHWEIN," i. 67. KROHN, on the double reproduction of Medusæ, ii. 384. "KROPF-TAUBEN," i. 137.

LABAT, on the tusks of feral bears in the West Indies, i. 77; on French wheat grown in the West Indies, ii. 307; on the culture of the vine in the West Indies, ii. 308. LABURNUM, Adam's, see _Cytisus Adami_; oak-leaved, reversion of, i. 382; pelorism in the, ii. 346; Waterer's, i. 390. LACHMANN, on gemmation and fission, ii. 358. _Lachnanthes tinctoria_, ii. 227, 336. LACTATION, imperfect, hereditary, ii. 8; deficient, of wild animals in captivity, ii. 158. LADRONE islands, cattle of, i. 86. LAING, Mr., resemblance of Norwegian and Devonshire cattle, i. 82. LAKE-DWELLINGS, sheep of, i. 94, ii. 427; cattle of, ii. 427; absence of the fowl in, i. 246; cultivated plants of, i. 309, ii. 427, 429; cereals of, i. 317-319; peas found in, i. 326; beans found in, i. 330. LAMARE-PIQUOT, observations on half-bred North American wolves, i. 22. LAMBERT, A. B., on _Thuja pendula_ or _filiformis_, i. 362. LAMBERT family, ii. 4, 76. LAMBERTYE on strawberries, i. 351, 352; five-leaved variety of _Fragaria collina_, i. 353. LANDT, L., on sheep in the Faroe islands, ii. 103. LA PLATA, wild dogs of, i. 27; feral cat from, i. 47. LARCH, ii. 310. LARKSPURS, insect agency necessary for the full fecundation of, ii. 21. _Larus argentatus_, ii. 157. _Larus tridactylus_, ii. 302. LASTERYE, merino sheep in different countries, i. 99. LATENT characters, ii. 51-56. LATHAM, on the fowl not breeding in the extreme north, ii. 161. _Lathyrus_, ii. 38. _Lathyrus aphaca_, ii. 343. _Lathyrus odoratus_, ii. 20, 91, 93, 311, 393. LA TOUCHE, J. D., on a Canadian apple with dimidiate fruit, i. 392-393. "LATZ-TAUBE," i. 154. LAUGHER pigeon, i. 155, 207. _Laurus sassafras_, ii. 274. LAWRENCE, J., production of a new breed of fox-hounds, i. 40; occurrence of canines in mares, i. 50; on three-parts-bred horses, i. 54; on inheritance in the horse, ii. 10-11. LAWSON, Mr., varieties of the potato, i. 330. LAXTON, Mr., bud-variation in the gooseberry, i. 376; crossing of varieties of the pea, i. 397-398; {461} double-flowered peas, ii. 168. LAYARD, E. L., resemblance of a Caffre dog to the Esquimaux breed, i. 25, ii. 286; crossing of the domestic cat with _Felis Caffra_, i. 44; feral pigeons in Ascension, i. 190; domestic pigeons of Ceylon, i. 206; on _Gallus Stanleyi_, i. 234; on black-skinned Ceylonese fowls, i. 256. LE COMPTE family, blindness inherited in, ii. 78. LECOQ, bud-variation in _Mirabilis jalapa_, i. 382; hybrids of _Mirabilis_, i. 393, ii. 169, 265; crossing in plants, ii. 127; fecundation of _Passiflora_, ii. 137; hybrid _Gladiolus_, ii. 139; sterility of _Ranunculus ficaria_, ii. 170; villosity in plants, ii. 277; double asters, ii. 316. LE COUTEUR, J., varieties of wheat, i. 313-315; acclimatisation of exotic wheat in Europe, i. 315; adaptation of wheat to soil and climate, i. 316; selection of seed-corn, i. 318; on change of soil, ii. 147; selection of wheat, ii. 200; natural selection in wheat, ii. 233; cattle of Jersey, ii. 234. LEDGER, Mr., on the Llama and Alpaca, ii. 208. LEE, Mr., his early culture of the pansy, i. 368. _Leersia oryzoides_, ii. 91. LEFOUR, period of gestation in cattle, i. 87. LEGS, of fowls, effects of disuse on, i. 270-272; characters and variations of, in ducks, i. 284-288; fusion of, ii. 341. LEGUAT, cattle of the Cape of Good Hope, i. 88. LEHMANN, occurrence of wild double-flowered plants near a hot spring, ii. 168. LEIGHTON, W. A., propagation of a weeping yew by seed, ii. 19. LEITNER, effects of the removal of anthers, ii. 167. LEMMING, ii. 152. LEMOINE, variegated _Symphytum_ and _Phlox_, i. 384. LEMON, i. 334, 335; orange fecundated by pollen of the, i. 399. LEMURS, hybrid, ii. 153. LEPORIDES, ii. 98-99, 152. LEPSIUS, figures of ancient Egyptian dogs, i. 17; domestication of pigeons in ancient Egypt, i. 204. _Leptotes_, ii. 134. _Lepus glacialis_, i. 111. _Lepus magellanicus_, i. 112. _Lepus nigripes_, i. 108. _Lepus tibetanus_, i. 111. _Lepus variabilis_, i. 111. LEREBOULLET, double monsters of fishes, ii. 340. LESLIE, on Scotch wild cattle, i. 85. LESSON, on _Lepus magellanicus_, i. 112. LEUCKART on the larva of Cecidomyidæ, ii. 360. LEWIS, G., cattle of the West Indies, ii. 229. LHERBETTE and Quatrefages, on the horses of Circassia, ii. 102, 225. LIEBIG, differences in human blood, according to complexion, ii. 276. LIEBREICH, occurrence of pigmentary retinitis in deaf-mutes, ii. 328. LICHENS, sterility in, ii. 171. LICHTENSTEIN, resemblance of Bosjesman's dogs to _Canis mesomelas_, i. 25; Newfoundland dog at the Cape of Good Hope, i. 36. LILACS, ii. 164. LILIACEÆ, contabescence in, ii. 165. _Lilium candidum_, ii. 137. LIMBS, regeneration of, ii. 376-377. LIMBS and head, correlated variation of, ii. 323. LIME, effect of, upon shells of the mollusca, ii. 280. LIME tree, changes of by age, i. 364, 387. LIMITATION, sexual, ii. 71-75. LIMITATION, supposed, of variation, ii. 416. _Linaria_, pelorism in, ii. 58, 61, 346; peloric, crossed with the normal form, ii. 70; sterility of, ii. 166. _Linaria vulgaris_ and _purpurea_, hybrids of, ii. 94. LINDLEY, John, classification of varieties of cabbages, i. 324; origin of the peach, i. 338; influence of soil on peaches and nectarines, i. 340; varieties of the peach and nectarine, i. 343; on the New Town pippin, i. 349; freedom of the Winter Majetin apple from coccus, i. 349; production of monoecious Hautbois strawberries by bud-selection, i. 353; origin of the large tawny nectarine, i. 375; bud-variation in the gooseberry, i. 376; hereditary disease in plants, ii. 11; on double flowers, ii. 167; seeding of ordinarily seedless fruits, ii. 168; sterility of _Acorus calamus_, ii. 170; resistance of individual plants to cold, ii. 309. LINNÆUS, summer and winter wheat regarded as distinct species by, i. 315; on the single-leaved strawberry, i. 353; sterility of Alpine plants in gardens, ii. 163; recognition of individual reindeer by the Laplanders, ii. 251; growth of tobacco in Sweden, ii. 307. LINNET, ii. 158. _Linota cannabina_, ii. 158. {462} LINUM, ii. 165. LION, fertility of, in captivity, ii. 150, 151. LIPARI, feral rabbits of, i. 113. LIVINGSTONE, Dr., striped young pigs on the Zambesi, i. 77; domestic rabbits at Loanda, i. 112; use of grass-seeds as food in Africa, i. 308; planting of fruit-trees by the Batokas, i. 309; character of half-castes, ii. 46; taming of animals among the Barotse, ii. 160; selection practised in South Africa, ii. 207, 209. LIVINGSTONE, Mr., disuse a cause of drooping ears, ii. 301. LIZARDS, reproduction of tail in, ii. 294; with a double tail, ii. 341. LLAMA, selection of, ii. 208. LLOYD, Mr., taming of the wolf, i. 26; English dogs in northern Europe, i. 36; fertility of the goose increased by domestication, i. 288; number of eggs laid by the wild goose, ii. 112; breeding of the capercailzie in captivity, ii. 156. LOANDA, domestic rabbits at, i. 112. _Loasa_, hybrid of two species of, ii. 98. _Lobelia_, reversion in hybrids of, ii. 392; contabescence in, ii. 166. _Lobelia fulgens_, _cardinalis_, and _syphilitica_, ii. 136. LOCKHART, Dr., on Chinese pigeons, i. 206. LOCUST-TREE, ii. 274. LOISELEUR-DESLONGCHAMPS, originals of cultivated plants, i. 307; Mongolian varieties of wheat, i. 313; characters of the ear in wheat, i. 314; acclimatisation of exotic wheat in Europe, i. 315; effect of change of climate on wheat, i. 316; on the supposed necessity of the coincident variation of weeds and cultivated plants, i. 317; advantage of change of soil to plants, ii. 146. _Lolium temulentum_, variable presence of barbs in, i. 314. LONG-TAILED sheep, i. 94, 95. LOOCHOO islands, horses of, i. 53. LORD, J. K., on Canis latrans, i. 22. "LORI RAJAH," how produced, ii. 280. _Lorius garrulus_, ii. 280. "LOTAN," tumbler pigeon, i. 150. LOUDON, J. W., varieties of the carrot, i. 326; short duration of varieties of peas, i. 329; on the glands of peach-leaves, i. 343; presence of bloom on Russian apples, i. 349; origin of varieties of the apple, i. 350; varieties of the gooseberry, i. 354; on the nut tree, i. 357; varieties of the ash, i. 360; fastigate juniper (_J. suecica_), i. 361; on _Ilex aquifolium ferox_, i. 362; varieties of the Scotch fir, i. 363; varieties of the hawthorn, _ibid._; variation in the persistency of leaves on the elm and Turkish oak, i. 363; importance of cultivated varieties, _ibid._; varieties of _Rosa spinosissima_, i. 367; variation of dahlias from the same seed, i. 370; production of Provence roses from seeds of the moss rose, i. 380; effect of grafting the purple-leaved upon the common hazel, i. 395; nearly evergreen Cornish variety of the elm, ii. 310. LOW, G., on the pigs of the Orkney islands, i. 70. LOW, Prof., pedigrees of greyhounds, ii. 3; origin of the dog, i. 10; burrowing instinct of a half-bred Dingo, i. 28; inheritance of qualities in horses, i. 51; comparative powers of English race-horses, Arabs, &c., i. 54; British breeds of cattle, i. 80; wild cattle of Chartley, i. 84; effect of abundance of food on the size of cattle, i. 91; effects of climate on the skin of cattle, i. 92, ii. 326; on interbreeding, ii. 116; selection in Hereford cattle, ii. 214; formation of new breeds, ii. 244; on "sheeted" cattle, ii. 349. LOWE, Mr., on hive bees, i. 299. LOWE, REV. Mr., on the range of _Pyrus malus_ and _P. acerba_, i. 348. "LOWTAN" tumbler pigeon, i. 150. _Loxia pyrrhula_, ii. 154. LUBBOCK, Sir J., developments of the Ephemeridæ, ii. 366. LUCAS, P., effects of cross-breeding on the female, i. 404; hereditary diseases, ii. 7, 78-79; hereditary affections of the eye, ii. 9-10; inheritance of anomalies in the human eye and in that of the horse, ii. 10, 11; inheritance of polydactylism, ii. 13; morbid uniformity in the same family, ii. 17; inheritance of mutilations, ii. 23; persistency of cross-reversion, ii. 35; persistency of character in breeds of animals in wild countries, ii. 64; prepotency of transmission, ii. 65, 68; supposed rules of transmission in crossing animals, ii. 68; sexual limitations of transmission of peculiarities, ii. 72-73; absorption of the minority in crossed races, ii. 88; crosses without blending of certain characters, ii. 92; on interbreeding, ii. 116; variability dependent on reproduction, ii. 250; period of action of variability, ii. 260; inheritance of deafness in cats, ii. 329; complexion and constitution, ii. 335. LUCAZE-DUTHIERS, structure and growth of galls, ii. 282-284. LUIZET, grafting of a peach-almond on a peach, i. 338. {463} LÜTKE, cats of the Caroline Archipelago, i. 47. LUXURIANCE, of vegetative organs, a cause of sterility in plants, ii. 168-171. LYONNET, on the scission of _Nais_, ii. 358. _Lysimachia nummularia_, sterility of, ii. 170. _Lythrum_, trimorphic species of, ii. 400. _Lythrum salicaria_, ii. 183; contabescence in, ii. 166. _Lytta vesicatoria_, affecting the kidneys, ii. 380.

_Macacus_, species of, bred in captivity, ii. 153. MACAULAY, Lord, improvement of the English horse, ii. 213. MCCLELLAND, Dr., variability of fresh-water fishes in India, ii. 259. MCCOY, Prof., on the dingo, i. 26. MACFAYDEN, influence of soil in producing sweet or bitter oranges from the same seed, i. 335. MACGILLIVRAY, domestication of the rock-dove, i. 185; feral pigeons in Scotland, i. 190; number of vertebræ in birds, i. 266; on wild geese, i. 287; number of eggs of wild and tame ducks, ii. 112. MACKENZIE, Sir G., peculiar variety of the potato, i. 330. MACKENZIE, P., bud-variation in the currant, i. 376. MACKINNON, Mr., horses of the Falkland islands, i. 52; feral cattle of the Falkland islands, i. 86. MACKNIGHT, C., on interbreeding cattle, ii. 118. MACNAB, Mr., on seedling weeping birches, ii. 18; non-production of the weeping beech by seed, ii. 19. MADAGASCAR, cats of, i. 47. MADDEN, H., on interbreeding cattle, ii. 118. MADEIRA, rock pigeon of, i. 184. _Magnolia grandiflora_, ii. 308. MAIZE, its unity of origin, i. 320; antiquity of, _ibid._; with husked grains said to grow wild, _ibid._; variation of, i. 321; irregularities in the flowers of, i. 321; persistence of varieties, _ibid._; adaptation of to climate, i. 322, ii. 307; acclimatisation of, ii. 313, 347; crossing of, i. 400, ii. 104-105; extinct Peruvian varieties of, ii. 425. MALAY fowl, i. 227. MALAY Archipelago, horses of, i. 53; short-tailed cats of, i. 47; striped young wild pigs of, i. 76; ducks of, i. 280. MALE, influence of, on the fecundated female, i. 397-406; supposed influence of, on offspring, ii. 68. MALE flowers, appearance of, among female flowers in maize, i. 321. MALFORMATIONS, hereditary, ii. 79. _Malva_, fertilisation of, i. 402, ii. 363. _Mamestra suasa_, ii. 157. MAMMÆ, variable in number in the pig, i. 74; rudimentary, occasional full development of, in cows, i. 87, ii. 317; four present in some sheep, i. 95; variable in number in rabbits, i. 106; latent functions of, in male animals, ii. 52, 317; supernumerary and inguinal, in women, ii. 57. MANGLES, Mr., annual varieties of the heartsease, ii. 305. MANTELL, Mr., taming of birds by the New Zealanders, ii. 161. MANU, domestic fowl noticed in the Institutes of, i. 246. MANURE, effect of, on the fertility of plants, ii. 163. MANX cats, i. 46, ii. 66. MARCEL de Serres, fertility of the ostrich, ii. 156. MARIANNE islands, varieties of _Pandanus_ in, ii. 256. MARKHAM, Gervase, on rabbits, i. 104, ii. 204. MARKHOR, probably one of the parents of the goat, i. 101. MARQUAND, cattle of the channel islands, i. 80. MARRIMPOEY, inheritance in the horse, ii. 10. MARROW, vegetable, i. 357. MARRYATT, Capt., breeding of asses in Kentucky, ii. 237. MARSDEN, notice of _Gallus giganteus_, i. 235. MARSHALL, Mr., voluntary selection of pasture by sheep, i. 96; adaptation of wheats to soil and climate, i. 316; "Dutch-buttocked" cattle, ii. 8; segregation of herds of sheep, ii. 103; advantage of change of soil to wheat and potatoes, ii. 146; fashionable change in the horns of cattle, ii. 210; sheep in Yorkshire, ii. 235. MARSHALL, Prof., growth of the brain in microcephalous idiots, ii. 389. MARTENS, E. Von, on _Achatinella_, ii. 53. MARTIN, W. C. L., origin of the dog, i. 16; Egyptian dogs, i. 18; barking of a Mackenzie River dog, i. 27; African hounds in the Tower menagerie, i. 32; on dun horses and dappled asses, i. 55; breeds of the horse, i. 49; wild horses, i. 51; Syrian breeds of asses, i. 62; asses without stripes, i. 63; effects of cross-breeding on the female in dogs, i. 404; striped legs of mules, ii. 42. MARTINS, defective instincts of silkworms, i. 304. MARTINS, C., fruit trees of Stockholm, ii. 307. {464} MASON, W., bud-variation in the ash, i. 382. MASTERS, Dr., reversion in the spiral-leaved weeping willow, i. 383; on peloric flowers, ii. 58; pelorism in a clover, ii. 346; position as a cause of pelorism, ii. 345, 347. MASTERS, Mr., persistence of varieties of peas, i. 329; reproduction of colour in hyacinths, ii. 20; on hollyhocks, ii. 107; selection of peas for seed, ii. 199-200; on _Opuntia leucotricha_, ii. 286; reversion by the terminal pea in the pod, ii. 347. MASTIFF, sculptured on an Assyrian monument, i. 17, ii. 429; Tibetan, i. 35-36, ii. 278. MATTHEWS, Patrick, on forest trees, ii. 237. _Matthiola annua_, i. 399, ii. 20. _Matthiola incana_, i. 381, 399. MAUCHAMP, merino sheep, i. 100. MAUDUYT, crossing of wolves and dogs in the Pyrenees, i. 24. MAUND, Mr. crossed varieties of wheat, ii. 130. MAUPERTUIS, axiom of "least action," i. 12. MAURITIUS, importation of goats into, i. 101. MAW, G., correlation of contracted leaves and flowers in pelargoniums, ii. 330, 331. MAWZ, fertility of _Brassica rapa_, ii. 165. _Maxillaria_, self-fertilised capsules of, ii. 134; number of seeds in, ii. 379. _Maxillaria atro-rubens_, fertilisation of, by _M. squalens_, ii. 133. MAYES, M., self-impotence in _Amaryllis_, ii. 139. MECKEL, on the number of digits, ii. 13; correlation of abnormal muscles in the leg and arm, ii. 322. MEDUSÆ, development of, ii. 368, 384. MEEHAN, Mr., comparison of European and American trees, ii. 281. _Meleagris mexicana_, i. 292. _Meles taxus_, ii. 151. MELONS, i. 359-360; mongrel, supposed to be produced from a twin-seed, i. 391; crossing of varieties of, i. 399, ii. 108, 129; inferiority of, in Roman times, ii. 216; changes in, by culture and climate, ii. 275; serpent, correlation of variations in, ii. 330; analogous variations in, ii. 349. MEMBRANES, false, ii. 294-295. MÉNÉTRIES, on the stomach of _Strix grallaria_, ii. 302. MENINGITIS, tubercular, inherited, ii. 78. METAGENESIS, ii. 366. METAMORPHOSIS, ii. 366. METAMORPHOSIS and development, ii. 388, 389. METZGER, on the supposed species of wheat, i. 312-313; tendency of wheat to vary, i. 315; variation of maize, i. 321-322; cultivation of American maize in Europe, i. 322, ii. 347; on cabbages, i. 323-325; acclimatisation of Spanish wheat in Germany, ii. 26; advantage of change of soil to plants, ii. 146; on rye, ii. 254; cultivation of different kinds of wheat, ii. 261. MEXICO, dog from, with tan spots on the eyes, i. 29; colours of feral horses in, i. 61. MEYEN, on sending of bananas, ii. 168. MICE, grey and white, colours of, not blended by crossing, ii. 92; rejection of bitter almonds by, ii. 232; naked, ii. 279. MICHAUX, F., roan-coloured feral horses of Mexico, i. 61; origin of domestic turkey, i. 292; on raising peaches from seed, i. 339. MICHEL, F., selection of horses in mediæval times, ii. 203; horses preferred on account of slight characters, ii. 209. MICHELY, effects of food on caterpillars, ii. 280; on _Bombyx hesperus_, ii. 304. MICROPHTHALMIA, associated with defective teeth, ii. 328. MIDDENS, Danish, remains of dogs in, i. 18, ii. 427. MIGNONETTE, ii. 237, 311. MILLET, i. 371. MILLS, J., diminished fertility of mares when first turned out to grass, ii. 161. MILNE-EDWARDS, on the development of the crustacea, ii. 368. MILNE-EDWARDS, A., on a crustacean with a monstrous eye-peduncle, ii. 391. _Milvus niger_, ii. 154. _Mimulus luteus_, ii. 128. MINOR, W. C., gemmation and fission in the Annelida, ii. 358. _Mirabilis_, fertilisation of, ii. 363; hybrids of, ii. 131, 169, 265. _Mirabilis jalapa_, i. 382, 393. _Mirabilis longiflora_, ii. 88. _Mirabilis vulgaris_, ii. 88. _Misocampus_ and _Cecidomyia_, i. 5. MITCHELL, Dr., effects of the poison of the rattlesnake, ii. 289. MITFORD, Mr., notice of the breeding of horses by Erichthonius, ii. 202. MOCCAS Court, weeping oak at, ii. 18. MOGFORD, horses poisoned by fool's parsley, ii. 337. MÖLLER, L., effects of food on insects, ii. 281. MOQUIN-TANDON, original form of maize, i. 320; variety of the double columbine, i. 365; {465} peloric flowers, ii. 58-59, 61; position as a cause of pelorism in flowers, ii. 345; tendency of peloric flowers to become irregular, ii. 70; on monstrosities, ii. 254; correlation in the axis and appendages of plants, ii. 321; fusion of homologous parts in plants, ii. 339, 341-342; on a bean with monstrous stipules and abortive leaflets, ii. 343; conversion of parts of flowers, ii. 392. MOLE, white, ii. 332. MOLL and Gayot, on cattle, i. 80, ii. 96, 210. MOLLUSCA, change in shells of, ii. 280. MONKE, Lady, culture of the pansy by, i. 368. MONKEYS, rarely fertile in captivity, ii. 153. MONNIER, identity of summer and winter wheat, i. 315. MONSTER, cyclopean, ii. 341. MONSTERS, double, ii. 339-340. MONSTROSITIES, occurrence of, in domesticated animals and cultivated plants, i. 366, ii. 254; due to persistence of embryonic conditions, ii. 57; occurring by reversion, ii. 57-60; a cause of sterility, ii. 166-167; caused by injury to the embryo, ii. 269. MONTEGAZZA, growth of a cock's-spur inserted into the eye of an ox, ii. 369. MONTGOMERY, E., formation of cells, ii. 370. MOOR, J. H., deterioration of the horse in Malasia, i. 53. MOORCROFT, Mr., on Hasora wheat, i. 313; selection of white-tailed yaks, ii. 206; melon of Kaschmir, ii. 275; varieties of the apricot cultivated in Ladakh, i. 345; varieties of the walnut cultivated in Kaschmir, i. 356. MOORE, Mr., on breeds of pigeons, i. 148, 156, 208, 209, 211. MOORUK, fertility of, in captivity, ii. 156. MORLOT, dogs of the Danish Middens, i. 18; sheep and horse of the bronze period, ii. 427. _Mormodes ignea_, ii. 53. MOROCCO, estimation of pigeons in, i. 205. MORREN, C., on pelorism, ii. 58; in _Calceolaria_, ii. 346; non-coincidence of double flowers and variegated leaves, ii. 167. MORRIS, Mr., breeding of the Kestrel in captivity, ii. 154. MORTON, Lord, effect of fecundation by a quagga on an Arab mare, i. 403-404. MORTON, Dr., origin of the dog, i. 16; hybrid of zebra and mare, ii. 42. _Morus alba_, i. 334. MOSCOW, rabbits of, i. 106, 120; effects of cold on pear-trees at, ii. 307. MOSSES, sterility in, ii. 171; retrogressive metamorphosis in, ii. 361. MOSS-ROSE, probable origin of, from _Rosa centifolia_, i. 379; Provence roses produced from seeds of, i. 380. MOSTO, Cada, on the introduction of rabbits into Porto Santo, i. 113. MOTTLING of fruits and flowers, i. 400. MOUFFLON, i. 94. MOUNTAIN-ASH, ii. 230. MOUSE, Barbary, ii. 152. "MÖVEN-TAUBE," i. 148. MOWBRAY, Mr., on the eggs of game fowls, i. 248; early pugnacity of game cocks, i. 251; diminished fecundity of the pheasant in captivity, ii. 155. MOWBRAY, Mr., reciprocal fecundation of _Passiflora alata_ and _racemosa_, ii. 137. MULATTOS, character of, ii. 46. MULBERRY, i. 334, ii. 256. MULE and hinny, differences in the, ii. 67-68. MULES, striped colouring of, ii. 42; obstinacy of, ii. 45; production of, among the Romans, ii. 110; noticed in the Bible, ii. 202. MÜLLER, Fritz, reproduction of orchids, ii. 134-135; development of crustacea, ii. 368; number of seeds in a _maxillaria_, ii. 379. MÜLLER, H., on the face and teeth in dogs, i. 34, 73, ii. 345. MÜLLER, J., production of imperfect nails after partial amputation of the fingers, ii. 15; tendency to variation, ii. 252; atrophy of the optic nerve consequent on destruction of the eye, ii. 297; on Janus-like monsters, ii. 340; on gemmation and fission, ii. 358; identity of ovules and buds, ii. 360; special affinities of the tissues, ii. 380. MÜLLER, Max, antiquity of agriculture, ii. 243. MULTIPLICITY of origin of pigeons, hypotheses of, discussed, i. 188-194. MUNIZ, F., on Niata cattle, i. 90. MUNRO, R., on the fertilisation of orchids, ii. 133; reproduction of _Passiflora alata_, ii. 138. "MURASSA" pigeon, i. 144. MURPHY, J. J., the structure of the eye not producible by selection, ii. 222. _Mus alexandrinus_, ii. 87-88. _Musa sapientum_, _Chinensis_ and _Cavendishii_, i. 377. _Muscari comosum_, ii. 185, 316. MUSCLES, effects of use on, ii. 297. MUSK duck, feral hybrid of, with the common duck, i. 190. {466} MUSMON, female, sometimes hornless, i. 95. MUTILATIONS, inheritance or non-inheritance of, ii. 22-24, 397. MYATT, on a five-leaved variety of the strawberry, i. 353. MYOPIA, hereditary, ii. 8. MYRIAPODA, regeneration of lost parts in, ii. 15, 294.

NAILS, growing on stumps of fingers, ii. 394. NAIS, scission of, ii. 358. NAMAQUAS, cattle of the, i. 88, ii. 207. NARCISSUS, double, becoming single in poor soil, ii. 167. NARVAEZ, on the cultivation of native plants in Florida, i. 312. _Nasua_, sterility of, in captivity, ii. 152. "NATAS," or Niatas, a South American breed of cattle, i. 89-91. NATHUSIUS, H. von, on the pigs of the Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 68; on the races of pigs, i. 65-68; convergence of character in highly-bred pigs, i. 73, ii. 241; causes of changes in the form of the pig's skull, i. 72-73; changes in breeds of pigs by crossing, i. 78; change of form in the pig, ii. 279; effects of disuse of parts in the pig, ii. 299; period of gestation in the pig, i. 74; appendages to the jaw in pigs, i. 76; on _Sus pliciceps_, i. 70; period of gestation in sheep, i. 97; on Niata cattle, i. 89; on short-horn cattle, ii. 118; on interbreeding, ii. 116; in the sheep, ii. 120; in pigs, ii. 122; unconscious selection in cattle and pigs, ii. 214; variability of highly selected races, ii. 238. NATO, P., on the Bizzaria orange, i. 391. NATURAL selection, its general principles, i. 2-14. NATURE, sense in which the term is employed, i. 6. NAUDIN, supposed rules of transmission in crossing plants, ii. 68; on the nature of hybrids, ii. 48-49; essences of the species in hybrids, ii. 386, 401; reversion of hybrids, ii. 36, 49-50; reversion in flowers by stripes and blotches, ii. 37; hybrids of _Linaria vulgaris_ and _purpurea_, ii. 94; pelorism in _Linaria_, ii. 58, 346; crossing of peloric _Linaria_ with the normal form, ii. 70; variability in _Datura_, ii. 266; hybrids of _Datura lævis_ and _stramonium_, i. 392; prepotency of transmission of _Datura stramonium_ when crossed, ii. 67; on the pollen of _Mirabilis_ and of hybrids, i. 389; fertilisation of _Mirabilis_, ii. 363; crossing of _Chamærops humilis_ and the date palm, i. 399; cultivated Cucurbitaceæ, i. 357-360, ii. 108; rudimentary tendrils in gourds, ii. 316; dwarf _Cucurbitæ_, ii. 330; relation between the size and number of the fruit in _Cucurbita pepo_, ii. 343; analogous variation in _Cucurbitæ_, ii. 349; acclimatisation of Cucurbitaceæ, ii. 313; production of fruit by sterile hybrid Cucurbitaceæ, ii. 172; on the melon, i. 360, ii. 108, 275; incapacity of the cucumber to cross with other species, i. 359. NECTARINE, i. 336-344; derived from the peach, i. 337, 339-342; hybrids of, i. 339; persistency of characters in seedling, i. 340; origin of, _ibid._; produced on peach trees, i. 340-341; producing peaches, i. 341; variation in, i. 342-343; bud-variation in, i. 374; glands in the leaves of the, ii. 231; analogous variation in, ii. 348. NECTARY, variations of, in pansies, i. 369. NEES, on changes in the odour of plants, ii. 274. "NEGRO" cat, i. 46. NEGROES, polydactylism in, ii. 14; selection of cattle practised by, ii. 207. NEOLITHIC period, domestication of _Bos longifrons_ and _primigenius_ in the, i. 81; cattle of the, distinct from the original species, i. 87; domestic goat in the, i. 101; cereals of the, i. 317. NERVE, optic, atrophy of the, ii. 297. NEUMEISTER, on the Dutch and German pouter pigeons, i. 138; on the Jacobin pigeon, i. 154; duplication of the middle flight feather in pigeons, i. 159; on a peculiarly coloured breed of pigeons, "Staarhalsige Taube," i. 161; fertility of hybrid pigeons, i. 192; mongrels of the trumpeter pigeon, ii. 66; period of perfect plumage in pigeons, ii. 77; advantage of crossing pigeons, ii. 126. NEURALGIA, hereditary, ii. 79. NEW ZEALAND, feral cats of, i. 47; cultivated plants of, i. 311. NEWFOUNDLAND dog, modification of, in England, i. 42. NEWMAN, E., sterility of Sphingidæ under certain conditions, ii. 158. NEWPORT, G., non-copulation of _Vanessæ_ in confinement, ii. 157; regeneration of limbs in myriapoda, ii. 294; fertilisation of the ovule in batrachia, ii. 363. NEWT, polydactylism in the, ii. 14. NEWTON, A., absence of sexual distinctions in the Columbidæ, i. 162; production of a "black-shouldered" pea-hen among the ordinary kind, i. 291; on hybrid ducks, ii. 157. NGAMI, Lake, cattle of, i. 88. "NIATA" cattle, i. 89-91; resemblance of to _Sivatherium_, i. 89; {467} prepotency of transmission of character by, ii. 66. "NICARD" rabbit, i. 107. NICHOLSON, Dr., on the cats of Antigua, i. 46; on the sheep of Antigua, i. 98. _Nicotiana_, crossing of varieties and species of, ii. 108; prepotency of transmission of characters in species of, ii. 67; contabescence of female organs in, ii. 166. _Nicotiana glutinosa_, ii. 108. NIEBUHR, on the heredity of mental characteristics in some Roman families, ii. 65. NIGHT-BLINDNESS, non-reversion to, ii. 36. NILSSON, Prof., on the barking of a young wolf, i. 27; parentage of European breeds of cattle, i. 80, 81; on _Bos frontosus_ in Scania, i. 81. NIND, Mr., on the dingo, i. 39. "NISUS formativus," i. 293, 294, 355. NITZSCH, on the absence of the oil-gland in certain Columbæ, i. 147. NON-INHERITANCE, causes of, ii. 24-26. "NONNAIN" pigeon, i. 154. NORDMANN, dogs of Awhasie, i. 25. NORMANDY, pigs of, with appendages under the jaw, i. 75. NORWAY, striped ponies of, i. 58. NOTT and Gliddon, on the origin of the dog, i. 16; mastiff represented on an Assyrian tomb, i. 17; on Egyptian dogs, i. 18; on the Hare-Indian dog, i. 22. _Notylia_, ii. 135. NOURISHMENT, excess of, a cause of variability, ii. 257. NUMBER, importance of, in selection, ii. 235. _Numida ptilorhyncha_, the original of the Guinea-fowl, i. 294. NUN pigeon, i. 155; known to Aldrovandi, i. 207. NUTMEG tree, ii. 237.

OAK, weeping, i. 361, ii. 18, 241; pyramidal, i. 361; Hessian, i. 361; late-leaved, i. 363; variation in persistency of leaves of, i. 363; valueless as timber at the Cape of Good Hope, ii. 274; changes in, dependent on age, i. 387; galls of the, ii. 282. OATS, wild, i. 313; in the Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 319. OBERLIN, change of soil beneficial to the potato, ii. 146. ODART, Count, varieties of the vine, i. 333, ii. 278; bud-variation in the vine, i. 375. ODOUR and colour, correlation of, ii. 325. _Oecidium_, ii. 284. _Oenothera biennis_, bud-variation in, i. 382. OGLE, W., resemblance of twins, ii. 252. OIL-GLAND, absence of, in fantail pigeons, i. 147, 160. OLDFIELD, Mr., estimation of European dogs among the natives of Australia, ii. 215. OLEANDER, stock affected by grafting in the, i. 394. OLLIER, Dr., insertion of the periosteum of a dog beneath the skin of a rabbit, ii. 369. _Oncidium_, reproduction of, ii. 133-135, 164. ONIONS, crossing of, ii. 90; white, liable to the attacks of fungi and disease, ii. 228, 336. _Ophrys apifera_, self-fertilisation of, ii. 91; formation of pollen by a petal in, ii. 392. _Opuntia leucotricha_, ii. 277. ORANGE, i. 334-336; crossing of, ii. 91; with the lemon, i. 399, ii. 365; naturalisation of, in Italy, ii. 308; variation of, in North Italy, ii. 256; peculiar variety of, ii. 331; Bizzaria, i. 391; trifacial, _ibid._ ORCHIDS, reproduction of, i. 402, 403; ii. 133-135. ORFORD, Lord, crossing greyhounds with the bulldog, i. 41. ORGANISMS, origin of, i. 13. ORGANISATION, advancement in, i. 8. ORGANS, rudimentary and aborted, ii. 315-318; multiplication of abnormal, ii. 391. ORIOLE, assumption of hen-plumage by a male in confinement, ii. 158. ORKNEY islands, pigs of, i. 70; pigeons of, i. 184. ORTHOPTERA, regeneration of hind legs in the, ii. 294. _Orthosia munda_, ii. 157. ORTON, R., on the effects of cross-breeding on the female, i. 404; on the Manx cat, ii. 66; on mongrels from the silk-fowl, ii. 67. OSBORNE, Dr., inherited mottling of the iris, ii. 10. OSPREY, preying on Black-fowls, ii. 230. OSTEN-SACKEN, Baron, on American oak galls, ii. 282. OSTEOLOGICAL characters of pigs, i. 66, 67, 71-74; of rabbits, i. 115-130; of pigeons, i. 162-167; of ducks, i. 282-284. OSTRICH, diminished fertility of the, in captivity, ii. 156. OSTYAKS, selection of dogs by the, ii. 206. OTTER, ii. 151. "OTTER" sheep of Massachusetts, i. 100. OUDE, feral humped cattle in, i. 79. OUISTITI, breed in Europe, ii. 153. {468} OVARY, variation of, in _Cucurbita moschata_, i. 359; development of, independently of pollen, i. 403. _Ovis montana_, i. 99. OVULES and buds, identity of nature of, ii. 360. OWEN, Capt., on stiff-haired cats at Mombas, i. 46. OWEN, Prof. R., palæontological evidence as to the origin of dogs, i. 15; on _Bos longifrons_, i. 81; on the skull of the "Niata" cattle, i. 89, 90; on fossil remains of rabbits, i. 104; on the significance of the brain, i. 124; on the number of digits in the Ichthyopterygia, ii. 16; on metagenesis, ii. 366; theory of reproduction and parthenogenesis, ii. 375. OWL, eagle, breeding in captivity, ii. 154. OWL pigeon, i. 148; African, figured, i. 149; known in 1735, i. 209. _Oxalis_, trimorphic species of, ii. 400. _Oxalis rosea_, ii. 132. OXLEY, Mr., on the nutmeg tree, ii. 237. OYSTERS, differences in the shells of, ii. 280.

PACA, sterility of the, in confinement, ii. 152. PACIFIC islands, pigs of the, i. 70. PADUA, earliest known flower garden at, ii. 217. PADUAN fowl of Aldrovandi, i. 247. _Pæonia moutan_, ii. 205. PÆONY, tree, ancient cultivation of, in China, ii. 205. PAMPAS, feral cattle on the, i. 85. _Pandanus_, ii. 256. PANGENESIS, hypothesis of, ii. 357-404. _Panicum_, seeds of, used as food, i. 309; found in the Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 317. PANSY, i. 368-370. PAPPUS, abortion of the, in _Carthamus_, ii. 316. PAGET, on the Hungarian sheep dog, i. 24. PAGET, inheritance of cancer, ii. 7; hereditary elongation of hairs in the eyebrow, ii. 8; period of inheritance of cancer, ii. 79-80; on _Hydra_, ii. 293; on the healing of wounds, ii. 294; on the reparation of bones, _ibid._; growth of hair near inflamed surfaces or fractures, ii. 295; on false membranes, _ibid._; compensatory development of the kidney, ii. 300; bronzed skin in disease of supra-renal capsules, ii. 331; unity of growth and gemmation, ii. 359; independence of the elements of the body, ii. 369; affinity of the tissues for special organic substances, ii. 380. PALLAS, on the influence of domestication upon the sterility of intercrossed species, i. 31, 83, 193, ii. 109; hypothesis that variability is wholly due to crossing, i. 188, 374, ii. 250, 264; on the origin of the dog, i. 16; variation in dogs, i. 33; crossing of dog and jackal, i. 25; origin of domestic cats, i. 43; origin of Angora cat, i. 45; on wild horses, i. 52, 60; on Persian sheep, i. 94; on Siberian fat-tailed sheep, ii. 279; on Chinese sheep, ii. 315; on Crimean varieties of the vine, i. 333; on a grape with rudimentary seeds, ii. 316; on feral musk-ducks, ii. 46; sterility of Alpine plants in gardens, ii. 163; selection of white-tailed yaks, ii. 206. _Paradoxurus_, sterility of species of, in captivity, ii. 151. PARAGUAY, cats of, i. 46; cattle of, i. 89; horses of, ii. 102; dogs of, ii. 102; black-skinned domestic fowl of, i. 232. PARALLEL variation, ii. 348-352. PARAMOS, woolly pigs of, i. 78. PARASITES, liability to attacks of, dependent on colour, ii. 228. PARIAH dog, with crooked legs, i. 17; resembling the Indian wolf, i. 24. PARISET, inheritance of handwriting, ii. 6. PARKER, W. K., number of vertebræ in fowls, i. 266. PARKINSON, Mr., varieties of the hyacinth, i. 370. PARKYNS, Mansfield, on _Columba guinea_, i. 183. PARMENTIER, differences in the nidification of pigeons, i. 178; on white pigeons, ii. 230. PARROTS, general sterility of, in confinement, ii. 155; alteration of plumage of, ii. 280. PARSNIP, reversion in, ii. 31; influence of selection on, ii. 201; experiments on, ii. 277; wild, enlargement of roots of, by cultivation, i. 326. PARTHENOGENESIS, ii. 359, 364. PARTRIDGE, sterility of, in captivity, ii. 156. PARTURITION, difficult, hereditary, ii. 8. _Parus major_, ii. 231. _Passiflora_, self-impotence in species of, ii. 137-138; contabescence of female organs in, ii. 166. _Passiflora alata_, fertility of, when grafted, ii. 188. PASTURE and climate, adaptation of breeds of sheep to, i. 96, 97. PASTRANA, Julia, peculiarities in the hair and teeth of, ii. 328. PATAGONIA, crania of pigs from, i. 77. PATAGONIAN rabbit, i. 105. {469} PATERSON, R., on the Arrindy silk moth, ii. 306. PAUL, W., on the hyacinth, i. 370; varieties of pelargoniums, i. 378; improvement of pelargoniums, ii. 216. _Pavo cristatus_ and _muticus_, hybrids of, i. 290. _Pavo nigripennis_, i. 290-291. "PAVODOTTEN-TAUBE," i. 141. PEACH, i. 336-344; derived from the almond, i. 337; stones of, figured, _ibid._; contrasted with almonds, i. 338; double-flowering, i. 338-339, 343; hybrids of, i. 339; persistency of races of, _ibid._; trees producing nectarines, i. 340-341; variation in, i. 342-343, ii. 256; bud-variation in, i. 374; pendulous, ii. 18; variation by selection in, ii. 218; peculiar disease of the, ii. 228; glands on the leaves of the, ii. 231; antiquity of the, ii. 308; increased hardiness of the, _ibid._; varieties of, adapted for forcing, ii. 310; yellow-fleshed, liable to certain diseases, ii. 336. PEACH-ALMOND, i. 338. PEAFOWL, origin of, i. 290; japanned or black-shouldered, i. 290-291; feral, in Jamaica, i. 190; comparative fertility of, in wild and tame states, ii. 112, 268; white, ii. 332. PEARS, i. 350; bud-variation in, i. 376; reversion in seedling, ii. 31; inferiority of, in Pliny's time, ii. 215; winter nelis, attacked by aphides, ii. 231; soft-barked varieties of, attacked by wood-boring beetles, ii. 231; origination of good varieties of, in woods, ii. 260; Forelle, resistance of, to frost, ii. 306. PEAS, i. 326-330; origin of, 326; varieties of, 326-329; found in Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 317, 319, 326-329; fruit and seeds figured, i. 328; persistency of varieties, i. 329; intercrossing of varieties, i. 330, 397, ii. 129; effect of crossing on the female organs in, i. 398; double-flowered, ii. 168; maturity of, accelerated by selection, ii. 201; varieties of, produced by selection, ii. 218; thin-shelled, liable to the attacks of birds, ii. 231; reversion of, by the terminal seed in the pod, ii. 347. PECCARY, breeding of the, in captivity, ii. 150. PEDIGREES of horses, cattle, greyhounds, game-cocks, and pigs, ii. 3. PEGU, cats of, i. 47; horses of, i. 53. PELARGONIUMS, multiple origin of, i. 364; zones of, i. 366; bud-variation in, i. 378; variegation in, accompanied by dwarfing, i. 384; pelorism in, ii. 167, 345; by reversion, ii. 59; advantage of change of soil to, ii. 147; improvement of, by selection, ii. 216; scorching of, ii. 229; numbers of, raised from seed, ii. 235; effects of conditions of life on, ii. 274; stove-variety of, ii. 311; correlation of contracted leaves and flowers in, ii. 330-331. _Pelargonium fulgidum_, conditions of fertility in, ii. 164. "PELONES," a Columbian breed of cattle, i. 88. PELORIC flowers, tendency of, to acquire the normal form, ii. 70; fertility or sterility of, ii. 166-167. PELORIC races of _Gloxinia speciosa_ and _Antirrhinum majus_, i. 365. PELORISM, ii. 58-60, 345-346. PELVIS, characters of, in rabbits, i. 122-123; in pigeons, i. 166; in fowls, i. 268; in ducks, i. 284. PEMBROKE cattle, i. 81. PENDULOUS trees, i. 361, ii. 348; uncertainty of transmission of, ii. 18-19. PENGUIN ducks, i. 280, 282; hybrid of the, with the Egyptian goose, i. 282. PENNANT, production of wolf-like curs at Fochabers, i. 37; on the Duke of Queensberry's wild cattle, i. 84. _Pennisetum_, seeds of, used as food in the Punjab, i. 309. _Pennisetum distichum_, seeds of, used as food in Central Africa, i. 308. PERCIVAL, Mr., on inheritance in horses, ii. 10; on horn-like processes in horses, i. 50. _Perdix rubra_, occasional fertility of, in captivity, ii. 156. PERIOD of action of causes of variability, ii. 269. PERIOSTEUM of a dog, producing bone in a rabbit, ii. 369. PERIWINKLE, sterility of, in England, ii. 170. PERSIA, estimation of pigeons in, i. 205; carrier pigeon of, i. 141; tumbler pigeon of, i. 150; cats of, i. 45-47; sheep of, i. 94. _Persica intermedia_, i. 338. PERSISTENCE of colour in horses, i. 50; of generic peculiarities, i. 111. PERU, antiquity of maize in, i. 320; peculiar potato from, i. 331; selection of wild animals practised by the Incas of, ii. 207-208. "PERÜCKEN-TAUBE," i. 154. PETALS, rudimentary, in cultivated plants, ii. 316; producing pollen, ii. 392. PETUNIAS, multiple origin of, i. 364; double-flowered, ii. 167. "PFAUEN-TAUBE," i. 146. _Phacochoerus Africanus_, i. 76. _Phalænopsis_, pelorism in, ii. 346. PHALANGES, deficiency of, ii. 73. {470} _Phaps chalcoptera_, ii. 349. _Phaseolus multiflorus_, ii. 309, 322. _Phaseolus vulgaris_, ii. 309. _Phasianus pictus_, i. 275. _Phasianus Amherstiæ_, i. 275. PHEASANT, assumption of male plumage by the hen, ii. 51; wildness of hybrids of, with the common fowl, ii. 45; prepotency of the, over the fowl, ii. 68; diminished fecundity of the, in captivity, ii. 155. PHEASANTS, golden and Lady Amherst's, i. 275. PHEASANT-FOWLS, i. 244. PHILIPEAUX, regeneration of limbs in the salamander, ii. 376. PHILIPPAR, on the varieties of wheat, i. 314. PHILIPPINE Islands, named breeds of game fowl in the, i. 232. PHILLIPS, Mr., on bud-variation in the potato, i. 385. _Phlox_, bud-variation by suckers in, i. 384. PHTHISIS, affection of the fingers in, ii. 332. PICKERING, Mr., on the grunting voice of humped cattle, i. 79; occurrence of the head of a fowl in an ancient Egyptian procession, i. 246; seeding of ordinarily seedless fruits, ii. 168; extinction of ancient Egyptian breeds of sheep and oxen, ii. 425; on an ancient Peruvian gourd, ii. 429. PICOTEES, effect of conditions of life on, ii. 273. PICTET, A., oriental names of the pigeon, i. 205. PICTET, Prof., origin of the dog, i. 15; on fossil oxen, i. 81. PIEBALDS, probably due to reversion, ii. 37. PIGEAUX, hybrids of the hare and rabbit, ii. 99, 152. PIGEON à cravate, i. 148. PIGEON Bagadais, i. 142, 143. PIGEON coquille, i. 155. PIGEON cygne, i. 143. PIGEON heurté, i. 156. PIGEON Patu plongeur, i. 156. PIGEON Polonais, i. 144. PIGEON Romain, i. 142, 144. PIGEON tambour, i. 154. PIGEON Turc, i. 139. PIGEONS, origin of, i. 131-134, 180-204; classified table of breeds of, i. 136; pouter, i. 137-139; carrier, i. 139-142; runt, i. 142-144; barbs, i. 144-146; fantail, i. 146-148; turbit and owl, i. 148-149; tumbler, i. 150-153; Indian frill-back, i. 153; Jacobin, i. 154; trumpeter, i. 154; other breeds of, i. 155-157; differences of, equal to generic, i. 157-158; individual variations of, i. 158-160; variability of peculiarities characteristic of breeds in, i. 161; sexual variability in, i. 161-162; osteology of, i. 162-167; correlation of growth in, i. 167-171, ii. 321; young of some varieties naked when hatched, i. 170, ii. 332; effects of disuse in, i. 172-177; settling and roosting in trees, i. 181; floating in the Nile to drink, i. 181; Dovecot, i. 185-186; arguments for unity of origin of, i. 188-204; feral in various places, i. 190, ii. 33; unity of coloration in, i. 195-197; reversion of mongrel, to coloration of, _C. livia_, i. 197-202; history of the cultivation of, i. 205-207; history of the principal races of, i. 207-212; mode of production of races of, i. 212-224; reversion in, ii. 29, 47; by age, ii. 38; produced by crossing in, ii. 40, 48; prepotency of transmission of character in breeds of, ii. 66-67; sexual differences in some varieties of, ii. 74; period of perfect plumage in, ii. 77; effect of segregation on, ii. 86; preferent pairing of, within the same breed, ii. 103; fertility of, increased by domestication, ii. 112, 155; effects of interbreeding and necessity of crossing, ii. 125-126; indifference of, to change of climate, ii. 161; selection of, ii. 195, 199, 204; among the Romans, ii. 202; unconscious selection of, ii. 211, 214; facility of selection of, ii. 234; white, liable to the attacks of hawks, ii. 230; effects of disuse of parts in, ii. 298; fed upon meat, ii. 304; effect of first male upon the subsequent progeny of the female, i. 405; homology of the leg and wing feathers in, ii. 323; union of two outer toes in feather-legged, _ibid._; correlation of beak, limbs, tongue, and nostrils in, ii. 324; analogous variation in, ii. 349-350; permanence of breeds of, ii. 429. PIGS, of Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 67-68; types of, derived from _Sus scrofa_ and _Sus indica_, i. 66-67; Japanese (_Sus pliciceps_, Gray), figured, i. 69; of Pacific islands, i. 70, ii. 87; modifications, of skull in, i. 71-73; length of intestines in, i. 73, ii. 303; period of gestation of, i. 74; number of vertebræ and ribs in, i. 74; anomalous forms, i. 75-76; development of tusks and bristles in, i. 76; striped young of, i. 76-77; reversion of feral, to wild type, i. 77-78, ii. 33, 47; production and changes of breeds of, by intercrossing, i. 78; effects produced by the first male upon the subsequent progeny of the female, i. 404; two-legged race of, ii. 4; {471} polydactylism in, ii. 14; cross-reversion in, ii. 35; hybrid, wildness of, ii. 45; monstrous development of a proboscis in, ii. 57; disappearance of tusks in male under domestication, ii, 74; solid hoofed, ii. 429; crosses of, ii. 93, 95; mutual fertility of all varieties of, ii. 110; increased fertility by domestication, ii. 111; ill effects of close interbreeding in, ii. 121-122; influence of selection on, ii. 198; prejudice against certain colours in, ii. 210, 229, 336; unconscious selection of, ii. 214; black Virginian, ii. 227, 336; similarity of the best breeds of, ii. 241; change of form in, ii. 279; effects of disuse of parts in, ii. 299; ears of, ii. 301; correlations in, ii. 327; white, buck-wheat injurious to, ii. 337; tail of, grafted upon the back, ii. 369; extinction of the older races of, ii. 426. PIMENTA, ii. 91. PIMPERNEL, ii. 190. PINE-APPLE, sterility and variability of the, ii. 262. PINK, Chinese. 322. PINKS, bud-variation in, i. 381; improvement of, ii. 216. _Pinus pumilio_, _Mughus_, and _nana_, varieties of _P. sylvestris_, i. 363. _Pinus sylvestris_, i. 363, ii. 310; hybrids of, with _P. nigricans_, ii. 130. PIORRY, on hereditary disease, ii. 7, 78. _Pistacia lentiscus_, ii. 274. PISTILS, rudimentary, in cultivated plants, ii. 316. PISTOR, sterility of some mongrel pigeons, i. 192; fertility of pigeons, ii. 112. _Pisum arvense_ and _sativum_, i. 326. PITYRIASIS versicolor, inheritance of, ii. 79. PLANCHON, G., on a fossil vine, i. 332; sterility of _Jussiæa grandifiora_ in France, ii. 170. PLANE tree, variety of the, i. 362. PLANTIGRADE carnivora, general sterility of the, in captivity, ii. 151. PLANTS, progress of cultivation of, i. 305-312; cultivated, their geographical derivation, i. 311; crossing of, ii. 98, 99, 127; comparative fertility of wild and cultivated, ii. 112-113; self-impotent, ii. 131-140; dimorphic and trimorphic, ii. 132, 140; sterility of, from changed conditions, ii. 163-165; from contabescence of anthers, ii. 165-166; from monstrosities, ii. 166-167; from doubling of the flowers, ii. 167-168; from seedless fruit, ii. 168; from excessive development of vegetative organs, ii. 168-171; influence of selection on, ii. 199-201; variation by selection, in useful parts of, ii. 217-219; variability of, ii. 237; variability of, induced by crossing, ii. 265; direct action of change of climate on, ii. 277; change of period of vegetation in, ii. 304-305; varieties of, suitable to different climates, ii. 306; correlated variability of, ii. 330-331; antiquity of races of, ii. 429. PLASTICITY, inheritance of, ii. 241. PLATEAU, F., on the vision of amphibious animals, ii. 223. _Platessa flesus_, ii. 53. PLATO, notice of selection in breeding dogs by, ii. 212. PLICA polonica, ii. 276. PLINY, on the crossing of shepherd's dogs with the wolf, i. 24; on Pyrrhus' breed of cattle, ii. 202; on the estimation of pigeons among the Romans, i. 205; pears described by, ii. 215. PLUM, i. 345-347; stones figured, i. 345; varieties of the, i. 345-346, ii. 219; bud-variation in the, i. 375; peculiar disease of the, ii. 227; flower-buds of, destroyed by bullfinches, ii. 232; purple-fruited, liable to certain diseases, ii. 336. PLUMAGE, inherited peculiarities of, in pigeons, i. 160-161; sexual peculiarities of, in fowls, i. 251-255. PLURALITY of races, Pouchet's views on, i. 2. _Poa_, seeds of, used as food, i. 308; species of, propagated by bulblets, ii. 170. PODOLIAN cattle, i. 80. POINTERS, modification of, i. 42; crossed with the foxhound, ii. 95. POIS sans parchemin, ii. 231. POITEAU, origin of _Cytisus Adami_, i. 390; origin of cultivated varieties of fruit-trees, ii. 260. POLISH fowl, i. 227, 250, 254, 256-257, 262; skull figured, i. 262; section of skull figured, i. 263; development of protuberance of skull, i. 250; furcula figured, i. 268. POLISH, or Himalayan rabbit, i. 108. POLLEN, ii. 363-364;

## action of, ii. 108;

injurious action of, in some orchids, ii. 134-135; resistance of, to injurious treatment, ii. 164; prepotency of, ii. 187. POLLOCK, Sir F., transmission of variegated leaves in _Ballota nigra_, i. 383; on local tendency to variegation, ii. 274. POLYANTHUS, ii. 21. POLYDACTYLISM, inheritance of, ii. 12-16; significance of, ii. 16-17. _Polyplectron_, i. 255. PONIES, most frequent on islands and mountains, i. 52; Javanese, i. 53. POOLE, Col., on striped Indian horses, i. 58, 59; {472} on the young of _Asinus indicus_, ii. 43. POPLAR, Lombardy, i. 361. PÖPPIG, on Cuban wild dogs, i. 27. POPPY, found in the Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 317, 319; with the stamens converted into pistils, i. 365; differences of the, in different parts of India, ii. 165; monstrous, fertility of, ii. 166; black-seeded, antiquity of, ii. 429. PORCUPINE, breeding of, in captivity, ii. 152. PORCUPINE family, ii. 4, 76. _Porphyrio_, breeding of a species of, in captivity, ii. 156. PORTAL, on a peculiar hereditary affection of the eye, ii. 9. PORTO Santo, feral rabbits of, i. 112. _Potamochoerus penicillatus_, ii. 150. POTATO, i. 330-331; bud-variation by tubers in the, i. 384-385; graft-hybrid of, by union of half-tubers, i. 395; individual self-impotence in the, ii. 137; sterility of, ii. 169; advantage of change of soil to the, ii. 146; relation of tubers and flowers in the, ii. 343. POTATO, sweet, sterility of the, in China, ii. 169; varieties of the, suited to different climates, ii. 309. POUCHET, M., his views on plurality of races, i. 2. POUTER pigeons, i. 137-139; furcula figured, i. 167; history of, i. 207. POWIS, Lord, experiments in crossing humped and English cattle, i. 83, ii. 45. POYNTER, Mr., on a graft-hybrid rose, i. 396. PRAIRIE wolf, i. 22. PRECOCITY of highly-improved breeds, ii. 321. PREPOTENCY of pollen, ii. 187. PREPOTENCY of transmission of character, ii. 65, 174; in the Austrian emperors and some Roman families, ii. 65; in cattle, ii. 65-66; in sheep, ii. 66; in cats, _ibid._; in pigeons, ii. 66-67; in fowls, ii. 67; in plants, _ibid._; in a variety of the pumpkin, i. 358; in the jackal over the dog, ii. 67; in the ass over the horse, _ibid._; in the pheasant over the fowl, ii. 68; in the penguin duck over the Egyptian goose, _ibid._; discussion of the phenomena of, ii. 69-71. PRESCOTT, Mr., on the earliest known European flower-garden, ii. 217. PRESSURE, mechanical, a cause of modification, ii. 344-345. PREVOST and Dumas, on the employment of several spermatozoids to fertilise one ovule, ii. 363. PRICE, Mr., variations in the structure of the feet in horses, i. 50. PRICHARD, Dr., on polydactylism in the negro, ii. 14; on the Lambert family, ii. 77; on an albino negro, ii. 229; on Plica polonica, ii. 276. PRIMROSE, ii. 21; double, rendered single by transplantation, ii. 167. _Primula_, intercrossing of species of, i. 336; contabescence in, ii. 166; hose and hose, i. 365; with coloured calyces, sterility of, ii. 166. _Primula sinensis_, reciprocally dimorphic, ii. 132. _Primula veris_, ii. 21, 109, 182. _Primula vulgaris_, ii. 21, 109. PRINCE, Mr., on the intercrossing of strawberries, i. 352. _Procyon_, sterility of, in captivity, ii. 152. PROLIFICACY, increased by domestication, ii. 174. PROPAGATION, rapidity of, favourable to selection, ii. 297. PROTOZOA, reproduction of the, ii. 376. _Prunus armeniaca_, i. 344-345. _Prunus avium_, i. 347. _Prunus cerasus_, i. 347, 375. _Prunus domestica_, i. 345. _Prunus insititia_, i. 345-347. _Prunus spinosa_, i. 345. PRUSSIA, wild horses in, i. 60. _Psittacus erithacus_, ii. 155. _Psittacus macoa_, ii. 155. _Psophia_, general sterility of, in captivity, ii. 157. PTARMIGAN fowls, i. 228. _Pulex penetrans_, ii. 275. PUMPKINS, i. 357. PUNO ponies of the Cordillera, i. 52. PURSER, Mr. on _Cytisus Adami_, i. 389. PUSEY, Mr., preference of hares and rabbits for common rye, ii. 232. PUTSCHE and Vertuch, varieties of the potato, i. 330. PUVIS, effects of foreign pollen on apples, i. 401; supposed non-variability of monotypic genera, ii. 266. _Pyrrhula vulgaris_, ii. 232; assumption of the hen-plumage by the male, in confinement, ii. 158. PYRRHUS, his breed of cattle, ii. 202. _Pyrus_, fastigate Chinese species of, ii. 277. _Pyrus acerba_, i. 348. _Pyrus aucuparia_, ii. 230. _Pyrus communis_, i. 350, 376. _Pyrus malus_, i. 348, 376. _Pyrus paradisiaca_, i. 348. _Pyrus præcox_, i. 348.

QUAGGA, effect of fecundation by, on the subsequent progeny of a mare, i. 403-404. QUATREFAGES, A. de, on the burrowing of a bitch to litter, i. 77; {473} selection in the silkworm, i. 301; development of the wings in the silkmoth, i. 303, ii. 298; on varieties of the mulberry, i. 334; special raising of eggs of the silkmoth, ii. 197; on disease of the silkworm, ii. 228; on monstrosities in insects, ii. 269, 391; on the Anglo-Saxon race in America, ii. 276; on a change in the breeding season of the Egyptian goose, ii. 304; fertilisation of the _Teredo_, ii. 363; tendency to similarity in the best races, ii. 241; on his "_tourbillon vital_," ii. 61; on the independent existence of the sexual elements, ii. 360. _Quercus cerris_, i. 363. _Quercus robur_ and _pedunculata_, hybrids of, ii. 130. QUINCE, pears grafted on the, ii. 259.

RABBITS, domestic, their origin, i. 103-105; of Mount Sinai and Algeria, i. 105; breeds of, i. 105-111; Himalayan, Chinese, Polish, or Russian, i. 108-111, ii. 97; feral, i. 111-115; of Jamaica, i. 112; of the Falkland islands, i. 112; of Porto Santo, i. 112-115, ii. 103, 279; osteological characters of, i. 115-129; discussion of modifications in, i. 129-130; one-eared, transmission of peculiarity of, ii. 12; reversion in feral, ii. 33; in the Himalayan, ii. 41; crossing of white and coloured Angora, ii. 92; comparative fertility of wild and tame, ii. 111; high-bred, often bad breeders, ii. 121; selection of, ii. 204; white, liable to destruction, ii. 230; effects of disuse of parts in, ii. 298; skull of, affected by drooping ears, ii. 301; length of intestines in, ii. 303; correlation of ears and skull in, ii. 324-325; variations in skull of, ii. 350; periosteum of a dog producing bone in, ii. 369. RACE-HORSE, origin of, i. 54. RACES, modification and formation of, by crossing, ii. 95-99; natural and artificial, ii. 245; Pouchet's views on plurality of, i. 2; of pigeons, i. 207-212. RADISHES, i. 326; crossing of, ii. 90; varieties of, ii. 217-218. RADCLYFFE, W. F., effect of climate and soil on strawberries, i. 354; constitutional differences in roses, i. 367. RADLKOFER, retrogressive metamorphosis in mosses and algæ, ii. 361. RAFFLES, Sir Stamford, on the crossing of Javanese cattle with _Bos sondaicus_, ii. 206. RAM, goat-like, from the Cape of Good Hope, ii. 66. RANCHIN, heredity of diseases, ii. 7. RANGE of gallinaceous birds on the Himalaya, i. 237. _Ranunculus ficaria_, ii. 170. _Ranunculus repens_, ii. 168. RAPE, i. 325. _Raphanus sativus_, ii. 343. RASPBERRY, yellow-fruited, ii. 230. RATTLESNAKE, experiments with poison of the, ii. 289. RAVEN, stomach of, affected by vegetable diet, ii. 302. RAWSON, A., self-impotence in hybrids of _Gladiolus_, ii. 139-140. RÉ, Le Compte, on the assumption of a yellow colour by all varieties of maize, i. 321. RÉAUMUR, effect of confinement upon the cock, ii. 52; fertility of fowls in most climates, ii. 161. REED, Mr., atrophy of the limbs of rabbits, consequent on the destruction of their nerves, ii. 297. REGENERATION of amputated parts in man, ii. 14; in the human embryo, ii. 15; in the lower vertebrata, insects, and myriapoda, _ibid._ REINDEER, individuals recognised by the Laplanders, ii. 251. REGNIER, early cultivation of the cabbage by the Celts, i. 324. REISSEK, experiments in crossing _Cytisus purpureus_ and _laburnum_, i. 389; modification of a _Thesium_ by _Oecidium_, ii. 284. RELATIONS, characters of, reproduced in children, ii. 34. RENGGER, occurrence of jaguars with crooked legs in Paraguay, i. 17; naked dogs of Paraguay, i. 23, 31, ii. 93, 102; feral dogs of La Plata, i. 27; on the aguara, i. 26; cats of Paraguay, i. 46, ii. 86, 151; dogs of Paraguay, ii. 87; feral pigs of Buenos Ayres, i. 77; on the refusal of wild animals to breed in captivity, ii. 149; on _Dicotyles labiatus_, ii. 150; sterility of plantigrade carnivora in captivity, ii. 152; on _Cavia aperea_, ii. 152; sterility of _Cebus azaræ_ in captivity, ii. 153; abortions produced by wild animals in captivity, ii. 158. REPRODUCTION, sexual and asexual, contrasted, ii. 361; unity of forms of, ii. 383; antagonism of, to growth, ii. 384. _Reseda odorata_, ii. 237. RETINITIS, pigmentary, in deaf-mutes, ii. 328. REVERSION, ii. 28-29, 372-373, 396, 398-402; in pigeons, ii. 29; in cattle, ii. 29-30; in sheep, ii. 30; in fowls, ii. 31; in the heartsease, _ibid._; in vegetables, _ibid._; in feral animals and plants, ii. 32-34; to characters derived from a previous cross in man, dogs, pigeons, pigs, and fowls, ii. 34-35; {474} in hybrids, ii. 36; by bud-propagation in plants, ii. 36-38; by age in fowls, cattle, &c., ii. 38-39; caused by crossing, ii. 39-51; explained by latent characters, ii. 51-56; producing monstrosities, ii. 57; producing peloric flowers, ii. 58-60; of feral pigs to the wild type, i. 77-78; of supposed feral rabbits to the wild type, i. 104, 111, 115; of pigeons, in coloration, when crossed, i. 197-202; in fowls, i. 239-246; in the silkworm, i. 302; in the pansy, i. 369; in a pelargonium, i. 378; in Chrysanthemums, i. 379; of varieties of the China rose in St. Domingo, i. 380; by buds in pinks and carnations, i. 381; of laciniated varieties of trees to the normal form, i. 382; in variegated leaves of plants, i. 383-384; in tulips, i. 386; of suckers of the seedless barberry to the common form, i. 384; by buds in hybrids of _Tropæolum_, i. 392; in plants, i. 409; of crossed peloric snapdragons, ii. 71; analogous variations due to, ii. 349-351. REYNIER, selection practised by the Celts, ii. 202-203. RHINOCEROS, breeding in captivity in India, ii. 150. _Rhododendron_, hybrid, ii. 265. _Rhododendron ciliatum_, ii. 277. _Rhododendron Dalhousiæ_, effect of pollen of _R. Nuttallii_ upon, i. 400. RHUBARB, not medicinal when grown in England, ii. 274. _Ribes grossularia_, i. 354-356, 376. _Ribes rubrum_, i. 376. RIBS, number and characters of, in fowls, i. 267; characters of, in ducks, i. 283-284. RICE, Imperial, of China, ii. 205; Indian varieties of, ii. 256; variety of, not requiring water, ii. 305. RICHARDSON, H. D., on jaw-appendages in Irish pigs, i. 76; management of pigs in China, i. 68; occurrence of striped young in Westphalian pigs, i. 76; on crossing pigs, ii. 95; on interbreeding pigs, ii. 122; on selection in pigs, ii. 194. RICHARDSON, Sir John, observations on the resemblance between North American dogs and wolves, i. 21-22; on the burrowing of wolves, i. 27; on the broad feet of dogs, wolves, and foxes in North America, i. 40; on North American horses scraping away the snow, i. 53. _Ricinus_, annual in England, ii. 305. RIEDEL, on the "Bagadotte" pigeon, i. 141; on the Jacobin pigeon, i. 154; fertility of hybrid pigeons, i. 192. RINDERPEST, ii. 378. RISSO, on varieties of the orange, i. 336, ii. 308, 331. RIVERS, Lord, on the selection of greyhounds, ii. 235. RIVERS, Mr., persistency of characters in seedling potatoes, i. 331; on the peach, i. 338, 339; persistency of races in the peach and nectarine, i. 339, 340; connexion between the peach and the nectarine, i. 340; persistency of character in seedling apricots, i. 344; origin of the plum, i. 345; seedling varieties of the plum, i. 346; persistency of character in seedling plums, i. 347; bud-variation in the plum, i. 375; plum, attacked by bullfinches, ii. 232; seedling apples with surface-roots, i. 349; variety of the apple found in a wood, ii. 260; on roses, i. 366-367; bud-variation in roses, i. 379-381; production of Provence roses from seeds of the moss-rose, i. 380; effect produced by grafting on the stock in jessamine, i. 394; in the ash, i. 394; on grafted hazels, i. 395; hybridisation of a weeping thorn, ii. 18; experiments with the seed of the weeping elm and ash, ii. 19; variety of the cherry with curled petals, ii. 232. RIVIÈRE, reproduction of _Oncidium Cavendishianum_, ii. 133. ROBERTS, Mr., on inheritance in the horse, ii. 10. ROBERTSON, Mr., on glandular-leaved peaches, i. 343. ROBINET, on the silkworm, i. 301-304, ii. 197. _Robinia_, ii. 274. ROBSON, Mr., deficiencies of half-bred horses, ii. 11. ROBSON, Mr., on the advantage of change of soil to plants, ii. 146-147; on the growth of the verbena, ii. 273; on broccoli, ii. 310. ROCK pigeon, measurements of the, i. 134; figured, i. 135. RODENTS, sterility of, in captivity, ii. 152. _Rodriguezia_, ii. 134, 135. RODWELL, J., poisoning of horses by mildewed tares, ii. 337. ROHILCUND, feral humped cattle in, i. 79. ROLLE, F., on the history of the peach, ii. 308. ROLLER-PIGEONS, Dutch, i. 151. ROLLESTON, Prof., incisor teeth affected in form in cases of pulmonary tubercle, ii. 332. ROMANS, estimation of pigeons by, i. 205; breeds of fowls possessed by, i. 231, 247. {475} ROOKS, pied, ii. 77. _Rosa_, cultivated species of, i. 366. _Rosa devoniensis_, graft-hybrid produced by, on the white Banksian rose, i. 396. _Rosa indica_ and _centifolia_, fertile hybrids of, i. 366. _Rosa spinosissima_, history of the culture of, i. 367. ROSELLINI, on Egyptian dogs, i. 17. ROSES, i. 366-367; origin of, i. 364; bud-variation in, i. 379-381; Scotch, doubled by selection, ii. 200; continuous variation of, ii. 241; effect of seasonal conditions on, ii. 273; noisette, ii. 308; galls of, ii. 284. ROUENNAIS rabbit, i. 105. ROULIN, on the dogs of Juan Fernandez, i. 27; on South American cats, i. 46; striped young pigs, i. 77; feral pigs in South America, i. 78, ii. 33; on Columbian cattle, i. 88, ii. 205, 226; effects of heat on the hides of cattle in South America, i. 92; fleece of sheep in the hot valleys of the Cordilleras, i. 98; diminished fertility of these sheep, ii. 161; on black-boned South American fowls, i. 258; variation of the guinea-fowl in tropical America, i. 294; frequency of striped legs in mules, ii. 42; geese in Bogota, ii. 161; sterility of fowls introduced into Bolivia, ii. 162. ROY, M., on a variety of _Magnolia grandiflora_, ii. 308. ROYLE, Dr., Indian varieties of the mulberry, i. 334; on _Agave vivipara_, ii. 169; variety of rice not requiring irrigation, ii. 305; sheep from the Cape in India, ii. 306. _Rubus_, pollen of, ii. 268. RUDIMENTARY organs, i. 12, ii. 315-318. RUFZ de Lavison, extinction of breeds of dogs in France, ii. 425. RUMINANTS, general fertility of, in captivity, ii. 150. RUMPLESS fowls, i. 230. RUNTS, i. 142-144; history of, i. 210; lower jaws and skull figured, i. 164-165. RUSSIAN or Himalayan rabbit, i. 108. RÜTIMEYER, Prof., dogs of the Neolithic period, i. 19; horses of Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 49; diversity of early domesticated horses i. 51; pigs of the Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 65, 67-68; on humped cattle, i. 80; parentage of European breeds of cattle, i. 80, 81, ii. 427; on "Niata" cattle, i. 89; sheep of the Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 94, ii. 427; goats of the Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 101; absence of fowls in the Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 246; on crossing cattle, ii. 98; differences in the bones of wild and domesticated animals, ii. 279; decrease in size of wild European animals, ii. 427. RYE, wild, De Candolle's observations on, i. 313; found in the Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 319; common, preferred by hares and rabbits, ii. 232; less variable than other cultivated plants, ii. 254.

SABINE, Mr., on the cultivation of _Rosa spinosissima_, i. 367; on the cultivation of the dahlia, i. 369-370, ii. 261; effect of foreign pollen on the seed-vessel in _Amaryllis vittata_, i. 400. ST. ANGE, influence of the pelvis on the shape of the kidneys in birds, ii. 344. ST. DOMINGO, wild dogs of, i. 28; bud-variation of dahlias in, i. 385. ST. HILAIRE, Aug., milk furnished by cows in South America, ii. 300; husked form of maize, i. 320. ST. JOHN, C., feral cats in Scotland, i. 47; taming of wild ducks, i. 278. ST. VALERY apple, singular structure of the, i. 350; artificial fecundation of the, i. 401. ST. VITUS' Dance, period of appearance of, ii. 77. SAGERET, origin and varieties of the cherry, i. 347-348; origin of varieties of the apple, i. 350; incapacity of the cucumber for crossing with other species, i. 359; varieties of the melon, i. 360; supposed twin-mongrel melon, i. 391; crossing melons, ii. 108, 129; on gourds, ii. 108; effects of selection in enlarging fruit, ii. 217; on the tendency to depart from type, ii. 241; variation of plants in particular soils, ii. 278. SALAMANDER, experiments on the, ii. 293, 341; regeneration of lost parts in the, ii. 15, 376, 385. _Salamandra cristata_, polydactylism in, ii. 14. SALISBURY, Mr., on the production of nectarines by peach-trees, i. 341; on the dahlia, i. 369-370. _Salix_, intercrossing of species of, i. 336. _Salix humilis_, galls of, ii. 282, 283. SALLÉ, feral guinea-fowl in St. Domingo, i. 294. SALMON, early breeding of male, ii. 384. SALTER, Mr., on bud-variation in pelargoniums, i. 378; in the Chrysanthemum, i. 379; transmission of variegated leaves by seed, i. 383; bud-variation by suckers in _Phlox_, i. 384; application of selection to bud-varieties of plants, i. 411; accumulative effect of changed conditions of life, ii. 262; on the variegation of strawberry leaves, ii. 274. SALTER, S. J., hybrids of _Gallus Sonneratii_ and the common fowl, i. 234, ii. 45; {476} crossing of races or species of rats, ii. 87-88. SAMESREUTHER, on inheritance in cattle, ii. 10. SANDFORD. _See_ DAWKINS. SAP, ascent of the, ii. 296. _Saponaria calabrica_, ii. 20. SARDINIA, ponies of, i. 52. SARS, on the development of the hydroida, ii. 368. SATIATION of the stigma, i. 402-403. _Saturnia pyri_, sterility of, in confinement, ii. 157. SAUL, on the management of prize gooseberries, i. 356. SAUVIGNY, varieties of the goldfish, i. 296. SAVAGES, their indiscriminate use of plants as food, i. 307-310; fondness of, for taming animals, ii. 160. SAVI, effect of foreign pollen on maize, i. 400. _Saxifraga geum_, ii. 166. SAYZID MOHAMMED MUSARI, on carrier-pigeons, i. 141; on a pigeon which utters the sound "Yahu," i. 155. SCANDEROONS (pigeons), i. 142, 143. SCANIA, remains of _Bos frontosus_ found in, i. 81. SCAPULA, characters of, in rabbits, i. 123; in fowls, i. 268; in pigeons, i. 167; alteration of, by disuse, in pigeons, i. 175. SCARLET fever, ii. 276. SCHAAFFHAUSEN, on the horses represented in Greek statues, ii. 213. SCHACHT, H., on adventitious buds, ii. 384. SCHLEIDEN, excess of nourishment a cause of variability, ii. 257. SCHOMBURGK, Sir R., on the dogs of the Indians of Guiana, i. 19, 23, ii. 206; on the musk duck, i. 182; bud-variation in the Banana, i. 377; reversion of varieties of the China rose in St. Domingo, i. 380; sterility of tame parrots in Guiana, ii. 155; on _Dendrocygna viduata_, ii. 157; selection of fowls in Guiana, ii. 209. SCHREIBERS, on _Proteus_, ii. 297. _Sciuropterus volucella_, ii. 152. _Sciurus palmarum_ and _cinerea_, ii. 152. SCLATER, P. L., on _Asinus tæniopus_, i. 62, ii. 41; on _Asinus indicus_, ii. 42; striped character of young wild pigs, i. 70; osteology of _Gallinula nesiotis_, i. 287; on the black-shouldered peacock, i. 290; on the breeding of birds in captivity, ii. 157. SCHMERLING, Dr., varieties of the dog, found in a cave, i. 19. SCOTCH fir, local variation of, i. 363. SCOTCH kail and cabbage, cross between, ii. 98. SCOTT, John, irregularities in the sex of the flowers of Maize, i. 321; bud-variation in _Imatophyllum miniatum_, i. 385; crossing of species of _Verbascum_, ii. 106-107; experiments on crossing _Primulæ_, ii. 109; reproduction of orchids, ii. 133; fertility of _Oncidium divaricatum_, ii. 164; acclimatisation of the sweet pea in India, ii. 311; number of seeds in _Acropera_ and _Gongora_, ii. 379. SCOTT, Sir W., former range of wild cattle in Britain, i. 85. SCROPE, on the Scotch deerhound, ii. 73, 121. SEBRIGHT, Sir John, effects of close interbreeding in dogs, ii. 121; care taken by, in selection of fowls, ii. 197. _Secale cereale_, ii. 254. SEDGWICK, W., effects of crossing on the female, i. 404; on the "Porcupine-man," ii. 4; on hereditary diseases, ii. 7; hereditary affections of the eye, ii. 9, 78-79; inheritance of polydactylism and anomalies of the extremities, ii. 13-14; morbid uniformity in the same family, ii. 17; on deaf-mutes, ii. 22; inheritance of injury to the eye, ii. 24; atavism in diseases and anomalies of structure, ii. 34; non-reversion to night-blindness, ii. 36; sexual limitation of the transmission of peculiarities in man, ii. 72-73; on the effects of hard-drinking, ii. 289; inherited baldness with deficiency of teeth, ii. 326-327; occurrence of a molar tooth in place of an incisor, ii. 391; diseases occurring in alternate generations, ii. 401. SEDILLOT, on the removal of portions of bone, ii. 296. SEEDS, early selection of, ii. 204; rudimentary, in grapes, ii. 316; relative position of, in the capsule, ii. 345. SEEDS and buds, close analogies of, i. 411. SEEMANN, B., crossing of the wolf and Esquimaux dog, i. 22. SELBY, P. J., on the bud-destroying habits of the bullfinch, ii. 232. SELECTION, ii. 192-249; methodical, i. 214, ii. 194-210; by the ancients and semi-civilised people, ii. 201-210; of trifling characters, ii. 208-210; unconscious, i. 214, 217, ii. 174, 210-217; effects of, shown by differences in most valued parts, ii. 217-220; produced by accumulation of variability, ii. 220-223; natural, as affecting domestic productions, ii. 185-189, 224-233; as the origin of species, genera and other groups, ii. 429-432; circumstances favourable to, ii. 233-239; tendency of towards extremes, ii. 239-242; {477} possible limit of, ii. 242; influence of time on, ii. 243-244; summary of subject, ii. 246-249; effects of, in modifying breeds of cattle, i. 92, 93; in preserving the purity of breeds of sheep, i. 99-100; in producing varieties of pigeons, i. 213-218; in breeding fowls, i. 232-233; in the goose, i. 289; in the canary, i. 295; in the goldfish, i. 296; in the silkworm, i. 300-301; contrasted in cabbages and cereals, i. 323; in the white mulberry, i. 334; on gooseberries, i. 356; applied to wheat, i. 317-318; exemplified in carrots, &c., i. 326; in the potato, i. 331; in the melon, i. 360; in flowering plants, i. 365; in the hyacinth, i. 371; applied to bud-varieties of plants, i. 411; illustrations of, ii. 421-428. SELECTION, sexual, ii. 75. SELF-IMPOTENCE in plants, ii. 131-140; in individual plants, ii. 136-138; of hybrids, ii. 174. SELWYN, Mr., on the Dingo, i. 26. SELYS-LONGCHAMPS, on hybrid ducks, i. 190, ii. 46, 157; hybrid of the hook-billed duck and Egyptian goose, i. 282. SERINGE, on the St. Valery apple, i. 350. SERPENT Melon, i. 360. SERRES, Olivier de, wild poultry in Guiana, i. 237. SESAMUM, white-seeded, antiquity of the, ii. 429. _Setaria_, found in the Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 317. SETTERS, degeneration of, in India, i. 38; Youatt's remarks on, i. 41. SEX, secondary characters of, latent, ii. 51-52; of parents, influence of, on hybrids, ii. 267. SEXUAL characters, sometimes lost in domestication, ii. 74. SEXUAL limitation of characters, ii. 71-75. SEXUAL peculiarities, induced by domestication in sheep, i. 95; in fowls, i. 251-257; transfer of, i. 255-257. SEXUAL variability in pigeons, i. 161-162. SEXUAL selection, ii. 75. SHADDOCK, i. 335. SHAILER, Mr., on the moss-rose, i. 379-380. SHANGHAI fowls, i. 227. SHANGHAI sheep, their fecundity, i. 97. SHAN ponies, striped, i. 58. SHEEP, disputed origin of, i. 94; early domestication of, i. 94; large-tailed, i. 94, 95, 98, ii. 279; variations in horns, mammæ and other characters of, i. 95; sexual characters of, induced by domestication, i. 95, 96; adaptation of, to climate and pasture, i. 96, 97; periods of gestation of, i. 97; effect of heat on the fleece of, i. 98-99, ii. 278; effect of selection on, i. 99-101; "ancon" or "otter" breeds of, i. 17, 92, 100; "Mauchamp-merino," i. 100-101; cross of German and merino, ii. 85-89; black, of the Tarentino, ii. 227; Karakool, ii. 278; Jaffna, with callosities on the knees, ii. 302; Chinese, ii. 315; Danish, of the bronze period, ii. 427; polydactylism in, ii. 14; occasional production of horns in hornless breeds of, ii. 30; reversion of colour in, ii. 30; influence of male, on offspring, ii. 68; sexual differences in, ii. 73; influence of crossing or segregation on, ii. 86, 95-96, 102-103; interbreeding of, ii. 119-120; effect of nourishment on the fertility of, ii. 111-112; diminished fertility of, under certain conditions, ii. 161; unconscious selection of, ii. 213; natural selection in breeds of, ii. 224, 225, 227; reduction of bones in, ii. 242; individual differences of, ii. 251; local changes in the fleece of, in England, ii. 278;

## partial degeneration of, in Australia, ii. 278;

with numerous horns, ii. 291; correlation of horns and fleece in, ii. 326; feeding on flesh, ii. 303; acclimatisation of, ii. 305-306; mountain, resistance of, to severe weather, ii. 312; white, poisoned by _Hypericum crispum_, ii. 337. SHEEP dogs resembling wolves, i. 24. SHELLS, sinistral and dextral, ii. 53. SHERIFF, Mr. new varieties of wheat, i. 315, 317; on crossing wheat, ii. 104-105; continuous variation of wheat, ii. 241. SIAM, cats of, i. 47; horses of, i. 53. SHIRLEY, E. P., on the fallow-deer, ii. 103, 120. SHORT, D., hybrids of the domestic cat and _Felis ornata_, i, 45. SIBERIA, northern range of wild horses in, i. 52. SICHEL, J., on the deafness of white cats with blue eyes, ii. 329. SIDNEY, S., on the pedigrees of pigs, ii. 3; on cross-reversion in pigs, ii. 35; period of gestation in the pig, i. 74; production of breeds of pigs by intercrossing, i. 78, 95; fertility of the pig, ii. 112; effects of interbreeding on pigs, ii. 121-122; on the colours of pigs, ii. 210, 229. SIEBOLD, on the sweet potato, ii. 309. SIEBOLD, von Carl, on parthenogenesis, ii. 364. _Silene_, contabescence in, ii. 166. SILK-FOWLS, i. 230, ii. 67, 69. {478} SILK-MOTH, Arrindy, ii. 306, 312; Tarroo, ii. 157. SILK-MOTHS, i. 300-304; domesticated species of, i. 300; history of, _ibid._; causes of modification in, i. 300-301; differences presented by, i. 301-304; crossing of, ii. 98; disease in, ii. 228; effects of disuse of parts in, ii. 298; selection practised with, ii. 197, 199; variation of, ii. 236; parthenogenesis in, ii. 364. SILKWORMS, variations of, i. 301-302; yielding white cocoons, less liable to disease, ii. 336. SILVER-GREY rabbit, i. 108, 111, 120. SIMONDS, J. B., period of maturity in various breeds of cattle, i. 87; differences in the periods of dentition in sheep, i. 96; on the teeth in cattle, sheep, &c., ii. 322; on the breeding of superior rams, ii. 196. SIMON, on the raising of eggs of the silk-moth in China, ii. 197. SIMPSON, Sir J., regenerative power of the human embryo, ii. 15. _Siredon_, breeding in the branchiferous stage, ii. 384. SISKIN, breeding in captivity, ii. 154. _Sivatherium_, resemblance of the, to Niata cattle, i. 89. SIZE, difference of, an obstacle to crossing, ii. 101. SKIN, and its appendages, homologous, ii. 325; hereditary affections of the, ii. 79. SKIRVING, R. S., on pigeons settling on trees in Egypt, i. 181. SKULL, characters of the, in breeds of dogs, i. 34; in breeds of pigs, i. 71; in rabbits, i. 116-120, 127; in breeds of pigeons, i. 163-165; in breeds of fowls, i. 260-266; in ducks, i. 282-283. SKULL and horns, correlation of the, ii. 333. SKYLARK, ii. 154. SLEEMAN, on the Cheetah, ii. 151. SLOE, i. 345. SMALL-POX, ii. 378. SMITER (pigeon), i. 156. SMITH, Sir A., on Caffrarian cattle, i. 88; on the use of numerous plants as food in South Africa, i. 307. SMITH, Colonel Hamilton, on the odour of the jackal, i. 30; on the origin of the dog, i. 16; wild dogs in St. Domingo, i. 28; on the Thibet mastiff and the alco, i. 28-29; development of the fifth toe in the hind feet of mastiffs, i. 35; differences in the skull of dogs, i. 34; history of the pointer, i. 42; on the ears of the dog, ii. 301; on the breeds of horses, i. 49; origin of the horse, i. 51; dappling of horses, i. 55; striped horses in Spain, i. 58; original colour of the horse, i. 60; on horses scraping away snow, i. 52; on _Asinus hemionus_, ii. 43; feral pigs of Jamaica, i. 77-78. SMITH, Sir J. E., production of nectarines and peaches by the same tree, i. 340; on _Viola amoena_, i. 368; sterility of _Vinca minor_ in England, ii. 170. SMITH, J., development of the ovary in _Bonatea speciosa_, by irritation of the stigma, i. 403. SMITH, N. H., influence of the bull "Favourite" on the breed of Short-horn cattle, ii. 65. SMITH, W., on the inter-crossing of strawberries, i. 352. SNAKE-RAT, ii. 87, 88. SNAKES, form of the viscera in, ii. 344. SNAPDRAGON, bud-variation in, i. 381; non-inheritance of colour in, ii. 21; peloric, crossed with the normal form, ii. 70, 93; asymmetrical variation of the, ii. 322. SOIL, adaptation of plums to, i. 346; influence of, on the zones of pelargoniums, i. 366; on roses, i. 367; on the variegation of leaves, i. 383; advantages of change of, ii. 146-148. SOIL and climate, effects of, on strawberries, i. 353. _Solanum_, non-intercrossing of species of, ii. 91. _Solanum tuberosum_, i. 330-331. SOLID-HOOFED pigs, i. 75. SOLOMON, his stud of horses, i. 55. SOMERVILLE, Lord, on the fleece of Merino sheep, i. 99; on crossing sheep, ii. 120; on selection of sheep, ii. 195; diminished fertility of Merino sheep brought from Spain, ii. 161. SOOTY fowls, i. 230, 256. SOTO, Ferdinand de, on the cultivation of native plants in Florida, i. 312. _Sorghum_, i. 371. SPAIN, hawthorn monogynous in, i. 364. SPALLANZANI, on feral rabbits in Lipari, i. 113; experiments on salamanders, ii. 15, 293, 385; experiments in feeding a pigeon with meat, ii. 304. SPANIELS, in India, i. 38; King Charles's, i. 41; degeneration of, caused by interbreeding, ii. 121. SPANISH fowls, i. 227, 250, 253; figured, i. 226; early development of sexual characters in, i. 250, 251; furcula of, figured, i. 268. SPECIES, difficulty of distinguishing from varieties, i. 4; conversion of varieties into, i. 5; origin of, by natural selection, ii. 414-415; by mutual sterility of varieties, ii. 185-189. {479} SPENCER, Lord, on selection in breeding, ii. 195. SPENCER, Herbert, on the "survival of the fittest," i. 6; increase of fertility by domestication, ii. 111; on life, ii. 148, 177; changes produced by external conditions, ii. 281; effects of use on organs, ii. 295, 296; ascent of the sap in trees, ii. 296; correlation exemplified in the Irish elk, ii. 333-334; on "physiological units," ii. 375; antagonism of growth and reproduction, ii. 384; formation of ducts in plants, ii. 300. SPERMATOPHORES of the cephalopoda, ii. 383. SPERMATOZOIDS, ii. 363-364; apparent independence of, in insects, ii. 384. SPHINGIDÆ, sterility of, in captivity, ii. 157. SPINOLA, on the injurious effect produced by flowering buckwheat on white pigs, ii. 337. SPITZ dog, i. 31. SPOONER, W. C., cross-breeding of sheep, i. 100, ii. 95-96, 120; on the effects of crossing, ii. 96-97; on crossing cattle, ii. 118; individual sterility, ii. 162. SPORES, reproduction of abnormal forms by, i. 383. SPORTS, i. 373; in pigeons, i. 213. SPOT pigeon, i. 156, 207. SPRENGEL, C. K., on dichogamous plants, ii. 90; on the hollyhock, ii. 107; on the functions of flowers, ii. 175. SPROULE, Mr., inheritance of cleft-palate and hare-lip, ii. 24. SPURS, of fowls, i. 255; development of, in hens, ii. 318. SQUASHES, i. 357. SQUINTING, hereditary, ii. 9. SQUIRRELS, generally sterile in captivity, ii. 152. SQUIRRELS, flying, breeding in confinement, ii. 152. "STAARHALSIGE Taube," i. 161. STAG, one-horned, supposed heredity of character in, ii. 12; degeneracy of, in the Highlands, ii. 208. STAMENS, occurrence of rudimentary, ii. 316; conversion of, into pistils, i. 365; into petals, ii. 392. _Staphylea_, ii. 168. STEENSTRUP, Prof., on the dog of the Danish Middens, i. 18; on the obliquity of flounders, ii. 53. STEINAN, J., on hereditary diseases, ii. 7, 79. STERILITY, in dogs, consequent on close confinement, i. 32; comparative, of crosses, ii. 103, 104; from changed conditions of life, ii. 148-165; occurring in the descendants of wild animals bred in captivity, ii. 160; individual, ii. 162; resulting from propagation by buds, cuttings, bulbs, &c., ii. 169; in hybrids, ii. 178-180, 386, 410-411; in specific hybrids of pigeons, i. 193; as connected with natural selection, ii. 185-189. STERNUM, characters of the, in rabbits, i. 123; in pigeons, i. 167, 174-175; in fowls, i. 268, 273; effects of disuse on the, i. 174-175, 273. STEPHENS, J. F., on the habits of the Bombycidæ, i. 303. STEWART, H., on hereditary disease, ii. 79. STIGMA, variation of the, in cultivated Cucurbitaceæ, i. 359; satiation of the, i. 402-403. STOCKS, bud-variation in, i. 381; effect of crossing upon the colour of the seed of, i. 398-399; true by seed, ii. 20; crosses of, ii. 93; varieties of, produced by selection, ii. 219; reversion by the upper seeds in the pods of, ii. 347-348. STOCKHOLM, fruit-trees of, ii. 307. STOKES, Prof., calculation of the chance of transmission of abnormal peculiarities in man, ii. 5. STOLONS, variations in the production of, by strawberries, i. 353. STOMACH, structure of the, affected by food, ii. 302. STONE in the bladder, hereditary, ii. 8, 79. STRAWBERRIES, i. 351-354; remarkable varieties of, i. 352-353; hautbois, dioecious, i. 353; selection in, ii. 200; mildew of, ii. 228; probable further modification of, ii. 243; variegated, effects of soil on, ii. 274. STRICKLAND, A., on the domestication of _Anser ferus_, i. 287; on the colour of the bill and legs in geese, i. 288. _Strictoenas_, i. 183. STRIPES on young of wild swine, i. 76; of domestic pigs of Turkey, Westphalia, and the Zambesi, i. 76-77; of feral swine of Jamaica and New Granada, i. 77; of fruit and flowers, i. 400, ii. 37; in horses, i. 56-60; in the ass, i. 62-63; production of, by crossing species of Equidæ, ii. 42-43. _Strix grallaria_, ii. 302. _Strix passerina_, ii. 154. "STRUPP-TAUBE," i. 155. STRUTHERS, Mr., osteology of the feet in solid-hoofed pigs, i. 75; on polydactylism, ii. 13-14. STURM, prepotency of transmission of characters in sheep and cattle, ii. 66; absorption of the minority in crossed races, ii. 88; correlation of twisted horns and curled wool in sheep, ii. 326. {480} SUB-SPECIES, wild, of _Columba livia_ and other pigeons, i. 204. SUCCESSION, geological, of organisms, i. 11. SUCKERS, bud-variation by, i. 384. SUGAR cane, sterility of, in various countries, ii. 169; white, liability of, to disease, ii. 228, 336. SUICIDE, hereditary tendency to, ii. 7, 78. SULIVAN, Admiral, on the horses of the Falkland Islands, i. 53; wild pigs of the Falkland Islands, i. 77; feral cattle of the Falkland Islands, i. 86, 102; feral rabbits of the Falkland Islands, i. 112. SULTAN fowl, i. 228, 255. _Sus indica_, i. 65, 67-70, ii. 110. _Sus pliciceps_, i. 69 (figured). _Sus scrofa_, i. 65, 66, ii. 110. _Sus scrofa palustris_, i. 68. _Sus vittatus_, i. 67. SWALLOWS, a breed of pigeons, i. 156. SWAYNE, Mr., on artificial crossing of varieties of the pea, i. 397. SWEET Peas, ii. 91; crosses of, ii. 93, 94; varieties of, coming true by seed, ii. 20; acclimatisation of, in India, ii. 311. SWEET William, bud-variation in, i. 381. SWINHOE, R., on Chinese pigeons, i. 28, 206; on striped Chinese horses, i. 59. SWITZERLAND, ancient dogs of, i. 19; pigs of, in the Neolithic period, i. 67-68; goats of, i. 101. SYCAMORE, pale-leaved variety of the, ii. 330. SYKES, Colonel, on a Pariah dog with crooked legs, i. 17; on small Indian asses, i. 62; on _Gallus Sonneratii_, i. 233; on the voice of the Indian Kulm cock, i. 259; fertility of the fowl in most climates, ii. 161. SYMMETRY, hereditary departures from, ii. 12. _Symphytum_, variegated, i. 384. SYPHILIS, hereditary, ii. 332. SYRIA, asses of, i. 62. _Syringa persica_, _chinensis_, and _vulgaris_, ii. 164.

TACITUS, on the care taken by the Celts in breeding animals, ii. 202. _Tagetes signata_, dwarf variety of, ii. 20. TAHITI, varieties of cultivated plants in, ii. 256. TAIL, occasional development of, in man, ii. 57; never curled in wild animals, ii. 301; rudimentary in Chinese sheep, ii. 315. TAIL-FEATHERS, numbers of, in breeds of pigeons, i. 158-159; peculiarities of, in cocks, i. 254-255; variability of, in fowls, i. 258; curled, in _Anas boschas_, and tame drakes, i. 280. TALENT, hereditary, ii. 7. TANKERVILLE, Earl of, on Chillingham cattle, i. 84, ii. 119. TANNER, Prof., effects of disuse of parts in cattle, ii. 299. TAPIR, sterility of the, in captivity, ii. 150. TARGIONI-TOZZETTI, on cultivated plants, i. 306; on the vine, i. 332; varieties of the peach, i. 342; origin and varieties of the plum, i. 345; origin of the cherry, i. 347; origin of roses, i. 366. TARSUS, variability of the, in fowls, i. 259; reproduction of the, in a thrush, ii. 15. TARTARS, their preference for spiral-horned sheep, ii. 209. TAVERNIER, abundance of pigeons in Persia, i. 205. _Taxus baccata_, ii. 18. TEEBAY, Mr., reversion in fowls, ii. 38. TEETH, number and position of, in dogs, i. 34; deficiency of, in naked Turkish dogs, i. 35; period of appearance of, in breeds of dogs, i. 35; precocity of, in highly bred animals, ii. 322; correlation of, with hair, ii. 326; double row of, with redundant hair, in Julia Pastrana, ii. 328; affected in form by hereditary syphilis and by pulmonary tubercle, ii. 332; fusion of, ii. 341; developed on the palate, ii. 391. TEGETMEIER, Mr., on a cat with monstrous teeth, i. 48; on a swift-like pigeon, i. 157; naked young of some pigeons, i. 170; fertility of hybrid pigeons, i. 192; on white pigeons, ii. 230; reversion in crossed breeds of fowls, i. 239-244; chicks of the white silk-fowl, i. 249; development of the cranial protuberance in Polish fowls, i. 250; on the skull in the Polish fowl, i. 257, 262; on the intelligence of Polish fowls, i. 264; correlation of the cranial protuberance and crest in Polish fowls, i. 274; development of the web in the feet of Polish fowls, i. 259; early development of several peculiarities in Spanish cocks, i. 250; on the comb in Spanish fowls, i. 253; on the Spanish fowl, ii. 306; varieties of game-fowls, i. 252; pedigrees of game-fowls, ii. 3; assumption of female plumage by a game cock, i. 253; natural selection in the game cock, ii. 225; pugnacity of game hens, i. 256; length of the middle toe in Cochin fowls, i. 259; origin of the Sebright bantam, ii. 54; differences in the size of fowls, i. 257; effect of crossing in fowls, i. 258, ii. 96; effects of interbreeding in fowls, ii. 124-125; incubation by mongrels of non-sitting races of fowls, ii. 44; inverse correlation of crest and comb in fowls, i. 274; {481} occurrence of pencilled feathers in fowls, ii. 40; on a variety of the goose from Sebastopol, i. 289; on the fertility of the peahen, ii. 112; on the intercrossing of bees, ii. 126. TEMMINCK, origin of domestic cats, i. 43; origin of domestic pigeons, i. 180; on _Columba guinea_, i. 182; on _Columba leucocephala_, i. 183; asserted reluctance of some breeds of pigeons to cross, i. 192; sterility of hybrid turtle-doves, i. 193; variations of _Gallus bankiva_, i. 235; on a buff-coloured breed of Turkeys, i. 293; number of eggs laid by the peahen, ii. 112; breeding of Guans in captivity, ii. 156; behaviour of grouse in captivity, _ibid._; sterility of the partridge in captivity, _ibid._ TENDRILS in Cucurbitaceæ, i. 358, ii. 316. TENNENT, Sir J. E., on the goose, i. 287; on the growth of the apple in Ceylon, ii. 277; on the Jaffna sheep, ii. 302. _Teredo_, fertilisation in, ii. 363. TERRIERS, wry-legged, ii. 245; white, subject to distemper, ii. 336. TESCHEMACHER, on a husked form of maize, i. 320. TESSIER, on the period of gestation of the dog, i. 29; of the pig, i. 74; in cattle, i. 87; experiments on change of soil, ii. 147. _Tetrao_, breeding of species of, in captivity, ii. 156. _Tetrapteryx paradisea_, ii. 156. _Teucrium campanulatum_, pelorism in, ii. 345. TEXAS, feral cattle in, i. 85. THEOGNIS, his notice of the domestic fowl, i. 246. THEOPHRASTUS, his notice of the peach, ii. 308. _Thesium_, ii. 284. THOMPSON, Mr., on the peach and nectarine, i. 342; on the varieties of the apricot, i. 344; classification of varieties of cherries, i. 347-348; on the "Sister ribston-pippin," i. 350; on the varieties of the gooseberry, i. 354, 355. THOMPSON, William, on the pigeons of Islay, i. 184; feral pigeons in Scotland, i. 190; colour of the bill and legs in geese, i. 288; breeding of _Tetrao scotius_ in captivity, ii. 156; destruction of black-fowls by the osprey, ii. 230. THOMPSON, Prof. W., on the obliquity of the flounder, ii. 53. THORNS, reconversion of, into branches, in pear trees, ii. 318. THORN, grafting of early and late, i. 363; Glastonbury, i. 364. THRUSH, asserted reproduction of the tarsus in a, ii. 15. _Thuja pendula_ or _filiformis_, a variety of _T. orientalis_, i. 362. THURET, on the division of the zoospores of an alga, ii. 378. THWAITES, G. H., on the cats of Ceylon, i. 46; on a twin seed of _Fuchsia coccinea_ and _fulgens_, i. 391. TIBURTIUS, experiments in rearing wild ducks, i. 278. TIGER, rarely fertile in captivity, ii. 150, 151. _Tigridia conchiflora_, bud-variation in, i. 386. TIME, importance of, in the production of races, ii. 243. TINZMANN, self-impotence in the potato, ii. 137. TISSUES, affinity of, for special organic substances, ii. 380. TITMICE, destructive to thin-shelled walnuts, i. 356; attacking nuts, i. 357; attacking peas, ii. 231. TOBACCO, crossing of varieties of, ii. 108; cultivation of in Sweden, ii. 307. TOBOLSK, red-coloured cats of, i. 47. TOES, relative length of, in fowls, i. 259; development of fifth in dogs, ii. 317. TOLLET, Mr., his selection of cattle, ii. 199. TOMATO, ii. 91. TOMTITS. See _Titmice_. TONGUE, relation of, to the beak in pigeons, i. 168. TOOTH, occurrence of a molar, in place of an incisor, ii. 391. "TORFSCHWEIN," i. 68. TRAIL, R., on the union of half-tubers of different kinds of potatoes, i. 395. TREES, varieties of, suddenly produced, i. 361; weeping or pendulous, i. 361; fastigate or pyramidal, i. 361; with variegated or changed foliage, i. 362; early or late in leaf, i. 362-363; forest, non-application of selection to, ii. 237. "TREMBLEUR" (pigeons), i. 146. TREMBLEY, on reproduction in Hydra, ii. 359. "TREVOLTINI" silkworms, i. 301-302. _Trichosanthes anguina_, i. 360. TRICKS, inheritance of, ii. 6-7, 395. _Trifolium minus_ and _repens_, ii. 164. TRIMORPHIC plants, conditions of reproduction in, ii. 181-184. TRISTRAM, H. B., selection of the dromedary, ii. 205-206. _Triticum dicoccum_, i. 319. _Triticum monococcum_, i. 319. _Triticum spelta_, i. 319. _Triticum turgidum_, i. 319. _Triticum vulgare_, wild in Asia, i. 312. {482} TRITON, breeding in the branchiferous stage, ii. 384. "TROMMEL-TAUBE," i. 154. "TRONFO" pigeon, i. 144. _Tropæolum_, ii. 38. _Tropæolum minus_ and _majus_, reversion in hybrids of, i. 392. TROUBETZKOY, Prince, experiments with pear-trees at Moscow, ii. 307. TROUSSEAU, Prof., pathological resemblance of twins, ii. 252. TRUMPETER pigeon, i. 154; known in 1735, i. 207. TSCHARNER, H. A. de, graft-hybrid produced by inosculation in the vine, i. 395. TSCHUDI, on the naked Peruvian dog, i. 23; extinct varieties of maize from Peruvian tombs, i. 320, ii. 425. TUBERS, bud-variation by, i. 384-385. TUCKERMAN, Mr., sterility of _Carex rigida_, ii. 170. TUFTED ducks, i. 281. TULIPS, variability of, i. 370; bud-variation in, i. 385-386; influence of soil in "breaking," i. 385. TUMBLER pigeon, i. 150-153; short-faced, figured, i. 152; skull figured, i. 163; lower jaw figured, i. 165; scapula and furcula figured, i. 167; early known in India, i. 207; history of, i. 209; sub-breeds of, i. 220; young unable to break the egg-shell, ii. 226; probable further modification of, ii. 242. "TÜMMLER" (pigeons), i. 150. TUMOURS, ovarian, occurrence of hairs and teeth in, ii. 370; polypoid, origin of, ii. 381. "TÜRKISCHE TAUBE," i. 139. TURBIT (pigeon), i. 148. TURKEY, domestic, origin of, i. 292-293; crossing of with North American wild Turkey, i. 292-293; breeds of, i. 293; crested white cock, i. 293; wild, characters of, i. 293-294; degeneration of, in India, i. 294, ii. 278; failure of eggs of, in Delhi, ii. 161; feral on the Parana, i. 190; change produced in by domestication, ii. 262. TURKEY, striped young pigs in, i. 76. TURNER (pigeon), i. 156. TURNER, W., on compensation in arteries and veins, ii. 300; on cells, ii. 370. TURNIPS, origin of, i. 325; reversion in, ii. 31; run wild, ii. 33; crosses of, ii. 93, 96; Swedish, preferred by hares, ii. 232; acclimatisation of, in India, ii. 311. TURNSPIT, on an Egyptian monument, i. 17; crosses of the, ii. 92. TURTLE-DOVE, white and coloured, crossing of, ii. 92. _Turtur auritus_, hybrids of, with _T. cambayensis_ and _T. suratensis_, i. 194. _Turtur risorius_, crossing of, with the common pigeon, i. 193; hybrid of, with _T. vulgaris_, _ibid._ _Turtur suratensis_, sterile hybrids of, with _T. vulgaris_, i. 193; hybrids of, with _T. auritus_, i. 194. _Turtur vulgaris_, crossing of, with the common pigeon, i. 193; hybrid of, with _T. risorius_, _ibid._; sterile hybrids of, with _T. suratensis_ and _Ectopistes migratorius_, _ibid._ TUSKS of wild and domesticated pigs, i. 76, 77. _Tussilago farfara_, variegated, i. 384. TWIN-SEED _Fuchsia coccinea_ and _fulgens_, i. 391. TYERMAN, B., on the pigs of the Pacific islands, i. 70, ii. 87; on the dogs of the Pacific islands, ii. 87. TYLOR, Mr., on the prohibition of consanguineous marriages, ii. 122-123.

UDDERS, development of the, ii. 300. _Ulex_, double-flowered, ii. 167. _Ulmus campestris_ and _effusa_, hybrids of, ii. 130. UNIFORMITY of character, maintained by crossing, ii. 85-90. UNITS of the body, functional independence of the, ii. 368-371. UNITY or plurality of origin of organisms, i. 13. UPAS poison, ii. 380. UREA, secretion of, ii. 380. USE and disuse of parts, effects of, ii. 295-303, 352-353, 418-419; in rabbits, i. 124-128; in ducks, i. 284-286. UTILITY, considerations of, leading to uniformity, ii. 241.

VALENTIN, experimental production of double monsters by, ii. 340. _Vallota_, ii. 139. VAN BECK, Barbara, a hairy-faced woman, ii. 4. VAN MONS on wild fruit-trees, i. 312, ii. 260; production of varieties of the vine, i. 333; correlated variability in fruit-trees, ii. 330; production of almond-like fruit by peach-seedlings, i. 339. _Vanessa_, species of, not copulating in captivity, ii. 157. VARIABILITY, i. 4, ii. 371-373, 394-397, 406-420; causes of, ii. 250-270; correlated, ii. 319-338, 353-355, 419-420; law of equable, ii. 351-352; necessity of, for selection, ii. 192; of selected characters, ii. 238-239; of multiple homologous parts, ii. 342. {483} VARIATION, laws of, ii. 293-356; continuity of, ii. 241; possible limitation of, ii. 242, 416-417; in domestic cats, i. 45-48; origin of breeds of cattle by, i. 88; in osteological characters of rabbits, i. 115-130; of important organs, i. 359; analogous or parallel, i. 348-352; in horses, i. 55; in the horse and ass, i. 64; in fowls, i. 243-246; in geese, i. 288; exemplified in the production of fleshy stems in cabbages, &c., i. 326; in the peach, nectarine, and apricot, i. 342, 344; individual, in wheat, i. 314. VARIEGATION of foliage, i. 383, ii. 167-168. VARIETIES and species, resemblance of, i. 4, ii. 411-413; conversion of, into species, i. 5; abnormal, ii. 413; domestic, gradually produced, ii. 414. VARRO, on domestic ducks, i. 277; on feral fowls, ii. 33; crossing of the wild and domestic ass, ii. 206. VASEY, Mr., on the number of sacral vertebræ in ordinary and humped cattle, i. 79; on Hungarian cattle, i. 80. VAUCHER, sterility of _Ranunculus ficaria_ and _Acorus calamus_, ii. 170. VEGETABLES, cultivated, reversion in, ii. 31-32; European, culture of, in India, ii. 168-169. VEITH, Mr., on breeds of horses, i. 49. _Verbascum_, intercrossing of species of, i. 336, ii. 93, 105-107; reversion in hybrids of, i. 392; contabescent, wild plants of, ii. 165; villosity in, ii. 277. _Verbascum austriacum_, ii. 136. _Verbascum blattaria_, ii. 105-106. _Verbascum lychnitis_, ii. 105-106, 136. _Verbascum nigrum_, ii. 136. _Verbascum phoeniceum_, ii. 107, 137; variable duration of, ii. 305. _Verbascum thapsus_, ii. 106. VERBENAS, origin of, i. 364; white, liability of, to mildew, ii. 228, 336; scorching of dark, ii. 229, 336; effect of changed conditions of life on, ii. 273. VERLOT, on the darkleaved Barberry, i. 362; inheritance of peculiarities of foliage in trees, i. 362; production of _Rosa cannabifolia_ by bud-variation from _R. alba_, i. 381; bud-variation in _Aralia trifoliata_, i. 382; variegation of leaves, i. 383; colours of tulips, i. 386; uncertainty of inheritance, ii. 18; persistency of white flowers, ii. 20; peloric flowers of _Linaria_, ii. 58; tendency of striped flowers to uniformity of colour, ii. 70; non-intercrossing of certain allied plants, ii. 91; sterility of _Primulæ_ with coloured calyces, ii. 166; on fertile proliferous flowers, _ibid._; on the Irish yew, ii. 241; differences in the _Camellia_, ii. 251; effect of soil on the variegated strawberry, ii. 274; correlated variability in plants, ii. 330. _Verruca_, ii. 53, 400. VERTEBRÆ, characters of, in rabbits, i. 120-122; in ducks, i. 283-284; number and variations of, in pigeons, i. 165-166; number and characters of, in fowls, i. 266-268; variability of number of, in the pig, i. 74. VERTUCH, see Putsche. "VERUGAS," ii. 276. VESPUCIUS, early cultivation in Brazil, i. 311. VIBERT'S experiments on the cultivation of the vine from seed, i. 332. _Viburnum opulus_, ii. 185, 316. _Vicia sativa_, leaflet converted into a tendril in, ii. 392. VICUNAS, selection of, ii. 207. VILLOSITY of plants, influenced by dryness, ii. 277. VILMORIN, cultivation of the wild carrot, i. 326, ii. 217; colours of tulips, i. 386; uncertainty of inheritance in balsams and roses, ii. 18; experiments with dwarf varieties of _Saponaria calabrica_ and _Tagetes signata_, ii. 20; reversion of flowers by stripes and blotches, ii. 37; on variability, ii. 262. _Vinca minor_, sterility in, ii. 170. VINE, i. 332-334; parsley-leaved, reversion of, i. 382; graft-hybrid produced by inosculation in the, i. 395; disease of, influenced by colour of grapes, ii. 228; influence of climate, &c., on varieties of the, ii. 278; diminished extent of cultivation of the, ii. 308; acclimatisation of the, in the West Indies, ii. 313. _Viola_, species of, i. 368. _Viola lutea_, different coloured flowers in, i. 408. _Viola tricolor_, reversion in, ii. 31, 47. VIRCHOW, Prof., blindness occurring in the offspring of consanguineous marriages, ii. 143; on the growth of bones, ii. 294, 381; on cellular prolification, ii. 295; independence of the elements of the body, ii. 369; on the cell-theory, ii. 370; presence of hairs and teeth in ovarian tumours, ii. 370; of hairs in the brain, ii. 391; special affinities of the tissues, ii. 380; origin of polypoid excrescences and tumours, ii. 381. VIRGIL on the selection of seed-corn, i. 318, ii. 203; of cattle and sheep, ii. 202. VIRGINIAN islands, ponies of, i. 52. _Virgularia_, ii. 378. VISION, hereditary peculiarities of, ii. 8-9; {484} in amphibious animals, ii. 223; varieties of, ii. 300; affections of organs of, correlated with other peculiarities, ii. 328. _Vitis vinifera_, i. 332-334, 375. _Viverra_, sterility of species of, in captivity, ii. 151. VOGEL, varieties of the date palm, ii. 256. VOGT, on the indications of stripes on black kittens, ii. 55. VOICE, differences of, in fowls, i. 259; peculiarities of, in ducks, i. 281; inheritance of peculiarities of, ii. 6. VOLZ, on the history of the dog, i. 16; ancient history of the fowl, i. 246; domestic ducks unknown to Aristotle, i. 277; Indian cattle sent to Macedonia by Alexander, ii. 202; mention of mules in the Bible, ii. 202; history of the increase of breeds, ii. 244. VON BERG on _Verbascum phoeniceum_, ii. 305. VOORHELM, G., his knowledge of hyacinths, i. 371, ii. 251. VROLIK, Prof., on polydactylism, ii. 12; on double monsters, ii. 340; influence of the shape of the mother's pelvis on her child's head, ii. 344.

WADERS, behaviour of, in confinement, ii. 156. WAHLENBERG, on the propagation of Alpine plants by buds, runners, bulbs, &c., ii. 169. "WAHLVERWANDTSCHAFT" of Gärtner, ii. 180. WALES, white cattle of, in the 10th century, i. 85. WALKER, A., on intermarriage, i. 404; on the inheritance of polydactylism, ii. 13. WALKER, D., advantage of change of soil to wheat, ii. 146. WALLACE, A. R., on a striped Javanese horse, i. 59; on the conditions of life of feral animals, ii. 32; artificial alteration of the plumage of birds, ii. 280; on polymorphic butterflies, ii. 399-400; on reversion, ii. 415; on the limit of change, ii. 417. WALLACE, Dr., on the sterility of Sphingidæ hatched in autumn, ii. 158. WALLACHIAN sheep, sexual peculiarities in the horns of, i. 96. WALLFLOWER, bud-variation in, i. 382. WALLICH, Dr., on _Thuja pendula_ or _filiformis_, i. 362. WALNUTS, i. 356-357; thin-shelled, attacked by tomtits, ii. 231; grafting of, ii. 259. WALSH, B. D., on galls, ii. 282, 283; his "Law of equable variability," ii. 351-352. WALTHER, F. L., on the history of the dog, i. 16; on the intercrossing of the zebu and ordinary cattle, i. 83. WARING, Mr., on individual sterility, ii. 162. WART hog, i. 76. WATERER, Mr., spontaneous production of _Cytisus alpino-laburnum_, i. 390. WATER melon, i. 357. WATERHOUSE, G. R., on the winter-colouring of _Lepus variabilis_, i. 111. WATERTON, C., production of tailless foals, i. 53; on taming wild ducks, i. 278; on the wildness of half-bred wild ducks, ii. 45; assumption of male characters by a hen, ii. 51. WATSON, H. C., on British wild fruit-trees, i. 312; on the non-variation of weeds, i. 317; origin of the plum, i. 345; variation in _Pyrus malus_, i. 348; on _Viola amoena_ and _tricolor_, i. 368; on reversion in Scotch kail, ii. 32; fertility of _Draba sylvestris_ when cultivated, ii. 163; on generally distributed British plants, ii. 285. WATTLES, rudimentary, in some fowls, ii. 315. WATTS, Miss, on Sultan fowls, i. 228. WEBB, James, interbreeding of sheep, ii. 120. WEBER, effect of the shape of the mother's pelvis on her child's head, ii. 344. WEEDS, supposed necessity for their modification, coincidently with cultivated plants, i. 317. WEEPING varieties of trees, i. 361. WEEPING habit of trees, capricious inheritance of, ii. 18-19. WEEVIL, injury done to stone-fruit by, in North America, ii. 231. WELSH cattle, descended from _Bos longifrons_, i. 81. WEST Indies, feral pigs of, i. 77; effect of climate of, upon sheep, i. 98. WESTERN, Lord, change effected by, in the sheep, ii. 198. WESTPHALIA, striped young pigs in, i. 76. WESTWOOD, J. O., on peloric flowers of _Calceolaria_, ii. 346. WHATELY, Archbishop, on grafting early and late thorns, i. 363. WHEAT, specific unity or diversity of, i. 312-313, 316-317; Hasora, i. 313; presence or absence of barbs in, i. 314; Godron on variations in, _ibid._; varieties of, i. 314-315; effects of soil and climate on, i. 316; deterioration of, _ibid._; crossing of varieties of, _ibid._, ii. 96, 104-105, 130; in the Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 317-319; selection applied to, i. 318, ii. 200; increased fertility of hybrids of, with _Ægilops_, ii. 110; advantage of change of soil to, ii. 146; {485} differences of, in various parts of India, ii. 165; continuous variation in, ii. 200; red, hardiness of, ii. 229, 336; Fenton, ii. 232; natural selection in, ii. 233; varieties of, found wild, ii. 260; effects of change of climate on, ii. 307; ancient variety of, ii. 429. WHITBY, Mrs., on the markings of silkworms, i. 302; on the silkmoth, i. 303. WHITE, Mr., reproduction of supernumerary digits after amputation, ii. 14; time occupied in the blending of crossed races, ii. 87. WHITE, Gilbert, vegetable diet of dogs, ii. 303. WHITE and white-spotted animals, liability of, to disease, ii. 336-337. WHITE flowers, most truly reproduced by seed, ii. 20. WICHURA, Max, on hybrid willows, ii. 50, 131, 267; analogy between the pollen of old-cultivated plants, and of hybrids, ii. 268. WICKING, Mr., inheritance of the primary characters of _Columba livia_ in cross-bred pigeons, i. 201; production of a white head in almond tumblers, ii. 199. WICKSTED, Mr., on cases of individual sterility, ii. 162. WIEGMANN, spontaneous crossing of blue and white peas, i. 397; crossing of varieties of cabbage, ii. 130; on contabescence, ii. 165. WIGHT, Dr., sexual sterility of plants propagated by buds, &c., ii. 169. WILDE, Sir W. R., occurrence of _Bos frontosus_ and _longifrons_ in Irish crannoges, i. 81; attention paid to breeds of animals by the ancient Irish, ii. 203. WILDMAN, on the dahlia, ii. 216, 273. WILDNESS of the progeny of crossed tame animals, ii. 44-46. WILKES, Capt., on the taming of pigeons among the Polynesians, ii. 161. WILKINSON, J., on crossed cattle, ii. 104. WILLIAMS, Mr., change of plumage in a Hamburgh hen, i. 258. WILLIAMS, Mr., intercrossing of strawberries, i. 352. WILLIAMSON, Capt., degeneration of dogs in India, i. 37; on small Indian asses, i. 62. WILLIAMSON, Rev. W., doubling of _Anemone coronaria_ by selection, ii. 200. WILLOWS, weeping, i. 361; reversion of spiral-leaved weeping, i. 383; hybrids of, ii. 267; galls of, ii. 282-283. WILLOUGHBY, F., notice of spot pigeons, i. 156; on a fantail pigeon, i. 208; on tumbler pigeons, i. 209; on the turbit, i. 209; on the barb and carrier pigeons, i. 211; on the hook-billed duck, i. 277. WILMOT, Mr., on a crested white Turkey cock, i. 293; reversion of sheep in colour, ii. 30. WILSON, B. O., fertility of hybrids of humped and ordinary cattle in Tasmania, i. 83. WILSON, Dr., prepotency of the Manx over the common cat, ii. 66. WILSON, James, origin of dogs, i. 16. WILSON, Mr., on prepotency of transmission in sheep, ii. 69; on the breeding of bulls, ii. 196. WINGS, proportionate length of, in different breeds of pigeons, i. 175-176; of fowls, effects of disuse on, i. 270-272; characters and variations of, in ducks, i. 284-286; diminution of, in birds of small islands, i. 286-287. WING-FEATHERS, number of, in pigeons, i. 159; variability of, in fowls, i. 258. WOLF, recent existence of, in Ireland, i. 16; barking of young, i. 27; hybrids of, with the dog, i. 32. WOLF-DOG, black, of Florida, i. 22. WOLVES, North American, their resemblance to dogs of the same region, i. 21-22; burrowing of, i. 27. WOODBURY, Mr., crossing of the Ligurian and common hive bees, i. 299, ii. 126; variability of bees, i. 298. WOODWARD, S. P., on Arctic Mollusca, ii. 256. WOOD, Willoughby, on Mr. Bates' cattle, ii. 118. WOOLER, W. A., on the young of the Himalayan rabbit, i. 109; persistency of the coloured calyx in a crossed Polyanthus, i. 365. WORRARA poison, ii. 380. WOUNDS, healing of, ii. 294. WRIGHT, J., production of crippled calves by shorthorned cattle, ii. 118; on selection in cattle, ii. 194; effect of close interbreeding on pigs, ii. 121-122; deterioration of game cocks by close interbreeding, ii. 124. WRIGHT, Strethill, on the development of the hydroida, ii. 368. WYMAN, Dr., on Niata cattle, and on a similar malformation in the codfish, i. 89; on Virginian pigs, ii. 227.

XENOPHON, on the colours of hunting dogs, ii. 209. XIMENES, Cardinal, regulations for the selection of rams, ii. 204.

"YAHOO," the name of the pigeon in Persia, i. 155. YAKS, domestication of, i. 82; selection of white-tailed, ii. 206, 209. {486} YAM, development of axillary bulbs in the, ii. 169. YARRELL, Mr., deficiency of teeth in hairless dogs, i. 34, ii. 326; on ducks, i. 279, ii. 262; characters of domestic goose, resembling those of _Anser albifrons_, i. 288; whiteness of ganders, i. 288; variations in goldfish, i. 296-297; assumption of male plumage by the hen-pheasant, ii. 51; effect of castration upon the cock, ii. 51-52; breeding of the skylark in captivity, ii. 154; plumage of the male linnet in confinement, ii. 158; on the dingo, ii. 263. YELLOW fever, in Mexico, ii. 276. YEW, fastigate, ii. 241. YEW, Irish, hardy in New York, ii. 309. YEW, weeping, i. 361; propagation of, by seed, ii. 18-19. YOLK, variations of, in the eggs of ducks, i. 281. YOUATT, Mr., history of the dog, i. 16-17; variations of the pulse in breeds of dogs, i. 35; liability to disease in dogs, i. 35, ii. 227; inheritance of goître in dogs, ii. 10; on the greyhound, i. 34, 41; on King Charles' spaniels, i. 41; on the setter, i. 41; on breeds of horses, i. 49; variation in the number of ribs in the horse, i. 50; inheritance of diseases in the horse, ii. 10, 11; introduction of Eastern blood into English horses, ii. 212-213; on white Welsh cattle, i. 85, ii. 209; improvement of British breeds of cattle, i. 93; rudiments of horns in young hornless cattle, ii. 55, 315; on crossed cattle, ii. 104, 119; on Bakewell's long-horned cattle, ii. 118; selection of qualities in cattle, ii. 196; degeneration of cattle by neglect, ii. 239; on the skull in hornless cattle, ii. 333; disease of white parts of cattle, ii. 337; displacement of long-horned by short-horned cattle, ii. 426; on Angola sheep, i. 95; on the fleece of sheep, i. 99; correlation of horns and fleece in sheep, i. 95; adaptation of breeds of sheep to climate and pasture, i. 96; horns of Wallachian sheep, i. 96; exotic sheep in the Zoological Gardens, i. 96-97, ii. 305; occurrence of horns in hornless breeds of sheep, ii. 30; on the colour of sheep, ii. 30; on interbreeding sheep, ii. 120; on Merino rams in Germany, ii. 196; effect of unconscious selection on sheep, ii. 213; reversion of Leicester sheep on the Lammermuir Hills, ii. 224; on many-horned sheep, ii. 326; reduction of bone in sheep, ii. 242; persistency of character in breeds of animals in mountainous countries, ii. 64; on interbreeding, ii. 116; on the power of selection, ii. 194-195; slowness of production of breeds, ii. 244; passages in the Bible relating to the breeding of animals, ii. 201-202. YOUNG, J., on the Belgian rabbit, i. 106. YULE, Capt., on a Burmese hairy family, ii. 77, 327.

ZAMBESI, striped young pigs on the, i. 77. ZAMBOS, character of the, ii. 47. ZANO, J. G., introduction of rabbits into Porto Santo by, i. 112. _Zea Mays_, i. 320. ZEBU, i. 79; domestication of the, i. 82; fertile crossing of, with European cattle, i. 83, ii. 110. ZEBRA, hybrids of, with the ass and mare, ii. 42. _Zephyranthes candida_, ii. 164. _Zinnia_, cultivation of, ii. 261. ZOLLINGER on Malayan penguin ducks, i. 280. ZOOSPORE, division of, in Algæ, ii. 378. "ZOPF-TAUBE," i. 154.

THE END.

LONDON: PRINTED BY W. CLOWES AND SONS, DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING CROSS.

* * * * *

NOTES

[1] 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., 1855, p. 267.

[2] Mr. Buckle, in his grand work on 'Civilisation,' expresses doubts on the subject owing to the want of statistics. _See_ also Mr. Bowen, Professor of Moral Philosophy, in 'Proc. American Acad. of Sciences,' vol. v. p. 102

[3] For greyhounds, _see_ Low's 'Domest. Animals of the British Islands,' 1845, p. 721. For game-fowls, _see_ 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 123. For pigs, _see_ Mr. Sidney's edit. of 'Youatt on the Pig,' 1860, pp. 11, 22.

[4] 'The Stud Farm,' by Cecil, p. 39.

[5] 'Philosophical Transactions,' 1755, p. 23. I have seen only second-hand accounts of the two grandsons. Mr. Sedgwick, in a paper to which I shall hereafter often refer, states that _four_ generations were affected, and in each the males alone.

[6] Barbara Van Beck, figured, as I am informed by the Rev. W. D. Fox, in Woodburn's 'Gallery of Rare Portraits,' 1816, vol. ii.

[7] 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1833, p. 16

[8] Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., 1828, s. 34. Report by Pariset in 'Comptes Rendus,' 1847, p. 592.

[9] Hunter, as quoted in Harlan's 'Med. Researches,' p. 530. Sir A. Carlisle, 'Phil. Transact.,' 1814, p. 94.

[10] Girou de Buzareignues, 'De la Génération,' p. 282.

[11] 'Macmillan's Magazine,' July and August, 1865.

[12] The works which I have read and found most useful are Dr. Prosper Lucas's great work, 'Traité de l'Hérédité Naturelle,' 1847. Mr. W. Sedgwick, in 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April and July, 1861, and April and July, 1863: Dr. Garrod on Gout is quoted in these articles. Sir Henry Holland, 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., 1855. Piorry, 'De l'Hérédité dans les Maladies,' 1840. Adams, 'A Philosophical Treatise on Hereditary Peculiarities,' 2nd edit., 1815. Essay on 'Hereditary Diseases,' by Dr. J. Steinan, 1843. _See_ Paget, in 'Medical Times,' 1857, p. 192, on the Inheritance of Cancer; Dr. Gould, in 'Proc. of American Acad. of Sciences,' Nov. 8, 1853, gives a curious case of hereditary bleeding in four generations. Harlan, 'Medical Researches,' p. 593.

[13] Marshall, quoted by Youatt in his work on Cattle, p. 284.

[14] 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1814, p. 94.

[15] 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., p. 33.

[16] This affection, as I hear from Mr. Bowman, has been ably described and spoken of as hereditary by Dr. Dondera, of Utrecht, whose work was published in English by the Sydenham Society in 1864.

[17] Quoted by Mr. Herbert Spencer, 'Principles of Biology,' vol. i. p. 244.

[18] 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review, 'April, 1861, p. 482-6; 'l'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. i. pp. 391-408.

[19] Dr. Osborne, Pres. of Royal College of Phys. in Ireland, published this case in the 'Dublin Medical Journal' for 1835.

[20] These various statements are taken from the following works and papers:--Youatt on 'The Horse,' pp. 35, 220. Lawrence, 'The Horse,' p. 30. Karkeek, in an excellent paper in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1853, p. 92. Mr. Burke, in 'Journal of R. Agricul. Soc. of England,' vol. v. p. 511. 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 279. Girou de Buzareignues, 'Philosoph. Phys.,' p. 215. _See_ following papers in 'The Veterinary:' Roberts, in vol. ii. p. 144; M. Marrimpoey, vol. ii. p. 387; Mr. Karkeek, vol. iv. p. 5; Youatt on Goître in Dogs, vol. v. p. 483; Youatt, in vol. vi. pp. 66, 348, 412; M. Bernard, vol. xi. p. 539; Dr. Samesreuther, on Cattle, in vol. xii. p. 181; Percivall, in vol. xiii. p. 47. With respect to blindness in horses, _see_ also a whole row of authorities in Dr. P. Lucas's great work, tom. i. p. 399. Mr. Baker, in 'The Veterinary,' vol. xiii. p. 721, gives a strong case of hereditary imperfect vision and of jibbing.

[21] Knight on 'The Culture of the Apple and Pear,' p. 31. Lindley's 'Horticulture,' p. 180.

[22] These statements are taken from the following works in order:--Youatt on 'The Horse,' p. 48; Mr. Darvill, in 'The Veterinary,' vol. viii. p. 50. With respect to Robson, _see_ 'The Veterinary,' vol. iii. p. 580; Mr. Lawrence on 'The Horse,' 1829, p. 9; 'The Stud Farm,' by Cecil, 1851; Baron Cameronn, quoted in 'The Veterinary,' vol x. p. 500.

[23] 'Recreations in Agriculture and Nat. Hist.,' vol. i. p. 68.

[24] 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., 1828, s. 107.

[25] Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' band ii. s. 132.

[26] Vrolik has discussed this point at full length in a work published in Dutch, from which Mr. Paget has kindly translated for me passages. _See_, also, Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire's 'Hist. des Anomalies,' 1832, tom. i. p. 684.

[27] 'Edinburgh New Phil. Journal,' July, 1863.

[28] Some great anatomists, as Cuvier and Meckel, believe that the tubercle one side of the hinder foot of the tailless Batrachians represents a sixth digit. Certainly, when the hinder foot of a toad, as soon as it first sprouts from the tadpole, is dissected, the partially ossified cartilage of this tubercle resembles under the microscope, in a remarkable manner, a digit. But the highest authority on such subjects, Gegenbaur (Untersuchung. zur vergleich. anat. der Wirbelthiere: Carpus et Tarsus, 1864, s. 63), concludes that this resemblance is not real, only superficial.

[29] For these several statements, _see_ Dr. Struthers, in work cited, especially on intermissions in the line of descent. Prof. Huxley, 'Lectures on our Knowledge of Organic Nature,' 1863, p. 97. With respect to inheritance, _see_ Dr. Prosper Lucas, 'L'Hérédité Nat.,' tom. i. p. 325. Isid. Geoffroy, 'Anom.,' tom. i. p. 701. Sir A. Carlisle, in 'Phil. Transact.,' 1814, p. 94. A. Walker, on 'Intermarriage,' 1838, p. 140, gives a case of five generations; as does Mr. Sedgwick, in 'Brit. and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1863, p. 462. On the inheritance of other anomalies in the extremities, _see_ Dr. H. Dobell, in vol. xlvi. of 'Medico-Chirurg. Transactions,' 1863; also Mr. Sedgwick, in op. cit., April, 1863, p. 460. With respect to additional digits in the negro, _see_ Prichard, 'Physical History of Mankind.' Dr. Dieffenbach ('Journ. Royal Geograph. Soc.,' 1841, p. 208) says this anomaly is not uncommon with the Polynesians of the Chatham Islands.

[30] 'The Poultry Chronicle,' 1854, p. 559.

[31] The statements in this paragraph are taken from Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. i. pp. 688-693.

[32] As quoted by Carpenter, 'Princ. of Comp. Physiology,' 1854, p. 480.

[33] Müller's 'Phys.,' Eng. translat., vol. i. 1838, p. 407. A thrush, however, was exhibited before the British Association at Hull, in 1853, which had lost its tarsus, and this member, it was asserted, had been thrice reproduced: I presume it was lost each time by disease.

[34] 'Monthly Journal of Medical Science,' Edinburgh, 1848, new series, vol. ii. p. 890.

[35] 'An Essay on Animal Reproduction,' trans. by Dr. Maty, 1769, p. 79.

[36] Bonnet, 'Oeuvres d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. v., part i., 4to. edit., 1781, pp. 343, 350, 353.

[37] So with insects, the larvæ reproduce lost limbs, but, except in one order, the mature insect has no such power. But the Myriapoda, which apparently represent the larvæ of true insects, have, as Newport has shown, this power until their last moult. _See_ an excellent discussion on this whole subject by Dr. Carpenter in his 'Princ. Comp. Phys.,' 1854, p. 479.

[38] Dr. Günther, in Owen's 'Anatomy of Vertebrates,' vol. i., 1866, p. 567. Spallanzani has made similar observations.

[39] 'On the Anatomy of Vertebrates,' 1866, p. 170: with respect to the pectoral fins of fishes, pp. 166-168.

[40] 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 1839, pp. 24, 34. _See_, also, Dr. P. Lucas, 'l'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 33.

[41] 'Du Danger des Mariages Consanguins,' 2nd edit., 1862, p. 103.

[42] 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' July, 1863, pp. 183, 189.

[43] Verlot, 'La Production des Variétés,' 1865, p. 32.

[44] Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. xii., 1836, p. 368.

[45] Verlot, 'La Product. des Variétés,' 1865, p. 94.

[46] Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 121.

[47] Rev. W. A. Leighton, 'Flora of Shropshire,' p. 497; and Charlesworth's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i, 1837, p. 30.

[48] Verlot, op. cit., p. 93.

[49] For these several statements, _see_ Loudon's 'Gard. Magazine,' vol. x., 1834, pp. 408, 180; and vol. ix., 1833, p. 597.

[50] These statements are taken from Alph. De Candolle, 'Bot. Géograph.,' p. 1083.

[51] Verlot, op. cit., p. 38.

[52] Op. cit., p. 59.

[53] Alph. De Candolle, 'Géograph. Bot.,' p. 1082.

[54] _See_ 'Cottage Gardener,' April 10, 1860, p. 18, and Sept. 10, 1861, p. 456; 'Gard. Chron.,' 1845, p. 102.

[55] Darwin, in 'Journal of Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot.,' 1862, p. 94.

[56] Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., s. 10.

[57] Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' b. iv. s. 462. Mr. Brent, a great breeder of canaries, informs me that he believes that these statements are correct.

[58] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 245.

[59] 'British and Foreign Med.-Chirurg. Review,' July, 1861, pp. 200-204. Mr. Sedgwick has given such full details on this subject, with ample references, that I need refer to no other authorities.

[60] 'De l'Espèce,' tom. ii., 1859, p. 299.

[61] 'Philosoph. Magazine,' vol. iv., 1799, p. 5.

[62] This last case is quoted by Mr. Sedgwick in 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1861, p. 484. For Blumenbach, _see_ above-cited paper. _See_, also, Dr. P. Lucas, 'Traité de l'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 492. Also 'Transact. Lin. Soc.,' vol. ix. p. 323. Some curious cases are given by Mr. Baker in 'The Veterinary,' vol. xiii. p. 723. Another curious case is given in the 'Annales des Scienc. Nat.,' 1st series, tom. xi. p. 324.

[63] 'Proc. Royal Soc.,' vol. x. p. 297.

[64] Mr. Sproule, in 'British Medical Journal,' April 18, 1863.

[65] Downing, 'Fruits of America,' p. 5; Sageret, 'Pom. Phys.,' pp. 43, 72.

[66] Youatt on Sheep, pp. 20, 234. The same fact of loose horns occasionally appearing in hornless breeds has been observed in Germany: Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' b. i. s. 362.

[67] Youatt on Cattle, pp. 155, 174.

[68] Youatt on Sheep, 1838, pp. 17, 145.

[69] I have been informed of this fact through the Rev. W. D. Fox, on the excellent authority of Mr. Wilmot: _see_, also, remarks on this subject in an original article in the 'Quarterly Review,' 1849, p. 395.

[70] Youatt, pp. 19, 234.

[71] 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 231.

[72] Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. x., 1834, p. 396: a nurseryman, with much experience on this subject, has likewise assured me that this sometimes occurs.

[73] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1855, p. 777.

[74] Ibid., 1862, p. 721.

[75] _See_ some excellent remarks on this subject by Mr. Wallace, 'Journal Proc. Linn. Soc.,' 1858, vol. iii. p. 60.

[76] Dureau de la Malle, in 'Comptes Rendus,' tom. xli., 1855, p. 807. From the statements above given, the author concludes that the wild pigs of Louisiana are not descended from the European _Sus scrofa_.

[77] Capt. W. Allen, in his 'Expedition to the Niger,' states that fowls have run wild on the island of Annobon, and have become modified in form and voice. The account is so meagre and vague that it did not appear to me worth copying; but I now find that Dureau de la Malle ('Comptes Rendus,' tom. xli., 1855, p. 690) advances this as a good instance of reversion to the primitive stock, and as confirmatory of a still more vague statement in classical times by Varro.

[78] 'Flora of Australia,' 1859, Introduct., p. ix.

[79] 'De l'Espèce,' tom. ii. pp. 54, 58, 60.

[80] Mr. Sedgwick gives many instances in the 'British and Foreign Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April and July, 1863, pp. 448, 188.

[81] In his edit. of 'Youatt on the Pig,' 1860, p. 27.

[82] Dr. P. Lucas, 'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 314, 892: _see_ a good practical article on this subject in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1856, p. 620. I could add a vast number of references, but they would be superfluous.

[83] Kölreuter gives cases in his 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' 1766, s. 53, 59; and in his well-known 'Memoirs on Lavatera and Jalapa.' Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 437, 441, &c. Naudin, in his 'Recherches sur l'Hybridité, Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 25.

[84] Quoted by Mr. Sedgwick in 'Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1861, p. 485. Dr. H. Dobell, in 'Med.-Chirurg. Transactions,' vol. xlvi., gives an analogous case, in which, in a large family, fingers with thickened joints were transmitted to several members during five generations; but when the blemish once disappeared it never reappeared.

[85] Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 63.

[86] 'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 25. Alex. Braun (in his 'Rejuvenescence,' Ray Soc., 1853, p. 315) apparently holds a similar opinion.

[87] Mr. Teebay, in 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 72.

[88] Quoted by Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., s. 98.

[89] 'Essais Hist. Nat. du Paraguay,' tom. ii. 1801, p. 372.

[90] These facts are given on the high authority of Mr. Hewitt, in 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 248.

[91] 'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 97.

[92] 'Gardener's Chron. and Agricultural Gazette,' 1866, p. 528.

[93] Ibid., 1860, p. 343.

[94] Sclater, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1862, p. 163.

[95] 'History of the Horse,' p. 212.

[96] 'Mém. présentés par divers Savans à l'Acad. Royale,' tom. vi. 1835, p. 338.

[97] 'Letters from Alabama,' 1859, p. 280.

[98] 'Hist. Nat. des Mammifères,' 1820, tom. i.

[99] 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1821, p. 20.

[100] Sclater, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1862, p. 163: this species is the Ghor-Khur of N.W. India, and has often been called the Hemionus of Pallas. _See_, also, Mr. Blyth's excellent paper in 'Journ. of Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' vol. xxviii., 1860, p. 229.

[101] Another species of wild ass, the true _A. hemionus_ or _Kiang_, which ordinarily has no shoulder-stripes, is said occasionally to have them; and these, as with the horse and ass, are sometimes double: _see_ Mr. Blyth, in the paper just quoted, and in 'Indian Sporting Review,' 1856, p. 320; and Col. Hamilton Smith, in 'Nat. Library, Horses,' p. 318; and 'Dict. Class. d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. iii. p. 563.

[102] Figured in the 'Gleanings from the Knowsley Menageries,' by Dr. J. E. Gray.

[103] Cases of both Spanish and Polish hens sitting are given in the 'Poultry Chronicle,' 1855, vol. iii. p. 477.

[104] 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, pp. 119, 163. The author, who remarks on the two negatives ('Journ. of Hort.,' 1862, p. 325), states that two broods were raised from a Spanish cock and Silver-pencilled Hamburgh hen, neither of which are incubators, and no less than seven out of eight hens in these two broods "showed a perfect obstinacy in sitting." The Rev. E. S. Dixon ('Ornamental Poultry,' 1848, p. 200) says that chickens reared from a cross between Golden and Black Polish fowls, are "good and steady birds to sit." Mr. B. P. Brent informs me that he raised some good sitting hens by crossing Pencilled Hamburgh and Polish breeds. A cross-bred bird from a Spanish non-incubating cock and Cochin incubating hen is mentioned in the 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. iii. p. 13, as an "exemplary mother." On the other hand, an exceptional case is given in the 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 388, of a hen raised from a Spanish cock and black Polish hen which did not incubate.

[105] 'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, pp. 165, 167.

[106] 'Natural History Review,' 1863, April, p. 277.

[107] 'Essays on Natural History,' p. 197.

[108] As stated by Mr. Orton, in his 'Physiology of Breeding,' p. 12.

[109] M. E. de Selys-Longchamps refers ('Bulletin Acad. Roy. de Bruxelles,' tom. xii. No. 10) to more than seven of these hybrids shot in Switzerland and France. M. Deby asserts ('Zoologist,' vol. v., 1845-46, p. 1254) that several have been shot in various parts of Belgium and Northern France. Audubon ('Ornitholog. Biography,' vol. iii. p. 168), speaking of these hybrids, says that, in North America, they "now and then wander off and become quite wild."

[110] 'Journal of Researches,' 1845, p. 71.

[111] 'Expedition to the Zambesi,' 1865, pp. 25, 150.

[112] Dr. P. Broca, on 'Hybridity in the Genus Homo,' Eng. translat., 1864, p. 39.

[113] 'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 151.

[114] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 582, 438, &c.

[115] 'Die Bastardbefruchtung ... der Weiden,' 1865, s. 23. For Gärtner's remarks on this head, _see_ 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 474, 582.

[116] Yarrell, 'Phil. Transact.,' 1827, p. 268; Dr. Hamilton, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1862, p. 23.

[117] 'Archiv. Skand. Beiträge zur Naturgesch.,' viii. s. 397-413.

[118] In his 'Essays on Nat. Hist.,' 1838. Mr. Hewitt gives analogous cases with hen-pheasants in 'Journal of Horticulture,' July 12, 1864, p. 37. Isidore Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, in his 'Essais de Zoolog. Gén.' (suites à Buffon, 1842, pp. 496-513), has collected such cases in ten different kinds of birds. It appears that Aristotle was well aware of the change in mental disposition in old hens. The case of the female deer acquiring horns is given at p. 513.

[119] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 379.

[120] 'Art de faire Eclorre,' &c., 1749, tom. ii. p. 8.

[121] Sir H. Holland, 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., 1855, p. 31.

[122] Prof. Thomson on Steenstrup's Views on the Obliquity of Flounders: 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' May, 1865, p. 361.

[123] Dr. E. von Martens, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' March, 1866, p. 209.

[124] Darwin, 'Balanidæ,' Ray Soc., 1854, p. 499: _see_ also the appended remarks on the apparently capricious development of the thoracic limbs on the right and left sides in the higher crustaceans.

[125] Mormodes ignea: Darwin, 'Fertilization of Orchids,' 1862, p. 251.

[126] 'Journal of Horticulture,' July, 1864, p. 38. I have had the opportunity of examining these remarkable feathers through the kindness of Mr. Tegetmeier.

[127] 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 241.

[128] Carl Vogt, 'Lectures on Man,' Eng. translat., 1864, p. 411.

[129] On Cattle, p. 174.

[130] Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 353. With respect to the mammæ in women, _see_ tom. i. p. 710.

[131] 'Natural Hist. Review,' April, 1863, p. 258. _See_ also his Lecture, Royal Institution, March 16, 1860. On same subject, _see_ Moquin-Tandon, 'Eléments de Tératologie,' 1841, pp. 184, 352.

[132] Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 89; Naudin, 'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 137.

[133] In his discussion on some curious peloric calceolarias, quoted in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 24, 1863, p. 152.

[134] For other cases of six divisions in peloric flowers of the Labiatæ and Scrophulariaceæ, _see_ Moquin-Tandon, 'Tératologie,' p. 192.

[135] Moquin-Tandon, 'Tératologie,' p. 186.

[136] _See_ Youatt on Cattle, pp. 92, 69, 78, 88, 163: also Youatt on Sheep, p. 325. Also Dr. Lucas, 'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 310.

[137] 'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 112-120.

[138] Sir H. Holland, 'Chapters on Mental Physiology,' 1852, p. 234.

[139] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 270.

[140] Mr. N. H. Smith, Observations on Breeding, quoted in 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 278.

[141] Quoted by Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 170. _See_ Sturm, 'Ueber Racen,' 1825, s. 104-107. For the niata cattle, _see_ my 'Journal of Researches,' 1845, p. 146.

[142] Lucas, 'l'Hérédité Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 112.

[143] Mr. Orton, 'Physiology of Breeding,' 1855, p. 9.

[144] Boitard and Corbié, 'Les Pigeons,' 1824, p. 224.

[145] 'Les Pigeons, pp. 168, 198.

[146] 'Das Ganze,' &c., 1837, s. 39.

[147] 'The Pigeon Book,' p. 46.

[148] 'Physiology of Breeding,' p.22; Mr. Hewitt, in 'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 224.

[149] Boitard and Corbié, 'Les Pigeons,' 1824, p. 226.

[150] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 256, 290, &c. Naudin ('Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 149) gives a striking instance of prepotency in _Datura stramonium_ when crossed with two other species.

[151] Flourens, 'Longévité Humaine,' p. 144, on crossed jackals. With respect to the difference between the mule and the hinny, I am aware that this has generally been attributed to the sire and dam transmitting their characters differently; but Colin, who has given in his 'Traité Phys. Comp.,' tom. ii. pp. 537-539, the fullest description which I have met with of these reciprocal hybrids, is strongly of opinion that the ass preponderates in both crosses, but in an unequal degree. This is likewise the conclusion of Flourens, and of Bechstein in his 'Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,' b. i. s. 294. The tail of the hinny is much more like that of the horse than is the tail of the mule, and this is generally accounted for by the males of both species transmitting with greater power this part of their structure; but a compound hybrid which I saw in the Zoological Gardens, from a mare by a hybrid ass-zebra, closely resembled its mother in its tail.

[152] Mr. Hewitt, who has had such great experience in raising these hybrids, says ('Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, pp. 165-167) that in all, the head was destitute of wattles, comb, and ear-lappets; and all closely resembled the pheasant in the shape of the tail and general contour of the body. These hybrids were raised from hens of several breeds by a cock-pheasant; but another hybrid, described by Mr. Hewitt, was raised from a hen-pheasant by a silver-laced Bantam cock, and this possessed a rudimental comb and wattles.

[153] 'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. book ii. ch. i.

[154] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 264-266. Naudin ('Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 148) has arrived at a similar conclusion.

[155] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, pp. 101, 137.

[156] _See_ some remarks on this head with respect to sheep by Mr. Wilson, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1863, p. 15.

[157] Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 66.

[158] Moquin-Tandon, 'Tératologie,' p. 191.

[159] 'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 137.

[160] 'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 137-165. _See_, also, Mr. Sedgwick's four memoirs, immediately to be referred to.

[161] On Sexual Limitation in Hereditary Diseases, 'Brit. and For. Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1861, p. 477; July, p. 198; April, 1863, p. 44; and July, p. 159.

[162] W. Scrope, 'Art of Deer Stalking,' p. 354.

[163] Boitard and Corbié, 'Les Pigeons,' p. 173; Dr. F. Chapuis, 'Le Pigeon Voyageur Belge,' 1865, p. 87.

[164] Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 349.

[165] 'Embassy to the Court of Ava,' vol. i. p. 320. The third generation is described by Capt. Yule in his 'Narrative of the Mission to the Court of Ava,' 1855, p. 94.

[166] 'Das Ganze der Taubenzucht,' 1837, s. 21, tab. i., fig. 4; s. 24, tab. iv., fig. 2.

[167] Kidd's 'Treatise on the Canary,' p. 18.

[168] Charlesworth, 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i., 1837, p. 167.

[169] Dr. Prosper Lucas, 'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 713.

[170] 'L'Héréd. dans les Maladies,' 1840, p. 135. For Hunter, _see_ Harlan's 'Med. Researches,' p. 530.

[171] 'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 850.

[172] Sedgwick, 'Brit. and For. Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April 1861, p. 485. I have seen three accounts, all taken from the same original authority (which I have not been able to consult), and all differ in the details! but as they agree in the main facts, I have ventured to quote this case.

[173] Prosper Lucas, 'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 400.

[174] Sedgwick, idem, July, 1861, p. 202.

[175] Piorry, p. 109; Prosper Lucas, tom. ii. p. 759.

[176] Prosper Lucas, tom. ii. p. 748.

[177] Prosper Lucas, tom. ii. pp. 678, 700, 702; Sedgwick, idem, April, 1863, p. 449, and July, 1863, p. 162; Dr. J. Steinan, 'Essay on Hereditary Disease,' 1843, pp. 27, 34.

[178] These cases are given by Mr. Sedgwick, on the authority of Dr. H. Stewart, in 'Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1863, pp. 449, 477.

[179] 'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 852.

[180] Communications to the Board of Agriculture, vol. i. p. 367.

[181] 'Review of Reports, North of England,' 1808, p. 200.

[182] 'Säugethiere von Paraguay,' 1830, s. 212.

[183] Rengger, 'Säugethiere,' &c., s. 154.

[184] White, 'Regular Gradation in Man,' p. 146.

[185] Dr. W. F. Edwards, in his 'Charactères Physiolog. des Races Humaines,' p. 23, first called attention to this subject, and ably discussed it.

[186] Rev. D. Tyerman, and Bennett, 'Journal of Voyages,' 1821-1829, vol. i. p. 300.

[187] Mr. S. J. Salter, 'Journal Linn. Soc.,' vol. vi., 1862, p. 71.

[188] Sturm, 'Ueber Racen, &c.,' 1825, s. 107. Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur.,' b. ii. s. 170, gives a table of the proportions of blood after successive crosses. Dr. P. Lucas, 'l'Hérédité Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 308.

[189] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 463, 470.

[190] 'Nova Acta Petrop.,' 1794, p. 393: _see_ also previous volume.

[191] As quoted in the 'True Principles of Breeding,' by C. H. Macknight and Dr. H. Madden, 1865, p. 11.

[192] With respect to plants, an admirable essay on this subject (Die Geschlechter-Vertheilung bei den Pflanzen: 1867) has lately been published by Dr. Hildebrand, who arrives at the same general conclusions as I have done.

[193] 'Teoria della Riproduzione Vegetal,' 1816, p. 12.

[194] Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 72.

[195] Duval-Jouve, 'Bull. Soc. Bot. de France,' tom. x., 1863, p. 194.

[196] Extract of a letter from Sir R. Heron, 1838, given me by Mr. Yarrell. With respect to mice, _see_ 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 180; and I have heard of other similar cases. For turtle-doves, Boitard and Corbié, 'Les Pigeons,' &c., p. 238. For the Game fowl, 'The Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 128. For crosses of tailless fowls, _see_ Bechstein, 'Naturges. Deutsch.' b. iii. s. 403. Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 170, gives analogous facts with horses. On the hairless condition of crossed South American dogs, _see_ Rengger, 'Säugethiere von Paraguay,' s. 152: but I saw in the Zoological Gardens mongrels, from a similar cross, which were hairless, quite hairy, or hairy in patches, that is, piebald with hair. For crosses of Dorking and other fowls, _see_ 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii. p. 355. About the crossed pigs, extract of letter from Sir R. Heron to Mr. Yarrell. For other cases, _see_ P. Lucas, 'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 212.

[197] 'Internat. Hort. and Bot. Congress of London,' 1866.

[198] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 307. Kölreuter ('Dritte Fortsetszung,' s. 34, 39), however, obtained intermediate tints from similar crosses in the genus Verbascum. With respect to the turnips, _see_ Herbert's 'Amaryllidaceæ,' 1837, p. 370.

[199] 'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 100.

[200] Richardson, 'Pigs,' 1847, pp. 37, 42; S. Sidney's edition of 'Youatt on the Pig,' 1860, p. 3.

[201] _See_ Mr. W. C. Spooner's excellent paper on Cross-Breeding, 'Journal Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. xx., part ii.: _see_ also an equally good article by Mr. Ch. Howard, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 320.

[202] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1857, pp. 649, 652.

[203] 'Bulletin de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' 1862, tom. ix. p. 463. _See_ also, for other cases, MM. Moll and Gayot, 'Du Boeuf,' 1860, p. xxxii.

[204] 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii., 1854, p. 36.

[205] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 58.

[206] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1852, p. 765.

[207] Spooner, in 'Journal Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. xx., part ii.

[208] _See_ Colin's 'Traité de Phys. Comp. des Animaux Domestiques,' tom. ii. p. 536, where this subject is well treated.

[209] 'Les Pigeons,' p. 37.

[210] Vol. i., 1854, p. 101.

[211] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, p. 110.

[212] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 553.

[213] Dr. Pigeaux, in 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. iii., July 1866, as quoted in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 1867, vol. xx. p. 75.

[214] 'Journal de Physiolog.,' tom. ii., 1859, p. 385.

[215] Dec. 1863, p. 484.

[216] On the Varieties of Wheat, p. 66.

[217] Rengger, 'Säugethiere von Paraguay,' s. 336.

[218] _See_ a memoir by MM. Lherbette and De Quatrefages, in 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii., July, 1861, p. 312.

[219] For the Norfolk sheep, _see_ Marshall's 'Rural Economy of Norfolk,' vol. ii. p. 133. _See_ Rev. L. Landt's 'Description of Faroe,' p. 66. For the ancon sheep, _see_ 'Phil. Transact.,' 1813, p. 90.

[220] White's 'Nat. Hist. of Selbourne,' edited by Bennett, p. 39. With respect to the origin of the dark-coloured deer, _see_ 'Some Account of English Deer Parks,' by E. P. Shirley, Esq.

[221] 'The Dovecote,' by the Rev. E. S. Dixon, p. 155; Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' Band iv., 1795, s. 17.

[222] 'Cattle,' p. 202.

[223] Mr. J. Wilkinson, in 'Remarks addressed to Sir J. Sebright,' 1820, p. 38.

[224] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1858, p. 771.

[225] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 87, 169. _See_ also the Table at the end of volume.

[226] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 87, 577.

[227] 'Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' s. 137; 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 92, 181. On raising the two varieties from seed _see_ s. 307.

[228] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 216.

[229] The following facts, given by Kölreuter in his 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 34, 39, appear at first sight strongly to confirm Mr. Scott's and Gärtner's statements; and to a certain limited extent they do so. Kölreuter asserts, from innumerable observations, that insects incessantly carry pollen from one species and variety of Verbascum to another; and I can confirm this assertion; yet he found that the white and yellow varieties of _Verbascum lychnitis_ often grew wild mingled together: moreover, he cultivated these two varieties in considerable numbers during four years in his garden, and they kept true by seed; but when he crossed them, they produced flowers of an intermediate tint. Hence it might have thought that both varieties must have a stronger elective affinity for the pollen of their own variety than for that of the other; this elective affinity, I may add, of each species for its own pollen (Kölreuter, 'Dritte Forts.,' s. 39, and Gärtner, 'Bastarderz.,' _passim_) being a perfectly well-ascertained power. But the force of the foregoing facts is much lessened by Gärtner's numerous experiments, for, differently from Kölreuter, he never once got ('Bastarderz.,' s. 307) an intermediate tint when he crossed the yellow and white flowered varieties of Verbascum. So that the fact of the white and yellow varieties keeping true to their colour by seed does not prove that they were not mutually fertilised by the pollen carried by insects from one to the other.

[230] 'Amaryllidaceæ,' 1837, p. 366. Gärtner has made a similar observation.

[231] Kölreuter first observed this fact. 'Mém. de l'Acad. St. Petersburg,' vol. iii. p. 197. _See_ also C. K. Sprengel, 'Das Entdeckte Geheimniss,' s. 345.

[232] Namely, Barbarines, Pastissons, Giraumous: 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' tom. xxx., 1833, pp. 398 and 405.

[233] 'Mémoire sur les Cucurbitaceæ,' 1826, pp. 46, 55.

[234] 'Annales des Se. Nat.,' 4th series, tom. vi. M. Naudin considers these forms as undoubtedly varieties of _Cucurbita pepo_.

[235] 'Mém. Cucurb.,' p. 8.

[236] 'Zweite Forts.,' s. 53, namely, Nicotiana major vulgaris; (2) perennis; (3) Transylvanica; (4) a sub-var. of the last; (5) major latifol. fl. alb.

[237] Kölreuter was so much struck with this fact that he suspected that a little pollen of _N. glutinosa_ in one of his experiments might have accidentally got mingled with that of _var. perennis_, and thus aided its fertilising power. But we now know conclusively from Gärtner ('Bastarderz.,' s. 34, 431) that two kinds of pollen never act _conjointly_ on a third species; still less will the pollen of a distinct species, mingled with a plant's own pollen, if the latter be present in sufficient quantity, have any effect. The sole effect of mingling two kinds of pollen is to produce in the same capsule seeds which yield plants, some taking after the one and some after the other parent.

[238] Mr. Scott has made some observations on the absolute sterility of a purple and white primrose (_Primula vulgaris_) when fertilised by pollen from the primrose ('Journal of Proc. of Linn. Soc.,' vol. viii., 1864, p. 98); but these observations require confirmation. I raised a number of purple-flowered long-styled seedlings from seed kindly sent me by Mr. Scott, and, though they were all some degree sterile, they were much more fertile with pollen taken from the common primrose than with their own pollen. Mr. Scott has likewise described a red equal-styled cowslip (_P. veris_, idem, p. 106), which was found by him to be highly sterile when crossed with the common cowslip; but this was not the case with several equal-styled red seedlings raised by me from his plant. This variety of the cowslip presents the remarkable peculiarity of combining male organs in every respect like those of the short-styled form, with female organs resembling in function and partly in structure those of the long-styled form; so that we have the singular anomaly of the two forms combined in the same flower. Hence it is not surprising that these flowers should be spontaneously self-infertile in a high degree.

[239] 'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1780, part ii., pp. 84, 100.

[240] 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' tom. xxi. (1st series), p. 61.

[241] 'Bull. Bot. Soc. de France,' Dec. 27th, 1861, tom. viii. p. 612.

[242] Quoted by Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Naturelle Générale,' tom. iii. p. 476. Since this MS. has been sent to press a full discussion on the present subject has appeared in Mr. Herbert Spencer's 'Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. 1867, p. 457 _et seq._

[243] For cats and dogs, &c., _see_ Bellingeri, in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 2nd series, Zoolog., tom. xii. p. 155. For ferrets, Bechstein, 'Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,' Band i., 1801, s. 786, 795. For rabbits, ditto, s. 1123, 1131; and Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' B. ii. s. 99. For mountain sheep, ditto, s. 102. For the fertility of the wild sow, _see_ Bechstein's 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' B. i., 1801, s. 534; for the domestic pig, Sidney's edit. of Youatt on the Pig, 1860, p. 62. With respect to Lapland, _see_ Acerbi's 'Travels to the North Cape,' Eng. translat., vol. ii. p. 222. About the Highland cows, _see_ Hogg on Sheep, p. 263.

[244] For the eggs of _Gallus bankiva_, _see_ Blyth, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 2nd series, vol. i., 1848, p. 456. For wild and tame ducks, Macgillivray, 'British Birds,' vol. v. p. 37; and 'Die Enten,' s. 87. For wild geese, L. Lloyd, 'Scandinavian Adventures,' vol. ii. 1854, p. 413; and for tame geese, 'Ornamental Poultry,' by Rev. E. S. Dixon, p. 139. On the breeding of pigeons, Pistor, 'Das Ganze der Taubenzucht,' 1831, s. 46; and Boitard and Corbié, 'Les Pigeons,' p. 158. With respect to peacocks, according to Temminck ('Hist. Nat. Gén. des Pigeons,' &c., 1813, tom. ii. p. 41), the hen lays in India even as many as twenty eggs; but according to Jerdon and another writer (quoted in Tegetmeier's 'Poultry Book,' 1866, pp. 280, 282), she there lays only from four to nine or ten eggs: in England she is said, in the 'Poultry Book,' to lay five or six, but another writer says from eight to twelve eggs.

[245] 'The Art of Improving the Breed, &c.,' 1809, p. 16.

[246] For Andrew Knight, _see_ A. Walker, on 'Intermarriage,' 1838, p. 227. Sir J. Sebright's Treatise has just been quoted.

[247] 'Cattle,' p. 199.

[248] Nathusius, 'Ueber Shorthorn Rindvieh,' 1857, s. 71: _see_ also 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 270. Many analogous cases are given in a pamphlet recently published by Mr. C. Macknight and Dr. H. Madden, 'On the True Principles of Breeding;' Melbourne, Australia, 1865.

[249] Mr. Willoughby Wood, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1855, p. 411; and 1860, p. 270. _See_ the very clear tables and pedigrees given in Nathusius' 'Rindvieh,' s. 72-77.

[250] Mr. Wright, 'Journal of Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. vii., 1846, p. 204.

[251] Youatt on Cattle, p. 202.

[252] Report British Assoc., Zoolog. Sect., 1838.

[253] Azara, 'Quadrupèdes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. pp. 354, 368.

[254] For the case of the Messrs. Brown, _see_ 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1855, p. 26. For the Foscote flock, 'Gard. Chron.,' 1860, p. 416. For the Naz flock, 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' 1860, p. 477.

[255] Nathusius, 'Rindvieh,' s. 65; Youatt on Sheep, p. 495.

[256] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1861, p. 631.

[257] Lord Somerville, 'Facts on Sheep and Husbandry,' p. 6. Mr. Spooner, in 'Journal of Royal Agricult. Soc. of England,' vol. xx., part ii. _See_ also an excellent paper on the same subject in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 321, by Mr. Charles Howard.

[258] 'Some Account of English Deer Parks,' by Evelyn P. Shirley, 1867.

[259] 'The Art of Improving the Breed,' &c., p. 13. With respect to Scotch deer-hounds, _see_ Scrope's 'Art of Deer Stalking,' pp. 350-353.

[260] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1861, p. 327.

[261] Sidney's edit. of Youatt on the Pig, 1860, p. 30; p. 33, quotation from Mr. Druce; p. 29, on Lord Western's case.

[262] 'Journal, Royal Agricult. Soc. of England,' 1846, vol. vii. p. 205.

[263] 'Ueber Rindvieh,' &c., s. 78.

[264] Sidney on the Pig, p. 36. _See_ also note, p. 34. Also Richardson on the Pig, 1847, p. 26.

[265] Dr. Dally has published an excellent article (translated in the 'Anthropolog. Review,' May, 1864, p. 65), criticising all writers who have maintained that evil follows from consanguineous marriages. No doubt on this side of the question many advocates have injured their cause by inaccuracies: thus it has been stated (Devay, 'Du Danger des Mariages,' &c., 1862, p. 141) that the marriages of cousins have been prohibited by the legislature of Ohio; but I have been assured, in answer to inquiries made in the United States, that this statement is a mere fable.

[266] _See_ his most interesting work on the 'Early History of Man,' 1865, chap. x.

[267] On Consanguinity in Marriage, in the 'Fortnightly Review,' 1865, p. 710; Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c.

[268] Sir G. Grey's 'Journal of Expeditions into Australia,' vol. ii. p. 243; and Dobrizhoffer, 'On the Abipones of South America.'

[269] 'The Art of Improving the Breed,' p. 13.

[270] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 245.

[271] 'Journal Royal Agricult. Soc.' 1846, vol. vii. p. 205; _see_ also Ferguson on the Fowl, pp. 83, 317; _see_ also 'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 135, with respect to the extent to which cock-fighters found that they could venture to breed in-and-in, viz., occasionally a hen with her own son; "but they were cautious not to repeat the in-and-in breeding."

[272] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 79.

[273] 'The Poultry Chronicle,' 1854, vol. i. p. 43.

[274] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 79.

[275] 'The Poultry Chronicle,' vol. i. p. 89.

[276] 'The Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 210.

[277] Ibid, 1866, p. 167; and 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. iii., 1855, p. 15.

[278] 'A Treatise on Fancy Pigeons,' by J. M. Eaton, p. 56.

[279] 'The Pigeon Book,' p. 46.

[280] 'Das Ganze der Taubenzucht,' 1837, s. 18.

[281] 'Les Pigeons,' 1824, p. 35.

[282] 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc.,' Aug. 6th, 1860, p. 126.

[283] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, pp. 39, 77, 158; and 1864, p. 206.

[284] 'Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' 1844, s. 366.

[285] 'Amaryllidaceæ,' p. 371.

[286] 'De la Fécondation,' 2nd edit., 1862, p. 79.

[287] 'Mémoire sur les Cucurbitacées,' pp. 36, 28, 30.

[288] Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. viii., 1832, p. 52.

[289] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. p. 25.

[290] 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Bot., tom. vi. p. 189.

[291] 'Philosophical Transactions,' 1799, p. 200.

[292] 'Ueber die Bastarderzeugung,' 1828, s. 32, 33. For Mr. Chaundy's case, _see_ Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. vii., 1831, p. 696.

[293] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1846, p. 601.

[294] 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1799, p. 201.

[295] Quoted in 'Bull. Bot. Soc. France,' vol. ii., 1855, p. 327.

[296] Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 259, 518, 526 _et seq._

[297] 'Fortsetzung,' 1763, s. 29; 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 44, 96; 'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1782, part ii., p. 251; 'Nova Acta,' 1793, pp. 391, 394; 'Nova Acta,' 1795, pp. 316, 323.

[298] 'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' &c., 1865, s. 31, 41, 42.

[299] Max Wichura fully accepts this view ('Bastardbefruchtung,' s. 43), as does the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, in 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' Jan. 1866, p. 70.

[300] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 394, 526, 528.

[301] Kölreuter,' Nova Acta,' 1795, p. 316.

[302] Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 430.

[303] 'Botanische Zeitung,' Jan. 1864, s. 3.

[304] 'Monatsbericht Akad. Wissen,' Berlin, 1866, s. 372.

[305] International Hort. Congress, London, 1866.

[306] 'Proc. Bot. Soc. of Edinburgh,' May, 1863: these observations are given in abstract, and others are added, in the 'Journal of Proc. of Linn. Soc.,' vol. viii. Bot., 1864, p. 162.

[307] Prof. Lecoq, 'De la Fécondation,' 2nd edit., 1862, p. 76.

[308] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 64, 357.

[309] Idem, s. 357.

[310] 'Zweite Fortsetzung,' s. 10; 'Dritte Fort.,' s. 40.

[311] Duvernoy, quoted by Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 334.

[312] 'Gardner's Chronicle,' 1846, p. 183.

[313] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vii., 1830, p. 95.

[314] Prof. Lecoq, 'De la Fécondation,' 1845, p. 70; Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 64.

[315] 'Gardener's Chron.' 1866, p. 1068.

[316] 'Journal of Proc. of Linn. Soc.,' vol. viii., 1864, p. 168.

[317] 'Amaryllidaceæ,' 1837, p. 371; 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii., 1847, p. 19.

[318] Loudon's 'Gardener's Magazine,' vol. xi., 1835, p. 260.

[319] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, p. 470.

[320] 'Journal Hort. Soc., vol. v. p. 135. The seedlings thus raised were given to the Hort. Soc.; but I find, on inquiry, that they unfortunately died the following winter.

[321] Mr. D. Beaton, in 'Journal of Hort.,' 1861, p. 453. Lecoq, however ('De la Fécond.,' 1862, p. 369), states that this hybrid is descended from _G. psittacinus_ and _cardinalis_; but this is opposed to Herbert's experience, who found that the former species could not be crossed.

[322] This is the conclusion of Prof. Devay, 'Du Danger des Mariages Consang.,' 1862, p. 97. Virchow quotes, in the 'Deutsche Jahrbücher,' 1863, s. 354, some curious evidence on half the cases of a peculiar form of blindness occurring in the offspring from near relations.

[323] For England, _see_ below. For Germany, _see_ Metzger, 'Getreidearten,' 1841, s. 63. For France, Loiseleur-Deslongchamps ('Consid. sur les Céreales,' 1843, p. 200) gives numerous references on this subject. For Southern France, _see_ Godron, 'Florula Juvenalis,' 1854, p. 28.

[324] 'A general Treatise of Husbandry,' vol. iii. p. 58.

[325] 'Gardener's Chronicle and Agricult. Gazette,' 1858, p. 247; and for the second statement, idem, 1850, p. 702. On this same subject, _see_ also Rev. D. Walker's 'Prize Essay of Highland Agricult. Soc.,' vol. ii. p. 200. Also Marshall's 'Minutes of Agriculture,' November, 1775.

[326] Oberlin's 'Memoirs,' Eng. translat., p. 73. For Lancashire, _see_ Marshall's 'Review of Reports,' 1808, p. 295.

[327] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, p. 186. For Mr. Robson's subsequent statements, _see_ 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 18, 1866, p. 121. For Mr. Abbey's remarks on grafting, &c., idem, July 18, 1865, p. 44.

[328] 'Mém. de l'Acad. des Sciences,' 1790, p. 209.

[329] 'On the Varieties of Wheat,' p. 52.

[330] Mr. Spencer has fully and ably discussed this whole subject in his 'Principles of Biology,' 1864, vol. ii. ch. x. In the first edition of my 'Origin of Species,' 1859, p. 267, I spoke of the good effects from slight changes in the conditions of life and from cross-breeding, and of the evil effects from great changes in the conditions and from crossing widely distinct forms, as a series of facts "connected together by some common but unknown bond, which is essentially related to the principle of life."

[331] 'Essais de Zoologie Générale,' 1841, p. 256.

[332] Du Rut, 'Annales du Muséum,' 1807, tom. ix. p. 120.

[333] 'Säugethiere von Paraguay,' 1830, s. 49, 106, 118, 124, 201, 208, 249, 265, 327.

[334] 'The Naturalist on the Amazons,' 1863, vol. i. pp. 99, 193; vol. ii. p. 113.

[335] 'Embassy to the Court of Ava,' vol. i. p. 534.

[336] 'Journal,' vol. i. p. 213.

[337] 'Säugethiere,' s. 327.

[338] On the Breeding of the larger Felidæ, 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1861, p. 140.

[339] Sleeman's 'Rambles in India,' vol. ii. p. 10.

[340] Wiegmann's 'Archif für Naturgesch.,' 1837, s. 162.

[341] Rengger, 'Säugethiere,' &c., s. 276. On the parentage of the guinea-pig, _see_ also Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gén.'

[342] Although the existence of the _Leporides_, as described by Dr. Broca ('Journal de Phys.,' tom. ii. p. 370), is now positively denied, yet Dr. Pigeaux ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xx., 1867, p. 75) affirms that the hare and rabbit have produced hybrids.

[343] 'Quadrupeds of North America,' by Audubon and Bachman, 1846, p. 268.

[344] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. ix., 1836, p. 571; Audubon and Bachman's 'Quadrupeds of North America,' p. 221.

[345] Flourens, 'De l'Instinct,' &c., 1845, p. 88.

[346] _See_ 'Annual Reports Zoolog. Soc.,' 1855, 1858, 1863, 1864; 'Times' newspaper, Aug. 10th, 1847; Flourens, 'De l'Instinct,' p. 85.

[347] 'Säugethiere,' &c., s. 34, 49.

[348] Art. Brazil, 'Penny Cyclop.,' p. 363.

[349] 'The Naturalist on the River Amazon,' vol. i. p. 99.

[350] 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 691.

[351] According to Sir A. Burnes ('Cabool,' &c., p. 51), eight species are used for hawking in Scinde.

[352] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. vi., 1833, p. 110.

[353] F. Cuvier, 'Annal. du Muséum,' tom. ix. p. 128.

[354] 'The Zoologist,' vol. vii.-viii., 1849-50, p. 2648.

[355] Knox, 'Ornithological Rambles in Sussex,' p. 91.

[356] 'The Zoologist,' vol. vii.-viii., 1849-50, p. 2566; vol. ix.-x., 1851-2, p. 3207.

[357] Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. der Stubenvögel,' 1840, s. 20.

[358] 'Ornithological Biography,' vol. v. p. 517.

[359] A case is recorded in 'The Zoologist,' vol. i.-ii., 1843-45, p. 453. For the siskin breeding, vol. iii.-iv., 1845-46, p. 1075. Bechstein, 'Stubenvögel,' s. 139, speaks of bullfinches making nests, but rarely producing young.

[360] Yarrell's 'Hist. British Birds,' 1839, vol. i. p. 412.

[361] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. History,' vol. ix., 1836, p. 347.

[362] 'Mémoires du Muséum d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. x. p. 314: five cases of parrots breeding in France are here recorded. _See_, also, 'Report Brit. Assoc. Zoolog.,' 1843.

[363] 'Stubenvögel,' s. 105, 83.

[364] Dr. Hancock remarks ('Charlesworth's Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. ii., 1838, p. 492), "it is singular that, amongst the numerous useful birds that are indigenous to Guiana, none are found to propagate among the Indians; yet the common fowl is reared in abundance throughout the country."

[365] 'A Week at Port Royal,' 1855, p. 7.

[366] Audubon, 'American Ornithology,' vol. v. pp. 552, 557.

[367] Moubray on Poultry, 7th edit., p. 133.

[368] Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. Gén. des Pigeons,' &c., 1813, tom. iii. pp. 288, 382; 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xii., 1843, p. 453. Other species of partridge have occasionally bred; as the red-legged (_P. rubra_), when kept in a large court in France (_see_ 'Journal de Physique,' tom. xxv. p. 294), and in the Zoological Gardens in 1856.

[369] Rev. E. S. Dixon, 'The Dovecote,' 1851, pp. 243-252.

[370] Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. Gén. des Pigeons,' &c., tom. ii. pp. 456, 458; tom. iii. pp. 2, 13, 47.

[371] Bates, 'The Naturalist on the Amazons,' vol. i. p. 193; vol. ii. p. 112.

[372] Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. Gén.,' &c., tom. iii. p. 125. For _Tetrao urogallus_, _see_ L. Lloyd, 'Field Sports of North of Europe,' vol. i. pp. 287, 314; and 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. vii., 1860, p. 600. For _T. Scoticus_, Thompson, 'Nat. Hist. of Ireland,' vol. ii., 1850, p. 49. For _T. cupido_, 'Boston Journal of Nat. Hist.,' vol. iii. p. 199.

[373] Marcel de Serres, 'Annales des Sci. Nat.,' 2nd series, Zoolog., tom. xiii. p. 175.

[374] Dr. Hancock, in 'Charlesworth's Mag. of Nat. Hist.' vol. ii., 1838, p. 491; R. Hill, 'A Week at Port Royal,' p. 8; 'Guide to the Zoological Gardens,' by P. L. Sclater, 1859, pp. 11, 12; 'The Knowsley Menagerie,' by Dr. Gray, 1846, pl. xiv.; E. Blyth, 'Report Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' May, 1855.

[375] Prof. Newton, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1860, p. 336.

[376] 'The Dovecote and Aviary,' p. 428.

[377] 'Ornithological Biography,' vol. iii. p. 9.

[378] 'Geograph. Journal,' vol. xiii., 1844, p. 32.

[379] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. v., 1832, p. 153.

[380] 'Zoologist,' vols. v.-vi., 1847-48, p. 1660.

[381] 'Transact. Entomolog. Soc.,' vol. iv., 1845, p. 60.

[382] 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. vii. p. 40.

[383] _See_ an interesting paper by Mr. Newman, in the 'Zoologist,' 1857, p. 5764; and Dr. Wallace, in 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc.,' June 4th, 1860, p. 119.

[384] Yarrell's 'British Birds,' vol. i. p. 506; Bechstein, 'Stubenvögel,' s. 185; 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1772, p. 271. Bronn ('Geschichte der Natur,' Band ii. s. 96) has collected a number of cases. For the case of the deer, _see_ 'Penny Cyclop.,' vol. viii. p. 350.

[385] 'Journal de Physiologie,' tom. ii. p. 347.

[386] For additional evidence on this subject, _see_ F. Cuvier, in 'Annales du Muséum,' tom. xii. p. 119.

[387] Numerous instances could be given. Thus Livingstone ('Travels,' p. 217) states that the King of the Barotse, an inland tribe which never had any communication with white men, was extremely fond of taming animals, and every young antelope was brought to him. Mr. Galton informs me that the Damaras are likewise fond of keeping pets. The Indians of South America follow the same habit. Capt. Wilkes states that the Polynesians of the Samoan Islands tamed pigeons; and the New Zealanders, as Mr. Mantell informs me, kept various kinds of birds.

[388] For analogous cases with the fowl, _see_ Réaumur, 'Art de faire Eclorre,' &c., 1749, p. 243; and Col. Sykes, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1832, &c. With respect to the fowl not breeding in northern regions, _see_ Latham's 'Hist. of Birds,' vol. viii., 1823, p. 169.

[389] 'Mém. par divers Savans, Acad. des Sciences,' tom. vi., 1835, p. 347.

[390] Youatt on Sheep, p. 181.

[391] J. Mills, 'Treatise on Cattle,' 1776, p. 72.

[392] Bechstein, 'Stubenvögel,' s. 242.

[393] Crawfurd's 'Descriptive Dict. of the Indian Islands,' 1856, p. 145.

[394] 'Bull. de la Soc. Acclimat., tom. ix., 1862, pp. 380, 384.

[395] For pigeons, _see_ Dr. Chapuis, 'Le Pigeon Voyageur Belge,' 1865, p. 66.

[396] 'Swedish Acts,' vol. i., 1739, p. 3. Pallas makes the same remark in his Travels (Eng. translat.), vol. i. p. 292.

[397] A. Kerner, 'Die Cultur der Alpenflanzen,' 1864, s. 139; Watson's 'Cybele Britannica,' vol. i. p. 131; Mr. D. Cameron, also, has written on the culture of Alpine plants in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1848, pp. 253, 268, and mentions a few which seed.

[398] 'Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' 1844, s. 333.

[399] 'Nova Acta Petrop.,' 1793, p. 391.

[400] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, pp. 44, 109.

[401] Dr. Herbert, 'Amaryllidaceæ,' p. 176.

[402] Gärtner, 'Beiträge zur Kenntniss,' &c., s. 560, 564.

[403] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1844, p. 215; 1850, p. 470.

[404] 'Beiträge zur Kenntniss,' &c., s. 252, 333.

[405] 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii. 1847, p. 83.

[406] 'Beiträge zur Kenntniss,' &c., s. 117 _et seq._; Kölreuter, 'Zweite Fortsetzung,' s. 10, 121; 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 57. Herbert, 'Amaryllidaceæ,' p. 355. Wiegmann, 'Ueber die Bastarderzeugung,' s. 27.

[407] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 356.

[408] 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' 1816, p. 84; 'Traité du Citrus,' 1811, p. 67.

[409] Mr. C. W. Crocker, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1861, p. 1092.

[410] Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 80.

[411] Verlot, idem, p. 88.

[412] Prof. Allman, Brit. Assoc., quoted in the 'Phytologist,' vol. ii. p. 483. Prof. Harvey, on the authority of Mr. Andrews, who discovered the plant, informed me that this monstrosity could be propagated by seed. With respect to the poppy, _see_ Prof. Goeppert, as quoted in 'Journal of Horticulture,' July 1st, 1863, p. 171.

[413] 'Comptes Rendus,' Dec. 19th, 1864, p. 1039.

[414] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p. 681.

[415] 'Theory of Horticulture,' p. 333.

[416] Mr. Fairweather, in 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iii. p. 406; Bosse, quoted by Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' B. ii. s. 77. On the effects of the removal of the anthers, _see_ Mr. Leitner, in Silliman's 'North American Journ. of Science,' vol. xxiii. p. 47; and Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 84.

[417] Lindley's 'Theory of Horticulture,' p. 333.

[418] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1865, p. 626; 1866, pp. 290, 730; and Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' p. 75.

[419] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 628. In this article I suggested the following theory on the doubleness of flowers.

[420] Quoted by Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 567.

[421] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p. 901.

[422] Lindley, 'Theory of Horticulture,' p. 175-179; Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' tom. i. p. 106: Pickering, 'Races of Man;' Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' 1816, p. 101-110. Meyen ('Reise um Erde,' Th. ii. s. 214) states that at Manilla one variety of the banana is full of seeds; and Chamisso (Hooker's 'Bot. Misc.,' vol. i. p. 310) describes a variety of the bread-fruit in the Mariana Islands with small fruit, containing seeds which are frequently perfect. Burnes, in his 'Travels in Bokhara,' remarks on the pomegranate seeding in Mazenderan, as a remarkable peculiarity.

[423] Ingledew, in 'Transact. of Agricult. and Hort. Soc. of India,' vol. ii.

[424] 'De la Fécondation,' 1862, p. 308.

[425] Hooker's 'Bot. Misc.,' vol. i. p. 99; Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' p. 110.

[426] 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. xvii. p. 563.

[427] Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' tom. ii. p. 106; Herbert on Crocus, in 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. i., 1846, p. 254.--Dr. Wight, from what he has seen in India, believes in this view; 'Madras Journal of Lit. and Science,' vol. iv., 1836, p. 61.

[428] Wahlenberg specifies eight species in this state on the Lapland Alps: _see_ Appendix to Linnæus' 'Tour in Lapland,' translated by Sir J. E. Smith, vol. ii. pp. 274-280.

[429] 'Travels in North America,' Eng. translat., vol. iii. p. 175.

[430] With respect to the ivy and Acorus, _see_ Dr. Bromfield in the 'Phytologist,' vol. iii. p. 376. _See_ also Lindley and Vaucher on the Acorus.

[431] 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Zool., tom. iv. p. 280. Prof. Decaisne refers also to analogous cases with mosses and lichens near Paris.

[432] Mr. Tuckerman, in Silliman's 'American Journal of Science,' vol. xlv. p. 41.

[433] Sir J. E. Smith, 'English Flora,' vol. i. p. 339.

[434] G. Planchon, 'Flora de Montpellier,' 1864, p. 20.

[435] On the non-production of seeds in England _see_ Mr. Crocker, in 'Gardener's Weekly Magazine,' 1852, p. 70; Vaucher, 'Hist. Phys. Plantes d'Europe,' tom. i. p. 33; Lecoq, 'Géograph. Bot. de l'Europe,' tom. iv. p. 466; Dr. D. Clos, in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Bot., tom. xvii., 1852, p. 129: this latter author refers to other analogous cases. On the non-production of pollen by this Ranunculus _see_ Chatin, in 'Comptes Rendus,' June 11th, 1866.

[436] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 565. Kölreuter ('Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 73, 87, 119) also shows that when two species, one single and the other double, are crossed, the hybrids are apt to be extremely double.

[437] 'Teoria della Riproduzione Veg.,' 1816, p. 73.

[438] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 573.

[439] Ibid., s. 527.

[440] 'Transactions Phil. Soc.,' 1799, p. 202. For Kölreuter, _see_ 'Mém. de l'Acad. de St. Pétersbourg,' tom. iii., 1809 (published 1811), p. 197. In reading C. K. Sprengel's remarkable work, 'Das entdeckte Geheimniss,' &c., 1793, it is curious to observe how often this wonderfully acute observer failed to understand the full meaning of the structure of the flowers which he has so well described, from not always having before his mind the key to the problem, namely, the good derived from the crossing of distinct individual plants.

[441] This abstract was published in the fourth edition (1866) of my 'Origin of Species;' but as this edition will be in the hands of but few persons, and as my original observations on this point have not as yet been published in detail, I have ventured here to reprint the abstract.

[442] The term _unconscious selection_ has been objected to as a contradiction: but _see_ some excellent observations on this head by Prof. Huxley ('Nat. Hist. Review,' Oct. 1864, p. 578), who remarks that when the wind heaps up sand-dunes it sifts and _unconsciously selects_ from the gravel on the beach grains of sand of equal size.

[443] Sheep, 1838, p. 60.

[444] Mr. J. Wright on Shorthorn Cattle, in 'Journal of Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. vii. pp. 208, 209.

[445] H. D. Richardson on Pigs, 1817, p. 44.

[446] 'Journal of R. Agricult. Soc.,' vol. i. p. 24.

[447] Sheep, pp. 520, 319.

[448] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. viii., 1835, p. 618.

[449] 'A Treatise on the Art of Breeding the Almond Tumbler,' 1851, p. 9.

[450] 'Recreations in Agriculture,' vol. ii. p. 409.

[451] Youatt on Cattle, pp. 191, 227.

[452] Ferguson, 'Prize Poultry,' 1854, p. 208.

[453] Wilson, in 'Transact. Highland Agricult. Soc.,' quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1844, p. 29.

[454] Simmonds, quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1855, p. 637. And for the second quotation, _see_ Youatt on Sheep, p. 171.

[455] Robinet, 'Vers à Soie,' 1848, p. 271.

[456] Quatrefages, 'Les Maladies du Ver à Soie,' 1859, p. 101.

[457] M. Simon, in 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. ix., 1862, p. 221.

[458] 'The Poultry Chronicle,' vol. i., 1854, p. 607.

[459] J. M. Eaton, 'A Treatise on Fancy Pigeons,' 1852, p. xiv., and 'A Treatise on the Almond Tumbler,' 1851, p. 11.

[460] 'Journal Royal Agricultural Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 22.

[461] 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii., 1855, p. 596.

[462] Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gén.,' tom. iii. p. 254.

[463] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, p. 198.

[464] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 152.

[465] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 369.

[466] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 381.

[467] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 285.

[468] Rev. W. Bromehead, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1857, p. 550.

[469] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1862, p. 721.

[470] Dr. Anderson, in 'The Bee,' vol. vi. p. 96; Mr. Barnes, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1844, p. 476.

[471] Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' 1859, tom. ii. p. 69; 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1854, p. 258.

[472] On Sheep, p. 18.

[473] Volz, 'Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte,' 1852, s. 47.

[474] Mitford's 'History of Greece,' vol. i. p. 73.

[475] Dr. Dally, translated in 'Anthropological Review,' May 1864, p. 101.

[476] Volz, 'Beiträge,' &c., 1852, s. 80.

[477] 'History of the World,' ch. 45.

[478] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1848, p. 323.

[479] Reynier, 'De l'Economie des Celtes,' 1818, pp. 487, 503.

[480] Le Couteur on Wheat, p. 15.

[481] Michel, 'Des Haras,' 1861, p. 84.

[482] Sir W. Wilde, an 'Essay on Unmanufactured Animal Remains,' &c., 1860, p. 11.

[483] Col. Hamilton Smith, 'Nat. Library,' vol. xii., Horses, pp. 135, 140.

[484] Michel, 'Des Haras,' p. 90.

[485] Mr. Baker, 'History of the Horse,' Veterinary, vol. xiii. p. 423.

[486] M. l'Abbé Carlier, in 'Journal de Physique,' vol. xxiv., 1784, p. 181: this memoir contains much information on the ancient selection of sheep; and is my authority for rams not being killed young in England.

[487] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 389.

[488] Communications to Board of Agriculture, quoted in Dr. Darwin's 'Phytologia,' 1800, p. 451.

[489] 'Mémoire sur les Chinois,' 1786, tom. xi. p. 55; tom. v. p. 507.

[490] 'Recherches sur l'Agriculture des Chinois,' par L. D'Hervey-Saint-Denys, 1850, p. 229. With respect to Khang-hi, _see_ Huc's 'Chinese Empire,' p. 311.

[491] Anderson, in 'Linn. Transact.,' vol. xii. p. 253.

[492] 'Mém. de l'Acad.' (divers savans), tom. vi., 1835, p. 333.

[493] 'Des Quadrupèdes du Paraguay,' 1801, tom. ii. p. 333, 371.

[494] 'The Great Sahara,' by the Rev. H. B. Tristram, 1860, p. 238.

[495] Pallas, 'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1777, p. 249; Moorcroft and Trebeck, 'Travels in the Himalayan Provinces,' 1841.

[496] Quoted from Raffles, in the 'Indian Field,' 1859, p. 196; for Varro, _see_ Pallas, _ut supra_.

[497] Erman's 'Travels in Siberia,' Eng. translat., vol. i. p. 453.

[498] _See_ also 'Journal of R. Geograph. Soc.,' vol. xiii. part i. p. 65.

[499] Livingstone's 'First Travels,' pp. 191, 439, 565; _see_ also 'Expedition to the Zambesi,' 1865, p. 465, for an analogous case respecting a good breed of goats.

[500] Andersson's 'Travels in South Africa,' pp. 232, 318, 319.

[501] Dr. Vavasseur, in 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii., 1861, p. 136.

[502] 'The Natural History of Dee Side,' 1855, p. 476.

[503] 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. vii., 1860, p. 457.

[504] 'Cattle,' p. 48.

[505] Livingstone's Travels, p. 576; Andersson, 'Lake Ngami,' 1856, p. 222. With respect to the sale in Kaffraria, _see_ 'Quarterly Review,' 1860, p. 139.

[506] 'Mémoire sur les Chinois' (by the Jesuits), 1786, tom. xi. p. 57.

[507] F. Michel, 'Des Haras,' pp. 47, 50.

[508] Col. Hamilton Smith, Dogs, in 'Nat. Lib.,' vol. x. p. 103.

[509] Azara, 'Quadrupèdes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. p. 324.

[510] Sidney's edit. of Youatt, 1860, pp. 24, 25.

[511] 'Rural Economy of Yorkshire,' vol. ii. p. 182.

[512] Moll et Gayot, 'Du Boeuf,' 1860, p. 547.

[513] 'The India Sporting Review,' vol. ii. p. 181; 'The Stud Farm,' by Cecil, p. 58.

[514] 'The Horse,' p. 22.

[515] 'History of England,' vol. i. p. 316.

[516] 'Uber Beständigkeit der Arten.'

[517] Youatt on Sheep, p. 315.

[518] 'Ueber Shorthorn Rindvieh,' 1857, s. 51.

[519] Low, 'Domesticated Animals,' 1845, p. 363.

[520] 'Quarterly Review,' 1849, p. 392.

[521] H. von Nathusius, 'Vorstudien ... Schweineschædel,' 1864, s. 140.

[522] _See_ also Dr. Christ, in 'Rütimeyer's Pfahlbauten,' 1861, s. 226.

[523] The passage is given 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' 1858, p. 11.

[524] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 394.

[525] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1857, p. 85.

[526] _See_ Mr. Wildman's address to the Floricult. Soc., in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 86.

[527] 'Journal of Horticulture,' Oct. 24th, 1865, p. 239.

[528] Prescott's 'Hist. of Mexico,' vol. ii. p. 61.

[529] Sageret, 'Pomologie Physiologique,' 1830, p. 47; Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' 1816, p. 88; Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' 1859, tom. ii. pp. 63, 67, 70. In my tenth and eleventh chapters I have given details on the potato; and I can confirm similar remarks with respect to the onion. I have also shown how far Naudin concurs in regard to the varieties of the melon.

[530] Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' tom. ii. p. 27.

[531] 'The Anthropological Treatises of Blumenbach,' 1865, p. 292.

[532] Mr. J. J. Murphy in his opening address to the Belfast Nat. Hist. Soc., as given in the Belfast Northern Whig, Nov. 19, 1866. Mr. Murphy here follows the line of argument against my views previously and more cautiously given by the Rev. C. Pritchard, Pres. Royal Astronomical Soc., in his sermon (Appendix, p. 33) preached before the British Association at Nottingham, 1866.

[533] On the Vision of Fishes and Amphibia, translated in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xviii., 1866, p. 469.

[534] Fourth edition, 1866, p. 215.

[535] Quoted by Youatt on Sheep, p. 325. _See_ also Youatt on Cattle, pp. 62, 69.

[536] MM. Lherbette and De Quatrefages, in 'Bull. Soc. Acclimat.,' tom. viii., 1861, p. 311.

[537] 'The Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 123.

[538] Youatt on Sheep, p. 312.

[539] 'Treatise on the Almond Tumbler,' 1851, p. 33.

[540] Dr. Heusinger, 'Wochenschrift für die Heilkunde,' Berlin, 1846, s. 279.

[541] Youatt on the Dog, p. 232.

[542] 'The Fruit-trees of America,' 1845, p. 270: for peaches, p. 466.

[543] 'Proc. Royal Soc. of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius,' 1852, p. cxxxv.

[544] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1856, p. 379.

[545] Quatrefages, 'Maladies Actuelles du Ver à Soie,' 1859, pp. 12, 214.

[546] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1851, p. 595.

[547] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 476.

[548] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1852, pp. 435, 691.

[549] Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' 1801, B. i. s. 310.

[550] Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 224.

[551] G. Lewis's 'Journal of Residence in West Indies,' 'Home and Col. Library,' p. 100.

[552] Sidney's edit. of Youatt on the Pig, p.24.

[553] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, pp. 476, 498; 1865, p. 460. With respect to the heartsease, 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1863, p. 628.

[554] 'Des Jacinthes, de leur Culture,' 1768, p. 53: on wheat, 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1846, p. 653.

[555] W. B. Tegetmeier, 'The Field,' Feb. 25, 1865. With respect to black fowls, _see_ a quotation in Thompson's 'Nat. Hist. of Ireland,' 1849, vol. i. p. 22.

[556] 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. vii. 1860, p. 359.

[557] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. 2nd series, 1835, p. 275. For raspberries, _see_ 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1855, p. 154, and 1863, p. 245.

[558] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 806.

[559] Ibid., 1850, p. 732.

[560] Ibid., 1860, p. 956.

[561] J. De Jonghe, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 120.

[562] Downing, 'Fruit-trees of North America,' pp. 266, 501: in regard to the cherry, p. 198.

[563] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1849, p. 755.

[564] 'Journal of Horticulture,' Sept. 26th, 1865, p. 254; _see_ other references given in chap. x.

[565] Mr. Selby, in 'Mag. of Zoology and Botany,' Edinburgh, vol. ii., 1838, p. 393.

[566] The Reine Claude de Bavay, 'Journal of Horticulture,' Dec. 27, 1864, p. 511.

[567] Mr. Pusey, in 'Journal of R. Agricult. Soc., vol. vi. p. 179. For Swedish turnips, _see_ 'Gard. Chron.,' 1847, p. 91.

[568] Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' tom. ii. p. 98.

[569] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1866, p. 732.

[570] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1862, pp. 820, 821.

[571] 'On the Varieties of Wheat,' p. 59.

[572] Mr. Hewitt and others, in 'Journal of Hort.,' 1862, p. 773.

[573] 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 405.

[574] Col. Le Couteur, 'Journal Roy. Agricult. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 43.

[575] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1845, p. 273.

[576] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 157.

[577] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 368.

[578] 'A Review of Reports,' 1808, p. 406.

[579] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1853, p. 45.

[580] Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gén.,' tom. iii. p. 49. On the Cochineal Insect, p. 46.

[581] Capt. Marryat, quoted by Blyth in 'Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' vol. xxviii. p. 229.

[582] Mr. Oxley, 'Journal of the Indian Archipelago,' vol. ii., 1848, p. 645.

[583] Mr. Abbey, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Dec. 1, 1863, p. 430.

[584] 'On Naval Timber,' 1831, p. 107.

[585] Mr. Baily, in 'The Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii., 1854, p. 150. Also vol. i. p. 342; vol. iii. p. 245.

[586] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1855, December, p. 171; 1856, January, pp. 248, 323.

[587] 'Ueber Shorthorn Rindvieh,' 1857, s. 51.

[588] 'The Veterinary,' vol. xiii. p. 720. For the Glamorganshire cattle, _see_ Youatt on Cattle, p. 51.

[589] J. M. Eaton, 'A Treatise on Fancy Pigeons,' p. 82; Ferguson, on 'Rare and Prize Poultry,' p. 162; Mr. Brent, in 'Cottage Gardener,' Oct. 1860. p. 13.

[590] 'Die Racen des Schweines,' 1860, s. 48.

[591] _See_ some good remarks on this head by M. de Quatrefages, 'Unité de l'Espèce Humaine,' 1861, p. 119.

[592] Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 94.

[593] Mr. Patrick Sheriff, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1858, p. 771.

[594] 'Pomologie Physiolog.,' 1830, p. 106.

[595] Youatt on Sheep, p. 521.

[596] 'A Treatise on the Almond Tumbler,' p. i.

[597] M. J. de Jonghe, in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1858, p. 173.

[598] Max. Müller, 'Science of Language,' 1861, p. 223.

[599] Youatt on Cattle, pp. 116, 128.

[600] 'Domesticated Animals,' p. 188.

[601] Volz, 'Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte,' 1852, s. 99 _et passim_.

[602] Blaine, 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 213.

[603] 'Des Jacinthes,' &c., Amsterdam, 1768, p. 43; Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' &c., p. 86. On the reindeer, _see_ Linnæus, 'Tour in Lapland,' translated by Sir J. E. Smith, vol. i. p. 314. The statement in regard to German shepherds is given on the authority of Dr. Weinland.

[604] Müller's 'Physiology,' Eng. translation, vol. ii. p. 1662. With respect to the similarity of twins in constitution, Dr. William Ogle has given me the following extract from Professor Trousseau's Lectures ('Clinique Médicale,' tom. i. p. 523), in which a curious case is recorded:--"J'ai donné mes soins à deux frères jumeaux, tous deux si extraordinairement ressemblants qu'il m'était impossible de les reconnaître, à moins de les voir l'un à côté de l'autre. Cette ressemblance physique s'étendait plus loin: ils avaient, permettez-moi l'expression, une similitude pathologique plus remarquable encore. Ainsi l'un d'eux que je voyais aux néothermes à Paris malade d'une ophthalmie rhumatismale me disait, 'En ce moment mon frère doit avoir une ophthalmie comme la mienne;' et comme je m'étais récrié, il me montrait quelques jours après une lettre qu'il venait de recevoir de ce frère alors à Vienne, et qui lui écrivait en effet--'J'ai mon ophthalmie, tu dois avoir la tienne.' Quelque singulier que ceci puisse paraître, le fait non est pas moins exact: on ne me l'a pas raconté, je l'ai vu, et j'en ai vu d'autres analogues dans ma pratique. Ces deux jumeaux étaient aussi tous deux asthmatiques, et asthmatiques à un effroyable degré. Originaires de Marseille, ils n'ont jamais pu demeurer dans cette ville, où leurs intérêts les appelaient souvent, sans être pris de leurs accès; jamais ils n'en éprouvaient à Paris. Bien mieux, il leur suffisait de gagner Toulon pour être guéris de leurs attaques de Marseilles. Voyageant sans cesse et dans tous pays pour leurs affaires, ils avaient remarqué que certaines localités leur étaient funestes, que dans d'autres ils étaient exempts de tout phénomène d'oppression."

[605] Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 352; Moquin Tandon, 'Tératologie Végétale,' 1841, p. 115.

[606] Metzger, 'Die Getreidearten,' 1841, s. 39.

[607] On the date-palm, _see_ Vogel, 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 1854, p. 460. On Indian varieties, Dr. F. Hamilton, 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. xiv. p. 296. On the varieties cultivated in Tahiti, _see_ Dr. Bennett, in Loudon's 'Mag. of N. Hist.,' vol. v., 1832, p. 484. Also Ellis, 'Polynesian Researches,' vol. i. pp. 375, 370. On twenty varieties of the Pandanus and other trees in the Marianne Island, _see_ 'Hooker's Miscellany,' vol. i. p. 308. On the bamboo in China, _see_ Huc's 'Chinese Empire,' vol. ii. p. 307.

[608] 'Treatise on the Culture of the Apple,' &c., p. 3.

[609] Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione Veg.,' p. 125.

[610] _See_ Dr. Hooker's Memoir on Arctic Plants in 'Linn. Transact.,' vol. xxiii, part ii. Mr. Woodward, and a higher authority cannot be quoted, speaks of the Arctic mollusca (in his 'Rudimentary Treatise,' 1856, p. 355) as remarkably subject to variation.

[611] Bechstein, in his 'Naturgeschichte der Stubenvögel,' 1840, s. 238, has some good remarks on this subject. He states that his canary-birds varied in colour, though kept on uniform food.

[612] 'The Plant,' by Schleiden, translated by Henfrey, 1848, p. 169. _See_ also Alex. Braun, in 'Bot. Memoirs,' Ray. Soc., 1853, p. 313.

[613] Messrs. Hardy and Son, of Maldon, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1856, p. 458.

[614] 'Quadrupèdes du Paraguay,' 1801, tom. ii. p. 319.

[615] McClelland on Indian Cyprinidæ, 'Asiatic Researches,' vol. xix. part ii., 1839, pp. 266, 268, 313.

[616] Quoted by Sageret, 'Pom. Phys.,' 1830, p. 43.

[617] 'The Fruits of America,' 1845, p. 5.

[618] M. Cardan, in 'Comptes Rendus,' Dec. 1848, quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1849, p. 101.

[619] M. Alexis Jordan mentions four excellent pears found in woods in France, and alludes to others ('Mém. Acad. de Lyon,' tom. ii. 1852, p. 159). Poiteau's remark is quoted in 'Gardener's Mag.,' vol. iv., 1828, p. 385. _See_ 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1862, p. 335, for another case of a new variety of the pear found in a hedge in France. Also for another case, _see_ Loudon's 'Encyclop. of Gardening,' p. 901. Mr. Rivers has given me similar information.

[620] Duval, 'Hist. du Poirier,' 1849, p. 2.

[621] I infer that this is the fact from Van Mons' statement ('Arbres Fruitiers,' 1835, tom. i. p. 446) that he finds in the woods seedlings resembling all the chief cultivated races of both the pear and apple. Van Mons, however, looked at these wild varieties as aboriginal species.

[622] Downing, 'Fruit-trees of North America,' p. 422; Foley, in 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 412.

[623] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1847, p. 244.

[624] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1841, p. 383; 1850, p. 700; 1854, p. 650.

[625] 'Die Getreidearten,' 1843, s. 66, 116, 117.

[626] Sabine, in 'Hort. Transact.,' vol. iii. p. 225; Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 119.

[627] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, p. 112; on Zinnia, 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 852.

[628] 'The Chrysanthemum, its History, &c.,' 1865, p. 3.

[629] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1855, p. 54; 'Journal of Horticulture,' May 9, 1865, p. 363.

[630] Quoted by Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' &c., 1865, p. 28.

[631] 'Examination of the Characteristics of Genera and Species:' Charleston, 1855, p. 14.

[632] Mr Hewitt, 'Journal of Hort.,' 1863, p. 39.

[633] Devay, 'Mariages Consanguins,' pp. 97, 125. In conversation I have found two or three naturalists of the same opinion.

[634] Müller has conclusively argued against this belief, 'Elements of Phys.,' Eng. translat., vol. ii., 1842, p. 1405.

[635] 'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1780, part ii. p. 84, &c.

[636] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 249, 255, 295.

[637] 'Nova Acta, St. Petersburg,' 1794, p. 378; 1795, pp. 307, 313, 316; 1787, p. 407.

[638] 'De la Fécondation,' 1862, p. 311.

[639] 'Amaryllidaceæ,' 1837, p. 362.

[640] Abstracted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 1081.

[641] This was the opinion of the elder De Candolle, as quoted in 'Dic. Class. d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. viii. p. 405. Puvis, in his work, 'De la Dégénération,' 1837, p. 37, has discussed this same point.

[642] 'Comptes Rendus,' Novembre 21, 1864, p. 838.

[643] 'Nova Acta, St. Petersburg,' 1794, p. 391.

[644] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 507, 516, 572.

[645] 'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' &c., 1865, s. 24.

[646] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 452, 507.

[647] 'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' s. 56.

[648] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 423.

[649] 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' &c., 1766, s. 85.

[650] 'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' &c., 1865, s. 92; _see_ also the Rev. M. J. Berkeley on the same subject, in 'Journal of Royal Hort. Soc.,' 1866, p. 80.

[651] Dr. P. Lucas has given a history of opinion on this subject: 'Héréd. Nat.,' 1847, tom. i. p. 175.

[652] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 499.

[653] Idem., tom. iii. pp. 392, 502.

[654] _See_ his interesting work, 'Métamorphoses de l'Homme,' &c., 1862, p. 129.

[655] 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' &c., s. 123; 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 249.

[656] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1853, p. 183.

[657] Mr. Wildman, 'Floricultural Soc.,' Feb. 7, 1843, reported in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1843, p. 86.

[658] Mr. Robson, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 13th, 1866, p. 122.

[659] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, p. 24.

[660] Ibid., 1862, p. 83.

[661] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1845, p. 660.

[662] Ibid., 1863, p. 628.

[663] 'Journal of Hort.,' 1861, pp. 64, 309.

[664] 'Des Variétés,' &c., p. 76.

[665] Engel, 'Sur les Prop. Médicales des Plantes,' 1860, pp. 10, 25. On changes in the odours of plants, _see_ Dalibert's Experiments, quoted by Beckman, 'Inventions,' vol. ii. p. 344; and Nees, in Ferussac, 'Bull. des Sc. Nat.,' 1824, tom. i. p. 60. With respect to the rhubarb, &c., _see_ also 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1849, p. 355; 1862, p. 1123.

[666] Hooker, 'Flora Indica,' p. 32.

[667] Naudin, 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' 4th series, Bot., tom. xi., 1859, p. 81. 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1859, p. 464.

[668] Moorcroft's 'Travels,' &c., vol. ii. p. 143.

[669] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1861, p. 1113.

[670] Royle, 'Productive Resources of India,' p. 59.

[671] 'Personal Narrative,' Eng. translat., vol. v. p. 101. This statement has been confirmed by Karsten ('Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Rhynchoprion:' Moscow, 1864. s. 39), and by others.

[672] 'Organic Chemistry,' Eng. translat., 1st edit., p. 369.

[673] Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 155.

[674] Darwin, 'Journal of Researches,' 1845, p. 434.

[675] These statements on disease are taken from Dr. Boudin's 'Géographie et de Statistique Médicales,' 1857, tom. i. p. xliv. and lii.; tom. ii. p. 315.

[676] E. Desor, quoted in the 'Anthrop. Rev.,' 1863, p. 180. For much confirmatory evidence, _see_ Quatrefages, 'Unité de l'Espèce Humaine,' 1861, p. 131.

[677] 'Ceylon,' by Sir J. E. Tennent, vol. i., 1859, p. 89.

[678] Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' tom. ii. p. 52.

[679] 'Journal of Horticultural Soc.,' vol. vii., 1852, p. 117.

[680] 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. p. 160.

[681] _See_ Lecoq on the Villosity of Plants, 'Geograph. Bot.,' tom. iii. pp. 287, 291; Gärtner, 'Bastarderz.,' s. 261; Mr. Musters, on the Opuntia, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1846, p. 444.

[682] 'Pom. Phys.,' p. 136.

[683] 'Ampelographie,' 1849, p. 19.

[684] Gärtner, 'Bastarderz.,' s. 606, has collected nearly all recorded facts. Andrew Knight (in 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii. p. 160) goes so far as to maintain that few varieties are absolutely permanent in character when propagated by buds or grafts.

[685] Mr. Blyth, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xx., 1847, p. 391.

[686] 'Natural History Review,' 1862, p. 113.

[687] 'Journal of Roy. Geographical Soc.,' vol. ix., 1839, p. 275.

[688] 'Travels in Bokhara,' vol. iii. p. 151.

[689] _See_ also, on the influence of marshy pastures on the wool, Godron, 'L'Espèce,' tom. ii. p. 22.

[690] Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gén.,' tom. iii. p. 438.

[691] Azara has made some good remarks on this subject, 'Quadrupèdes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. p. 337. _See_ an account of a family of naked mice produced in England, 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1856, p. 38.

[692] 'Die Fauna der Pfahlbauten,' 1861, s. 15.

[693] 'Schweinschædel,' 1864, s. 99.

[694] 'Travels in Siberia,' Eng. translat., vol. i. p. 228.

[695] A. R. Wallace, 'Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro,' p. 294.

[696] 'Naturgeschichte der Stubenvögel,' 1840, s. 262, 308.

[697] 'Hist. Nat. Gén.,' tom. iii. p. 402.

[698] 'Bull. de la Soc. Imp. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii. p. 351.

[699] _See_ an account of Mr. Gregson's experiments on the _Abraxus grossulariata_, 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc.,' Jan. 6th, 1862: these experiments have been confirmed by Mr. Greening, in 'Proc. of the Northern Entomolog. Soc.,' July 28th, 1862. For the effects of food on caterpillars, see a curious account by M. Michely, in 'Bull. de la Soc. Imp. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii. p. 563. For analogous facts from Dahlbom on Hymenoptera, _see_ Westwood's 'Modern Class. of Insects,' vol. ii. p. 98. _See_ also Dr. L. Möller, 'Die Abhängigkeit der Insecten,' 1867, s. 70.

[700] 'The Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. 1866. The present chapters were written before I had read Mr. Herbert Spencer's work, so that I have not been able to make so much use of it as I should otherwise probably have done.

[701] 'Proc. Acad. Nat. Soc. of Philadelphia,' Jan. 28th, 1862.

[702] _See_ Mr. B. D. Walsh's excellent papers in 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Philadelphia,' Dec. 1866, p. 284. With respect to the willow, _see_ idem, 1864, p. 546.

[703] _See_ his admirable Histoire des Galles, in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat. Bot.,' 3rd series, tom. xix., 1853, p. 273.

[704] Kirby and Spence's 'Entomology,' 1818, vol. i. p. 450; Lucaze-Duthiers, idem, p. 284.

[705] 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Philadelphia,' 1864, p. 558.

[706] Mr. B. D. Walsh, idem, p. 633; and Dec. 1866, p. 275.

[707] Mr. B. D. Walsh, idem, 1864, p. 545, 411, 495; and Dec. 1866, p. 278. _See_ also Lucaze-Duthiers.

[708] Lucaze-Duthiers, idem, pp. 325, 328.

[709] 'Linnæa,' vol. xvii., 1843; quoted by Dr. M. T. Masters, Royal Institution, March 16th, 1860.

[710] Hewett C. Watson, 'Cybele Britannica,' vol. i., 1847, p. 11.

[711] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1857, p. 629.

[712] 'Mémoire sur la Production Artificielle des Monstrosités,' 1862, pp. 8-12; 'Recherches sur les Conditions, &c., chez les Monstres,' 1863, p. 6. An abstract is given of Geoffroy's Experiments by his son, in his 'Vie, Travaux, &c.,' 1847, p. 290.

[713] Paget, 'Lectures on Surgical Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 483.

[714] 'Researches upon the Venom of the Rattle-snake,' Jan. 1861, by Dr. Mitchell, p. 67.

[715] Mr. Sedgwick, in 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' July 1863, p. 175.

[716] 'An Essay on Generation,' Eng. translat., p. 18; Paget, 'Lectures on Surgical Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 209.

[717] 'An Essay on Animal Reproduction,' Eng. translat., 1769, p. 79.

[718] Carpenter's 'Principles of Comp. Physiology,' 1854, p. 479.

[719] Charlesworth's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i., 1837, p. 145.

[720] Paget, 'Lectures on Surgical Pathology,' vol. i. p. 239.

[721] Quoted by Carpenter, 'Comp. Phys.,' p. 479.

[722] Paget, 'Lectures,' &c., p. 257.

[723] These cases are given by Blumenbach in his 'Essay on Generation,' pp. 52, 54.

[724] 'Cellular Pathology,' trans. by Dr. Chance, 1860, pp. 27, 441.

[725] Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' vol. i., 1853, p. 357.

[726] Paget, idem, p. 150.

[727] 'The Principles of Biology,' vol. ii., 1866, chap. 3-5.

[728] 'Lectures on Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 71.

[729] 'Comptes Rendus,' Sept. 26th, 1864, p. 539.

[730] 'The Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. p. 243.

[731] Idem, vol. ii. p. 269.

[732] Idem, vol. ii. p. 273.

[733] Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' vol. ii. p. 209.

[734] Müller's 'Phys.,' Eng. translat., pp. 54, 791. Prof. Reed has given ('Physiological and Anat. Researches,' p. 10) a curious account of the atrophy of the limbs of rabbits after the destruction of the nerve.

[735] Quoted by Lecoq, in 'Geograph. Bot.,' tom. i., 1854, p. 182.

[736] 'Das Abändern der Vögel,' 1833, s. 74.

[737] Nathusius, 'Die Racen des Schweines,' 1860, s. 53, 57; 'Vorstudien ... Schweineschædel,' 1864, s. 103, 130, 133.

[738] 'Journal of Agriculture of Highland Soc.,' July, 1860, p. 321.

[739] 'Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. p. 263.

[740] 'Natural History Review,' vol. iv., Oct. 1864, p. 617.

[741] 'Lectures on Surgical Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 27.

[742] Andersson, 'Travels in South Africa,' p. 318. For analogous cases in South America, _see_ Aug. St. Hilaire, 'Voyage dans le Province de Goyaz,' tom. i. p. 71.

[743] Brickell's 'Nat. Hist. of North Carolina,' 1739, p. 53.

[744] Livingstone, quoted by Youatt on Sheep, p. 142. Hodgson, in 'Journal of Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' vol. xvi., 1847, p. 1006, &c. &c.

[745] 'Naturalist Library,' Dogs, vol. ii. 1840, p. 104.

[746] 'De l'Espèce,' tom. i., 1859, p. 367.

[747] 'Ceylon,' by Sir J. E. Tennent, 1859, vol. ii. p. 531.

[748] For the foregoing statements, _see_ Hunter's 'Essays and Observations,' 1861, vol. ii. p. 329; Dr. Edmondston, as quoted in Macgillivray's 'British Birds,' vol. v. p. 550; Menetries, as quoted in Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' B. ii. s. 110.

[749] These statements on the intestines are taken from Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gén.,' tom. iii. pp. 427, 441.

[750] Gilbert White, 'Nat. Hist. Selbourne,' 1825, vol. ii. p. 121.

[751] Burdach, 'Traité de Phys.,' tom. ii. p. 267, as quoted by Dr. P. Lucas, 'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 388.

[752] This and several other cases are given by Colin, 'Physiologie Comp. des Animaux Dom.,' 1854, tom. i. p. 426.

[753] M. Michely de Cayenne, in 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii., 1861, p. 563.

[754] Quatrefages, 'Unité de l'Espèce Humaine,' 1861, p. 79.

[755] 'Flora,' 1835, B. ii. p. 504.

[756] Alph. De Candolle, 'Géograph. Bot.,' tom. ii. p. 1078.

[757] Royle, 'Illustrations of the Botany of the Himalaya,' p. 19.

[758] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, pp. 204, 219.

[759] Rev. R. Everest, 'Journal As. Soc. of Bengal,' vol. iii. p. 19.

[760] Youatt on Sheep, 1838, p. 491.

[761] Royle, 'Prod. Resources of India,' p. 153.

[762] Tegetmeier, 'Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 102.

[763] Dr. R. Paterson, in a paper communicated to Bot. Soc. of Canada, quoted in the 'Reader,' 1863. Nov. 13th.

[764] _See_ remarks by Editor in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1848, p. 5.

[765] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 938. Remarks by Editor and quotation from Decaisne.

[766] J. de Jonghe, of Brussels, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1857, p. 612.

[767] Ch. Martius, 'Voyage Bot. Côtes Sept. de la Norvège,' p. 26.

[768] 'Journal de l'Acad. Hort. de Gand,' quoted in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1859, p. 7.

[769] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1851, p. 396.

[770] Idem., 1862, p. 235.

[771] On the authority of Labat, quoted in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1862, p. 235.

[772] MM. Edwards and Colin, 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 2nd series, Bot., tom. v. p. 22.

[773] 'Géograph. Bot.,' p. 337.

[774] 'Swedish Acts,' Eng. translat., 1739-40, vol. i. Kalm, in his 'Travels,' vol. ii. p. 166, gives an analogous case with cotton-plants raised in New Jersey from Carolina seed.

[775] De Candolle, 'Géograph. Bot.,' p. 339.

[776] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1862, p. 235.

[777] Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione Veg.,' 1816, p. 125; and 'Traité du Citrus,' 1811, p. 359.

[778] 'Essai sur l'Hist. des Orangers,' 1813, p. 20, &c.

[779] Alph. De Candolle, 'Géograph. Bot.,' p. 882.

[780] 'Ch. Darwin's Lehre von der Entstehung,' &c., 1862, s. 87.

[781] Decaisne, quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1865, p. 271.

[782] For the magnolia, _see_ Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. xiii., 1837, p. 21. For camellias and roses, _see_ 'Gard. Chron.,' 1860, p. 384. For the yew, 'Journal of Hort.,' March 3rd, 1863, p. 174. For sweet potatoes, _see_ Col. von Siebold, in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1855, p. 822.

[783] The Editor, 'Gard. Chron.,' 1861, p. 239.

[784] Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. xii., 1836, p. 378.

[785] 'Gardeners Chron.,' 1865, p. 699.

[786] 'Arboretum et Fruticetum,' vol. iii. p. 1376.

[787] Mr. Robson, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, p. 23.

[788] Dr. Bonavia, 'Report of the Agri.-Hort. Soc. of Oudh,' 1866.

[789] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, April, 24th, p. 57.

[790] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1841, p. 291.

[791] Mr. Beaton, in 'Cottage Gardener,' March 20th, 1860, p. 377. Queen Mab will also stand stove heat, _see_ 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1845, p. 226.

[792] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1841, p. 439.

[793] Quoted by Asa Gray, in 'Am. Journ. of Sci.,' 2nd series, Jan. 1865, p. 106.

[794] For China, _see_ 'Mémoire sur les Chinois,' tom, xi., 1786, p. 60. Columella is quoted by Carlier, in 'Journal de Physique,' tom. xxiv. 1784.

[795] Messrs. Hardy and Son, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1856, p. 589.

[796] Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. des Anomalies,' 1836, tom. ii. pp. 210, 223, 224, 395; 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1775, p. 313.

[797] Pallas, quoted by Youatt on Sheep, p. 25.

[798] Youatt on Cattle, 1834, p. 174.

[799] 'Encyclop. Méthod.,' 1820, p. 483: _see_ p. 500, on the Indian zebu casting its horns. Similar cases in European cattle were given in the third chapter.

[800] Pallas, 'Travels,' Eng. translat., vol. i. p. 243.

[801] Mr. Beaton, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' May 21, 1861, p. 133.

[802] Lecoq, 'De la Fécondation,' 1862, p. 233.

[803] 'Annales du Muséum,' tom. vi. p. 319.

[804] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 392. Prof. Huxley applies the same principle in accounting for the remarkable, though normal, differences in the arrangement of the nervous system in the Mollusca, in his great paper on the Morphology of the Cephalous Mollusca, in 'Phil. Transact.,' 1853, p. 56.

[805] 'Eléments de Tératologie Veg.,' 1841, p. 113.

[806] Prof. J. B. Simonds, on the Age of the Ox, Sheep, &c., quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1854, p. 588.

[807] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. i. p. 674.

[808] Quoted by Isid. Geoffroy, idem, tom. i. p. 635.

[809] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 250.

[810] A. Walker on Intermarriage, 1838, p. 160.

[811] 'The Farrier and Naturalist,' vol. i., 1828, p. 456.

[812] Godron, 'Sur l'Espèce,' tom. ii. p. 217.

[813] 'Quadrupèdes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. p. 333.

[814] On Sheep, p. 142.

[815] 'Ueber Racen, Kreuzungen, &c.,' 1825, s. 24.

[816] Quoted from Conolly, in 'The Indian Field,' Feb. 1859, vol. ii. p. 266.

[817] 'Domesticated Animals of the British Islands,' pp. 307, 368.

[818] 'Proceedings Zoolog. Soc.,' 1833, p. 113.

[819] Sedgwick, 'Brit. and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April 1863, p. 453.

[820] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1849, p. 205.

[821] 'Embassy to the Court of Ava,' vol. i. p. 320.

[822] 'Narrative of a Mission to the Court of Ava in 1855,' p. 94.

[823] Those statements are taken from Mr. Sedgwick, in the 'Medico-Chirurg. Review,' July 1861, p. 198; April 1863, pp. 455 and 458. Liebreich is quoted by Professor Devay, in his 'Mariages Consanguins,' 1862, p. 116.

[824] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i., 1829, pp. 66, 178. _See_ also Dr. P. Lucas, 'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 428, on the inheritance of deafness in cats.

[825] 'Annales des Sc. Nat.' Zoolog., 3rd series, 1847, tom. viii. p. 239.

[826] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1864, p. 1202.

[827] Verlot gives several other instances, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 72.

[828] 'Arbres Fruitiers,' 1836, tom. ii. pp. 204, 226.

[829] 'Annales du Muséum,' tom. xx. p. 188.

[830] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1843, p. 877.

[831] Ibid., 1845, p. 102.

[832] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 402. _See_ also M. Camille Dareste, 'Recherches sur les Conditions,' &c., 1863, pp. 16, 48.

[833] Rev. E. S. Dixon, 'Ornamental Poultry,' 1848, p. 111; Isidore Geoffroy, 'Hist. Anomalies,' tom. i. p. 211.

[834] 'On the Breeding of Domestic Animals,' 1829, p. 6.

[835] Youatt on Cattle, 1834, p. 283.

[836] Mr. Herbert Spencer ('Principles of Biology,' 1864, vol. i. pp. 452, 468) takes a different view; and in one place remarks: "We have seen reason to think that, as fast as essential faculties multiply, and as fast as the number of organs that co-operate in any given function increases, indirect equilibration through natural selection becomes less and less capable of producing specific adaptations; and remains fully capable only of maintaining the general fitness of constitution to conditions." This view that natural selection can do little in modifying the higher animals surprises me, seeing that man's selection has undoubtedly effected much with our domesticated quadrupeds and birds.

[837] Dr. Prosper Lucas apparently disbelieves in any such connexion, 'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 88-94.

[838] 'British Medical Journal,' 1862, p. 433.

[839] Boudin, 'Geograph. Médicale,' tom. i. p. 406.

[840] This fact and the following cases, when not stated to the contrary, are taken from a very curious paper by Prof. Heusinger, in 'Wochenschrift für Heilkunde,' May 1846, s. 277.

[841] Mr. Mogford, in the 'Veterinarian,' quoted in 'The Field,' Jan. 22, 1861, p. 545.

[842] 'Edinburgh Veterinary Journal,' Oct. 1860, p. 347.

[843] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' 1832, tom. i. pp. 22, 537-556; tom. iii. p. 462.

[844] 'Comptes Rendus,' 1855, pp. 855, 1029.

[845] Carpenter's 'Comp. Phys.,' 1854, p. 480; _see_ also Camille Dareste, 'Comptes Rendus,' March 20th, 1865, p. 562.

[846] 'Elements of Physiology,' Eng. translat, vol. i., 1838, p. 412. With respect to Vrolik, _see_ Todd's 'Cyclop. of Anat. and Phys.,' vol. iv., 1849-52, p. 973.

[847] 'Tératologie Vég.,' 1841, livre iii.

[848] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. pp. 4, 5, 6.

[849] 'Tératologie Vég.,' p. 156. _See_ also my paper on climbing plants in 'Journal of Linn. Soc. Bot.,' vol. ix., 1865, p. 114.

[850] 'Mémoires du Muséum,' &c., tom. viii. p. 178.

[851] Loudon's 'Encyclop. of Gardening,' p. 829.

[852] Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 324.

[853] 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' 1st series, tom. xix. p. 327.

[854] 'Comptes Rendus,' Dec. 1864, p. 1039.

[855] Ueber Fötale Rachites, 'Würzburger Medicin. Zeitschrift,' 1860, B. i. s. 265.

[856] 'Tératologie Vég.,' p. 192. Dr. M. Masters informs me that he doubts the truth of this conclusion; but the facts to be given seem to be sufficient to establish it.

[857] 'Journal of Horticulture,' July 2nd, 1861, p. 253.

[858] It would be worth trial to fertilise with the same pollen the central and lateral flowers of the pelargonium, and of some other highly cultivated plants, protecting them of course from insects: then to sow the seed separately, and observe whether the one or the other lot of seedlings varied the most.

[859] Quoted in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 24, 1863, p. 152.

[860] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p. 612. For the Phalænopsis, _see_ idem, 1867, p. 211.

[861] Mémoires ... des Végétaux,' 1837, tom. ii. p. 170.

[862] 'Journal of Horticulture,' July 23, 1861, p. 311.

[863] 'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 137.

[864] Hugo von Mohl, 'The Vegetable Cell,' Eng. tr., 1852, p. 76.

[865] The Rev. H. H. Dombrain, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, June 4th, p. 174; and June 25th, p. 234; 1862, April 29th, p. 83.

[866] 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. xxiii., 1861, p. 360.

[867] 'Die Getreidearten,' 1843, s. 208, 209.

[868] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, p. 198.

[869] Quoted in 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1866, p. 74.

[870] 'Ueber den Begriff der Pflanzenart,' 1834, s. 14.

[871] 'Domesticated Animals,' 1845, p. 351.

[872] Bechstein, 'Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,' Band iv., 1795, s. 31.

[873] 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc. of Philadelphia,' Oct. 1863, p. 213.

[874] Quoted by Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' 1853, p. 159.

[875] Dr. Lachmann, also, observes ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. History,' 2nd series, vol. xix., 1857, p. 231) with respect to infusoria, that "fissation and gemmation pass into each other almost imperceptibly." Again, Mr. W. C. Minor ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series, vol. xi. p. 328) shows that with Annelids the distinction that has been made between fission and budding is not a fundamental one. _See_ Bonnet, 'Oeuvres d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. v., 1781, p. 339, for remarks on the budding-out of the amputated limbs of Salamanders. _See_, also, Professor Clark's work 'Mind in Nature,' New York, 1865, pp. 62, 94.

[876] Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' 1853, p. 158.

[877] Idem, pp. 152, 164.

[878] On the Asexual Reproduction of Cecydomyide Larvæ, translated in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' March 1866, pp. 167, 171.

[879] _See_ some excellent remarks on this head by Quatrefages, in 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' Zoolog., 3rd series, 1850, p. 138.

[880] 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 2nd series, vol. xx., 1857, pp. 153-455.

[881] 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, 1850, tom. xiii.

[882] 'Transact. Phil. Soc.,' 1851, pp. 196, 208, 210; 1853, p. 245, 247.

[883] 'Beitrage zur Kenntniss,' &c., 1844, s. 345.

[884] 'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 27.

[885] As quoted by Sir J. Lubbock in 'Nat. Hist. Review,' 1862, p. 345.

[886] 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. xxiv., 1863, p. 62.

[887] 'Parthenogenesis,' 1849, pp. 25-26. Prof. Huxley has some excellent remarks ('Medical Times,' 1856, p. 637) on this subject, in reference to the development of star-fishes, and shows how curiously metamorphosis graduates into gemmation or zoid-formation, which is in fact the same as metagenesis.

[888] Prof. J. Reay Greene, in Günther's 'Record of Zoolog. Lit.,' 1865, p. 625.

[889] Fritz Müller's 'Für Darwin,' 1864, s. 65, 71. The highest authority on crustaceans, Prof. Milne Edwards, insists ('Annal. des Sci. Nat.,' 2nd series, Zoolog., tom. iii. p. 322) on their metamorphoses differing even in closely allied genera.

[890] Prof. Allman, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series, vol. xiii., 1864, p. 348; Dr. S. Wright, idem, vol. viii., 1861, p. 127. _See_ also p. 358 for analogous statements by Sars.

[891] 'Tissus Vivants,' 1866, p. 22.

[892] 'Cellular Pathology,' translat. by Dr. Chance, 1860, pp. 14, 18, 83, 460.

[893] Paget, 'Surgical Pathology,' vol. i., 1853, pp. 12-14.

[894] Idem, p. 19.

[895] Mantegazza, quoted in 'Popular Science Review,' July 1865, p. 522.

[896] 'De la Production Artificielle des Os,' p. 8.

[897] Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. ii. pp. 549, 560, 562; Virchow, idem, p. 484.

[898] For the most recent classification of cells, _see_ Ernst Häckel's 'Generelle Morpholog.,' Band ii., 1866, s. 275.

[899] 'The Structure and Growth of Tissues,' 1865, p. 21, &c.

[900] Dr. W. Turner, 'The present Aspect of Cellular Pathology,' 'Edinburgh Medical Journal,' April, 1863.

[901] This term is used by Dr. E. Montgomery ('On the Formation of so-called Cells in Animal Bodies,' 1867, p. 42), who denies that cells are derived from other cells by a process of growth, but believes that they originate through certain chemical changes.

[902] Prof. Huxley has called my attention to the views of Buffon and Bonnet. The former ('Hist. Nat. Gén.,' edit. of 1749, tom. ii. pp. 54, 62, 329, 333, 420, 425) supposes that organic molecules exist in the food consumed by every living creature; and that these molecules are analogous in nature with the various organs by which they are absorbed. When the organs thus become fully developed, the molecules being no longer required collect and form buds or the sexual elements. If Buffon had assumed that his organic molecules had been formed by each separate unit throughout the body, his view and mine would have been closely similar.

Bonnet ('Oeuvres d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. v., part i., 1781, 4to edit., p. 334) speaks of the limbs having germs adapted for the reparation of all possible losses; but whether these germs are supposed to be the same with those within the buds and sexual organs is not clear. His famous but now exploded theory of _emboîtement_ implies that perfect germs are included within germs in endless succession, pre-formed and ready for all succeeding generations. According to my view, the germs or gemmules of each separate part were not originally pre-formed, but are continually produced at all ages during each generation, with some handed down from preceding generations.

Prof. Owen remarks ('Parthenogenesis,' 1849, pp. 5-8), "Not all the progeny of the primary impregnated germ-cell are required for the formation of the body in all animals: certain of the derivative germ-cells may remain unchanged and become included in that body which has been composed of their metamorphosed and diversely combined or confluent brethren: so included, any derivative germ-cell, or the nucleus of such, may commence and repeat the same processes of growth by imbibition, and of propagation by spontaneous fission, as those to which itself owed its origin;" &c. By the agency of these germ-cells Prof. Owen accounts for parthenogenesis, for propagation by self-division during successive generations, and for the repairs of injuries. His view agrees with mine in the assumed transmission and multiplication of his germ-cells, but differs fundamentally from mine in the belief that the primary germ-cell was formed within the ovarium of the female and was fertilised by the male. My gemmules are supposed to be formed, quite independently of sexual concourse, by each separate cell or unit throughout the body, and to be merely aggregated within the reproductive organs.

Lastly, Mr. Herbert Spencer ('Principles of Biology,' vol. i., 1863-4, chaps. iv. and viii.) has discussed at considerable length what he designates as physiological units. These agree with my gemmules in being supposed to multiply and to be transmitted from parent to child; the sexual elements are supposed to serve merely as their vehicles; they are the efficient agents in all the forms of reproduction and in the repairs of injuries; they account for inheritance, but they are not brought to bear on reversion or atavism, and this is unintelligible to me; they are supposed to possess polarity, or, as I call it, affinity; and apparently they are believed to be derived from each separate part of the whole body. But gemmules differ from Mr. Spencer's physiological units, inasmuch as a certain number, or mass of them, are, as we shall see, requisite for the development of each cell or part. Nevertheless I should have concluded that Mr. Spencer's views were fundamentally the same with mine, had it not been for several passages which, as far as I understand them, indicate something quite different. I will quote some of these passages from pp. 254-256. "In the fertilised germ we have two groups of physiological units, slightly different in their structures."... "It is not obvious that change in the form of the part, caused by changed action, involves such change in the physiological units throughout the organism, that these, when groups of them are thrown off in the shape of reproductive centres, will unfold into organisms that have this part similarly changed in form. Indeed, when treating of Adaptation, we saw that an organ modified by increase or decrease of function can but slowly so react on the system at large as to bring about those correlative changes required to produce a new equilibrium; and yet only when such new equilibrium has been established, can we expect it to be _fully_ expressed in the modified physiological units of which the organism is built--only then can we count on a complete transfer of the modification to descendants."... "That the change in the offspring must, other things equal, be in the same direction as the change in the parent, we may dimly see is implied by the fact, that the change propagated throughout the parental system is a change towards a new state of equilibrium--a change tending to bring the actions of all organs, reproductive included, into harmony with these new actions."

[903] M. Philipeaux ('Comptes Rendus,' Oct. 1, 1866, p. 576, and June, 1867) has lately shown that when the entire fore-limb, including the scapula, is extirpated, the power of regrowth is lost. From this he concludes that it is necessary for regrowth that a small portion of the limb should be left. But as in the lower animals the whole body may be bisected and both halves be reproduced, this belief does not seem probable. May not the early closing of a deep wound, as in the case of the extirpation of the scapula, prevent the formation or protrusion of the nascent limb?

[904] 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Bot., tom. xiv., 1850, p. 244.

[905] _See_ some very interesting papers on this subject by Prof. Lionel Beale, in 'Medical Times and Gazette,' Sept. 9th, 1865, pp. 273, 330.

[906] Third Report of the R. Comm. on the Cattle Plague, as quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1866, p. 446.

[907] In a cod-fish, weighing 20 lb., Mr. F. Buckland ('Land and Water,' 1867, p. 57) calculated the above number of eggs. In another instance, Harmer ('Phil. Transact.,' 1767, p. 280) found 3,681,760 eggs. For the Ascaris, _see_ Carpenter's 'Comp. Phys.,' 1854, p. 590. Mr. J. Scott, of the Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh, calculated, in the same manner as I have done for some British orchids ('Fertilisation of Orchids,' p. 344), the number of seeds in a capsule of an Acropera, and found the number to be 371,250. Now this plant produces several flowers on a raceme and many racemes during a season. In an allied genus, Gongora, Mr. Scott has seen twenty capsules produced on a single raceme: ten such racemes on the Acropera would yield above seventy-four millions of seed. I may add that Fritz Müller informs me that he found in a capsule of a Maxillaria, in South Brazil, that the seed weighed 42½ grains: he then arranged half a grain of seed in a narrow line, and by counting a measured length found the number in the half-grain to be 20,667, so that in the capsule there must have been 1,756,440 seeds! The same plant sometimes produces half-a-dozen capsules.

[908] 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series, vol. viii., 1861, p. 490.

[909] Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' p. 27; Virchow, 'Cellular Pathology,' translat. by Dr. Chance, pp. 123, 126, 294; Claude Bernard, 'Des Tissus Vivants,' pp. 177, 210, 337; Müller's 'Physiology,' Eng. translat., p. 290.

[910] Virchow, 'Cellular Pathology,' trans. by Dr. Chance, 1860, pp. 60, 162, 245, 441, 454.

[911] Idem, pp. 412-426.

[912] _See_ Rev. J. M. Berkeley, in 'Gard. Chron.,' April 28th, 1866, on a bud developed on the petal of the Clarkia. _See_ also H. Schacht, 'Lehrbuch der Anat.,' &c., 1859, Theile ii. s. 12, on adventitious buds.

[913] Mr. Herbert Spencer ('Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. p. 430) has fully discussed the antagonism between growth and reproduction.

[914] The male salmon is known to breed at a very early age. The Triton and Siredon, whilst retaining their larval branchiæ, according to Filippi and Duméril ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series, 1866, p. 157), are capable of reproduction. Ernst Häckel has recently ('Monatsbericht Akad. Wiss. Berlin,' Feb. 2nd, 1865) observed the surprising case of a medusa, with its reproductive organs active, which produces by budding a widely different form of medusa; and this latter also has the power of sexual reproduction. Krohn has shown ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series, vol. xix., 1862, p. 6) that certain other medusæ, whilst sexually mature, propagate by gemmæ.

[915] _See_ his excellent discussion on this subject in 'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 151.

[916] Various physiologists have insisted on this distinction between growth and development. Prof. Marshall ('Phil. Transact.,' 1864, p. 544) gives a good instance in microcephalous idiots, in which the brain continues to grow after having been arrested in its development.

[917] 'Compte Rendu,' Nov. 14, 1864, p. 800.

[918] As previously remarked by Quatrefages, in his 'Metamorphoses de l'Homme,' &c., 1862, p. 129.

[919] Günther's 'Zoological Record,' 1864, p. 279.

[920] Sedgwick, in 'Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April 1863, p. 454.

[921] Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. i., 1832, pp. 435, 657; and tom. ii. p. 560.

[922] Virchow, 'Cellular Pathology,' 1860, p. 66.

[923] Moquin-Tandon, 'Tératologie Veg.,' 1841, pp. 218, 220, 353. For the case of the pea, _see_ 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1866, p. 897.

[924] Müller's 'Physiology,' Eng. translat., vol. i. p. 407.

[925] _See_ some remarks to this effect by Sir H. Holland in his 'Medical Notes,' 1839, p. 32.

[926] This is the view taken by Prof. Häckel, in his 'Generelle Morphologie' (B. ii. s. 171), who says: "Lediglich die partielle Identität der specifischconstituirten Materie im elterlichen und im kindlichen Organismus, die Theilung dieser Materie bei der Fortpflanzung, ist die Ursache der Erblichkeit."

[927] In these remarks I, in fact, follow Naudin, who speaks of the elements or essences of the two species which are crossed. See his excellent memoir in the 'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 151.

[928] Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' 1859, tom. ii. p. 44, &c.

[929] Journal Proc. Linn. Soc., 1858, vol. iii. p. 60.

[930] 'The Quarterly Journal of Science,' Oct. 1867, p. 486.

[931] M. Rufz de Lavison, in 'Bull. Soc. Imp. d'Acclimat.,' Dec. 1862, p. 1009.

[932] 'Races of Man,' 1850, p. 315.

[933] 'Travels in Peru,' Eng. translat., p. 177.

[934] Youatt on Cattle, 1834, p 200: on Pigs; _see_ 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1854, p. 410.

[935] 'Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten,' 1865.

[936] Morlot, 'Soc. Vaud. des Scien. Nat,' Mars 1860, p. 298.

[937] Rütimeyer, 'Die Fauna der Pfahlbauten,' 1861, s. 30.

[938] Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' tom. i., 1859, p. 368.

[939] 'Géographie Botan.,' 1855, p. 989.

[940] Pickering, 'Races of Man,' 1850, p. 318.

[941] 'Journal of a Horticultural Tour,' by a Deputation of the Caledonian Hist. Soc., 1823, p. 293.

* * * * *

Corrections made to printed original.

p. iii. "APPEARANCE WITH ADVANCING AGE": 'ARPEARANCE' in original.

p. vi. "SLIGHT CHANGES SUFFICIENT": 'SUFFICENT' in original.

p. 61. "bearing in mind what has been said": 'bearnig' in original.

p. 78. "not attached to any particular period": 'particuliar' in original.

p. 243. "it permits innumerable individuals to be born": 'permitts' in original.

p. 294. "liable to complete absorption": 'absortion' in original.

p. 297. "found that when the animal was compelled ...": 'found than ...' in original.

p. 318. "branches in a rudimentary condition": 'rudimentry' in original.

p. 384. "force themselves into a minute orifice": 'into' was printed on next line in original, after 'must'.