CHAPTER XV

A SERENE OLD AGE

Missouri's sparse population at that time consisted largely of Frenchmen, who had taken easily to the yoke of Spain. For a people of easy-going disposition, theirs was an ideal existence. They led a patriarchal life, with their flocks and herds grazing upon a common pasture, and practised a crude agriculture whose returns were eked out by hunting in the limitless forests hard by. For companionship, the crude log cabins in the little settlements were assembled by the banks of the waterways, and there was small disposition to increase tillage beyond domestic necessities. There were practically no taxes to pay; military burdens sat lightly; the local syndic (or magistrate), the only government servant to be met outside of St. Louis, was sheriff, judge, jury, and commandant combined; there were no elections, for representative government was unknown; the fur and lead trade with St. Louis was the sole commerce, and their vocabulary did not contain the words enterprise and speculation.

Here was a paradise for a man of Boone's temperament, and through several years to come he was wont to declare that, next to his first long hunt in Kentucky, this was the happiest period of his life. On the eleventh of July, 1800, Delassus--a well-educated French gentleman, and a good judge of character--appointed him syndic for the Femme Osage district, a position which the old man held until the cession of Louisiana to the United States. This selection was not only because of his prominence among the settlers and his recognized honesty and fearlessness, but for the reason that he was one of the few among these unsophisticated folk who could make records. In a primitive community like the Femme Osage, Boone may well have ranked as a man of some education; and certainly he wrote a bold, free hand, showing much practise with the pen, although we have seen that his spelling and grammar might have been improved. When the government was turned over to President Jefferson's commissioner, Delassus delivered to that officer, by request, a detailed report upon the personality of his subordinates, and this is one of the entries in the list of syndics: "Mr. Boone, a respectable old man, just and impartial, he has already, since I appointed him, offered his resignation owing to his infirmities--believing I know his probity, I have induced him to remain, in view of my confidence in him, for the public good."

[Illustration: BOONE'S CABIN IN ST. CHARLES COUNTY, MISSOURI. From photograph in possession of Wisconsin State Historical Society.]

Boone's knowledge did not extend to law-books, but he had a strong sense of justice; and during his four years of office passed upon the petty disputes of his neighbors with such absolute fairness as to win popular approbation. His methods were as primitive and arbitrary as those of an Oriental pasha; his penalties frequently consisted of lashes on the bare back "well laid on;" he would observe no rules of evidence, saying he wished only to know the truth; and sometimes both parties to a suit were compelled to divide the costs and begone. The French settlers had a fondness for taking their quarrels to court; but the decisions of the good-hearted syndic of Femme Osage, based solely upon common sense in the rough, were respected as if coming from a supreme bench. His contemporaries said that in no other office ever held by the great rifleman did he give such evidence of undisguised satisfaction, or display so great dignity as in this role of magistrate. Showing newly arrived American immigrants to desirable tracts of land was one of his most agreeable duties; when thus tendering the hospitalities of the country to strangers, it was remarked that our patriarch played the Spanish "don" to perfection.

In October, 1800, Spain agreed to deliver Louisiana to France; but the latter found it impracticable at that time to take possession of the territory. By the treaty of April 30, 1803, the United States, long eager to secure for the West the open navigation of the Mississippi, purchased the rights of France. It was necessary to go through the form, both in New Orleans and in St. Louis, of transfer by Spain to France, and then by France to the United States. The former ceremony took place in St. Louis, the capital of Upper Louisiana, upon the ninth of March, 1804, and the latter upon the following day. Daniel Boone's authority as a Spanish magistrate ended when the flag of his adopted country was hauled down for the last time in the Valley of the Mississippi.

The coming of the Americans into power was welcomed by few of the people of Louisiana. The French had slight patience with the land-grabbing temper of the "Yankees," who were eager to cut down the forests, to open up farms, to build towns, to extend commerce, to erect factories--to inaugurate a reign of noise and bustle and avarice. Neither did men of the Boone type--who had become Spanish subjects in order to avoid the crowds, to get and to keep cheap lands, to avoid taxes, to hunt big game, and to live a simple Arcadian life--at all enjoy this sudden crossing of the Mississippi River, which they had vainly hoped to maintain as a perpetual barrier to so-called progress.

Our hero soon had still greater reason for lamenting the advent of the new _regime_. His sad experience with lands in Kentucky had not taught him prudence. When the United States commission came to examine the titles of Louisiana settlers to the claims which they held, it was discovered that Boone had failed properly to enter the tract which had been ceded to him by Delassus. The signature of the lieutenant-governor was sufficient to insure a temporary holding, but a permanent cession required the approval of the governor at New Orleans; this Boone failed to obtain, being misled, he afterward stated, by the assertion of Delassus that so important an officer as a syndic need not take such precautions, for he would never be disturbed. The commissioners, while highly respecting him, were regretfully obliged under the terms of the treaty to dispossess the old pioneer, who again found himself landless. Six years later (1810) Congress tardily hearkened to his pathetic appeal, backed by the resolutions of the Kentucky legislature, and confirmed his Spanish grant in words of praise for "the man who has opened the way to millions of his fellow men."

By the time he was seventy years old, Boone's skill as a hunter had somewhat lessened. His eyes had lost their phenomenal strength; he could no longer perform those nice feats of marksmanship for which in his prime he had attained wide celebrity, and rheumatism made him less agile. But as a trapper he was still unexcelled, and for many years made long trips into the Western wilderness, even into far-off Kansas, and at least once (1814, when eighty years old) to the great game fields of the Yellowstone. Upon such expeditions, often lasting several months, he was accompanied by one or more of his sons, by his son-in-law Flanders Calloway, or by an old Indian servant who was sworn to bring his master back to the Femme Osage dead or alive--for, curiously enough, this wandering son of the wilderness ever yearned for a burial near home.

Beaver-skins, which were his chief desire, were then worth nine dollars each in the St. Louis market. He appears to have amassed a considerable sum from this source, and from the sale of his land grant to his sons, and in 1810 we find him in Kentucky paying his debts. This accomplished, tradition says that he had remaining only fifty cents; but he gloried in the fact that he was at last "square with the world," and returned to Missouri exultant.

The War of 1812-15 brought Indian troubles to this new frontier, and some of the farm property of the younger Boones was destroyed in one of the savage forays. The old man fretted at his inability to assist in the militia organization, of which his sons Daniel Morgan and Nathan were conspicuous leaders; and the state of the border did not permit of peaceful hunting. In the midst of the war he deeply mourned the death of his wife (1813)--a woman of meek, generous, heroic nature, who had journeyed over the mountains with him from North Carolina, and upon his subsequent pilgrimages, sharing all his hardships and perils, a proper helpmeet in storm and calm.

Penniless, and a widower, he now went to live with his sons, chiefly with Nathan, then forty-three years of age. After being first a hunter and explorer, and then an industrious and successful farmer, Nathan had won distinction in the war just closed and entered the regular army, where he reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel and had a wide and thrilling experience in Indian fighting. Daniel Morgan is thought to have been the first settler in Kansas (1827); A. G. Boone, a grandson, was one of the early settlers of Colorado, and prominently connected with Western Indian treaties and Rocky Mountain exploration; and another grandson of the great Kentuckian was Kit Carson, the famous scout for Fremont's transcontinental expedition.

[Illustration: NATHAN BOONE'S HOUSE IN ST. CHARLES COUNTY, MISSOURI. Herein Daniel Boone died.]

It was not long before the Yankee _regime_ confirmed Boone's fears. The tide of immigration crossed the river, and rolling westward again passed the door of the great Kentuckian, driving off the game and monopolizing the hunting-grounds. Laws, courts, politics, speculation, and improvements were being talked about, to the bewilderment of the French and the unconcealed disgust of the former syndic. Despite his great age, he talked strongly of moving still farther West, hoping to get beyond the reach of settlement; but his sons and neighbors persuaded him against it, and he was obliged to accommodate himself as best he might to the new conditions. In summer he would work on the now substantial and prosperous farms of his children, chopping trees for the winter's wood. But at the advent of autumn the spirit of restlessness seized him, when he would take his canoe, with some relative or his Indian servant, and disappear up the Missouri and its branches for weeks together. In 1816, we hear of him as being at Fort Osage, on his way to the Platte, "in the dress of the roughest, poorest hunter." Two years later, he writes to his son Daniel M.: "I intend by next autumn to take two or three whites and a party of Osage Indians to visit the salt mountains, lakes, and ponds and see these natural curiosities. They are about five or six hundred miles west of here"--presumably the rock salt in Indian Territory; it is not known whether this trip was taken. He was greatly interested in Rocky Mountain exploration, then much talked of, and eagerly sought information regarding California; and was the cause of several young men migrating thither. A tale of new lands ever found in him a delighted listener.

In these his declining years, although he had suffered much at the hands of the world, Boone's temperament, always kindly, mellowed in tone. Decay came gradually, without palsy or pain; and, amid kind friends and an admiring public, his days passed in tranquillity. The following letter written by him at this period to his sister-in-law Sarah (Day) Boone, wife of his brother Samuel, is characteristic of the man, and gives to us, moreover, probably the only reliable account we possess of his religious views:

"october the 19th 1816

"Deer Sister

"With pleasuer I Rad a Later from your sun Samuel Boone who informs me that you are yett Liveing and in good health Considing your age I wright to you to Latt you know I have Not forgot you and to inform you of my own Situation sence the Death of your Sister Rabacah I Leve with flanders Calaway But am at present at my sun Nathans and in tolarabel halth you Can gass at my feilings by your own as we are So Near one age I Need Not write you of our satuation as Samuel Bradley or James grimes Can inform you of Every Surcomstance Relating to our famaly and how we Leve in this World and what Chance we shall have in the next we know Not for my part I am as ignerant as a Child all the Relegan I have to Love and fear god beleve in Jeses Christ Don all the good to my Nighbour and my self that I Can and Do as Little harm as I Can help and trust on gods marcy for the Rest and I Beleve god neve made a man of my prisepel to be Lost and I flater my self Deer sister that you are well on your way in Cristeanaty gave my Love to all your Childran and all my frends fearwell my Deer sister

"DANIEL BOONE

"Mrs. Sarah Boone

"N B I Red a Later yesterday from sister Hanah peninton by hir grand sun Dal Ringe she and all hir Childran are Well at present

"D B"

[Illustration: BOONE'S RELIGIOUS VIEWS. Reduced facsimile from original MS. in possession of Wisconsin State Historical Society.]

Many strangers of distinction visited him at Nathan's home near the banks of the Missouri, and the public journals of the day always welcomed an anecdote of the great hunter's prowess--although most of the stories which found their way into print were either deliberate inventions or unconsciously exaggerated traditions. From published descriptions of the man by those who could discriminate, we may gain some idea of his appearance and manner. The great naturalist Audubon once passed a night under a West Virginia roof in the same room with Boone, whose "extraordinary skill in the management of a rifle" is alluded to. He says: "The stature and general appearance of this wanderer of the Western forests approached the gigantic. His chest was broad and prominent; his muscular powers displayed themselves in every limb; his countenance gave indication of his great courage, enterprise, and perseverance; and when he spoke the very motion of his lips brought the impression that whatever he uttered could not be otherwise than strictly true. I undressed, whilst he merely took off his hunting-shirt and arranged a few folds of blankets on the floor, choosing rather to lie there, as he observed, than on the softest bed."

Timothy Flint, one of his early biographers, knew the "grand old man" in Missouri, and thus pictures him: "He was five feet ten inches in height, of a very erect, clean-limbed, and athletic form--admirably fitted in structure, muscle, temperament, and habit for the endurance of the labors, changes, and sufferings he underwent. He had what phrenologists would have considered a model head--with a forehead peculiarly high, noble, and bold--thin and compressed lips--a mild, clear, blue eye--a large and prominent chin, and a general expression of countenance in which fearlessness and courage sat enthroned, and which told the beholder at a glance what he had been and was formed to be." Flint declares that the busts, paintings, and engravings of Boone bear little resemblance to him. "They want the high port and noble daring of his countenance.... Never was old age more green, or gray hairs more graceful. His high, calm, bold forehead seemed converted by years into iron."

Rev. James E. Welch, a revivalist, thus tells of Boone as he saw him at his meetings in 1818: "He was rather low of stature, broad shoulders, high cheek-bones, very mild countenance, fair complexion, soft and quiet in his manner, but little to say unless spoken to, amiable and kind in his feelings, very fond of quiet retirement, of cool self-possession and indomitable perseverance. He never made a profession of religion, but still was what the world calls a very moral man."

In 1819, the year before the death of Boone, Chester Harding, an American portrait-painter of some note, went out from St. Louis to make a life study of the aged Kentuckian. He found him at the time "living alone in a cabin, a part of an old blockhouse," evidently having escaped for a time from the conventionalities of home life, which palled upon him. The great man was roasting a steak of venison on the end of his ramrod. He had a marvelous memory of the incidents of early days, although forgetful of passing events. "I asked him," says Harding, "if he never got lost in his long wanderings after game? He said 'No, I was never lost, but I was bewildered once for three days.'" The portrait is now in the possession of the painter's grandson, Mr. William H. King, of Winnetka, Ill. Harding says that he "never finished the drapery of the original picture, but copied the head, I think, at three different times." It is from this portrait (our frontispiece), made when Boone was an octogenarian, emaciated and feeble--although not appearing older than seventy years--that most others have been taken; thus giving us, as Flint says, but a shadowy notion of how the famous explorer looked in his prime. There is in existence, however, a portrait made by Audubon, from memory--a charming picture, representing Boone in middle life.[18]

Serene and unworldly to the last, and with slight premonition of the end, Daniel Boone passed from this life upon the twenty-sixth of September, 1820, in the eighty-sixth year of his age. The event took place in the home of his son Nathan, said to be the first stone house built in Missouri. The convention for drafting the first constitution of the new State was then in session in St. Louis. Upon learning the news, the commonwealth-builders adjourned for the day in respect to his memory; and as a further mark of regard wore crape on their left arms for twenty days. The St. Louis Gazette, in formally announcing his death, said: "Colonel Boone was a man of common stature, of great enterprise, strong intellect, amiable disposition, and inviolable integrity--he died universally regretted by all who knew him.... Such is the veneration for his name and character."

Pursuant to his oft-repeated request, he was buried by the side of his wife, upon the bank of Teugue Creek, about a mile from the Missouri. There, in sight of the great river of the new West, the two founders of Boonesborough rested peacefully. Their graves were, however, neglected until 1845, when the legislature of Kentucky made a strong appeal to the people of Missouri to allow the bones to be removed to Frankfort, where, it was promised, they should be surmounted by a fitting monument. The eloquence of Kentucky's commissioners succeeded in overcoming the strong reluctance of the Missourians, and such fragments as had not been resolved into dust were removed amid much display. But in their new abiding-place they were again the victims of indifference; it was not until 1880, thirty-five years later, that the present monument was erected.

[Illustration: BOONE'S MONUMENT AT FRANKFORT, KENTUCKY.]

We have seen that Daniel Boone was neither the first explorer nor the first settler of Kentucky. The trans-Alleghany wilds had been trodden by many before him; even he was piloted through Cumberland Gap by Finley, and Harrodsburg has nearly a year's priority over Boonesborough. He had not the intellect of Clark or of Logan, and his services in the defense of the country were of less importance than theirs. He was not a constructive agent of civilization. But in the minds of most Americans there is a pathetic, romantic interest attaching to Boone that is associated with few if any others of the early Kentuckians. His migrations in the vanguard of settlement into North Carolina, Kentucky, West Virginia, and Missouri, each in their turn; his heroic wanderings in search of game and fresh lands; his activity and numerous thrilling adventures during nearly a half-century of border warfare; his successive failures to acquire a legal foothold in the wilderness to which he had piloted others; his persistent efforts to escape the civilization of which he had been the forerunner; his sunny temper amid trials of the sort that made of Clark a plotter and a misanthrope; his sterling integrity; his serene old age--all these have conspired to make for Daniel Boone a place in American history as one of the most lovable and picturesque of our popular heroes; indeed, the typical backwoodsman of the trans-Alleghany region.

FOOTNOTE:

[18] The story of the original Harding portrait, as gathered from statements to the present writer by members of the painter's family, supplemented by letters of Harding himself to the late Lyman C. Draper, is an interesting one. The artist used for his portrait a piece of ordinary table oil-cloth. For many years the painting was in the capitol at Frankfort, Ky., "from the fact that it was hoped the State would buy it." But the State had meanwhile become possessed of another oil portrait painted about 1839 or 1840 by a Mr. Allen, of Harrodsburg, Ky.--an ideal sketch, of no special merit. Harding's portrait, apparently the only one of Boone painted from life, was not purchased, for the State did not wish to be at the expense of two paintings. Being upon a Western trip, in 1861, Harding, then an old man and a resident of Springfield, Mass., rescued his portrait, which was in bad condition, and carried it home. The process of restoration was necessarily a vigorous one. The artist writes (October 6, 1861): "The picture had been banged about until the greater part of it was broken to pieces.... The head is as perfect as when it was painted, in color, though there are some small, almost imperceptible, cracks in it." The head and neck, down to the shirt-collar, were cut out and pasted upon a full-sized canvas; on this, Harding had "a very skilful artist" repaint the bust, drapery, and background, under the former's immediate direction. The picture in the present state is, therefore, a composite. The joining shows plainly in most lights. Upon the completion of the work, Harding offered to sell it to Draper, but the negotiation fell through. The restored portrait was then presented by the artist to his son-in-law, John L. King, of Springfield, Mass., and in due course it came into the possession of the latter's son, the present owner.

INDEX

Abingdon (Pa.), Boones in, 4.

Alleghany Mountains, bound French claims, 19, 60; border Valley of Virginia, 14; pioneers on eastern foot-hills, 27, 35, 69; barrier to Western advance, 13; Berkeley's exploration, 85, 86; crossed by Americans, 20; in Dunmore's War, 105; first government west of, 122, 123.

Allen, ----, paints Boone's portrait, 238.

Amherst, Gen. Jeffrey, of British Army, 44.

Appalachian Mountains, troughs of, 13-15. See also Alleghany Mountains.

Arkansas, Virginia hunters in, 89, 90.

Ashton, Captain, killed by Indians, 185.

Audubon, John James, knew Boone, 10, 235, 238.

Baker, John, explores Kentucky, 66.

Barbour, ----, hunts in Kentucky, 89, 90.

Baton Rouge (La.), North Carolinians near, 66.

Batts, Thomas, on New River, 86.

Bears, 18, 56, 58, 67, 75, 76, 92, 133, 197.

Beaver Creek, Boone on, 68.

Beavers, 18, 74, 229.

Benton, ----, Kentucky pioneer, 125.

Berkeley, Gov. William, in Alleghanies, 85, 86.

Berks County (Pa.), Boones in, 4-15, 211, 212.

Black Fish, Shawnese chief, 148-157, 161-167.

Bledsoe, Maj. Anthony, militia leader, 134.

Blue Ridge, borders Valley of Virginia, 14, 15; crossed by Boone, 72.

Boiling Spring (Ky.), founded, 121. See also Fort Boiling Spring.

Boone, A. G., grandson of Daniel, 231.

--, Benjamin, son of George{1}, 1.

--, Daniel, Dutch painter, 7.

--, Daniel, born, 6; youth, 7-15; training, 10-12; education, 199, 224; moves to Yadkin, 16, 17; explores Yadkin region, 62, 63; in French and Indian War, 21-23; marriage, 25-27, 36; list of children, 43; life on the Yadkin, 17-20, 28-36; flees to Virginia, 43, 55; returns to Yadkin, 50, 55; visits Florida, 64, 65; early Kentucky explorations, 24, 69, 70; trains James, 63; discontented in North Carolina, 67-69; hunts in Tennessee, 55, 56; in Cherokee War, 50, 55, 56; carves name on trees, 56; captures criminals, 62; opinion of Indians, 52, 59; piloted by Finley, 218, 241; crosses Cumberland Gap, ix, 89, 200, 218; long hunt in Kentucky, 72-84, 86, 94-97, 100, 224; starts for Kentucky, 101-103; on Clinch, 103; in Dunmore's War, 105-112; pioneer for Transylvania Company, 114-117; settles Boonesborough, 117-119, 124, 125; defends Boonesborough, 137, 138, 141, 142; capture of daughter, 134-136; captured by Shawnese, 146-158; returns to Kentucky, 174-178; hunts for settlers, 176; robbed of money, 176, 177; militia leader, 112, 134, 180, 212, 213; Indian expeditions, 181, 182, 187-189; pilot for immigrants, 198, 211, 226; leaves Boonesborough, 180; justice of peace, 143; surveyor, 120, 121, 129, 181, 193, 198, 208, 209, 211, 212; member of legislature, 182, 183, 215; revisits Pennsylvania, 211, 212; loses Kentucky lands, 208-210, 219; at Maysville, 201, 202, 207-210; river trader, 201, 202; life on Kanawha, 210-222; "autobiography," 153, 169, 199; ships furs to East, 197, 201, 202; moves to Missouri, 205, 219-222; Spanish syndic, 224-227; hunts in Missouri, 220, 229-232; laments growth of settlement, 227, 231; loses Spanish grant, 227, 228; pays debts, 229; old age, 228-241; death and burial, 239, 240; character, vii-ix, 200, 232, 233, 241, 242; religious views, 233, 234; specimen letters, 193-195, 233-235; descriptions of, 109, 110, 212-214, 225, 235-237, 239, 240; not first in Kentucky, 85; Byron's verses, 200; nature of services, 200; extent of fame, 198, 199, 222, 233-235; portraits, 237-239; Draper's proposed biography, ix, x.

Boone, Mrs. Daniel, marriage, 25-27, 36; life on Yadkin, 29, 30; flees to Virginia, 43; scorns Florida, 65; in Kentucky, 125, 158, 168, 201; death and burial, 230, 240.

--, Daniel Morgan, son of Daniel, 43; in Missouri, 220, 230, 232; in Kansas, 230, 231.

--, Edward, brother of Daniel, 7; killed by Indians, 7, 174, 181.

--, Elizabeth, sister of Daniel, 7.

--, George{1}, grandfather of Daniel, early life, 1-3; moves to Pennsylvania, 3, 4, 102; death, 5.

--, George{2}, son of foregoing, born, 1; in Pennsylvania, 2-5.

--, George{3}, brother of Daniel, 7.

--, Hannah, sister of Daniel, 7.

--, Israel{1}, brother of Daniel, 7, 12.

--, Israel{2}, son of Daniel, 43; killed by Indians, 189.

--, James{1}, son of George{1}, 1, 15.

--, James{2}, son of Daniel, 43; trained as hunter, 63; killed by Indians, 102, 103.

--, Jemima, daughter of Daniel, 43; captured by Indians, 134-136; marries Flanders Calloway, 158.

--, John, son of George{1}, 1, 2, 15.

--, John B., son of Daniel, 43.

--, Jonathan, brother of Daniel, 7.

--, Joseph, son of George{1}, 1.

--, Lavinia, daughter of Daniel, 43.

--, Mary{1}, daughter of George{1}, 1.

--, Mary{2}, sister of Daniel, 7.

--, Nathan, son of Daniel, 43; visits Pennsylvania, 211, 212; in Missouri, 230, 233, 239.

--, Rebecca, daughter of Daniel, 43.

--, Samuel{1}, son of George{1}, 1.

Boone, Samuel{2}, brother of Daniel, 7, 10; marries Sarah Day, 233.

--, Samuel{3}, son of foregoing, 233.

--, Sarah{1}, daughter of George{1}, born, 1; moves to Pennsylvania, 2, 3; marries Jacob Stover, 4, 5.

--, Sarah{2}, sister of Daniel, 7, 12.

--, Sarah Day, letter from Daniel, 233. See also Sarah Day.

--, Squire{1}, father of Daniel, born, 1; moves to Pennsylvania, 2, 3; marriage, 5; life in Pennsylvania, 5-15; expelled by Quakers, 12; moves to Yadkin, 15-17; flees to Virginia, 43; returns to Yadkin, 59; life on Yadkin, 25, 27; death, 59.

--, Squire{2}, brother of Daniel, 7; on Big Sandy, 69; visits Kentucky, 72, 78-81, 84, 94-97, 100; at Boonesborough, 117, 122, 125, 129, 158, 162.

--, Susannah, daughter of Daniel, 43.

-- family, in Cherokee War, 43, 44; in Kentucky, 43; in Missouri, 44, 220-241.

Boone's Creek (Ky.), Boone on, 180, 208.

-- Creek (Tenn.), Boone on, 55, 56.

-- Station. See Fort Boone.

Boonesborough (Ky.), 118, 119, 121, 124-128, 240, 241; Transylvania convention at, 122, 123; capture of girls, 134-136; in Revolutionary War, 137, 139, 141-143, 148, 149, 154, 156-158, 184; besieged by Indians, 159-167, 169, 186; Boone's return to, 174-180, 208, 209; incorporated, 174, 175; left by Boone, 180; present condition, 175; Ranck's monograph, x.

Bouquet, Gen. Henry, campaign of, 88; treats with Indians, 103, 104.

Bourbon County (Ky.), Boone in, 177, 181.

Bowman, Col. John, Kentucky pioneer, 125; militia leader, 134; in Revolutionary War, 143-145, 158, 170, 178.

Braddock, Gen. Edward, defeated by French, 21-23, 25, 50, 71, 81, 152.

Bradley, Edward, Kentucky pioneer, 117.

--, Samuel, mentioned by Boone, 233.

Bradninch (Eng.), early home of Boones, 1-3.

Bridges, James, Kentucky pioneer, 117.

Brownsville (Pa.), Boone at, 212, 215, 216.

Bryan, Joseph, father-in-law of Boone, 25.

--, Rebecca. See Mrs. Daniel Boone.

-- family, Yadkin pioneers, 24-27, 36, 168; in Cherokee War, 43, 44; in Kentucky, 101, 102, 125.

Buffaloes, 17, 18, 23, 67, 69, 70, 72, 75, 76, 90, 92, 95, 118, 133, 158, 197.

Bush, William, Kentucky pioneer, 117.

Byrd, Colonel, of British Army, 178.

--, Col. William, raids Cherokees, 49, 50, 56.

Byron, George Noel Gordon, Lord, lines on Boone, 200.

Cahokia (Ill.), won by Clark, 159.

Caldwell, Capt. William, raids Kentucky, 186.

California, Boone interested in, 232.

Calk, William, Kentucky pioneer, 194.

Calloway, Betsey, captured by Indians, 135, 136; marries Samuel Henderson, 143.

Calloway, Fanny, captured by Indians, 135, 136.

--, Flanders, marries Jemima Boone, 158; in Missouri, 229, 233.

--, Col. Richard, Kentucky pioneer, 117; daughters captured, 135, 136; accuses Boone, 165-167.

Campbell, Maj. Arthur, in Dunmore's War, 105, 108, 109; in Kentucky, 126.

--, Ensign John, in Dunmore's War, 109.

-- (Camel), Robert, Kentucky pioneer, 209.

-- family, Kentucky pioneers, 125.

Camp Madison (Ky.), 172.

Caperton, Captain, militia leader, 216.

Captain Jack, Indian hero, 52.

Carson, Kit, grandson of Boone, 231.

Cartwright's Creek, Boone on, 208.

Castle's-woods, Boone at, 109.

Catawba Indians, relations with Yadkin settlers, 18, 19, 22, 36, 42; allies of whites, 45; raided by Northern Indians, 96.

Cattle-raising, on frontier, 8, 9, 15, 16, 30, 31, 35, 36, 57, 58, 62, 69, 102, 122, 127, 128, 131, 132, 140, 162, 163, 173, 197, 223.

Charleston (S.C.), in Cherokee War, 43, 46; Boone at, 169.

-- (W. Va.), Boone near, 211, 221.

Charlottesville (Va.), Boone at, 182.

Cherokee Indians, raided by Northern tribes, 96; relations with Yadkin settlers, 18, 19, 22; war with whites, 36-56, 60, 69; plunder Kentucky hunters, 90, 91, 93; treaty with settlers, 99; in Dunmore's War, 104, 105, 112, 113; in Transylvania cession, 113-116; in Revolutionary War, 132, 139-144, 160-167; inflamed by Spain, 202, 204.

Chickasaw Indians, in Revolutionary War, 179.

Chillicothe (Ohio), Boone near, 158.

--, Little, Shawnese town, 151, 152, 156, 166.

--, Old, Shawnese town, 170.

Choctaw Indians, rob hunters, 67.

Christian family, Kentucky pioneers, 125.

Cincinnati, founded, 199; Clark at, 190; Harmar, 213; Boone, 222; Wayne, 218.

Clark, George Rogers, arrival in Kentucky, 104, 125; delegate to Virginia, 133; in Dunmore's War, 107; in Revolutionary War, 125, 134, 138, 139, 158, 159, 169, 178, 179, 181, 183, 190; Wabash expedition, 206, 207; separatist intrigues, 203-205, 242; misanthropic, vii; character of services, vii, 241.

Clendennin, Col. George, militia leader, 216.

Clinch Mountain, crossed by Boone, 73.

Coburn, Samuel, Kentucky pioneer, 117.

Colorado, A. G. Boone in, 231.

Cooley, William, accompanies Boone, 72-79.

Cornstalk, Shawnese chief, 110, 111.

Cornwallis, Lord, imprisons Boone, 182, 183.

Covington (Ky.), Bowman at, 170.

Crabtree, Capt. Jacob, Kentucky pioneer, 117.

Crane, Sergt. John, in Dunmore's War, 109.

Creek Indians, inflamed by Spain, 202, 204.

Crime, on frontier, 33, 34, 60-62.

Croghan, George, fur-trader, 23.

Culpeper County (Va.), Boone in, 43.

Cumberland Gap, crossed by Virginia hunters, 90, 92; Finley, 23, 88; Boone, vii, 72, 73, 88, 89, 95, 125, 230, 241; in Dunmore's War, 105. See also Wilderness Road.

-- Mountains, bound Kentucky, 70, 91.

Cutbirth, Benjamin, friend of Boone, 66; in Kentucky, 66, 67, 101.

Danville (Ky.), district capital, 195.

Davie County (N.C.), Boones in, 27.

Dawson, Miss Marjory, aid acknowledged, xi.

Day, Rebecca, 233.

--, Sarah, marries Samuel Boone, 10; teaches Daniel, 10, 11.

Deer, 18, 58, 63, 67, 72-74, 76, 92, 133, 197.

Delassus, Charles Dehault, lieutenant-governor of Upper Louisiana, 220, 224, 225, 228.

Delaware Indians, Christian converts, 7, 8; in Revolutionary War, 156, 157, 160-167.

Detroit, Boone at, 154-157, 166, 177; British headquarters, 178, 183, 192.

District of Columbia, Squire Boone in, 43.

Doddridge, Joseph, _Notes on Virginia_, 39-41.

Drake, Joseph, heads Long Hunters, 91, 92.

Draper, Lyman Copeland, gathers Boone manuscripts, ix, x; letters from Harding, 238, 239.

Dress, of pioneers, 28, 29.

Dunkin, Sergt. John, in Dunmore's War, 109.

Dunmore, Lord, commissions Boone, 155, 156; raids Indians, 105-112; opposes Henderson, 116.

Durrett, Col. Reuben T., aid acknowledged, x.

Dutchman's Creek, Boones on, 17.

Eagle Creek, in Indian campaign, 194.

Education, on frontier, 10, 11, 27, 53, 224.

Elk, 72, 75, 76, 92.

English, in French and Indian War, 19-23; defeat French, 59, 60; employ French woodsmen, 98; fur trade of, 42; oppose American settlement, 98, 99, 202; in Revolutionary War, 132, 149, 154-156, 159, 165-167, 171, 178, 186, 190, 192; designs on Louisiana, 220.

Estill, Capt. James, killed by Indians, 184, 185.

-- County (Ky.), Boone in, 73.

Etting, J. Marx, aid acknowledged, xi.

Exeter township (Pa.), Boones in, 5-7.

Fayette County (Ky.), organized, 179-182; raided by Indians, 186; surveying, 181, 192, 193.

Fallen Timbers, battle of, 217, 218.

Falls of Ohio. See Louisville.

Femme Osage Creek, Boone on, 220-222, 224, 225, 229.

Filson, John, writes Boone's "autobiography," 153, 199, 200.

Fincastle County (Va.), includes Kentucky, 123, 195.

Finley, John, early exploration of Kentucky, 22, 23, 87, 88; tells Boone thereof, 22-24, 69, 71; pilots Boone thither, vii, 71-79, 88, 200, 218, 241.

Fishing Creek, Clark on, 104.

Flint, Timothy, describes Boone, 235, 236, 238.

Florida, Virginia hunters in, 89; Boone, 64, 65.

Floyd, Capt. John, on state of frontier, 136, 137; in Revolutionary War, 138, 180.

Forbes, Gen. John, campaign of, 88.

Fort Blackmore, in Dunmore's War, 108.

-- Boiling Spring, in Revolutionary War, 137.

-- Boone (Boone's Station), built, 180.

-- Bryan (Ky.), in Revolutionary War, 137, 185-188.

-- Defiance, Wayne at, 217.

-- Dobbs, erected, 37-39; in Cherokee War, 41-44, 55.

-- Duquesne. See Pittsburg.

-- Elk Garden, in Dunmore's War, 109.

-- Estill, attacked by Indians, 184.

-- Glade Hollow, in Dunmore's War, 109.

-- Harrod. See Fort Boiling Spring.

-- Hinkson, in Revolutionary War, 137.

-- Huston (Ky.), in Revolutionary War, 137.

-- Jefferson, built by Clark, 179.

-- Logan, in Revolutionary War, 137, 139, 164, 165.

-- Loudon, erected, 37; in Cherokee War, 44, 46, 47.

-- McClellan, in Revolutionary War, 137, 139.

-- McConnell, in Revolutionary War, 188.

-- McGee, in Revolutionary War, 188.

-- Maiden Spring, in Dunmore's War, 109.

-- Martin, besieged, 178.

-- Massac, French at, 41, 42, 48.

-- Moore, in Dunmore's War, 108.

-- Nelson. See Louisville.

-- Osage, Boone at, 232.

-- Pitt. See Pittsburg.

-- Price (Ky.), in Revolutionary War, 139.

-- Prince George, in Cherokee War, 37, 44, 48.

-- Recovery, Wayne at, 217.

-- Robinson, erected, 50.

-- Ruddell, founded, 121; besieged, 178.

-- Russell, in Dunmore's War, 108.

-- Stanwix, treaty of, 99, 114, 121.

-- Strode, militia rendezvous, 194.

-- Whitley, in Revolutionary War, 137.

-- Whitton (Big Crab Orchard), in Dunmore's War, 109.

Forts on frontier, described, 37-41; methods of defense, 142, 143.

Frankfort (Ky.), 121; Boone portrait at, 238; Boone's grave, 240.

Fredericksburg (Va.), Boone in, 43.

Frelinghuysen, Theodore, on Cherokee bravery, 51.

Fremont, Gen. John C., explorer, 231.

French, introduce knives, 111; early knowledge of Kentucky, 85-87; in French and Indian War, 19-23, 66; inflame Southern Indians, 36, 37, 41, 42, 48, 51, 98; fall of New France, 48, 60; hunting in Kentucky, 95, 101, 197; employed by English, 98, 148, 159, 161, 171, 178; in Northwest Territory, 207; in Missouri, 223-226, 231; intrigue against Spain, 204; cede Louisiana to United States, 226, 227.

-- Creek, French on, 20.

Fur trade, near Philadelphia, 4, 10; French and English rivalry, 19, 20; Ohio Company, 20, 24, 87; Finley, 22, 23, 71, 83, 87, 88; Croghan, 23; with Southern Indians, 18, 42, 44, 58, 60, 132, 133; roving of traders, 67, 69; English operations, 87, 99, 190; character of traders, 60, 132, 133; autumnal caravans, 31, 58, 197; Boone's operations, 201, 202, 219.

Gass, Capt. David, on Clinch, 103; Kentucky pioneer, 117.

Gauntlet-running, described, 154, 155.

Georgetown (D.C.), Squire Boone in, 43.

Georgia, Virginia hunters in, 91; Boone, 65; increase of settlement, 97.

Germans, among frontiersmen, 4, 5, 14, 196.

Girty, George, met by Boone, 148.

--, James, met by Boone, 148.

--, Simon, American renegade, 148, 186.

Gist, Christopher, explores Kentucky, 87, 100.

Grant, Lieut.-Col. James, raids Cherokees, 48-50.

Granville, Earl, North Carolina landholder, 68.

Great Lakes, French posts on, 19.

-- Meadows, defeat of Washington, 20.

Greenville (Ohio), treaty of, 217.

Grimes, James, mentioned by Boone, 233.

Gwynedd township (Pa.), Boones in, 4-6.

Hamilton, Gov. Henry, 149, 150; relations with Boone, 154-156, 161, 166; imprisoned, 169, 177.

Hamtramck, Maj. J. F., raids Indians, 213.

Harding, Chester, paints Boone's portrait, 237-239.

Harmar, Col. Josiah, raids Indians, 213.

Harper's Ferry (Va.), Boones at, 16.

Harrisonburg (Va.), Boones near, 16.

Harrod, Capt. James, in Revolutionary War, 134, 138, 176.

Harrodsburg, founded, vii, 121, 131, 238, 241; convention at, 133; in Revolutionary War, 137, 139, 142, 143, 164; seat of Lincoln County, 179.

Hart, David, of Transylvania Company, 114.

--, John, Kentucky pioneer, 117.

--, Nathaniel, of Transylvania Company, 114, 176, 177.

--, Thomas, of Transylvania Company, 114, 176, 177.

Hays, William, Boone's son-in-law, 117.

--, Mrs. William, daughter of Boone, 117.

Hazelrigg, Captain, letters from Boone, 193-195.

Hempinstall, Abraham, hunts in Kentucky, 89, 90.

Henderson, Col. Richard, settles Kentucky, 113-115, 118-120, 122-124, 126, 129, 133.

--, Samuel, marries Betsey Calloway, 143.

Hennepin, Father Louis, explorations of, 86.

Hewett, Gen. Fayette, aid acknowledged, xi.

Hicks, William, Kentucky pioneer, 117.

Hill, William, accompanies Boone, 69, 70.

Hinkson, Maj. John, Kentucky pioneer, 121.

Hite, Isaac, Kentucky pioneer, 125.

Holden, Capt. Joseph, accompanies Boone, 72-77; defeated by Indians, 185.

Howard, John, in Kentucky, 87.

Hunting, early practised by Boone, 9-12, 16; in Yadkin country, 17, 18, 28-34, 55, 58, 62, 63; early trail through Cumberland Gap, 73, 89; in Tennessee, 55-57; abundant in Kentucky, 76, 98, 132, 218; Long Hunters, 91-95; Boone's long Kentucky hunt, 72-84, 86, 94-97; Boone's contemporaries, 87-91; after Revolution, in Kentucky, 197, 211, 218; in Kanawha Valley, 218, 219; in Missouri, 220, 229-232; profits of, 57-59, 73-75, 229; methods employed, 75, 76; camps described, 63, 64; game decreasing, 62, 97, 124, 219. See also the several animals.

Iberville, Lemoyne d', explorations of, 86.

Illinois, French in, 42; English, 87.

Indian Territory, mentioned by Boone, 232.

Indians, understood by Boone, viii, 7, 8, 10; influence of women, 46; lodge life, 153; adopt captives, 152, 153; affected by fur trade, 133; barrier to settlement, 98; in eastern Pennsylvania, 4, 7, 8, 10, 13; infest mountain valleys, 14, 16; in French and Indian War, 19-23, 36-56; raid Yadkin region, 27, 36-56; raid Kentucky, 126, 127; warrior's paths, 73, 76, 79, 180; gauntlet-running, 154, 155; methods of warfare, 39-41, 52-54, 111, 140, 141, 160-167, 186-189, 205; ethics of border warfare, 50-54, 206; finally quieted in Northwest, 216-218. See also the several tribes.

Irish, among frontiersmen, 14, 24, 196.

Iron Mountain, crossed by Boone, 73.

Iroquois, in Kentucky, 99, 113, 114.

Jefferson, Thomas, governor of Virginia, 182; President, 224.

Jefferson County (Ky.), organized, 179-181; in Revolutionary War, 188; Lincolns in, 174.

Jennings, Edmund, Kentucky pioneer, 117.

Jessamine County (Ky.), Bone in, 101.

Jesuits, seek Mississippi River, 86.

Johnson, Andrew, escapes from Indians, 157.

--, Thomas, Kentucky pioneer, 117.

Joliet, Louis, discovers Mississippi, 86.

Jones, Capt. John Gabriel, delegate to Virginia, 133.

Justice, on frontier, 61, 223, 225, 226.

Kanawha County (W. Va.), Boone in, 210-222.

Kansas, Boone in, 229.

Kaskaskia (Ill.), won by Clark, 159, 190.

Keith, Sir William, governor of Pennsylvania, 87.

Kennedy, John, Kentucky pioneer, 117.

Kenton, Simon, scout, 125; in Revolutionary War, 141, 160, 189.

Kentucky, described, 82, 131, 132; debatable land between tribes, 76, 77; early explorations, vii, 85-87, 89-91; Virginia hunters, 20; Finley, 22, 23, 71, 87, 88; Boone's early explorations, 24, 64, 68-70, 88, 89, 101; Boone's long hunt, 72-84, 86, 94-97; Long Hunters in, 91-95; Washington, 88, 89; Cutbirth, 66, 67; Boone family, 25, 43, 241; game abundant, 98, 129, 218; Cherokee lands settled, 99; early colonial projects, 100; Transylvania Company, 113-176; first settled, vii, viii; rush of settlers, 104, 178, 195-198, 207; in Dunmore's War, 106, 107, 113; during Revolutionary War, 132-192; losses in Indian wars, 205; Indians finally quelled, 213-218; established as Virginia County, 123, 133, 134; divided into three counties, 179-181; made a district, 195; becomes a State, 205; sends Boone to legislature, 182, 183; separatist agitation, 202-205; first wedding, 143; first artillery, 174; hard winter, 173, 175, 176; early commerce, 196, 197; Boone pays debts, 229; Boone's services to, 200, 201; petitions Congress for Boone, 176, 177, 228; obtains Boone's remains, ix, 240; declines to buy Harding's portrait, 238; Filson's _History_, 199.

King, John, Kentucky pioneer, 117.

--, John L., owns Boone portrait, 239.

--, William H., owns Boone portrait, 237-239; aid acknowledged, xi.

King Philip, Indian hero, 51, 52.

Kinkead, Sergt. John, in Dunmore's War, 109.

Lackey, W. G., aid acknowledged, xi.

La Fayette, Gen. Marquis de, in Virginia, 182.

Land grants, to French and Indian War veterans, 88, 121, 131; by Iroquois to whites, 114; by Cherokees to whites, 113-116; Boone from Virginia, 177; Boone from Spain, 222, 227, 228. See also Transylvania Company.

La Salle, Robert Cavelier, sieur de, on Western waters, 86.

Law, on frontier, 33, 34, 224-227.

Lederer, John, on Western waters, 86.

Lee, William, Kentucky pioneer, 121, 137.

Lewis, Gen. Andrew, in Dunmore's War, 107, 110, 111.

-- family, Kentucky pioneers. 125.

Lexington (Ky.), seat of Fayette County, 179, 193; in Revolutionary War, 186-188.

Limestone. See Maysville.

Lincoln, Abraham, Kentucky pioneer, 174.

-- County (Ky.), organized, 179-181; in Revolutionary War, 188.

Linn, Lieutenant, marries, 143.

Linnville Creek, Boones on, 16.

Logan, Benjamin, arrives in Kentucky, 125; raids Indians, vii, 134, 207; in Revolutionary War, 138, 144, 164, 165, 180, 181, 189; character of services, 241.

Logan, Chief John, attacks whites, 105.

Long Hunters, in Kentucky, 91-95.

Long Island, of Holston, 50.

Long Knives, use of term, 11, 144.

Louisiana, North Carolinians in, 66; French, 19; owned by Spain, 220; French intrigue against, 204; ceded to United States, 224, 226-228.

Louisville (Ky.), Gist at site of, 87; Finley, 22, 23, 71; Washington, 104; Clark, 159; Boone, 83, 129, 193; in Revolutionary War, 181, 190; seat of Jefferson County, 179; early growth, 196.

Lyttleton, William Henry, governor of South Carolina, 43, 55.

McAfee family, Kentucky pioneers, 125.

McClellan, Alexander, Kentucky pioneer, 125.

McCulloch, John, explores Kentucky, 91.

MacDowell family, Kentucky pioneers, 125.

McGary, Maj. Hugh, in Revolutionary War, 138, 188, 189.

McKee, Capt. Alexander, raids Kentucky, 186.

Marquette, Father Jacques, discovers Mississippi, 86.

Marshall, Col. Thomas, surveyor, 181, 192, 193, 195.

Martin, Josiah, governor of North Carolina, 116.

Maryland, Boones in, 43, 59; increase of settlement, 97; commerce with Kentucky, 202.

Matthews, Albert, on "Long Knives," 111.

Maugridge, Mary, marries George Boone{1}, 1.

Mausker, Caspar, of Long Hunters, 94.

Maysville (Ky.), 194; in Revolutionary War, 138; Boone at, 201, 202, 207-210, 212.

Medicine, on frontier, 32.

Mill, John Stuart, on forcing civilization, 51.

Miller, William, Kentucky pioneer, 117.

Mingo Indians, in Dunmore's War, 105; in Revolutionary War, 132, 139-144, 156, 157, 161-167.

Mingo Junction (Ohio), Logan tragedy near, 105.

Missouri, Boone family in, viii, 43, 220-241; life previous to cession, 223-226; first stone house, 239; Constitutional Convention, viii, 239; releases Boone's remains, 240.

Moccasin Gap, followed by Boone, 73.

Monocacy Valley, Boone in, 10.

Montgomery, Alexander, scout, 160.

--, Col. John, raids Cherokees, 44-46, 55.

Mooney, James, accompanies Boone, 72-79.

Moore, Sergeant, in Dunmore's War, 108.

--, William, Kentucky pioneer, 117.

Moravian Indian missions, 7, 8.

Morgan, John, grandfather of Daniel Boone, 5.

--, Sarah, marries Squire Boone{1}, 5, 59; life in Oley, 5-15.

-- family, Welsh settlers, 5.

Morton, Mrs. Jennie C., aid acknowledged, x.

Muskrats, 18.

Nall, James, Kentucky pioneer, 117.

Nashville (Tenn.), hard winter at, 175.

Neely, Alexander, joins Boone, 78-81.

Neversink Mountains, Boone in, 10.

New France, fall of, 48, 60, 87, 98. See also French.

New Mexico, New Englanders in, 86.

New Orleans, French at, 19; Spanish, 228; North Carolinians, 66, 67; Virginians, 90, 91; early commerce with, 197.

New York (State), Indian uprising, 37; sends emigrants to Kentucky, 178.

North Carolina, pioneers of, 13-15; sends colony to Louisiana, 66; Boones in, viii, 17-102, 241; in French and Indian War, 21-23, 48-50, 56; interest in Western settlement, 100, 138, 178; Henderson's colony, 113-176; opposition to Henderson, 116, 123, 127; regulators, 61, 62; rapid settlement, 42.

North Wales (Pa.), Boones in, 4, 5.

Northwest Territory, organized, 207.

Ohio, Shawnese in, 135, 144, 149-160, 170, 182, 190; Boone hunts in, 211, 218.

-- Company, founded, 20; operations of, 24; land grants on Ohio River, 87.

Oley township (Pa.), Boones in, 4-15.

Opecancano, Indian hero, 52.

Orange County (Va.), settlers hunt in Kentucky, 89, 90.

Ordinance of 1787, 205.

Osage Indians, mentioned by Boone, 232.

Otter Creek, Boone on, 117.

Otters, 18, 74.

Owatin Creek (Pa.), Boones on, 6.

Ozark Mountains, Virginians in, 91.

Paint Lick Town. See Chillicothe, Little.

Panthers, 18.

Paris (Ky.), fort on site of, 137.

Patterson, Col. Robert, Kentucky pioneer, 125, 194.

Peeke, James, Kentucky pioneer, 117.

Penn, William, founds Pennsylvania, 2.

Pennington (Peninton), Hannah, mentioned by Boone, 234.

Pennsylvania, founded by Penn, 2; Boones in, viii, 2-14, 102, 174, 183, 211, 212; Finley, 79; sends settlers to southwest, 13-15, 20, 24: interest in Western settlement, 138, 178; increase of settlement, 97, 130; in French and Indian War, 20-23, 37; in Revolutionary War, 148, 159; losses in Indian wars, 205.

Pensacola (Fla.), Boone in, 65.

Philadelphia, in time of Boones, 3, 4, 10, 102, 212.

Pickaway, Shawnese town, 179.

Pittsburg, French at, 20, 21, 41; Virginia hunters, 89; in Dunmore's War, 105, 107; in Revolutionary War, 138, 148, 183.

Poage, Sergt. W., in Dunmore's War, 108.

Point Pleasant (W. Va.), battle at, 108, 110-112; Boone, 201, 210-222.

Pompey, negro interpreter, 151, 161.

Pontiac, Indian hero, 52, 59, 60.

Pope, Col. William, militia leader, 180, 181.

Presbyterians, among frontiersmen, 33.

Preston, Col. William, in Dunmore's War, 105, 109; in Revolutionary War, 136.

-- family, Kentucky pioneers, 125.

Prestonburg (Ky.), Boone near, 69, 70.

Quakers, Boones of this persuasion, 1, 2, 4-7, 10-12; expel Boones, 12; familiar with Indians, 13; among frontiersmen, 14, 33.

Ranck, George W., _Boonesborough_, x.

--, Mrs. George W., aid acknowledged, x.

Randolph, Nathaniel, Kentucky pioneer, 125.

Reading (Pa.), Boones near, 6.

Red Jacket, Indian hero, 52.

-- Stone. See Brownsville, Pa.

Regulators, in Carolinas, 61, 101.

Religion, on frontier, 33. See also the several denominations.

Revolutionary War, 175; effect on proprietary governments, 123; causes Washington to turn from West, 89; checks Western colonies, 100; Western interest in, 128, 170, 171; G. R. Clark, 125, 138, 139, 158, 159, 169; Kentucky in, 132-192.

Richmond (Va.), seat of government, 181, 182, 207, 208, 215.

Ringe, Daniel, 234.

River Alleghany, French on, 20.

-- Big Sandy, Boone on, 69-71, 211; Washington, 88.

-- Catawba, early settlements on, 17; Indian hostilities, 42.

-- Clinch, Boone on, 69, 101, 103-112; early settlement, 97.

-- Cumberland, Long Hunters on, 93, 95; Boone, 101; in Transylvania cession, 115; in Revolutionary War, 139.

-- Dick's, Boone on, 83.

-- Elk, Boone on, 221.

-- Elkhorn, Boone on, 208; in Revolutionary War, 137.

-- French Broad, early settlement on, 97.

-- Gauley, Boone on, 219.

-- Green, Long Hunters on, 93, 94; Boone, 77.

-- Great Miami, Shawnese on, 179.

-- Holston, Finley on, 79; Boone, 57, 69, 73; Long Hunters, 91; in Cherokee War, 47, 50; in Revolutionary War, 134, 138, 144, 161; early settlements, 97, 126.

-- Hudson, Iroquois on, 99.

-- Kanawha (Great Kanawha), explored, 86; in Dunmore's War, 108; Boone on, viii, 210-222; hunting, 218, 219.

-- Kentucky, Boone on, 73, 79, 83, 112, 180, 211; Transylvania settlement, 115-119, 121; crown lands abutting, 121, 130; capture of girls, 134-136; in Revolutionary War, 137, 139, 176; bounds Fayette County, 179; Boone leaves, 201.

-- Keowee, Cherokees on, 45.

-- Licking, Shawnese on, 135, 137, 151, 166, 170, 178-180, 188, 190; Boone, 83, 208, 211.

-- Little Miami, Shawnese on, 151, 190; in Revolutionary War, 160, 170.

-- Little Sandy, Washington on, 88.

-- Little Tennessee, Cherokees on, 45, 48, 49.

-- Maumee, Wayne on, 217.

-- Miami, Indians raided on, 214.

-- Mississippi, Iroquois on, 99; French, 19, 60, 85-87, 207; early English explorations, 20, 85-87, 89-91; North Carolinians, 66, 67; in Revolutionary War, 179; Spanish, 85, 197, 198, 202-205; free navigation sought by West, 203-205, 226; early commerce on, 197, 198.

-- Missouri, Boone on, 221, 232, 234, 240.

-- Monongahela, fur trade route, 24; Braddock on, 71; early settlements, 98, 130; Boone, 212, 215, 216.

-- New, Batts on, 86; Squire Boone, 78; settlers explore Kentucky, 90, 91.

-- Nolichucky, early settlement on, 97.

-- Ohio, drains Virginia, 16; French on, 19, 20, 41, 42; early explorations, 22; Virginia hunters, 89-91; Gist, 87; Finley, 22, 23, 71; in Dunmore's War, 105; Iroquois land sale, 99; Boone on, 69, 70, 83, 183, 201, 202, 210, 222; in Transylvania cession, 114, 129; in Revolutionary War, 138, 151, 159, 170; Indian wars on, 88, 107, 108; early settlements, 98, 100, 104, 207, 214; highway for emigrants, 130, 172, 178, 184, 196, 201; early commerce, 197, 198; last of Indian raids, 213-218.

River Platte, Boone on, 232.

-- Potomac, fur trade route, 24.

-- Powell, Boone on, 73, 95, 96, 125; early settlements, 97, 102, 115, 119.

-- Red, Boone on, 79.

-- Rich, in Dunmore's War, 109.

-- Rockcastle, Indians on, 80, 117.

-- St. Joseph, Indians raided on, 213.

-- St. Lawrence, Indians on, 19.

-- Salt, Indians near, 190.

-- --, Beech Fork of, 208.

-- Sandy, West Fork of, Boone on, 70.

-- Savannah, Indians on, 37.

-- Schuylkill, Boones on, 6-15.

-- Scioto, Shawnese on, 157, 158, 160, 167, 207; Indians raided, 213.

-- Shenandoah, Boones on, 16.

-- Tennessee, Indian uprising, 37, 45; Iroquois land sale, 99, 114; in Transylvania cession, 114.

-- Wabash, Shawnese on, 206, 207; French, 207; English, 87; in Dunmore's War, 105; Indians raided on, 213, 214.

-- Watauga, Boone on, 55, 56, 101, 115; Cherokee council, 115, 116, 133; early settlement, 97.

-- Yadkin, early known to Pennsylvanians, 14; Bryan family on, 25-27, 43; Boone family, 16-20, 24-27, 34, 43, 55-57, 68-70, 81, 89, 95, 96, 100, 102, 103, 125, 158, 168, 169, 208, 209; Indians on, 18, 19, 22, 37-56, 59, 60; hunting, 17, 18, 28-34, 55, 58; trading caravans, 31, 58; crime, 60-62; Finley's arrival, 71, 72.

-- Yellowstone, Boone on, 229.

Robinson, Chief Justice, on Wilderness Road, 172, 173, 175.

--, David, militia leader, 134.

Rockingham County (Va.), Boones in, 16; Lincolns, 174.

Rocky Mountains, explorations of, 231, 232.

Rowan County (N.C.), Boones in, 25, 55, 174.

Russell, Henry, killed by Indians, 103.

--, Col. William, starts for Kentucky, 101-103; in Dunmore's War, 105, 108; in Revolutionary War, 134.

St. Asaph (Ky.), founded, 121.

St. Augustine (Fla.), Boone in, 65.

St. Charles County (Mo.), Boones in, 220-241.

St. Clair, Gov. Arthur, raids Indians, 214, 215, 217.

St. Louis, Spanish seat, 220, 221, 223; fur market, 229; Harding at, 237; _Gazette_, 239, 240.

Salisbury (N.C.), Boone near, 18, 62.

Salling, Peter, in Kentucky, 87.

Salt Licks, in Kentucky, 90, 92, 118, 146, 151; near Prestonburg, 69, 70; Big, 82, 117; Big Bone, 82, 83, 87; Blue, 82, 158, 166, 188, 189, 194; Buffalo, 17; French, 101; Grassy, 181; Knob, 92; Lower Blue, 135, 147-151, 160.

Scotch-Irish, among frontiersmen, 5, 14, 22, 66, 128, 196.

Scott, Gen. Charles, raids Indians, 214.

Searcy, Bartlet, Kentucky pioneer, 117.

--, Reuben, Kentucky pioneer, 117.

Shawnese Indians, raid Southern tribes, 19; in Kentucky, 23; in Dunmore's War, 104, 105, 107, 108, 110-113; capture Boone, 77, 78, 146-158; capture girls, 134-136; attack Boone, 103; in Revolutionary War, 132, 139-144, 156, 157, 160-167, 170, 179, 180, 183-191, 193; raided by Kentuckians, 206, 207.

Sheltowee (Big Turtle), Boone's Indian name, 152.

Silouee, Cherokee chief, 45.

Sitting Bull, Indian hero, 52.

Skaggs, Henry, heads Long Hunters, 92.

Slavery, among Indians, 42; negro, 33, 103, 184.

Smith, John, on Indian warfare, 111.

South Carolina, pioneers of, 13-15; in Cherokee War, 43, 44, 48; regulators, 61; interest in Western settlement, 138, 178.

Southern Indians, attack whites, 60, 202, 204. See also Cherokee Indians.

Spanish, extent of explorations, 85; control Mississippi River, 202-205; relations with Kentuckians, 197, 198, 202-205; entice American colonists, 204, 205, 220, 222.

Sports, of pioneers, 32, 33.

Station Camp Creek, Boone on, 73-79.

Staunton (Va.), Boone at, 183.

Stephen, Col. Adam, raids Cherokees, 50.

Stockfield, owned by Boone, 208.

Stone, Uriah, in Kentucky, 90-92.

Stone Mountain, crossed by Boone, 73.

Stoner, Michael, Kentucky pioneer, 117.

Stuart, John, early exploration of Kentucky, 66, 67; accompanies Boone, 72-80; death, 80.

Sugar Tree Creek, Boones on, 27, 68.

Surveying, on frontier, 88, 104, 107, 119-121, 127, 131, 171, 172, 181, 192, 193, 198, 200, 208, 209, 211, 212.

Sycamore Shoals, treaty at, 115, 116.

Tarleton, Col. Banastre, captures Boone, 182.

Tate, Samuel, Kentucky pioneer, 117.

Taylor, Hancock, hunts in Kentucky, 89, 90.

--, Richard, hunts in Kentucky, 89, 90.

Tecumseh, Indian hero, 52.

Tennessee, Virginia hunters in, 20, 91; Boone, 55-57; Cherokee lands settled, 99; attacked by Southern Indians, 202, 204.

Terre Haute (Ind.), Virginians at, 91.

Teugue Creek, Boone buried on, 240.

Thoreau, Henry David, likened to Boone, 10.

Todd, Capt. John, Kentucky pioneer, 125, 131; militia leader, 134, 180; killed by Indians, 188, 189.

Towns, Oswell, Kentucky pioneer, 117.

Transylvania Company, settles Kentucky, 113-176, 208; nullified by Virginia, 134, 176.

Trigg, Col. Stephen, militia leader, 181; killed by Indians, 188, 189.

Tryon, Gov. William, conflict with regulators, 101; runs boundary line, 69.

Turkeys, 18, 72, 76, 92, 133.

Turtle Creek, Braddock's defeat on, 21.

Twitty, Capt. William, Kentucky pioneer, 117.

Vardeman, John, Kentucky pioneer, 117.

Vincennes (Ind.), won by Clark, 159, 169, 190.

Virginia, early Indian hostilities, 111; early explorations from, 85-87, 89-91; pioneer advance through, 13-15, 20; Boones in, 16, 43, 57; path to Kentucky, 115; in French and Indian War, 20-23, 37, 41, 47-49; in Dunmore's War, 105-112; losses in Indian wars, 205; sends settlers to Kentucky, 178, 192; opposition to Henderson, 116, 123, 127, 130, 133, 134, 176; interest in Western settlement, 138; regulators, 61; organizes Kentucky County, 123, 133, 134, 174; in Revolutionary War, 148, 169, 171, 203; aids Kentucky, 138, 139, 143, 146, 150, 159, 165, 172, 174, 190, 207, 208; erects district of Kentucky, 195; Boone in Assembly, 182, 183, 215; grants land to Boone, 177; fails to release Kentucky, 204.

--, Valley of, its pioneers, 13-16, 19, 20, 24, 31, 35, 100, 102.

Waddell, Capt. Hugh, in French and Indian War, 21; in Cherokee War, 44, 45, 49, 50, 55, 56.

Walker, Felix, Kentucky pioneer, 117, 118.

--, Dr. Thomas, in Kentucky, 87.

War of 1812-15, effect on Missouri, 230.

Ward, John, explores Kentucky, 66.

Warriors' paths, 73, 76, 79, 180.

Washington, George, in French and Indian War, 20, 21; in Kentucky, 87-89, 100, 104; in Revolutionary War, 138.

Wayne, Gen. Anthony, conquers Indians, 217, 218.

Welch, Rev. James E., describes Boone, 236, 237.

Welsh, among frontiersmen, 4, 5.

West Virginia, pioneer advance through, 13-15; Boone in, 210-222, 235.

Whitley, William, arrives in Kentucky, 125.

Wilcoxen, Elizabeth, marries Benjamin Cutbirth, 66.

Wildcats, 18.

Wilderness Road, 130, 146, 172-174, 178, 184, 198, 202. See also Cumberland Gap.

Wilkes County (N.C.), Boone in, 68.

Wilkesboro (N.C.), Boone near, 68.

Wilkinson, Gen. James, raids Indians, 214.

Wisconsin State Historical Society, possesses Boone's records, ix, x, 208.

Wolves, 18.

Wood, Col. Abraham, on Western waters, 86.

Wyandot Indians, in Revolutionary War, 184.

Xenia (O.), Boone near, 151, 152.

Zinzendorf und Pottendorf, Nikolaus Ludwig, Count von, Moravian missionary, 7, 8.

AN IMPORTANT HISTORICAL BOOK.

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McMASTER'S FIFTH VOLUME.

History of the People of the United States.

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By EDGAR STANTON MACLAY, A. M.

=A History of the United States Navy.= (=1775 to 1902.=)--New and revised edition.

In three volumes, the new volume containing an Account of the Navy since the Civil War, with a history of the Spanish-American War revised to the date of this edition, and an Account of naval operations in the Philippines, etc. Technical Revision of the first two volumes by Lieutenant ROY C. SMITH, U. S. N. Illustrated. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00 net per volume; postage, 26 cents per volume additional.

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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

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Admiral Farragut By Captain A. T. MAHAN, U. S. N. General Taylor By General O. O. HOWARD, U. S. A. General Jackson By JAMES PARTON. General Greene By General FRANCIS V. GREENE. General J. E. Johnston By ROBERT M. HUGHES, of Virginia. General Thomas By HENRY COPPEE, LL. D. General Scott By General MARCUS J. WRIGHT. General Washington By General BRADLEY T. JOHNSON. General Lee By General FITZHUGH LEE. General Hancock By General FRANCIS A. WALKER. General Sheridan By General HENRY E. DAVIES. General Grant By General JAMES GRANT WILSON. General Sherman By General MANNING F. FORCE. Commodore Paul Jones By CYRUS TOWNSEND BRADY. General Meade By ISAAC R. PENNYPACKER. General McClellan By General PETER S. MICHIE. General Forrest By Captain J. HARVEY MATHES.

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Admiral Porter By JAMES R. SOLEY, late Ass't Sec'y U. S. Navy. General Schofield An Autobiography.