Chapter X

of this volume. Suffice it here to say that he represented and upheld all the best traditions and ideals that enter into the making of a worthy architect’s career. He was fortunate in his environment and made the utmost use of his opportunities. Born in Boston, in 1763, the son of Dr. Thomas Bulfinch, an eminent physician, he was educated in the city of his birth, graduating from Harvard in 1781. He afterwards travelled in Europe, pursuing, as he went, the study of architecture. This course he was well calculated to profit by to the fullest extent from naturally keen powers of observation and discriminating taste. In 1786 he returned to Boston and thereafter devoted himself to the practice of his profession. As elsewhere noted, the old Boston Library, the first Boston theatre, (1793), and the State House on Beacon Hill were among his early contributions of importance to architecture in his own city but the scope of his professional activities was not confined to Boston or New England for, in 1817, he was called to be supervising architect for the rebuilding of the national Capitol in Washington and retained that post until its completion in 1830. As one of the fathers of American architecture, Charles Bulfinch will always stand in a preeminently honourable place.

Another of the “fathers of architecture in the United States” was Benjamin Latrobe, a man of extraordinary mental endowments, an accomplished linguist and scholar, an eminent engineer and architect, a gallant soldier and a typical gentleman of the old school with all the best that such a designation implies. Born in 1767, the son of an English Moravian clergyman in Yorkshire, he was educated in England and achieved a promising position in his profession, being at one time Surveyor of Public Offices of the City of London. In 1796, on the eve of his coming to America, he was offered the post of a Crown Surveyor at the annual salary of £1000 but, fortunately for American architecture, he preferred to migrate. During the course of his professional career, he carried many important engineering projects to a successful issue and executed many notable architectural commissions. In this connexion he is perhaps best known as the designer of the Roman Catholic Cathedral in Baltimore, the Bank of the United States in Philadelphia and by his work upon the Capitol building at Washington which he was called upon in 1803 to complete and which James Madison, in 1815, asked him to rebuild after its partial demolition by the British troops in the War of 1812. His pupil William Strickland of Philadelphia, by structures of his own designing which included the old Maritime Exchange, the old Mint and the Philadelphia Naval Asylum, buildings full of substantial dignity and grace, paid a fitting tribute to Latrobe’s mastership and inspiration.

In the honourable roll of early American architects we must also remember Major L’Enfant who so ably laid out the plan for the City of Washington; James Hoban, whose Dublin training and youthful familiarity with the best of English and Irish Georgian work peculiarly fitted him for success in his treatment of the old State House at Charleston, South Carolina, and the White House in Washington; John McComb, among whose best known works are the City Hall of New York and St. John’s Chapel, Varick street, and many more designers whose names and individual achievements one would gladly recall did space permit. The reader, however, notwithstanding the lack of further specific reference, cannot fail to recognise from the memoranda already set forth how worthy has been our architectural past, how able were the men to whom we are indebted for it, how they worked and how fit are the examples they have left for our study and emulation.

INDEX

A

Adam, Brothers, 111, 152, 170; creations, 179; elegance, 176; influence, 105, 111, 119, 146, 151, 175; mantel, 148, 149; mode, 179; _motifs_, 153; oval, 148; phase, 168, 170; school, 173; type, 164.

Adams, John, 123, 189.

Alexandria, Va., 159, 221.

Allis, John, 269.

Alterations, 39.

American Philosophical Society, 266.

André, Major, 200.

Annapolis, Md., 203, 209.

Anne Arundel Co., Md., 96, 162, 163.

Architect, carpenter, 252, 255; early American, 252 _et seq._

Architectural, books, 135; continuity, 42; evolution, 42.

_Architectural Record_, 35.

Architecture, Colonial, definition of, 7, 8; Georgian, definition of, 7, 8.

Armorial bearings, 211.

Arnold, Benedict, 93, 141.

B

“Bait,” horses, 77.

Bake House, Salem, Mass., 53, 54, 55.

Bala, Pa., 69.

Baltimore, Md., 273.

Baluster spindles, 110, 165.

Balustrade, 185.

Barge-board, 73.

Bartram house, 244.

Bartram, John, 132, 133, 151.

Beacon Hill, Boston, 177.

Bedchamber, 91; groundfloor, 94, 96.

Beds, truckle or trundle, 45; “let down,” 45.

Bells, church, 216.

Belmont, Fairmount Park, Phila., 134, 244.

Belvoir, Anne Arundel Co., Md., 162.

Benjamin, Asher, 268.

Bergen County, N.J., 15.

Berkeley, Governour, 87, 91.

Bermuda, 86.

Bethlehem, Pa., 76.

Beverley, 95.

Bond, 238; Dutch cross, 238; English, 238; Flemish, 137, 186, 221, 222, 223, 225, 238; Liverpool, 238; running, 238.

Boston, Mass., 52, 54, 209, 271; Library, 272; Massacre, 190; State House at, 177.

Boyd, John, T. Jr., 35.

Braintree, Mass., 269.

Brick, 23, 88, 137, 219, 221, 223, 225, 233; building regulations, 84; Dutch, 86, 241, 242; English, 86, 239, 240; imported, 240; making in Virginia, 84, 85; New Haven Colony, 240; prices of, in Virginia, 86; use of, in Virginia, 87.

Bricklayers, 83.

Brickwork, 185, 196.

Brown, Joseph, 263.

Brown University, 263.

Bruce, Philip, 94.

Bruton Parish Church, Williamsburg, Va., 209, 220.

Bulfinch, Charles, 105, 111, 174, 175, 176, 201, 271, 272; influence of, 271; Statehouse, 191.

Bulfinch, Dr. Thomas, 272.

Burials, 211.

Byfield, Mass., 107.

Byrd, 94.

Byrd, William, 157.

Byrd, Col. William, 158, 159.

C

Capital, 188, 227; carved, 106; Corinthian, 234; Ionic, 244.

“Captains’ walks,” 2.

Carolina. See SOUTH CAROLINA.

Carpenter, architect, 179.

Carpenters’ Company of London. See WORSHIPFUL COMPANY OF CARPENTERS.

Carpenters’ Company of Phila., 256, 266.

Carpenters’ Hall, Phila., 202, 256.

Carpentry, books on, 135.

Carter, Robert, 208, 221.

Carters’ Grove, Va., 162, 163.

Casement, leaded, 53.

Cathedral, Baltimore, Md., 273.

Catskills, 19.

Cedar Grove, Harrogate, Phila., 134.

Cedar Park, Anne Arundel Co., Md., 96, 98.

Cellar, 88.

Chamberlayne, Major Thomas, 88, 91.

Chambers, Sir William, 146, 148, 152.

Chandler, Joseph Everett, 52, 190.

Charleston, S.C., 230.

Chesapeake Bay, 96.

Chester, Pa., 195.

Chew, Chief Justice, 93, 123, 124, 143.

Chimney, 20, 87, 144, 247, 248; breast, 146; brick, 88; brick and stone, 89; central, 49; clay, 52; exterior Southern, 89; exterior New England, 89; offsets, 89; outside, 80, 89; pieces continued, 148; quadruple, 142; sloped weatherings, 89; stone, 49.

Chippendale, Treatise on, 146.

Christ Church, Alexandria, Va., 159, 221, 223, 224, 264; Lancaster Co., Va., 208, 221, 222; Philadelphia, Pa., 119, 125, 186, 210, 211, 216, 226, 227, 229, 230, 262.

Church, bells, 216; city, 209; “Court”, 209; Colonial period, 205 _et seq._

Church of England, 207.

Cipriani, 147.

City Hall, Newport, R.I., 192; New York, 274.

Clapboard, 23, 246, 247; casing, 50; first use of, 50; tradition, grafting of, 103; in gable ends, 28.

Classic, element, 99; formality, 101; Revival, 11, 12, 105, 111, 112, 115, 116, 165, 166, 169, 170, 171, 173-175, 177-180, 191, 201, 203, 235.

Classicism, 101, 169, 171, 173; Renaissance, 128; revived, 203.

Climate, 252; influence of, on architecture, 80.

Climatic conditions, 237.

Cliveden, Germantown, Phila., 93, 124, 143, 144, 150, 152, 244.

Clothing, 214.

Clouston, Treatise on Chippendale, 146.

Coffee houses, 196; London, Phila., 196, 197; Bradford’s, Phila., 196, 197.

Colonial architecture, definition of, 7, 8.

Colour, contrasting, 202; of interior paint, 149; Dutch 36.

Column, 178; Corinthian, 172.

Congress Hall, Phila., 189.

Connecticut, 49, 269.

Cooper River, S.C., 96.

Cornice, 72, 108, 138, 233.

Coultas, Col. James, 139, 141.

“Country Builder’s Assistant”, 268, 269.

Country seats, 132.

Court House, Phila., 193, 194.

Craftsmanship, methods of, 80.

Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y., 24, 29, 243.

Croton River, 118.

Custom House, Salem, Mass., 192.

D

Dale, Sir Thomas, 86.

Damon, Capt. Isaac, 264.

Danish strain, 79.

Declaration of Independence, 183, 186.

Deerfield, Mass., 107, 268.

DeLancey, 116.

Delaware, 4, 8, 74, 161, 195; County, Pa., 61; Georgian, 120, 121.

Door, 138, 143; batten, 30; divided, 30; Dutch, 30; house, 92, 96, 97.

Doorway, 140, 163, 169, 185; Dutch, 35; elaborate, 106; plain, 106; round arched, 109.

Dormer, 76; sharp peaked, 89; long, 89.

Drinker, Elizabeth, 196.

Dummer house, Byfield, Mass., 107, 108.

Dutch, brick, 86; Colonial type, 12 _et seq._, 29, 31, 115; Colonial tradition, 115; houses, characteristics of, 24 _et seq._; houses in New Jersey and Long Island, 28; of Hudson Valley, 21; settlers on Delaware, 58.

E

“E” Plan, 48.

Earle, Alice Morse, 45, 210, 214.

Eaton, Governour Theophilus, 47; house, 47; inventory, 47.

Eaves, 27, 96, 138, 139; flaring, 27.

Economic conditions and architecture, 101.

Eggleston, Edward, 9, 39.

Eggleston George Cary, 239.

Elderkin, John, 269.

Ellsworth, Oliver, 189.

Embury, Aymar, 28.

Empire, style, 12.

England, 100.

English, brick, 86; spoken in America, 78.

Entablature, 108.

Entry, New England, 92.

Environment, 252.

Ephrata, Pa., 76.

Episcopalians, 125.

Esopus River, N.Y., 19.

Essex County, N.J., 15.

F

Fairfax County, Va., 221.

Fair Hill, Phila., 134.

Fairmount Park, Phila., 131, 141, 257.

Faneuil Hall, Boston, 183, 189, 190, 264.

Fan light, 142, 145.

Farm, buildings, 161; houses, brick, 74; houses, Dutch, 21.

Fatland, Montgomery Co., Pa., 151.

Field stone, 69.

Fireplace, 138, 146, 151; Dutch, 34.

First Baptist, Providence, R.I., 263, 264.

Fitzhugh, William, 83, 91.

Flemish, bond, 137, 186, 221, 222, 225, 233; scroll, 110, 186.

Forbes, General, 211.

Fort Nassau, N.J., 58.

Framing, 245.

Fraunce’s Tavern, N. Y. City, 116, 117, 192.

French, influence of, 166.

French Revolution, 12.

Frieze, 108.

G

Gable, 89, 139, 143, 163.

Galleting, 244.

Gallery, 209, 224, 225, 229, 230.

Gambrel, 97; roof, 25, 26, 27, 75; Southern, 90.

Gardens, Philadelphia, 128.

Georgian, architecture, definition of, 7, 8; American phase, 154; buildings, 220; churches, 221; churches of N. Y., 231; influence, 10; local adaptations, 102, 103; Middle Colonies types, 146, 188; mode, beginning, 102; mode, character of, 99, 100, 103, 105, 106, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114; New England, 157; period, 120; Philadelphia, 128, 129, 130, 154; Southern, 156; Southern, character of, 162; tradition, 190, 228; types, 149.

German, principalities, 100; sects, 207.

Germans, 60; character of settlers, 63; influence of, 71, 72; as farmers, 65, 66; settlers, 62, 63; Pennsylvania, 74.

Germantown, Phila., 63, 148; Road, 71; stone, 143.

Gibbon, Grinling, 110.

Gibbs, James, 119, 148, 230, 271.

Glass, 249.

Gloria Dei, Phila., 224.

Gloucester Point, N.J., 58.

Graeme Park, Horsham, Pa., 69, 93, 106, 126, 135-138, 146, 149, 188.

Grange, the, Montgomery Co., Pa., 134.

Greek Revival, _v._ Classic Revival, 165.

Greene, John, 264.

Greenfield, Mass., 268.

Green Spring, Va., 87, 91.

Grosvenor Road, Westminster, London, 106.

Grumblethorpe, Germantown, Phila., 134.

Gunston Hall, Va., 162.

H

Hadley, Mass., 107.

Half-timber, 85; methods, 51.

Hall, 91, 92, 138, 140; central, 96; great, 92.

Hamilton, Honourable Andrew, 134, 260, 262.

Hamilton, William, 145.

Harrison, Peter, 192, 271.

Harriton, Bryn Mawr, Pa., 69.

Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., 191, 272.

Hatfield, Mass., 107.

Haverford, Pa., 61.

Hayward, Nicholas, 83.

Hempstead, L.I., 16.

Henrico, Va., 86, 88, 91.

Henry VIII, 101.

Highlands, the, Whitemarsh Valley, Pa., 134, 144, 148, 150-152.

Hingham, Mass., 232, 234.

Hoban, James, 177, 274.

Hoffmann house, Kingston-on-Hudson, N.Y., 25.

Holland, 16, 22, 100, 148.

Hood, overdoor, 70.

Hope Lodge, Whitemarsh Valley, Pa., 69, 93, 106, 135, 137, 188.

Horsham, Pa., 93, 126, 135.

Hospital, Pennsylvania, Phila., 201.

House, bedchambers in early New England, 44; character of early New England, 44; Dutch Colonial, 28, 32, 33; plan of early New England, 50; sleeping arrangements in early New England, 45.

House of Burgesses, Va., 209.

House of Seven Gables, Salem, Mass., 53-55.

Howe, Lord, 200.

Hudson, Hendrick, 58.

Hudson River, 2, 16; Valley of, 15, 22, 115.

Hurley, N.Y., 16, 17, 19; cheeses, 18.

I

Independence Hall _v._ State House, Phila., 183.

Indian trails, 65.

Inn yards, 195.

Irving, Washington, 21.

J

James River, Va., 162.

Jamestown, Va., 86, 87, 205, 206, 207, 209, 218.

Jay, John, 189.

Jefferson, Thomas, 159, 160, 164, 177, 203, 264.

Johnson, Norton, 145.

Joinery, 52.

Jones, Inigo, 101, 128.

Jumel Mansion, New York, 118, 119.

K

Kearsley, Dr. John, 134, 227, 261, 264, 265.

“Keeping-room”, 47.

Keith, Sir William, 93, 106, 126, 135.

Kemp, Secretary, 86.

Kenmore, Va., 160.

Kent, 148.

Kentucky, 77.

Keyblock, 109.

King’s Chapel, Boston, Mass., 213, 214, 233, 234.

King’s College, N.Y., 192.

Kingsessing, Phila., 139, 244.

Kingston-on-Hudson, N.Y., 16, 25.

Kitchen, early New England, 45, 46; detached, 93, 139, 162.

L

Lambert, Edward E., 48.

Language, vitality of old forms, 78.

Latrobe, Benjamin, 177, 265, 273.

Lean-to, 49; additions, 47.

Lee house, Marblehead, Mass., 103, 109.

L’Enfant, Major, 174, 177.

“Lie-on-your-stomach” windows, 30.

Logan, James, 93.

Log-cabin, 43.

London, 83, 151, 271; fashions 102, 155.

London Coffee House, Philadelphia, 196, 197.

Long Island, N.Y., 15, 22.

Loyalists, 167, 212.

M

Macphaedris-Warner House, Portsmouth, N.H., 107, 108.

Macpherson, Captain John, 93, 141.

Madison, James, 273.

Manor House, Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y., 24, 29, 243.

Mantels, 98.

Marble, Pennsylvania, 185, 186; Scotch, 138.

Marblehead, Mass., 54, 103, 109.

Maritime Exchange, Phila., 274.

Maryland, 3, 4, 8, 75, 77, 96, 162, 163, 207.

Masonry, 226; English and Welsh traditions, 68, 243; Phila., 243; rubble, 243.

Masques, 186; grotesque, 118.

Massachusetts, 49, 107, 214, 232, 268, 269.

Materials, 23, 83-85, 103, 127, 236; choice of, 252.

McBean, 271.

McComb, John, 177, 274.

McIntire, Samuel, 105, 111, 176, 235.

Medford, Mass., 103.

Mediæval, characteristics, 42; survivals, 54, 100.

Meeting house, New England, 231; Old Ship, Hingham, Mass., 232, 234; Old South, Boston, 232; Quaker, 207, 230.

Merion, Pa., 61; Lower, 69.

Mey, Captain Cornelius, 58.

Middle Colonies, 11, 22; architectural diversity, 66; church architecture, 230; churches, 207; clannishness and isolation, 58; diversity in nationality and speech, 57; early types, 57, 80; Georgian forms, 120, 127, 184; roads, 65; trading, 64.

Montgomery Co., Pa., 61.

Monticello, Va., 161, 164, 165, 264.

Moore Hall, Chester Co., Pa., 212.

Moore, Judge, of Moore Hall, 212.

Moravians, 76; buildings, 63, 64; churches, 231.

Morris, Anthony, 145.

Mortar, 28, 245.

Mouldings, 108, 151, 222; Dutch, 36; profiles, 144, 152, 153.

Mount Pleasant, Phila., 93, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 150, 151, 264.

Mount Vernon, Va., 264.

Mulberry Castle, S.C., 97, 98.

Munday, Richard, 192, 270.

Music, New England, 216.

N

Nassau, Fort, N.J., 58.

Naval Asylum, Philadelphia, 274.

Netherfield, Phila., 134.

New England, 4, 5, 10, 77, 88; Colonial type, 38; Georgian, 99, 103, 106, 107, 109, 111, 112; survivals of Queen Anne influence, 102.

New Hampshire, 107.

New Haven, Conn., 47.

New Jersey, 8, 16, 74, 120 _et seq._

New Kent Co., Va., 218, 219.

New Netherlands, 16, 17, 20, 21.

Newport, R.I., City Hall, 271; State House, 270.

New York City, 114, 209, 230; City Hall, 274; of Colonial Days, 193.

New York, Georgian, 113.

New York State, 8.

Nieuw Dorp, N.Y., 19.

Northampton, Mass., 264.

North Church, Boston, 234.

O

Old Dominion, 84, 218.

Old Ship Meeting House, 234.

Old South Meeting House, Boston, Mass., 232.

Old State House, Boston, Mass., 119.

Old Swedes Church, Philadelphia, Pa., 224.

Old York Road, Pa., 135.

Overhang, 54, 55; in South, 90; in New England, 90.

Overmantel, 108, 110, 141, 146, 147, 151, 188; decorations, 153, 155.

Oxford, Pa., 224.

P

Paint, 249, 250; colour of in XVIIIth century, 149, 150.

Palladian window, 109, 142, 144, 150, 185.

Panel, bevel flush, 141; overmantel, 141; 34, 98, 108, 119, 138, 147, 250, 251.

Park Street Church, Boston, Mass., 235.

Parlour, 92, 141.

“Parson Williams’s” house, Deerfield Mass., 107.

Pediment, 97, 140, 142, 143, 164, 188, 222; segmental, 108; Swan’s neck, 108.

Pencoyd, Bala, Pa., 69.

Penn, John, 211.

Penn, William, 59, 61, 135, 211, 256, 257.

Pennsbury Manor House, Bucks, Pa., 257.

Pennsylvania, 3, 8, 74, 76, 77, 93, 106, 161, 195, 243; Colonial types, 67-76; gardens, 133; Georgian, 107; Georgian characteristics, 121, 152-155; Georgian houses, 120, 127, 130-152.

Pennsylvania Historical Society, 262.

Pennsylvania Hospital, 266, 267.

Penthouse, 28, 70, 139, 196.

Peters, Judge, 244.

Pews, 210, 211, 212, 213, 232; family, 208; Royal Governours’, 210.

Philadelphia, Pa., 3, 58, 93, 177, 209, 210, 271; commercial prosperity, 130; Colonial metropolis, 121; Country houses, 122; fox-hunting, 122; Georgian types, 128-155; life, 122; “Republican Court”, 125; seat of national government, 189; XVIIIth Century architects of, 134.

Philadelphia Library, 135, 266.

Philadelphia Naval Home, 274.

Philipse house, near Tarrytown, N.Y., 116.

Philipse Manor House, Yonkers, N.Y., 117.

Pilaster, 63, 106, 111, 138, 169; Ionic, 145, 148.

Pillar, 111, 145, 164, 201; attenuation of, 176; Tuscan, 229.

Pine Street Market, Phila., 194.

Plan, balanced, 99.

Pohick Church, Va., 159, 221-224, 264.

“Pokes” of tobacco, 77.

Pompeian refinements, 111.

Porch, origin of, 28, 29.

Portico, 145, 150, 164, 172, 201, 223.

Portius, James, 135, 256, 257.

Portsmouth, N.H., 107.

Post-Colonial types, 166-181.

Powel house, Phila., 124.

Precedent, English, 88.

Preferences, hereditary, 80, 83.

Presbyterians, 125.

Providence, R.I., First Baptist Church, 263, 264.

Public buildings, 182-204.

Pugging, 52, 246.

Q

Quaker, 60; hostility to theatre, 200; influence, 122; predilections, 106; scruples, 107.

Queen Anne, 101, 107, 116; New England affinities, 107; Middle Colonies Georgian affinities, 152; tradition, 75; urns, 152.

Queen Anne’s Gate, Westminster, London, 106.

Quoin, 24, 219, 223; brick, 141.

R

Radnor, Pa., 61, 212, 224, 225.

Raynerd, D., 269.

Renaissance, 100, 170, 173; classicism, 128; feeling, 220.

Restorations, 52, 53, 190.

Revere, Paul, house of, Boston, 54; household, 44, 45.

Rhoads, Samuel, 266-268.

Rhode Island, 49.

Roof, 76, 87, 89, 119, 139, 140, 143, 224, 226, 230; gambrel, 25, 26, 75, 138; Dutch gambrel, 26; New England gambrel, 26; hip, 142, 186, 232, 234; hipped gambrel, 97, 138; jerkin-head, 196, 197; mansard, 97; pitch, 88, 96, 97.

Rosicrucians, 63.

Roughcast, 244.

Royall house, Medford, Mass., 103, 107.

Rubble, 23.

Rutledge, John, 189.

S

Saint Anne’s, Annapolis, Md., 209.

Saint David’s, Radnor, Pa., 69, 212, 213, 224-226.

Saint John’s Chapel, Varick St., N.Y., 274.

Saint Luke’s, Smithfield, Va., 218, 219.

Saint Martin’s-in-the-Fields, London, 227.

Saint Michael’s, Charleston, S.C., 230.

Saint Paul’s Chapel, N.Y., 230, 271.

Saint Peters, New Kent Co., Va., 218, 219; Phila., 228-230.

Salem, Mass., 176, 192.

Saxon, strain of, 79.

Schuyler house, Albany, N.Y., 118.

Schuylkill River, 58, 131.

Scroll, 147; Flemish, 110, 186; Ionic, 132.

Seating, in churches, 209, 210, 211.

Servants’ quarters, 92, 93, 139, 143.

Seventh Day Baptists, 76.

Shingles, 247; cypress, 88.

Shutters, Dutch, 36.

Skippack Creek, Pa., 63.

“Slawbank,” 45.

Smibert, John, 264.

Smith, Capt. John, 205.

Smithfield, Va., 218.

“Soaked” bread, 77.

Society of Friends, 122, 154.

South Carolina, 8, 96, 164, 274.

Southern Colonial, 162; characteristics, 79; house plan, 90, 91, 92; house surroundings, 94, 95; type, 77, 96; type, brick houses, 96; type, plan, 87; type, materials, 85.

Southern Georgian, 156, 159; characteristics, 162; peculiarities, 161.

Southern planters, 157.

Southwark, Phila., 199, 200.

Staircase, 110; winding, 49.

Stairway, 139, 140, 226; Dutch Colonial, 33.

State House, Annapolis, Md., 203; Bulfinch, Boston, Mass., 189, 191, 272; Charleston, S.C., 274; Newport, R.I., 192, 270; Old, Boston, Mass., 183, 189, 190; Philadelphia, Pa. (Independence Hall), 119, 183, 184, 186, 189, 198, 261, 262, 263.

Stenton, Phila., 93, 106, 137, 138, 149, 163, 188.

Stone, 23, 152; cut, 127; dressed, 23, 127; field, 243; quarried, 243.

Stonework, 244; Welsh, 226.

Stratton house, Va., 91.

Strickland, William, 177, 273.

String course, 72.

Stucco, 23, 24, 91, 244, 245.

Stuyvesant, Peter, 17.

Sweden, 100.

Swedes, character of, 59; settlements of, 58, 59, 65; influence of, in Pennsylvania, 59.

T

Textures, of Walls, 236.

Theatre, first Philadelphia, 199, 200; American Company, 200; first, Boston, 272; “New,” Phila., 201.

Thornton, Dr. William, 177, 264, 265, 266.

Thoroughgood, Adam, house, 88, 89.

Torus, 108.

Town Hall, Chester, Pa., 195; Newcastle, Del., 195.

Tradition, force of, 39; half-timber, 52; identity of, 40; persistence of architectural, 42, 78, 79; preservation of, 252; Southern, 84.

Transom, 75, 138; small light, 106.

Trappe Meeting House, Pa., 231.

Trims, brick, 140; door and window, 24, 141, 149; wood, 237.

Trinity Church, Newport, R.I., 234; Oxford, Pa., 224, 226.

Trinity Parish, N. Y. City, 271.

Tuckahoe, Va., 162, 163.

Tulip Hill, West River, Md., 163.

Tympanum, countersunk, 108.

U

Upsala, Germantown, Phila., 144, 145, 148, 150, 152.

Urn, 140, 144, 152.

Ury House, Fox Chase, Phila., 134.

V

Vanbrugh, Sir John, 192, 271.

Van Cortlandt, 116; Park, N. Y. City, 118; Manor House, Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y., 118; house, N. Y. City, 119.

Van Rensselaer house, 118.

Varick Street, N. Y. City, 274.

Vaux Hill, Montgomery Co., Pa., 151.

Virginia, 3, 4, 8, 75, 77; brick-making and export, 85, 86; churches, 220; church architecture, 218; Economic Hist, of in XVIIIth cent., 94; families, 81; flowers and bushes imported, 94; manner of life in early, 82, 83; settlers’ characteristics, 82; social distinctions, 82; University of, 203, 264.

W

Wainscot, 138.

Wales, 100.

Walls, 75, 139; texture of, 152.

Warder, diary of Anne, 123.

Ware, 148.

Washington, city of 274; capitol at, 177.

Washington, George, 159, 200, 221, 264, 272; equipage of, 125; leave-taking of army, 116; second inauguration, 189.

“Wattle and dab,” 52.

Wayne, Anthony, 213.

Wayne Isaac, 213.

Waynesborough, Paoli, Pa., 69.

Welsh, architectural peculiarities, 68; as immigrants, 60, 61; influence of, 61, 62; masonry, 67, 68.

Welsh Barony, Pa., 61, 67, 213.

Wemyss, Lady Williamina, of Moore Hall, Pa., 212.

Westminster, London, 107.

Westover, Va., 157.

West River, Md., 163.

Whitby Hall, Kingsessing, Phila., 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 152.

White House, Washington, 274.

Whitemarsh Valley, Pa., 93, 135, 148.

William and Mary, 101.

Williamsburg, Va., 209, 220.

Wilton, 147.

Window, 143, 233; basement, 141; casing, 108; church, 221, 230; circular, 163; diamond-paned, 48; dormer, 72, 142; double hung sash, 53; early forms of, 108; elliptical, 222; glazing, 91; heads, 137; “lie-on-your-stomach,” 30; leaded, 249; Palladian, 109, 142, 144, 150, 185, 223, 228, 229; treatment of, 145.

Wissahickon Creek, Phila., 63.

Woodlands, Phila., 133, 144, 145, 148, 150, 151.

Woodwork, 127, 138, 141, 163, 188, 228.

Workmen, 83.

Worshipful Company of Carpenters, London, 135, 257.

Wren, Sir Christopher, 101, 129, 221, 228, 272; feeling, 230.

Wren, James, 221.

Wyatt, Governour, 84.

Wyck, Germantown, Phila., 71, 72, 73, 245.

Wynnestay, Phila., 67, 68, 69, 72, 73.

Y

Yonkers, N.Y., 116.

York County, Va., 91.

FOOTNOTE:

[A] It should be plainly stated that Mr. Chandler, in the course of his investigations and restorations, feels that he has discovered no evidence sufficiently convincing to warrant an assertion, _positive beyond all peradventure_, that clapboards were applied to the oldest houses at a date subsequent to their original construction and as a remedy for the structural shortcomings of half-timber methods when subjected to the rigours of the New England climate. Clapboards, it is true, were used at a very early date and may, perhaps, have been employed from the first as a coating over an underlying half-timber base. Of one thing, however, there can be no question--the existence of half-timber construction beneath the clapboards in many of the oldest buildings. In view of this assured fact and the early settlers’ habitual fidelity to traditional practices, it seems a not unwarrantable presumption that half-timber work antedated the use of clapboards by some years until the poor quality of the pugging and the warping of unseasoned timbers compelled the adoption of some satisfactory remedy.