book I

ask for is brought to me, and where I have pen, ink, and paper

always placed to make notes. This is a kindness and attention to a woman and a stranger that I was hardly prepared for. The library was brought hither from Lisbon in 1810, and placed in its present situation, which was once the hospital belonging to the Carmelites. That hospital was removed to a healthier and more commodious situation, and the rooms, admirably adapted to the purpose, received the books, of which there are between sixty and seventy thousand volumes. The greater number are books of theology and law. There is a great deal of ecclesiastical history, and particularly all the Jesuits' accounts of South America. General and civil history are not wanting; and there are good editions of the classics. There are some fine works on natural history; but, excepting these, nothing modern; scarcely a book having been bought for sixty years. But a noble addition was made to the establishment by the purchase of the Conde de Barca's library; in which there are some valuable modern works, and a very fine collection of topographical prints of all parts of the world.

I have begun to read diligently every scrap of Brazilian history I can find; and I have commenced by a collection of pamphlets, newspapers, some MS. letters and proclamations, from the year 1576 to 1757, bound up together[124]; some of these tracts Mr. Southey mentions, others he probably had not seen, but they contain nothing very material that he has not in his history. This morning's study of Brazilian history in the original language is one great advantage I derive from my removal into town. Besides which, I speak now less English than Portuguese.

[Note 124: To this collection is a printed and engraved title-page, as follows: "Noticias Historicas e Militares da America Collegidas por Diogo Barboso Machado Abbade da Igreja de Santo Adriano de Sever, e Academico da Academia Real. Comprehende do Anno de 1579 até 1757." It contains twenty-four pamphlets, &c. The Abbade Machado's name is in almost all the historical books I have yet seen in the library. I know not how the collection of the author of the Bibliotheca Lusitania became part of the royal library.]

_24th_.--Having now received the portrait which Mr. Erle, an ingenious young English artist, has been painting of the Senhora Alerez Dona Maria de Jesus, I took it to show it to her friend and patron, Jose Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva.

I never spend half an hour any where with more pleasure and profit than with the ex-minister's family. His lady is of Irish parentage, an O'Leary, a most amiable and kind woman, and truly appreciating the worth and talent of her husband; and all the nephews and other relations I meet there appear superior in education and understanding to the generality of persons I see. But it is Jose Bonifacio himself who attracts and interests me most. He is a small man, with a thin lively countenance; and his manner and conversation at once impress the beholder with the idea of that restless activity of mind which

"O'er-informs its tenement of clay,"

and is but too likely to wear out the body that contains it. The first time I saw him in private was after he ceased to be minister, his occupations before that time leaving him little leisure for private society. I was curious to see the retreat of a public man. I found him surrounded by young people and children, some of whom he took on his knee and caressed; and I could easily see that he was very popular among the small people. To me, as a stranger, he was most ceremoniously yet kindly polite, and conversed on all subjects and of all countries. He has visited most of those of Europe.

His library is well stored with books in all languages. The collection on chemistry and on mining is particularly extensive, and rich in Swedish and German authors. These, indeed, are subjects peculiarly interesting to Brazil, and have naturally been of first-rate interest to him. But his delight is classical literature; and he is himself a poet of no mean order. Perhaps my knowledge of Portuguese does not entitle me to judge particularly on the vehicle or language of his poetry; but if lofty thoughts, new and beautiful combinations, keen sensibility, and a love of beauty and of nature, be essential to poetry, the poems he read to me to-day have them all. There is one in particular, on the Creation of Woman, glowing as the sun under which it was written, and as pure as his light. Perhaps it derived some of its merit from his manner of reading it, which, though not what is called fine reading, is full of character and intelligence.

To-day, Jose Bonifacio gave me a translation from Meleager, which seems to me very beautiful. It was written at Lisbon in 1816, and two or three copies printed by one of his friends, and the last of these is now mine.[125]

[Note 125:

_Traducçăo_.

Já do ether fugio ventosa inverno, E da florida primavera a hora Purpurea rio: de verde herva mimosa A Terra denegrida se corôa, Behem os prados já liquido orvalho, Com que medraŏ as plantas, e festejaŏ Os abertos botŏes das novas rosas. Com as asperos sons da frauta rude Folga o Serrano, o Pegureiro folga Com as alvos recentes cabritinhos. Jú sulcaŏ Nantas estendidas ondas; E Favonio innocente as velas boja. As Menades, cubertas as cabeças Da flor d'hera, tres vezes enrolada, Do uvifero Baccho orgias celebraŏ: A Geraçaŏ bovina das abelhas Seus trabalhos completa; j'a produzem Formoso mel; nos favos repousados Candida cera multiplicaŏ. Cantaŏ Por toda a parte as sonorosas aves: Nas ondas o Aleyaŏ, em torna aos tectos Canta a Andorinha; canta o branco Cysne Na ribanceira, e o Rouxinol no bosque. Se pois as plantas ledas reverdecem; Florece a Terra; o Guardador a frauta Tange, e folga co'as maçans folhudas; Se aves gorgeiaŏ; se as abelhas criaŏ; Navegaŏ Nautas; Baccho guia as choros: Porque naŭ cantará tambem o Vate A risonha, a formosa Primavera?

]

Let no one say, 'that he is too miserable for any comfort to reach him. I am alone, and a widow, and in a foreign land; my health weak, my nerves irritable, and having neither wealth nor rank; forced to receive obligations painful and discordant with my former habits and prejudices, and often meeting with impertinence from those who take advantage of my solitary situation: but I am nevertheless sure that I have more _half-hours_, I dare not say _hours_, of true enjoyment, and fewer days of real misery, than half of those whom the world accounts happy. And I thank God, who gave me the temper to feel grief exquisitely, that he at the same time gave me an equal capacity for joy. And it is a joy to find minds that can understand and communicate with our own; to meet occasionally with persons of similar habits of thinking, and who, when the business of life rests a while, seek recreation in the same pursuits. This delight I do oftener enjoy than I could have hoped, so far from cultivated Europe. One or two of my friends are, indeed, like costly jewels, not to be worn every day; but there are several of sterling metal that even here disarm the ills of this "working-day world" of half their sting.

_Sept. 26th, 1823_.--A marriage in high life engages many of the talkers of Rio. A fidalgo, an officer distinguished under Beresford, Don Francisco----, whose other name I have forgotten, is fortunate enough to have obtained one of the loveliest grand-daughters of the Baroness de Campos, _Maria de Loreto_; whose extraordinary likeness to our own Princess Charlotte of Wales is such, that I am sure no English person can have seen her without being struck with it. Here, no unmarried women are allowed to be present at a marriage; but the ceremony is performed in the presence of the nearest relations, being married, on both sides. The mother of the bride sends notice to court, if she be of rank to do so, afterwards to other ladies, according to their degree, of the marriage of her daughter. The bride then goes to court; after which the ladies visit her, and proceed to congratulate the other members of the family. It is said this match is one in which the lawful lord of such things, i.e. Master Cupid, has had more to do than he is usually allowed to have in Brazil, even since it was independent; and truly a handsomer couple will not often be seen. I am glad of it. Surely free choice on such an important subject is as much to be desired as on any other. On this occasion,

"The god of love, who stood to spy them, The god of love, who must be nigh them, Pleased and tickled at the sight, Sneezed aloud; and at his right The little loves that waited by, Bow'd and bless'd the augury;"

as my favourite Cowley says; and I hope we shall have more such free matches in our free Brazil, where, hitherto, the course of true love is apt not to run smooth, that is, if my informants on the subject are in the right. Seriously, perhaps there has not hitherto been refinement enough for the delicate metaphysical love of Europe; which, because it is more rational, more noble, than all others, is less easily turned aside into other channels. Grandison or Clarissa could not have been written here; but I think ere long we may look for the polish and prudent morals of Belinda.

_Sept. 29th_.--I went to the orphan asylum, which is also the foundling hospital. The orphan boys are apprenticed at a proper age. The girls have a portion of 200 milrees; which, though little, assists in their establishment, and is often eked out from other funds. The house is exceedingly clean, and so are the beds for the foundling children, only three of whom are now in-door nurslings, the rest being placed out in the country. Till lately they have died in a proportion frightful compared with their numbers.[126] Within little more than nine years, 10,000 children have been received: these were placed out at nurse, and many were never accounted for. Not perhaps that they all died, because the temptation of retaining a mulatto child as a slave, would most likely secure care of its life; but the white ones had not even this chance of safety. Besides, the wages paid for the nursing of each was formerly so little, that the poor creatures who received them could hardly have afforded them the means of subsistence. A partial amendment has taken place, and still greater improvements are about to be made. There is a great want of medical treatment. Many of the foundlings are placed in the wheel[127], full of disease, fever, or more often a dreadful species of itch called sarna, and which is often fatal to them. Nay, dead children are also brought, that they may be decently interred.

[Note 126: See the Emperor's speech on the 3d May.]

[Note 127: A wheel or revolving box, like that at a convent, into which the infants are put.]

[Illustration:]

From the asylum, I crossed the street to the great hospital of the Misericordia. It is a fine building, and has plenty of room; but it is not in so good a state as might be wished: there are usually four hundred patients, and the number of deaths very great; but I could not learn the exact proportion. The medical department is in great want of reform. The insane ward interested me most of all: it is on the ground floor, very cold and damp; and most of those placed in it die speedily of consumptive complaints. I found here a contradiction to the vulgar opinion, that hydrophobia is not known in Brazil. A poor negro had been bitten by a mad dog a month ago; he did not seem very ill till yesterday morning, when he was sent here. He was at the grate of his cell as we passed him, in a deplorable state: knowing the gentleman who was with me, he had hoped he would release him from confinement; this of course could not be: he expired a few hours after we saw him. The burial-ground of the Misericordia is so much too small as to be exceedingly disgusting, and, I should imagine, unwholesome for the neighbourhood. I had long wished to do what I have done to-day. I think the more persons that show an interest in such establishments the better: it fixes attention upon them; and that of itself must do good. Yet my courage had hitherto failed, and I owe the excursion of this morning to accident rather than design.

I rode this evening to the protestant burial-ground, at the Praya de Gamboa. I think it one of the loveliest spots I ever beheld, commanding beautiful views every way. It slopes gradually towards the road along the shore: at the highest point there is a pretty building, consisting of three chambers; one serves as a place of meeting or waiting for the clergyman occasionally; one as a repository for the mournful furniture of the grave; and the largest, which is between the other two, is generally occupied by the body of the dead for the few hours, it may be a day and a night, which can in this climate elapse between death and burial: in front of this are the various stones, and urns, and vain memorials we raise to relieve our own sorrow; and between these and the road, some magnificent trees. Three sides of this field are fenced by rock or wood. Even Crabbe's fanciful and delicate Jane might have thought without pain of sleeping here.[128] In my illness I had often felt sorry that I had not seen this ground. I am satisfied now; and if my still lingering weakness should lay me here, the very, very few who may come to see where their friend lies will feel no disgust at the prison-house.

[Note 128: See Tales of the Hall.--The Sisters.]

_30th_.--I called at a very agreeable Brazilian lady's house to-day; and saw, for the first time in my life, a regular Brazilian _bas-blue_ in the person of Dona Maria Clara: she reads a good deal, especially philosophy and politics; she is a tolerable botanist, and draws flowers exceedingly well; besides, she is what I think it is Miss Edgeworth calls "a fetcher and carrier of bays,"--a useful member of society, who, without harming herself or others, circulates the necessary literary news, and would be invaluable where new authors want puffing, and new poems should have the pretty passages pointed out for the advantage of literary misses. Here, alas! such kindly offices are confined to comparing the rival passages in the Correiro and the Sentinella, or advocating the cause of the editor of the Sylpho or the Tamoyo. But, in sober earnest, I was delighted to find such a lady. Without arrogating much more than is due to the sex, it may claim some small influence over the occupations and amusements of home; and the woman who brings books instead of cards or private scandal into the domestic circle, is likely to promote a more general cultivation, and a more refined taste, in the society to which she belongs.

_October 1st, 1823_.--The court and city are in a state of rejoicing. Lord Cochrane has secured Maranham for the Emperor. Once more I break in on my own rule, and copy part of his letter to me:--

"Maranham, August 12th, 1823.

"My dear Madam,

"You would receive a few lines from me, dated from off Bahia, and also from the latitude of Pernambuco, saying briefly what we were about then. And now I have to add, that we followed the Portuguese squadron to the fifth degree of north latitude, and until only thirteen sail remained together out of seventy of their convoy; and then, judging it better for the interests of His Imperial Majesty, I hauled the wind for Maranham; and I have the pleasure to tell you, that my plan of adding it to the empire has had complete success. I ran in with this ship abreast of their forts; and having sent a notice of blockade, and intimated that the squadron of Bahia and Imperial forces were off the bar, the Portuguese flag was hauled down, and every thing went on without bloodshed, just as you could wish. We have found here a Portuguese brig of war, a schooner, and eight gun-boats; also sixteen merchant vessels, and a good deal of property belonging to Portuguese resident in Lisbon, deposited in the custom-house. The brig of war late the Infante Don Miguel, now the Maranham, is gone down with Grenfell to summon Para, where there is a beautiful newly-launched fifty-gun frigate, which I have no doubt but he has got before now. Thus, my dear Madam, on my return I shall have the pleasure to acquaint His Imperial Majesty, that between the extremities of his empire there exists no enemy either on shore or afloat. This will probably be within the sixth month from our sailing from Rio, and at this moment is actually the case."

Together with this letter, His Lordship has sent me the public papers concerning the taking possession of the place for the Emperor, and the officer who brought the despatches has obligingly favoured me with farther particulars; so that I believe the following to be a correct account, as far as it goes, of the whole.

As soon as it was perceived on board the Pedro Primeiro, by the orders given by Lord Cochrane for the course of the ship, that he had resolved on going to Maranham, the pilots became uneasy on account of the dangerous navigation of the coast, and, as they said, the impossibility of entering the harbour in so large a ship. I have often felt that there was something very captivating in the word _impossible_. The Admiral, however, had better motives, and had skill and knowledge to support his perseverance; and so on the 26th of July, he entered the bay of San Luis de Maranham, under English colours. Seeing a vessel of war off the place, he sent a boat on board; and though some of the sailors recognised two of the boat's crew, the officer, Mr. Shepherd, performed his part so well, that he obtained all the necessary information; and the Admiral then went in with his ship, and anchored under fort San Francisco. Thence he sent in the following papers to the city.

"_Address to the Authorities_.

"The forces of His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Brazil, having delivered the city and province of Bahia from the enemies of their independence, I, in conformity to the wishes of His Imperial Majesty, am desirous that the fruitful province of Maranham should enjoy a like freedom. I am now come to offer to the unfortunate inhabitants the protection and assistance necessary against the oppression of foreigners, wishing to accomplish their freedom, and to salute them as brethren and as friends. But should there be any who, from vexatious motives, oppose the liberation of this country, such persons may be assured that the naval and military forces which expelled the Portuguese from the South, are ready to draw the sword in the same just cause: and that sword once drawn, the consequences cannot be doubtful. I beg the principal authorities to make known to me their decisions, in order that, in case of opposition, the consequences may not be imputed to the hasty manner in which I set about the work which I must achieve. God keep Your Excellencies many years!--_On board the Pedro Primeiro, 26th July, 1823_.

"_Proclamation_

"By His Excellency Lord Cochrane, Admiral and Commander-in-Chief of the naval forces of His Imperial Majesty.

"The port, river, and island of Maranham, the bay of San José, and roads adjacent, are declared to be in a state of blockade, as long as the Portuguese shall exercise the supreme authority there; and all entrance or departure is strictly prohibited, under those pains and penalties authorised by the law of nations against those who violate the rights of belligerents.--_On board the Pedro Primeiro, 26th July, 1823_."

These papers were received by the junta of Provisional Government, at whose head was the Bishop. There had previously been some movements in favour of independence, but they had been over-ruled by the Portuguese troops, of whom there were about 300 in the town. The junta of course accepted all Lord Cochrane's proposals; the 1st of August was appointed as the day for electing a new government under the empire, and the intermediate days for taking the oaths to the Emperor, and for embarking the Portuguese troops; a step the more necessary, as they had shown a disposition to oppose the Brazilians, and had even insulted Captain Crosbie and others as they were landing to settle affairs with the government. Besides, they were hourly in expectation of a reinforcement of 500 men from Lisbon. Meantime the anchorage under Fort Francisco was found inconvenient for so large a ship as the Pedro Primeiro, and the Admiral took her round the great shoal which forms the other side of the harbour, and anchored her between the Ilha do Medo and the main in fifteen fathoms water; where he left her, and returned to the town in the sloop of war Pambinha, in which vessel he could lie close to the city itself. One of his first steps was to substitute Brazilian for Portuguese troops, in all situations where soldiers were absolutely necessary to keep order; but he did not admit more than a very limited number within the walls. He caused all who had been imprisoned on account of their political opinions to be liberated; and he sent notices to the independent military commanders of Céara and Piauhy to desist from hostilities against Maranham.

On the 27th, Lord Cochrane published the following proclamation:--

"_The High Admiral of Brazil to the Inhabitants of Maranham_.

"The auspicious day is arrived on which the worthy inhabitants of Maranham have it in their power to declare at once the independence of their country, and their adhesion to, and satisfaction with, their patriot monarch, the Emperor Peter I. (son of the august Sovereign Don John VI.); under whose protection they enjoy the glorious privileges of being free men, of choosing their own constitution, and of making their own laws by their representatives assembled to consult on their own interests, and in their own country.

"That the glory of such a day should not be darkened by any excess, even though proceeding from enthusiasm in the cause we have embraced, must be the desire of every honest and thinking citizen. It is not necessary to advise such as to their conduct: but, should there be any individuals capable of interrupting the public tranquillity on any pretext, let them beware! The strictest orders are given for the chastisement of whoever shall cause any kind of disorder, according to the degree of the crime. To take the necessary oaths, to choose the members of the civil government, are acts that should be performed with deliberation: for which reason, the first of August is the earliest day which the preparation for such solemn ceremonies demands, will permit.--Citizens! let us go forward seriously and methodically, without tumult, hurry, or confusion; and accomplish the work we have in hand in such a manner as shall merit the approbation of His Imperial Majesty, and shall give us neither cause for repentance, nor room for amendment. Viva, our Emperor! Viva, the independence and constitution of Brazil!--_On board the Pedro Primeiro, 27th July, 1823_.

COCHRANE."

On the 28th, the junta of government, the camara of the town, the citizens and soldiers, with Captain Crosbie to represent Lord Cochrane, who was not well enough to attend, assembled to proclaim the independence of Brazil, and to swear allegiance to the Emperor, Don Pedro de Alcantara; after which there was a firing of the troops, and discharge of artillery, and ringing of bells, as is usual on such occasions. The public act of fealty was drawn up, and signed by as many as could conveniently do so, and the Brazilian flag was hoisted, a flag of truce having been flying from the arrival of the Pedro till then.

The next day the inhabitants proceeded to the choice of their new provisional government of the province, which was installed on the 8th of August, as had been appointed. The members are, Miguel Ignacio dos Santos Freire e Bruce, _President_; Lourenço de Castro Belford, _Secretary_; and José Joaquim Vieira Belford.

The first act of the new government was to issue a proclamation to the inhabitants of the province of Maranham, congratulating them on being no longer a nation of slaves to Portugal, but a free people of the empire of Brazil; exhorting them to confidence, fidelity, and tranquillity; and concluding with vivas to the Roman Catholic religion; to our Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender Don Pedro I., and his dynasty; to the Cortes of Brazil, and the people of Maranham.

The letter of the new government to His Imperial Majesty is dated the 12th of August, when every thing was finally settled. It begins by congratulating him on the happy state of things in general in Brazil. It then sets forth the wishes of the people of Maranham to have joined their brethren long since, but that these wishes had been thwarted by the Lisbon troops.--"But what was our joy and transport when unexpectedly we saw the ship Pedro Primeiro summoning our port!!! Oh, 26th of July, 1823! Thrice happy day! thou wilt be as conspicuous in the annals of our province, as the sentiments of gratitude and respect inspired by the virtues of the illustrious Admiral sent to our aid by the best and most amiable of Monarchs will be deeply engraven on our hearts and those of our posterity! Yes, august Sire! the wisdom, the prudence, and the gentle manners of Lord Cochrane, have contributed still more to the happy issue of our political difficulties, than even the fear of his forces, however respectable they might be. To anchor in our port; to proclaim independence; to administer the proper oaths of obedience to Your Imperial Majesty; to suspend hostilities throughout the province; to cause a new government to be elected; to bring the troops of the country into the town, and then only in sufficient numbers for the public order and tranquillity; to open communication between the interior and the capital; to provide it with necessaries; and to restore navigation and commerce to their pristine state: all this, SIRE, was the work of a few days. Grant, Heaven, that this noble Chief may end the glorious career of his political and military labours with the like felicity and success; and that Your Imperial Majesty being so well served, nothing more may be necessary to immortalise that admirable commander, not only in the annals of Brazil, but in those of the whole world!"

And this, I think, is all of importance that I have learned with regard to the capture of Maranham to-day. It is true, the brig Maria, despatched by His Lordship on the 12th of August, only arrived to-day; so that much may be behind.

_2d October_.--A friend who was present at the Assembly to-day gives me the following account of the debate.--In the first place, the Emperor sent notice of Lord Cochrane's success at Maranham; and Martim Francisco Ribiero de Andrada rose and proposed a vote of thanks to His Lordship. The deputy Montezuma (of Bahia) opposed this, on the ground that he was the servant of the executive government, and the government ought to thank him. He felt as grateful to Lord Cochrane as any member of the Assembly could do, and would do as much to prove his gratitude; but he would not vote to thank him there. Dr. França (known by the nickname of Franzinho) seconded Montezuma, and said it derogated from the dignity of the legislative assembly of the vast, and noble, and rich empire of Brazil, to vote thanks to any individual. On which Costa Barros, in a speech of eloquence and enthusiasm, maintained the propriety of thanking Lord Cochrane. That the triumphal road, as in ancient Rome, did not now exist; but the triumph might be granted by the voice of the national representatives. The gentleman who thought no thanks should be voted was a member for Bahia, and talked of his gratitude. He could tell him, that grateful as he (Costa Barros) now felt, were he, like that gentleman, a member for Bahia, his gratitude, and his eagerness to express it, would be tenfold. Who but Lord Cochrane had delivered Bahia from the Portuguese, that swarm of drones that threatened to devour the land? But he supposed the greatness of Sen. Montezuma's gratitude was such, that it smothered the expression. This produced a laugh, and that a challenge, and then a cry of "order, order" (_a ordem_).

Sen. Ribiero de Andrada then said, that as to the observation that had fallen from França, that His Lordship had only done his duty, was no man to be thanked for doing an important duty? Besides, though the blockade of Bahia was a duty, the reduction of Maranham was something more--it was undertaken on his own judgment, and at the risk of consequences to himself. Sen. Lisboa observed, that as to its being beneath the dignity of the Representative Assembly of Brazil to thank an individual, the English Parliament scrupled not to thank its naval and military chiefs; and could what it did be beneath the Assembly of Brazil? Would to God the Assembly might one day emulate the British Parliament!

After this there was more sparring between Montezuma and Costa Barros: the former resuming the subject of the challenge; Barros bowing, and assuring him he did not refuse it: on which a member on the same side observed sarcastically, only half rising as he spoke, that those who meant really to fight would hardly speak it aloud in the _General Assembly_. This ended the dispute; and the vote of thanks was carried with only the voices of Montezuma and França against it; and so passed this day's session.

I must say for the people here, that they do seem sensible that in Lord Cochrane they have obtained a treasure. * * * * That there are some who find fault, and some who envy, is very true. But when was it otherwise? Sometimes I cry,

"O, what a world is this, where what is comely Envenoms him that bears it!"

At others, I take it more easily, and say coolly with the Spaniard,

"Envy was honour's wife, the wise man said, Ne'er to be parted till the man was dead:"

and neither envy, nor any other injurious feeling, nor all the manifestations of them all together, can ever lessen the real merit of so great a man.

The acquisition of Maranham is exceedingly important to the empire: it is one of the provinces that, from the time of its first settlement, has carried on the greatest foreign trade.[129]

[Note 129: See the Appendix.]

_6th_.--We had three days of public rejoicing, on account of the taking of Maranham; and on Friday, as I happened to be at the palace to show some drawings to the Empress, I perceived that the Emperor's levee was unusually crowded. During these few days, though I have been far from well, I have improved my acquaintance with my foreign friends; but of English I see, and wish to see, very little of any body but Mrs. May.

_9th_.--I resolved to take a holiday: so went to spend it with Mrs. May, at the Gloria, only going first for half an hour to the library. That library is a great source of comfort to me: I every day find my cabinet quiet and cool, and provided with the means of study, and generally spend four hours there, reading Portuguese and Brazilian history; for which I shall not, probably, have so good an opportunity again.

This day the debate in the Assembly has been most interesting. It is some time since, in discussing that part of the proposed constitution, which treats of the persons who are to be considered as Brazilians, entitled to the protection of the laws of the empire, and amenable to those laws, the 8th paragraph of the 5th article was admitted without a dissentient voice: it is this--"_All naturalised strangers, whatever be their religion_." To-day the 3d paragraph of the 7th article came under discussion. This article treats of the individual rights of Brazilians; it runs thus--"The constitution guarantees to all Brazilians the following individual rights, with the explanations and limitations thereafter expressed:--

"I. Personal Freedom. II. Trial by Jury. III. Religious Freedom. IV. Professional Freedom. V. Inviolability of Property. VI. Liberty of the Press."

The 14th article goes on to state, that all Christians may enjoy the political rights of the empire: 15th, "Other religions are hardly tolerated, and none but Christians shall enjoy political rights;" and the 16th declares the Roman Catholic religion to be that of the state, and the only one beneficed by the state.

Now this day's discussion was not merely one of form; but it has established toleration in all its extent. A man is at liberty to exercise his faith as he pleases, and even to change it: should he, indeed, have the folly to turn Turk, he must not vote at elections, nor be a member of the Assembly, nor enjoy an office in the state, civil or military; but he may sit under his vine and his fig-tree, and exercise an honest calling. All Christians are eligible to all offices and employments; and I only wish older countries would deign to take lessons from this new government in its noble liberality. The Diario of the Assembly is so far behind with the reports of the sessions, that I have not, of course, a correct account of the speeches; but I believe that I am not wrong in attributing to the Bishop the most benevolent and enlightened views on this momentous subject, together with that laudable attachment to the church of his fathers that belongs to good men of every creed.

_October 12th_.--This is the Emperor's birth-day, and the first anniversary of the coronation. I was curious to see the court of Brazil; so I rose early and dressed myself, and went to the royal chapel, where the Emperor and Empress, and the Imperial Princess were to be with the court before the drawing-room. I accordingly applied to the chaplain for a station, who showed me into what is called the _diplomatic_ tribune, but it is in fact for respectable foreigners: there I met all manner of consuls. However, the curiosity which led me to the chapel would not allow me to go home when the said consuls did; so I went to the drawing-room, which perhaps, after all, I should not have done, being quite alone, had not the gracious manner in which their Imperial Majesties saluted me, both in the chapel and afterwards in the corridor leading to the royal apartments, induced me to proceed. I reached the inner room where the ladies were, just as the Emperor had, with a most pleasing compliment, announced to Lady Cochrane that she was Marchioness of Maranham; for that he had made her husband Marques, and had conferred on him the highest degree of the order of the Cruceiro. I am sometimes absent; and now, when I ought to have been most attentive, I felt myself in the situation Sancho Pança so humorously describes, of sending my wits wool-gathering, and coming home shorn myself: for I was so intent on the honour conferred on my friend and countryman; so charmed, that for once his services had been appreciated,--that when I found the Emperor in the middle of the room, and that his hand was extended towards me, and that all others had paid their compliments and passed to their places, I forgot I had my glove on, took his Imperial hand with that glove, and I suppose kissed it much in earnest, for I saw some of the ladies smile before I remembered any thing about it. Had this happened with regard to any other prince, I believe that I should have run away; but nobody is more good-natured than Don Pedro: I saw there was no harm done; and so determining to be on my guard when the Empress came in, and then to take an opportunity of telling her of my fault, I stayed quietly, and began talking to two or three young ladies who were at court for the first time, and had just received their appointment as ladies of honour to the Empress.

Her Majesty, who had retired with the young Princess, now came in, and the ladies all paid their compliments while the Emperor was busy in the presence-chamber receiving the compliments of the Assembly and other public bodies. There was little form and no stiffness. Her Imperial Majesty conversed easily with every body, only telling us all to speak Portuguese, which of course we did. She talked a good deal to me about English authors, and especially of the Scotch novels, and very kindly helped me in my Portuguese; which, though I now understand, I have few opportunities of speaking to cultivated persons. If I have been pleased with her before, I was charmed with her now. When the Emperor had received the public bodies, he came and led the Empress into the great receiving room, and there, both of them standing on the upper step of the throne, they had their hands kissed by naval, military, and civil officers, and private men; thousands, I should think, thus passed. It was curious, but it pleased me, to see some negro officers take the small white hand of the Empress in their clumsy black hands, and apply their pouting African lips to so delicate a skin; but they looked up to _Nosso Emperador_, and to her, with a reverence that seemed to me a promise of faith _from them_, a bond of kindness _to_ them. The Emperor was dressed in a very rich military uniform, the Empress in a white dress embroidered with gold, a corresponding cap with feathers tipped with green; and her diamonds were superb, her head-tire and ear-rings having in them opals such as I suppose the world does not contain, and the brilliants surrounding the Emperor's picture, which she wears, the largest I have seen.

I should do wrong not to mention the ladies of the court. My partial eyes preferred my pretty countrywoman the new Marchioness; but there were the sweet young bride Maria de Loreto, and a number of others of most engaging appearance; and then there were the jewels of the Baronessa de Campos, and those of the Viscondeça do Rio Seco, only inferior to those of the Empress: but I cannot enumerate all the riches, or beauty; nor would it entertain my English friends, for whom this journal is written, if I could.

When their Imperial Majesties came out of the great room, I saw Madame do Rio Seco in earnest conversation with them; and soon I saw her and Lady Cochrane kissing hands, and found they had both been appointed honorary ladies of the Empress; and then the Viscountess told me she had been speaking to the Empress about me. This astonished me, for I had no thought of engaging in any thing away from England. Six months before, indeed, I had said that I was so pleased with the little Princess, that I should like to educate her. This, which I thought no more of at the time, was, like every thing in this gossiping place, told to Sir T. Hardy: he spoke of it to me, and said he had already mentioned it to a friend of mine. I said, that if the Emperor and Empress chose, as a warm climate agreed with me, I should not dislike it; that it required consideration; and that if I could render myself sufficiently agreeable to the Empress, I should ask the appointment of governess to the Princess; and so matters stood when Sir Thomas Hardy sailed for Buenos Ayres. I own that the more I saw of the Imperial family, the more I wished to belong to it; but I was frightened at the thoughts of Rio, by the impertinent behaviour of some of the English, so that I should probably not have proposed the thing myself. It was done, however: the Empress told me to apply to the Emperor. I observed he looked tired with the levee, and begged to be allowed to write to her another day. She said, "Write if you please, but come and see the Emperor at five o'clock to-morrow." And so they went out, and I remained marvelling at the chance that had brought me into a situation so unlike any thing I had ever contemplated; and came home to write a letter to Her Imperial Majesty, and to wonder what I should do next.

_Monday, October 13th._--I wrote my letter to the Empress, and was punctual to the time for seeing the Emperor. He received me very kindly, and sent me to speak to Her Imperial Majesty, who took my letter, and promised me an answer in two days, adding the most obliging expressions of personal kindness. And this was certainly the first letter I ever wrote on the subject; though my English _friends_ tell me that I had a memorial in my hand yesterday, and that I went to court only to deliver it, for they saw it in my hand. Now I had a white pocket-handkerchief and a black fan in my hand, and thought as little of speaking about my own affairs to their Imperial Majesties, as of making a voyage to the moon. But people will always know each other's affairs best.

_16th._--I have continued going regularly to the library, and have become acquainted with the principal librarian, who is also the Emperor's confessor. He is a polished and well-informed man. He showed me the Conde da Barca's library, which, as I knew before, had been purchased at the price of 15,530,900 rees, and added to the public collection. To-day, on returning from my study I received a letter from the Empress, written in English, full of kind expressions; and in the pleasantest manner accepting, in the Emperor's name and her own, my services as governess to her daughter; and giving me leave to go to England, before I entered on my employment, as the Princess is still so young.

I went to San Cristovaŏ to return thanks.

_19th._--I saw the Empress, who is pleased to allow me to sail for England in the packet, the day after to-morrow. I confess I am sorry to go before Lord Cochrane's return. I had set my heart on seeing my best friend in this country, after his exertions and triumph. But I have now put my hand to the plough, and I must not turn back.

[Illustration]

_October 21st._--I embarked on board the packet for England. Mrs. May walked to the shore with me. Sir Murray Maxwell lent me his boats to bring myself and goods on board. I had previously taken leave of every body I knew, English and foreign.

After I embarked, Mr. Anderson brought me the latest newspapers. The following are the principal ones published in Rio:--The DIARIO DA ASSEMBLEA, which contains nothing but the proceedings of the Assembly; it appears as fast as the short-hand writers can publish it. The GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, which has all official articles, appointments, naval intelligence, and sometimes a few advertisements. The DIARIO DO RIO, which has nothing but advertisements, and ship news, and prices current; it used to print a meteorological table. The CORREIRO, a democratic journal, which the editor wrote from prison, only occasionally for some time, but lately it has been a daily paper. The SENTINELA DA LIBERDAD E A BEIRA DO MAR DA PRAYA GRANDE is edited by a Genoese, assisted by one of the deputies, and is said to be pure _carbonarism_. The SYLPHO, also an occasional paper, moderately ministerial, and engaged in a war of words with several others. The ATALAIA, an advocate for limited monarchy, whose editor is a deputy of considerable reputation, is another occasional paper; as is also the TAMOYO, entirely devoted to the Andradas: it is, in my opinion, the best-written of all. The SENTINELA DA PAŎN D'ASUCAR is on the same side; its editor formerly published the _Regulador_, but this has ceased to appear since the change of ministry. The _Espelho_ was a government paper; but the writer has discontinued it, having become a member of the Assembly. The _Malaguetta_ was a paper whose first number attracted a great deal of attention; it fell off afterwards, and ceased on the declaration of the independence of Brazil. It was remarkable for its hostility to the Andradas. Indeed the war of words the author waged against the family was so virulent, that they were suspected of being the instigators of an attempt to assassinate him. This they indignantly denied, and satisfactorily disproved; and the man being almost maniacal with passion, accused any and every person of consequence in the state, and conceived himself, even wounded as he was, not safe. In vain did all persons, even the Emperor himself, visit him, to reassure him; his terrors continued, and he withdrew himself the moment he was sufficiently recovered from his wounds. He was by birth a Portuguese, and his strong passions had probably rendered him an object of hatred or jealousy to some inferior person, the consequences of which his vanity made him attribute to a higher source.--I believe there are some other occasional papers, but I have not seen them.

_Oct. 25th_.--Happily for me there are no passengers in the packet, and still more happily, the captain's wife and daughter are on board; so that I feel as if lodging in a quiet English family, all is so decent, orderly, and, above all, clean. I am under no restraint, but walk, read, write, and draw, as if at home: every body, even to the monkey on board, looks kindly at me; and I receive all manner of friendly attention consistent with perfect liberty.

_Nov. 1st_.--"The longest way about is often the nearest, way home," says the proverb; and, on that principle, ships bound for England from Brazil at this time of the year stand far to the eastward. We are still in the latitude of Rio de Janeiro, though in long. 29° W., and shall probably stand still nearer to the coast of Africa, before we shall be able to look to the northward. To-day the thermometer is at 75°, the temperature of the sea 72°.

_9th_.--Lat. 14° 19' S., long. 24° W., thermometer 74°, sea 74-1/2°.

_17th_.--Lat. 5° N., long. 25° W. For several days the thermometer at 80°; the temperature of the sea at noon 82°. We spoke the Pambinha, 60 days from Maranham. She says Lord Cochrane had gone himself to Para, whence he meant to proceed directly for Rio; so that he would probably be there by this time, as the Pedro Primeiro sails well. I had no opportunity of learning more, as the vessel passed hastily.

We have, generally speaking, had hot winds from Africa, and there is a sultry feel in the air which the state of the thermometer hardly accounts for. I perceive that the sails are all tinged with a reddish colour; and wherever a rope has chafed upon them, they appear almost as if iron-moulded. This the captain and officers attribute to the wind from Africa. They were certainly perfectly white long after we left Rio; they have not been either furled or unbent. What may be the nature of the dust or sand that thus on the wings of the wind crosses so many miles of ocean, and stains the canvass? Can it be this minute dust affecting the lungs which makes us breathe as if in the sultry hours preceding a thunder-storm?

_Dec. 3d_.--We came in sight of St. Mary's, the eastern island of the Azores. I much wished to have touched at some of these isles; but this is not a good season for doing so, and the winds we have had have been unfavourable for the purpose. This afternoon, though near enough to have seen at least the face of the land, the weather was thick and rainy, so that we saw nothing.

_18th_.--After passing the Azores, a long succession of gales from the north-east kept us off the land. These were succeeded by three fine days; and the sea, which had been heavy, became smooth. Early the day before yesterday, however, it began to blow very hard from the northwest; and yesterday morning it changed to a gale from the south and south-west, and we lay-to under storm stay-sails, in a tremendous sea. About one o'clock the captain called to me, and desired me to come on deck and see what could not last ten minutes, and I might never see again. I ran up, as did Mrs. and Miss K----. A sudden shift of wind had taken place: we saw it before it came up, driving the sea along furiously before it; and the meeting of the two winds broke the sea as high as any ship's mast-head in a long line, like the breakers on a reef of rocks. It was the most beautiful yet fearful sight I ever beheld; and the sea was surging over our little vessel so as to threaten to fill her: but the hatches were battoned down; we were lying-to on a right tack, and a hawser had been passed round the bits in order to sustain the foremast, in case we lost our bowsprit, as we expected to do every instant. But in twenty minutes the gale moderated, and we bore up for Falmouth, which we reached this morning, having passed the cabin deck of a ship that doubtless had foundered in the storm of yesterday.--Once more I am in England; and, to use the words of a venerable though apocryphal writer, "Here will I make an end. And if I have done well, and as is fitting the story, it is that which I desired; but if slenderly and meanly, it is that which I could attain unto."[130]

M.G.

[Note 130: 2 Maccabees, chap. XV. ver. 37, 38.]

APPENDIX.

It will appear from the following TABLES of the Imports and Exports of the Province of Maranham, from 1812 to 1821, of how much importance the acquisition of that Province is to the Empire of Brazil. Some other Tables are added, which may serve to give a clearer idea of the state of the country. The amount of the duties on the importation of Slaves, paid by Maranham to the treasury at Rio de Janeiro during those ten years, was 30,239 milrees.

Nothing is wanting to the prosperity of that fine Province but a steady government, and a regular administration of justice. Without these two things, it will be in vain to expect either prosperity or tranquillity. The people are multiplying too fast to be managed by the former clumsy administration; and their intercourse with the rest of the world has taught them to wish for something better.

Although there are veins of metal in Maranham, they have never been worked; but some saltpetre-works have been established there. There are mineral and medicinal waters in some districts; but I believe they have not been analyzed: in short, little attention has hitherto been paid to any thing but the woods, and the growth of coffee, cotton, and sugar; in all of which Maranham is abundantly rich.

GENERAL STATEMENT OF THE IMPORTS TO MARANHAM, FROM THE YEAR 1812 TO 1820. (Continued below) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| COUNTRIES WHENCE IMPORTED.| 1812 | 1813 | 1814 | 1815 | 1816 | --------------------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------| | Rees. | Rees. | Rees. | Rees. | Rees. | Brazil | 244,506,690 | 284,211,812 | 416,508,747 | 284,418,270 | 271,326,160 | Portuguese ports in Africa| 146,817,000 | 181,610,811 | 221,219,843 | 371,238,250 | 408,590,000 | Lisbon | 167,431,350 | 256,407,277 | 417,018,290 | 458,595,340 | 752,051,810 | Oporte | 69,103,210 | 74,842,710 | 70,429,900 | 98,399,750 | 173,794,080 | England | 581,682,700 | 654,891,057 | 696,425,620 | 465,997,240 | 550,217,190 | Gibraltar | 13,848,800 | ------------ | 3,246,400 | ------------ | ----------- | United States | 49,729,600 | ------------ | ------------ | 12,250,600 | 32,906,840 | Western Isles | ------------ | 2,964,400 | ------------ | ------------ | ------------ | France | ------------ | ------------ | ------------ | 60,662,700 | 55,459,000 | Holland | ------------ | ------------ | ------------ | ------------ | ------------ | Spain | ------------ | ------------ | ------------ | ------------ | ------------ | Annual amount |1,273,119,340 |1,454,927,667 |1,824,848,800 |1,751,563,150 |2,244,245,080 | Silk Goods Portuguese | 8,694,300 | 9,836,200 | 8,880,920 | 11,622,780 | 22,217,900 | Do. foreign | 6,601,600 | 6,447,500 | 15,647,400 | 22,720,600 | 18,863,200 | Linen Goods Portuguese | 26,832,100 | 22,170,300 | 19,476,800 | 29,872,200 | 50,266,000 | Do. foreign | 69,031,100 | 125,357,220 | 172,292,860 | 74,989,100 | 162,170,280 | Cotton Goods Portuguese | 3,085,640 | 10,375,730 | 10,859,000 | 21,273,380 | 54,732,250 | Do. foreign | 349,295,440 | 324,792,020 | 316,213,050 | 377,886,820 | 444,593,640 | Woolen Cloths Portuguese | ------------ | ------------ | 198,720 | 272,000 | 774,000 | Do. foreign | 33,487,300 | 39,377,950 | 43,725,900 | 17,259,300 | 50,546,900 | Fine Hats Portuguese | 946 | 2,292 | 4,400 | 3,402 | 5,419 | Do. foreign | 4,228 | 5,140 | 8,795 | 3,193 | 7,422 | Coarse Hats Portuguese | 11,689 | 9,623 | 6,225 | 9,424 | 16,380 | Do. foreign | 3,774 | 2,735 | 4,976 | 17,836 | 14,555 | Clothes and Shoes | | | | | | Portuguese | 2,465,600 | 1,817,600 | 3,054,600 | 3,346,880 | 2,389,100 | Do. foreign | 1,232,000 | 500,000 | 2,200,000 | 1,729,200 | 1,080,800 | Movables Portuguese | 4,494,600 | 3,360,000 | 8,700,000 | 10,600,000 | 18,600,000 | Do. foreign | 1,244,700 | 2,734,000 | 1,120,000 | 1,400,000 | 5,000,000 | Portuguese brandy Pipes | 45 | 48 | 139 | 104 | 220 | Do. and Gin, foreign | 46 | 11 | 20 | 21 | 38 | Portuguese Wines | 745 | 645 | 1,427 | 1,320 | 761 | Do. foreign | 247 | ------------ | 81 | 4 | 55 | Wheaten Flour, arrobas | 10,228 | 26,524 | 18,538 | 25,872 | 21,838 | Salt Fish, quintals | 401 | 252 | 296 | 818 | 938 | Butter, arrobas | 5,785 | 4,628 | 4,220 | 5,198 | 4,625 | Cheese, arrobas | 1,179 | 642 | 1,243 | 1,750 | 2,229 | Balance in favour of } | ------------ | 190,867,692 | ------------ | 325,175,700 |1,090,305,135 | Maranham } | | | | | | Do. against | 203,167,456 | ------------ | 30,586,797 | ------------ | ------------ | Proceeds of the Customs | 74,648,957 | 83,963,025 | 83,429,147 | 81,317,345 | 112,633,410 | Portuguese Ships arrived | 52 | 64 | 70 | 69 | 80 | Do. foreign | 34 | 29 | 12 | 43 | 58 | Total Ships | 86 | 93 | 82 | 112 | 138 | New Slaves from Africa | 992 | 1,221 | 1,592 | 2,692 | 2,615 | Do. from Brazil | 680 | 508 | 394 | 684 | 762 | Total Slaves imported } | 1,672 | 1,729 | 1,986 | 3,376 | 3,377 | in the Year } | | | | | | -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| Total Number of Slaves imported, from 1812 to 1821, - - - 45,477.

GENERAL STATEMENT OF THE IMPORTS TO MARANHAM, FROM THE YEAR 1812 TO 1820. (Continued) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| 1817. | 1818. | 1819. | 1820. |Mean of first five| Mean of second | 1821. | | | | | Years. | Five Years. | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------|--------------| Rees. | Rees. | Rees. | Rees. | Rees. | Rees. | Rees. | 635,642,720 | 687,505,720 | 616,297,520 | 271,501,280 | 300,194,336 | 496,454,680 | 293,618,720 | 988,100,000 | 759,320,000 | 934,069,500 | 326,230,200 | 265,895,180 | 685,061,940 | 193,583,790 | 743,334,230 | 569,961,450 | 527,062,435 | 474,282,020 | 410,380,813 | 613,338,389 | 331,483,280 | 255,289,960 | 149,862,520 | 144,499,960 | 149,927,240 | 97,313,930 | 175,674,752 | 112,652,710 | 878,979,730 | 908,004,920 | 562,534,950 | 435,639,960 | 589,842,761 | 667,075,350 | 442,757,290 | --------------|--------------|--------------| 9,491,000 |------------------|----------------|--------------| 77,940,200 | 108,261,640 | 92,154,390 | 66,430,800 |------------------| 75,538,774 | 116,099,750 | --------------| 20,076,200 | 14,947,260 | 7,374,460 |------------------|----------------| 2,325,600 | 102,164,290 | 178,041,520 | 75,136,180 | 132,282,730 |------------------| 108,616,744 | 40,091,590 | --------------| 13,625,600 | 2,320,000 | 12,091,000 |------------------|----------------|--------------| --------------| 17,169,400 |--------------|--------------|------------------|----------------|--------------| 3,681,451,130 |3,411,828,970 |2,983,022,195 |1,885,250,690 |1,709,760,809 |2,841,179,613 |1,532,612,730 | 27,706,200 | 11,797,100 | 6,059,565 | 5,392,360 | 12,250,420 | 14,634,625 |--------------| 33,375,120 | 33,161,620 | 13,619,060 | 13,838,600 | 14,056,060 | 22,571,520 |--------------| 57,456,520 | 49,855,700 | 23,041,480 | 28,261,380 | 29,723,480 | 41,776,216 |--------------| 307,923,950 | 175,888,560 | 111,670,680 | 83,702,900 | 120,768,112 | 168,261,274 |--------------| 89,924,400 | 44,665,120 | 49,258,310 | 33,272,580 | 20,065,200 | 54,370,532 |--------------| 506,977,320 | 579,338,910 | 359,983,900 | 212,115,710 | 362,556,194 | 420,601,896 |--------------| 1,746,000 | 672,000 | 490,000 | 240,000 |------------------| 784,400 |--------------| 103,453,400 | 96,565,780 | 55,042,700 | 46,099,960 | 36,879,470 | 70,341,748 |--------------| 3,663 | 3,966 | 4,579 | 5,263 | 3,292 | 4,578 |--------------| 12,826 | 21,868 | 10,196 | 9,219 | 5,755 | 12,186 |--------------| 27,552 | 12,180 | 9,324 | 2,876 | 10,668 | 13,662 |--------------| 22,686 | 25,224 | 4,961 | 5,122 | 8,775 | 14,509 |--------------| 1,254,440 | 3,347,040 | 7,002,920 | 7,312,400 | 2,614,756 | 4,261,180 |--------------| 4,886,400 | 6,934,300 | 3,305,000 | 1,477,000 | 1,348,400 | 3,536,700 |--------------| 22,220,000 | 24,240,000 | 23,590,000 | 4,020,000 | 9,150,920 | 18,534,000 |--------------| 10,800,000 | 17,400,000 | 6,600,000 | 9,800,000 | 2,298,400 | 9,920,000 |--------------| 288 | 265 | 303 | 221 | 111 | 259 | 657 | 76 | 109 | 132 | 269 | 27 | 124 |--------------| 2,047 | 694 | 1,879 | 2,226 | 1,179 | 1,921 | 1,620 | 382 | 442 | 54 | 204 | 77 | 227 | 260 | 40,080 | 53,082 | 52,689 | 45,687 | 20,600 | 42,675 | 82,221 | 2,237 | 5,786 | 1,799 | 1,669 | 541 | 2,485 |--------------| 9,624 | 10,453 | 8,187 | 8,751 | 4,891 | 8,328 |--------------| 3,398 | 3,621 | 2,717 | 3,541 | 1,427 | 99 |--------------| --------------| 257,858,230 |--------------| 352,145,615 |------------------|1,379,412,568 |--------------| 132,588,568 |--------------| 470,596,983 |--------------|------------------|----------------|--------------| 150,145,175 | 247,213,751 | 219,786,377 | 158,517,700 | 87,198,376 | 167,659,282 | 115,686,300 | 89 | 79 | 80 | 61 | 67 | 77 | 48 | 63 | 100 | 57 | 80 | 35 | 71 | 56 | 152 | 179 | 137 | 141 | 102 | 149 | 104 | 5,797 | 3,377 | 4,784 | 2,381 | 1,822 | 3,790 | 1,718 | 2,325 | 3,259 | 1,269 | 483 | 713 | 1,619 |--------------| 8,122 | 6,636 | 6,053 | 2,864 | 2,535 | 5,409 | 1,718 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

GENERAL STATEMENT OF EXPORT FROM MARANAHAM FROM 1812 TO 1821. (Continued below) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------| COTTON | RICE | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| Y| | LISBON | OPORTO | ENGLAND | FRANCE | UNITED | Different | High | TOTAL | LISBON | OPORTO | E| | | | | | STATES | Ports. |and Low | | | | A| | | | | | | | Price. | | | | R| | | | | | | | | | | | ---------|--------------|--------------|-------------|--------------|--------------|------------|---------|-------------|-------------|-----------| 1|No. | 3,305 | 562 | 36,523|--------------| 150 | 30 | 2,700 to| 40,570| 47,780| 17,150 | 8|Arrobas| 17,591 | 2,997 | 196,154|--------------| 827 | 135 | 3,400 | 217,754| 253,890| 90,080 | 1|Amount | 56,087,050 | 9,298,293 | 598,742,727|--------------| 2,317,787 | 519,925 | | 666,965,782| 257,719,470| 94,777,080| 2| | | | | | | | | | | | ---------|--------------|--------------|-------------|--------------|--------------|------------|---------|-------------|-------------|-----------| 1|No. | 8,938 | 1,127 | 50,108|--------------|--------------|------------| 3,000 to| 60,173| 39,728| 21,211 | 8|Arrobas| 48,003 | 5,960 | 272,730|--------------|--------------|------------| 4,600 | 326,693| 206,787| 112,453 | 1|Amount | 188,275,184 | 23,515,043 |1,058,815,456|--------------|--------------|------------| |1,245,605,683| 206,448,300|116,376,750| 3| | | | | | | | | | | | ---------|--------------|--------------|-------------|--------------|--------------|------------|---------|-------------|-------------|-----------| 1|No. | 12,144 | 1,204 | 31,236| 2,087|--------------|------------| 4,100 to| 46,671| 45,615| 24,444 | 8|Arrobas| 65,045 | 6,351 | 166,459| 10,527|--------------|------------| 5,000 | 248,385| 242,417| 125,747 | 1|Amount | 401,063,336 | 36,790,539 | 913,032,959| 63,692,999|--------------|------------| |1,414,579,833| 219,802,820|111,238,700| 4| | | | | | | | | | | | ---------|--------------|--------------|-------------|--------------|--------------|------------|---------|-------------|-------------|-----------| 1|No. | 18,276 | 1,672 | 30,804|--------------|--------------| 5 | 4,400 to| 50,757| 51,161| 20,068| 8|Arrobas| 100,000 | 8,977 | 168,877|--------------|--------------| 25 | 7,000 | 277,879| 272,607| 104,738| 1|Amount | 577,330,200 | 50,109,500 |1,077,256,700|--------------|--------------| 160,000 | |1,704,856,400| 229,406,200| 84,260,500| 5| | | | | | | | | | | | ---------|--------------|--------------|-------------|--------------|--------------|------------|---------|-------------|-------------|-----------| 1|No. | 19,040 | 2,082 | 38,835| 3,570|--------------|------------| 4,500 to| 63,527| 57,585| 24,550| 8|Arrobas| 105,448 | 10,822 | 214,538| 19,413|--------------|------------| 8,500 | 350,257| 293,787| 123,830| 1|Amount | 892,691,100 | 93,221,455 |1,857,112,006| 166,226,425|--------------|------------| |3,003,250,986| 248,658,750| 98,699,085| 6| | | | | | | | | | | | ---------|--------------|--------------|-------------|--------------|--------------|------------|---------|-------------|-------------|-----------| 1|No. | 25,830 | 3,788 | 38,369| 3,145|--------------|------------| 7,000 to| 71,182| 31,804| 19,658| 8|Arrobas| 144,904 | 20,925 | 218,343| 17,557|--------------|------------| 10,000 | 401,729| 168,565| 103,668| 1|Amount |1,106,601,700 | 157,833,900 |1,703,908,950| 132,448,300|--------------|------------| |3,100,792,850| 194,752,275|130,820,437| 7| | | | | | | | | | | | ---------|--------------|--------------|-------------|--------------|--------------|------------|---------|-------------|-------------|-----------| 1|No. | 16,294 | 3,251 | 49,083| 4,899| 33 | 170| 7,000 to| 73,730| 48,252| 25,037| 8|Arrobas| 88,488 | 18,595 | 267,164| 27,488| 205 | 853| 9,000 | 402,793| 224,263| 133,167| 1|Amount | 680,206,400 | 145,041,000 |2,083,879,200| 233,313,800| 1,599,000 | 6,658,400| |3,150,692,800| 260,115,600|158,600,400| 8| | | | | | | | | | | | ---------|--------------|--------------|-------------|--------------|--------------|------------|---------|-------------|-------------|-----------| 1|No. | 16,625 | 2,629 | 40,291| 5,910|--------------| 8| 7,500 to| 65,463| 41,993| 22,934| 8|Arrobas| 91,074 | 14,212 | 222,623| 31,326|--------------| 45| 8,600 | 359,280| 220,562| 116,184| 1|Amount | 517,821,500 | 81,745,500|1,333,142,384| 203,052,350|--------------| 238,833| |2,136,000,537| 201,039,450|104,074,950| 9| | | | | | | | | | | | ---------|--------------|--------------|-------------|--------------|--------------|------------|---------|-------------|-------------|-----------| 1|No. | 12,799 | 2,311| 48,279| 2,915|--------------| 315| 4,900 to| 66,619| 43,034| 21,205| 8|Arrobas| 67,730 | 12,493| 268,736| 16,502|--------------| 1,732| 5,500 | 367,193| 214,842| 106,764| 2|Amount | 357,766,700 | 66,169,900|1,406,080,282| 36,508,600|--------------| 9,006,400| |1,925,531,882| 159,720,609| 79,815,814| 0| | | | | | | | | | | | ---------|--------------|--------------|-------------|--------------|--------------|------------|---------|-------------|-------------|-----------| 1|No. | 10,930 | 873| 26,364| 3,655|--------------|------------| 3,900 to| 41,822| 42,289| 13,391| 8|Arrobas| 58,836 | 4,592| 143,771| 18,899|--------------|------------| 4,850 | 226,118| 212,824| 68,969| 2|Amount | 253,675,950 | 18,825,000| 600,658,671| 85,097,600|--------------|------------| | 958,257,221| 161,116,775| 53,557,814| 1| | | | | | | | | | | | ---------|--------------|--------------|-------------|--------------|--------------|------------|---------|-------------|-------------|-----------|

GENERAL STATEMENT OF EXPORT FROM MARANAHAM FROM 1812 TO 1821. (Continued) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| RICE. | TANNED HIDES | HIDES | SKINS | GUM. | SUNDRIES. | | | Dry and Green. | | _Alqueires_ | | ----------------------------------|--------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------|----------------------|----------------| Different |High and | Total ||Lisbon|Oporto|Different|Medium |Lisbon |Oporto| Divers |Medium |Lisbon|Oporto|Medium|Lisbon |Oporto|Medium | Divers Ports. | Ports. |Low Prices| | | | Ports. | Price | | | Ports. | Price | | | Price| | | Price | | -----------|----------------------|-------|------|---------|-------|-------|------|--------|-------|------|------|------|-------|------|-------|----------------| 2,099| 600 to | 67,029| 1593 | 480| 570 | 2100 | 5229| 243| 6811 | 770| 3263| 36| 750| 1903| 834| 2050| | 10,676| 1,300 | 354,646| 5,550,300 | 9,457,140 | 2,474,250 | 5,610,850 | | 11,811,200| |354,308,220| | | | | 25,581,550 | -----------|----------|-----------|--------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------|----------------------|----------------| 5,275| 650 to | 66,214| 6671 | 300| | 2100 | 7353| 1114| 248 | 750| 4769| 5072| 730| 1752| 503| 3000| | 28,165| 1,200 | 854,646| 14,639,100 | 6,536,250 | 7,380,750 | 6,916,500 | | 28,145,000| |350,970,050| | | | | 12,667,025 | -----------|----------|-----------|--------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------|----------------------|----------------| 892| 800 to | 70,957| 7380 | 758| | 2000 | 6785| 1071| 2277 | 900| 7693| 3554| 900| 1891| 368| 2400| | 4,088| 1,000 | 372,252| 16,276,000 | 9,919,700 | 10,122,300 | 5,428,600 | | 3,536,200| |334,577,720| | | | | 5,585,250 | -----------|----------|-----------|--------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------|----------------------|----------------| 50| 800 to | 71,279| 8649 | 1785| | 2500 | 15288| 2419| 1282 | 1200| 8235| 5102| 950| 1743| 4| 1800| | 270| 1,000 | 377,605| 26,085,000 | 22,786,800 | 12,670,150 | 3,144,605 | | 249,600| |313,916,300| | | | | 8,190,000 | -----------|----------|-----------|--------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------|----------------------|----------------| --------- | 700 to | 82,135| 7085 | 1142| | 2500 | 22133| 3867| 235 | 1200| 17268| 8690| 950| 1547| 104| 1300| | --------- | 1,000 | 417,617| 20,567,500 | 31,482,000 | 24,660,100 | 2,971,800 | | --------- | |347,317,835| | | | | 4,400,000 | -----------|----------|-----------|--------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------|----------------------|----------------| 4,921| 1,000 to | 56,383| 7456 | 1406| | 2500 | 1595| 4287| 496 | 1200| 31449| 7397| 950| 2577| 684| 800 | | 25,134| 1,300 | 297,417| 22,155,000 | 24,889,200 | 36,903,700 | 5,869,800 | | 24,524,000| |350,096,712| | | | | 8,155,300 | -----------|----------|-----------|--------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------|----------------------|----------------| 677| 1,150 to | 68,966| 8342 | 720| 50| 2700 | 4531| 1177| 5669 | 1250| 32460| 6395| 950| 1994| 202| 1800 | | 3,663| 1,400 | 360,093| 24,602,400 | 14,221,250 | 36,912,250 | 3,952,800 | | 4,362,500| |432,078,500| | | | | 8,651,500 | -----------|----------|-----------|--------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------|----------------------|----------------| --------- | 700 to | 64,927| 200 | 1977| 3411| 3000 | 150| 55| 27895 | 950| 4385| 3720| 875| 2883| 500| 1950 | | --------- | 1,300 | 336,746| 16,764,000 | 26,695,000 | 19,007,625 | 6,596,850 | | --------- | |505,114,400| | | | | 2,246,800 | -----------|----------|-----------|--------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------|----------------------|----------------| 497| 700 to | 64,736| 9813 | 1394| 140| 2800 | 3620| 687| 13795 | 1500| 2241| 3138| 1100| 1771| 417| 2000 | | 2,575| 900 | 324,121| 31,771,600 | 27,453,000 | 5,905,930 | 4,376,000 | | 1,650,000| |241,184,423| | | | | 1,173,500 | -----------|----------|-----------|--------------------------------|-------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------| 590| 600 to | 56,270| 9615 | 678| 144| 2800 | 4226| 850| 22306 | 1800| 18414| 850| 1000| 2845| 957| 2000 | | 1,428| 640 | 284,721| 28,921,600 | 41,073,000 | 49,261,000 | 6,404,000 | | 1,071,000| |216,765,975| | | | | 33,971,279 | -----------|----------|-----------|--------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------|----------------------|----------------|

RECAPITULATION OF EXPORTS. (Continued below) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| DESTINATION. | 1812. | 1813. | 1814. | 1815. | 1816. | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| Lisbon | 329,129,250 | 431,910,360 | 657,262,706 | 850,902,450 |1,207,011,150 | Oporto | 109,206,658 | 147,234,848 | 154,551,839 | 146,581,700 | 208,018,640 | England | 601,688,917 |1,060,051,156 | 917,043,259 |1,078,845,100 |1,852,712,000 | France |--------------|--------------| 63,971,999 |--------------| 166,908,425 | United States | 10,304,419 |--------------|--------------|--------------|---------------| Different Ports | 19,522,655 | 6,569,000 | 1,432,200 | 409,690 |---------------| Total of the Exports |1,069,951,894 |1,645,795,359 |1,794,262,003 |2,076,738,850 |3,434,650,215 | Export Duties on Cotton| 130,654,878 | 196,016,626 | 148,634,103 | 166,727,400 | 210,154,200 | National Ship sailed | 52 | 62 | 66 | 66 | 77 | Foreign Ships sailed | 35 | 27 | 14 | 39 | 54 | Total Ships sailed | 87 | 89 | 80 | 105 | 131 | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

RECAPITULATION OF EXPORTS. (Continued) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------| 1817. | 1818. | 1819 | 1820 | Mean of First | Mean of Second | 1821. | | | | | Five Years. | Five Years. | | ----------------|-----------------|--------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------| 1,377,936,025 | 1,012,630,550 | 730,509,375| 556,768,709 | 695,249,183 | 976,971,161 | 483,451,725 | 309,450,087 | 316,367,700 | 196,421,700| 155,742,814 | 153,138,735 | 237,200,138 | 88,312,150 | 1,728,432,950 | 2,084,502,450 | 1,333,142,354| 1,406,996,782 | 1,102,068,086 | 1,681,157,507 | 602,368,671 | 132,448,300 | 242,214,100 | 203,392,000| 86,879,600 | --------------- | 166,368,185 | 85,130,200 | -------------- | 7,319,000 | 48,720,959| 20,168,000 | --------------- | --------------- | 43,332,000 | 595,200 | 6,653,400 | 238,833| 9,126,400 | --------------- | --------------- | 1,020,250 | 3,548,862,562 | 3,669,687,200 | 2,512,425,212| 2,237,396,305 | 2,004,279,664 | 3,080,604,298 | 2,304,685,996 | 241,037,400 | 241,675,800 | 215,568,000| 220,315,800 | 170,437,441 | 225,750,240 | 153,319,999 | 86 | 77 | 78| 63 | 64 | 76 | 49 | 65 | 78 | 66| 70 | 34 | 66 | 65 | 151 | 155 | 144| 133 | 98 | 143 | 114 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

STATE OF INDUSTRY. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| All the Provinces. | Where. |Quantity| Daily | Daily | Total | | | |Maximum |Minimum. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| Commerce and |National Houses |City of Maranhaó | 54| | | | Industry. |Ditto foreign | Ditto | 4| | | | |Men living by their own | | | | | | | industry |All the provinces | 29 580| | | | -------------|------------------------|----------------------|--------|--------|---------|---------| |Steam engine for |City of Maranhaó | 1| | | | Machines, | shelling rice. | | | | | | |Machines, with mules, | Ditto | 22| | | | Potteries, | for shelling rice | | | | | | |Ditto for sugar |Interior | 7| | | | Furnaces, |Ditto for bruising cane | | | | | | | for distilling | Ditto | 115| | | | and Forges. |Hand machines for | | | | | | | cleansing cotton | Ditto | 521| | | | |Manufactory of |Isle of Maranhaó | 1| | | | |Looms for weaving cotton|In the city | 230| | | | |Potteries | Ditto | 27| | | | |Lime kilns |Isle of Maranhaó | 26| | | | |Saw pits |All the provinces | 18| | | | |Forges | Ditto | 132| | | | -------------|------------------------|----------------------|--------|--------|---------|---------| Taylors. |Freemen | Ditto | 61| 1,000 | 320 | 157 | |Slaves | Ditto | 96| Ditto | Ditto | | -------------|------------------------|----------------------|--------|--------|---------|---------| Braziers. |Freemen | Ditto | 4| 600 | 320 | 5 | |Slaves | Ditto | 1| Ditto | Ditto | | -------------|------------------------|----------------------|--------|--------|---------|---------| Carpenters. |Freemen | Ditto | 86| 800 | 320 | 269 | |Slaves | Ditto | 183| Ditto | Ditto | | -------------|------------------------|----------------------|--------|--------|---------|---------| Woodcutters. |Freemen | Ditto | 96| 1,200 | 400 | 138 | |Slaves | Ditto | 42| Ditto | Ditto | | -------------|------------------------|----------------------|--------|--------|---------|---------| Ship |Freemen | Ditto | 80| 800 | 320 | 118 | Carpenters. |Slaves | Ditto | 38| Ditto | Ditto | | -------------|------------------------|----------------------|--------|--------|---------|---------| Smiths |Freemen | Ditto | 5| 800 | 400 | 5 | |Slaves | Ditto | | Ditto | Ditto | | -------------|------------------------|----------------------|--------|--------|---------|---------| Blacksmiths. |Freemen |City of Maranhaó | 37| 700 | 320 | 60 | |Slaves | Ditto | 23| Ditto | Ditto | | -------------|------------------------|----------------------|--------|--------|---------|---------| Coopers. |Freemen | Ditto | 2| 48 | 320 | 3 | |Slaves | Ditto | 1| Ditto | Ditto | | -------------|------------------------|----------------------|--------|--------|---------|---------| Joiners. |Freemen |All the provinces | 30| 800 | 400 | 57 | |Slaves | Ditto | 27| Ditto | Ditto | | -------------|------------------------|----------------------|--------|--------|---------|---------| Goldsmiths. |Freemen | Ditto | 49| 640 | 400 | 60 | |Slaves | Ditto | 11| Ditto | Ditto | | -------------|------------------------|----------------------|--------|--------|---------|---------| Masons and |Freemen |City of Maranhaó | 404| 800 | 320 | 1,012 | Stone-cutters|Slaves | Ditto | 608| Ditto | Ditto | | -------------|------------------------|----------------------|--------|--------|---------|---------| Painters. |Freemen |All the provinces | 10| 640 | 400 | 15 | |Slaves | Ditto | 5| Ditto | Ditto | | -------------|------------------------|----------------------|--------|--------|---------|---------| Carpenters. |Freemen |City of Maranhaó | 92| 800 | 400 | 235 | |Slaves | Ditto | 143| Ditto | Ditto | | -------------|------------------------|----------------------|--------|--------|---------|---------| Sadlers. |Freemen | Ditto | 4| 800 | 400 | 5 | |Slaves | Ditto | 1| Ditto | Ditto | | -------------|------------------------|----------------------|--------|--------|---------|---------| Tanners. |Freemen | Ditto | 4| 480 | 320 | 10 | |Slaves | Ditto | 6| Ditto | Ditto | | -------------|------------------------|----------------------|--------|--------|---------|---------| Workwomen and|Free | | | | | 1,800 | Female |Slaves | Ditto | 1 800| 240 | 160 | | Servants. | | | | | | | -------------|------------------------|----------------------|--------|--------|---------|---------| Servants |Whites |All the provinces | 560|Variable|Variable | 760 | and Factors. |Free blacks |All the provinces | 200|Variable|Variable | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

STATEMENT OF PRODUCE. -------------------------------------------------------------------| In the whole province. | Produce. | Consumption | Medium | | | | Value. | ----------------------------|-------------|-------------|----------| New Cotton arrobas | 225518 | 11600 | 3900 | Spirits pipes | 385 | 405 | 60000 | Rice alqueires | 570079 | 380945 | 570 | Sugar arrobas | 417 | 20000 | 3200 | Oil canadas | 68386 | 30018 | 600 | Potatoes arrobas | 2420 | 8600 | 1200 | Currie ditas | 83 | 32 | 2500 | Coffee ditas | 1020 | 880 | 3200 | Dry Beef ditas | 48924 | 64200 | 2000 | Wax ditas | 37 | 500 | 3200 | Hides numero | 28876 | 2578 | 1800 | Beans alqueires | 3128 | 3500 | 1400 | Fruits number | 36 | todas | variable| Ginger arrobas | 28 | 6 | 2400 | Mandioc alqueires | 207899 | 198810 | 900 | Treacle barrels | 6988 | 2381 | 170 | Maize alqueires | 77172 | todo | 700 | Salt Fish arrobas | 15254 | todo | 1000 | -------------------------------------------------------------------| STATEMENT OF AGRICULTURE. -----------------------------------------------------------------------| |In the whole | Employed | Existing. |Mean Worth.| Daily. | | Province | | | | | -------|-------------|----------|-----------|-----------|--------------| Persons|Freemen | 19960 | 35618 |-----------|de 240 a 326 | |Slaves | 69534 | 84434 | 200000 |de 160 a 240 | -------|-------------|----------|-----------|-----------|--------------| |Oxen | 8811 | 130640 | 10000 |--------------| |Asses |----------| 28 | 20000 |--------------| |Goats |----------| 7400 | 1200 |--------------| |Sheep |----------| 1800 | 2000 |--------------| Cattle.|Horses | 600 | 12240 | 20000 |--------------| |Mares |----------| 9400 | 10000 |--------------| |Mules | 1100 | 3200 | 45000 |--------------| |Ewes |----------| 890 | 1200 |--------------| |Cows |----------| 20400 | 12000 |--------------| Total Amount of Agriculture 1,897,271,846 | Capital employed 27,813,600,000 | Number of Farms 4,856 | Number of Proprietors 2,683 | -----------------------------------------------------------------------|

_Note_.--The worth is calculated in rees, the 1,000, or milree, being worth 5s. 2d. sterling.

THE END

LONDON:

Printed by A. & R. Spottiswoode, New-Street-Square.

ERRATA. (already corrected)

Page 30. line 20. for _hopes_ read _losses_.

41. 21. for _1817_ read _1807_.

45. in the list of ships that remained at Lisbon, last line but one, for _Ferlao_ read _Trítaõ_.

47. line 12. for _Ponta_ read _Ponte_.

57. 4. for _ambassader_ read _ambassador_.

59. 17. for _sodier_ read _soldier_.

61. 4. for _government_ read _governments_.

64. in the first line of note + for _not_ read _most_.

65. line 13. for _Custovaõ_ read _Cristovaõ_.

69. 6. for _Cauler_ read _Caula_.

79. 21. for _fuchsia_ read _fuschia_.

126. 16. for _impotation_ read _importation_.

130. 23. for _nove_ read _nova_.

141. 4. from bottom, for _Pinja_ read _Piraja_.