CHAPTER XV

IRRESPIRABLE GASES

CARBON DIOXIDE

_Circumstances under which it occurs accidentally._--Death may result where several persons are sleeping in the same room, and the ventilation is imperfect; from the admission of the vapour of charcoal into a room from an adjoining vent; or from incautiously sleeping in a brewery close to a vat in which fermentation is going on. Many deaths have occurred from this gas, due to the incautious descent into wells. It must also be borne in mind that death may result from the presence of this gas in an atmosphere which will permit the combustion of a candle. For a candle will burn in an atmosphere containing 25 per cent. of CO₂, whereas 5 per cent. will cause death. The burning of a candle is therefore no test of security from danger in an atmosphere where the presence of carbonic acid is suspected. Carbonic acid does not, as is generally supposed, sink to the lower portions of a room; and Dr. Taylor, from his experiments, states “that in a small and close room persons are liable to be suffocated at all levels, from the very equal and rapid diffusion of carbonic acid during combustion.”

_Symptoms._--When the carbonic acid is pure, that is, unmixed with other gases, spasm of the glottis at once occurs, and the sufferer falls down insensible, and death is almost immediate. When the gas is diluted the early symptoms are a feeling of weight and fulness in the head, accompanied with giddiness, throbbing of the temporal arteries, drowsiness, palpitation of the heart, gradually increasing insensibility, stertorous breathing, ending in death from asphyxia or apoplexy. Sometimes the victim dies convulsed, at other times a deep sleep quietly merges into death. The symptoms will, of course, depend upon the quantity and purity of the gas present in the apartment.

_Action on the Animal Economy._--The opinions of observers vary greatly--Berzelius maintaining that an atmosphere containing 5 per cent. was not injurious to life; Allen and Pepys, on the other hand, stating that 10 per cent. of the gas would cause death. Bernard considers that it is not poisonous, as it can be injected into the bodies of animals without injury, and that its action is purely negative; it is irrespirable in the same sense as pure hydrogen or nitrogen is--simply, therefore, causing death by suffocation. Whatever may be the true explanation of its action, it is enough for all practical purposes to know that death follows when it is breathed, even when mixed with a normal amount of oxygen.

_Post-mortem Appearances._--The face may be pale and composed, or swollen and livid. The vessels of the brain are frequently greatly congested, and the heart and great vessels gorged with black fluid blood. The blood in some cases, however, is of a cherry-red colour. This may probably be due to the presence of carbon monoxide, which appears to have the power of preventing the change of arterial into venous blood, the opposite effect to that of carbon dioxide. The tongue may or may not be protruded beyond the teeth; in most instances the latter is the case. Animal heat is long retained after death, and the _rigor mortis_ occurs as in other forms of death.

_Treatment._--Bleeding from the arm, cupping from the nape of the neck, and the employment of cold affusion to the head. The patient should be removed without delay into the open air. Artificial respiration and galvanism have been successfully employed in some cases, and inhalations of oxygen should be used if possible.

_How the proportion of Carbon Dioxide may be estimated._--The air to be examined is drawn into a vessel capable of holding one and a half gallons, to which is added a clear solution of lime or baryta. The vessel, after being well agitated, is allowed to remain untouched for from eight to twenty-four hours. The carbonic acid is absorbed by the lime or baryta, and the difference in the causticity of the lime solution before and after it is placed in the vessel gives the amount of carbonic acid present in the air. A simple method of collecting the air in a mine is by lowering a bottle full of fine sand, so arranged that at any depth it may be turned upside down, and the sand allowed to run out, its place being taken by the air of the mine. The bottle may now be quickly drawn up, corked, and reserved for examination.

_How may an Apartment, Well, or Mine be cleared of it?_--Free ventilation in the first case. In the case of a well, a basket of slaked lime may be let down; but in mines a steam fanner or a jet of steam must be blown through the mine. No one, of course, should be allowed to enter the well or mine until it has been cleared of the carbonic acid.

CARBON MONOXIDE

This gas is formed in a variety of ways, one being the oxidation of carbon at a very high temperature in a limited supply of oxygen. It is given off by iron stoves at a red heat. It is one of the chief ingredients of the vapour of burning charcoal.

To this gas is due the suffocating quality of air in which coke or charcoal is burnt. It is inodorous, hence the dangerous insidiousness with which it produces its fatal results. It is said that 0.5 per cent. will cause death, and even 0.1 per cent. is injurious. The vapours from brick kilns and “burnt ballast” heaps are injurious to health, and the owners of them may be indicted for causing a nuisance.

The fumes from burning charcoal are taken advantage of for purposes of suicide, a method frequently used on the Continent, but almost unheard of in England. The suicide generally shuts himself up in a room, which he has closed against any ventilation, and in which he has placed a receptacle containing burning coke or charcoal.

Poisoning by carbon monoxide occurs in two forms--_acute_ and _chronic_.

_Symptoms_: _Acute._--The first symptoms may be those of excitation, which are quickly followed by intense headache, giddiness, throbbing of the temples, and nausea followed by vomiting. Muscular weakness occurs, sensation and the reflexes are lost, drowsiness and coma follow, and in fatal cases convulsions often come on before death. The pulse becomes imperceptible at the wrist. The conjunctivæ become hyperæmic, the eyes staring, the pupils dilated and insensible. The voluntary and involuntary muscles are relaxed, the skin cold and cyanotic, and the lips covered with froth.

_Chronic._--The symptoms are headache, neuralgic pains, anæmia, shortness of breath, and wasting; when advanced they are those of peripheral neuritis and mental disturbances.

The less severe symptoms of chronic carbon monoxide poisoning are not uncommon, and occur in those who occupy small and badly ventilated rooms, in which there may be a heating stove, gas stove, or imperfect gas fittings; the last are especially dangerous when water gas is used for illuminating purposes, as it contains a high percentage of carbon monoxide.

It is a very powerful gas, speedily causing death by acting chiefly on the nervous system, the symptoms being those produced by a pure narcotic.

The _post-mortem_ signs are redness of the face, with reddish patches on different parts of the body. The blood--and this is chiefly characteristic of carbon monoxide poisoning--is cherry-red, due to a chemical compound formed by the action of the gas on the colouring matter of the blood, thus paralysing the oxygen-carrying power of the blood corpuscles. The gas is supposed to combine with the hæmoglobin forming a fixed compound, the spectroscopic examination showing the two absorption bands of the hæmoglobin nearer to the violet end of the spectrum than under normal conditions. (See Blood Spectra, p. 103.)

These bands resemble those of O₂Hb, so their position must be compared with a spectrum of O₂Hb, the two spectra being side by side.

There is another important difference, however, determined by the

## action of a reducing agent such as ammonium sulphide. The bands of COHb

are unaltered, while those of O₂Hb are reduced. Death frequently takes place before all the Hb has been changed into COHb, so that the blood contains a mixture of COHb and O₂Hb, and on the addition of a reducing agent the spectrum is a composite one of COHb and reduced Hb. Only the broad band of reduced Hb is to be seen if the amount of COHb present be less than 28 per cent. In an atmosphere containing a large percentage of carbon monoxide death may occur before the blood contains sufficient COHb to give the characteristic spectrum.

The _treatment_ consists in the removal of the sufferer into the fresh air, artificial respiration, venesection, and the transfusion of arterialised defibrinated blood. Oxygen inhalations should be given. In two cases subcutaneous injections of nitro-glycerine were followed by recovery.

WATER GAS

This gas is prepared by passing steam through incandescent carbon, and is a compound of nearly equal parts of carbonic oxide and hydrogen. It owes its dangerous properties to the first-named gas. When water gas, pure and simple, is supplied for heating purposes, its leakage cannot be detected, as the gas possesses no odour. When used for lighting and carburetted, its escape is more readily detected by the smell, but even then it is more dangerous than coal gas as the proportion of CO is higher. Several deaths have resulted from the use of water gas for heating and lighting purposes, and also for steel smelting in Leeds. The symptoms of poisoning are those of carbon monoxide.

SULPHURETTED HYDROGEN

Sulphuretted hydrogen is a gas possessing a powerful odour of rotten eggs. It is largely used as a test for most of the metals; and its presence may be detected by filter paper, moistened with a salt of lead, becoming black.

_Symptoms._--When the gas is moderately diluted the symptoms produced are giddiness, throbbing of the temples, pain and oppression of the stomach, nausea, and vomiting; delirium and convulsions sometimes occur, together with laborious respiration and an irregular pulse. When the gas is but slightly diluted, the person becomes suddenly weak and insensible, and rapidly dies.

_Post-mortem Appearances._--Fluidity and blackness of the blood, loss of muscular contractility, and a tendency to rapid putrefaction. The bronchial tubes are reddened, and the internal vascular organs may appear almost black.

_Treatment._--This will consist in the immediate removal of the person into fresh air, and the administration of stimulants, together with the respiration of chlorine gas evolved from bleaching powder by the action of an acid.

COAL GAS

Coal gas is composed of several hydrocarbons, the chief of which is marsh gas, together with free hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, and sulphides of carbon, which give to it its peculiar odour. The poisonous properties of coal gas are due to the carbon monoxide, 7.5 per cent. being present in ordinary gas as supplied for illuminating purposes. It can be detected by passing the coal gas through an acid solution of cuprous chloride, which becomes black by the formation of a compound CuCOCl. A dangerous explosive compound is formed when the gas reaches the proportion of 1 in 10 of the atmosphere. Poisoning by this gas is, as a rule, accidental.

_Symptoms._--Headache, nausea, vomiting, giddiness, ending in coma. Stertorous breathing is noticed in some cases. Should the sufferer be removed from the gas, the breath smells strongly of the gas. The murderer Chantrelle tried to cover his crime by admitting gas into his wife‘s bedroom, but the attempt failed. The pupils are, as a rule, dilated before death.

_Post-mortem Appearances._--Cherry-red colour of the blood, redness of the pulmonary tissue, and froth in the air-passages. The vessels of the brain are engorged, and rose-coloured patches appear on the thighs.

_Treatment._--This consists in removing the patient into the fresh air, artificial respiration, oxygen inhalations, &c., as in carbon monoxide.

COMBUSTION GASES

Toxic effects have been produced by inhalation of the gases caused by explosives. The principal gases are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen. Gunpowder yields a considerable amount of CO and sulphuretted hydrogen. Nitro-glycerine, dynamite, and gun-cotton yield a large amount of CO. Tonite yields very little CO, and roburite none. Smokeless powders give off CO.

The manufacture of “roburite” and “sicherheit,” which contain dinitro-benzine, is fraught with danger from this substance, causing, in acute cases, cyanosis of the face or the whole body, headache, vertigo, paresis, coldness, quick pulse, dyspnœa, shallow breathing with long intervals, and coma. Vomiting may occur, and the blood becomes a chocolate colour. A chronic form of poisoning produces lividity and cyanosis, with gastritis, hepatic enlargement and jaundice, paræsthesia, numbness, and cramps in the muscles, amblyopia with concentric contraction of vision-fields, and central scotoma. The blood is like that of pernicious anæmia, and the urine brown or blackish.

ACETYLENE GAS

This gas has a peculiar odour of geranium. It is a product of the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons, and is formed when lamps or gas jets are burned with insufficient air, _e.g._ a Bunsen burner which has “lighted back,” also from the use of oil stoves, and gas cooking and heating apparatus. It is used for illumination, and formed by the action of water on calcium carbide. It forms a highly explosive mixture with air. It is not a potent poison. Continued exposure to it causes anæmia, malnutrition, and nervous symptoms. On animals it produces narcosis. It does not combine with hæmoglobin, but acts as an indifferent gas.

NITROGEN MONOXIDE, NITROUS OXIDE

This is known as laughing gas; it has a sweetish taste and smell. When breathed in small quantities it produces tingling sensations and induces laughter, hence its name. When breathed for anæsthetic purposes the skin becomes livid, the blood pressure raised, and unconsciousness follows. It acts first upon the higher nerve centres, then upon the spinal cord, medulla, and heart. If pushed too far it causes death by asphyxia. In ordinary use for anæsthesia, the latter is rapidly produced, and recovery follows quickly when the administration is stopped. It has peculiar effects upon certain people, who may not only show the symptoms of hilarity, but, in some cases, become extremely violent.

PETROL FUMES

Petrol fumes produce toxic effects upon those who breathe them, comprising perverted taste, dysphagia, headache, giddiness, cyanosis, insensibility, mania and imbecility. Maniacal outbreaks occur during recovery. Peripheral neuritis may follow.

NAPHTHA, BENZOL OR BENZENE

This causes poisoning when swallowed or inhaled, _e.g._ glove cleaning, waterproofing, &c. Death has taken place in either way.

_Symptoms._--In _acute_ poisoning there is excitement, flushing of the face, cyanosis, dilated pupils, headache, slow breathing, stupor and coma, with gastro-intestinal irritation.

Hallucinations and delirium may occur amongst workers in it; idiosyncrasy plays a part. Women may become intoxicated, excited, and hysterical. It may cause headache, vertigo, narcosis, and inability to walk, with vomiting. Small hæmorrhages may occur. Rapid coma and death may occur when the vapour is concentrated.

_Treatment._--When swallowed, the stomach tube should be used and ether and strychnine given hypodermically. When overcome by vapour, removal to the open air, artificial respiration, oxygen inhalations, and restoratives are required.

SULPHUR DIOXIDE

This is an irrespirible gas with the odour of burning sulphur. It is a preservative and bleaching agent, is used for disinfection, and occurs in certain industries.

The inhalation of the fumes causes a feeling of suffocation, with spasm of the glottis, and irritation of the nose, trachea, and bronchi, producing sneezing and cough; opacity of the cornea, dyspnœa, cyanosis, and convulsions may occur.

CHLORINE

The gas is used for disinfection and bleaching. In chemical works chronic poisoning may occur causing anæmia, emaciation, gastritis, dental caries, bronchitis, and emphysema. If concentrated, it causes dyspnœa, violent cough, hæmoptysis, stupor, and syncope.

_Treatment._--Fresh air, steam inhalations, and the general treatment of the lung conditions.

PHOSPHORETTED HYDROGEN

This is a very poisonous gas. Deaths have occurred on board ships carrying cargoes of electrolytic ferrosilicate containing calcium phosphide. It reduces the oxyhæmoglobin. It may produce rapid, followed by slow and laboured breathing and convulsions.

INDEX

Abdomen, P.-M. exam., 58, 59; enlargement of, 153; in delivery, 156; in pregnancy, 153; in starvation, 132; injuries of, 75 Abel, Prof., on arsenic, 284 Abercrombie, Dr., on apoplexy, 73 Abortion, criminal, 64, 76, 159 _et seq._; causes of, 160, 161; dangers of, 161; definition of, 160, 164; examination in, 162, 163; in poisoning, 313, 317, 319, 322; law of, 159; R. _v._ Goodhall, 159 Abscess, in wounds, 84 Accident, death from, 2 Acetanilide (antifebrin), 363 Acetic acid, 262 Acetone, in starvation, 132 Acetylene gas, 401 Acid poisons, 231, 234, 246 Aconite and aconitine, 229, 234, 239, 348, 375, 376

## Action (general) of poisons, 232-34

Acts of Parliament:-- _Arsenic Act_, 1851 (14 Vict. c. 13), 230, 275; _Coroners Acts_, De Officio Coronatoris (4 Edw. I, c. 2, 1275), 3, 4; 50 & 51 Vict., 1887, 3; _Factory and Workshop Act_, 1901, 12; _Fœticide_ (24 & 25 Vict. c. 100, sec. 58 and 59), 159; _Habitual Drunkard‘s Act_, 226; _Indictable Offences Act_, 1848 (sec. 17), 18; _Infanticide_ (21 Jac. I. c. 27), 165; (24 & 25 Vict. c. 100, sec. 60), 166; _Lunacy Acts_ (8 & 9 Vict. c. 100, secs. 90 and 114), 195; (16 & 17 Vict. c. 70), 224; (16 & 17 Vict. c. 96, sec. 4), 207; (25 & 26 Vict. c. 86), 224; (53 Vict. c. 5, 1890), 210-219; (53 Vict. c. 53), 207, 223; (54 & 55 Vict. c. 65, 1891), 207, 223; _Mental Deficiency Act_, 1913, 198; _Notification of Births Act_, 1907, 12; _Notification of Infectious Diseases_, 1889, 12; _Pharmacy Act_, 1868, 228; _Poisons Act_ (24 & 25 Vict. c. 100, secs. 11, 22-25), 228; _Poisons and Pharmacy Act_, 1908, 229; Additions to Schedule Order, 1913, 229; _Rape_ (24 & 25 Vict. c. 100, sec. 48), 140; (48 & 49 Vict. c. 69, 1885), 140, 141; _Wounding_ (24 & 25 Vict. c. 100, sec. 18), 69 Adam, Dr., on croton oil, 318 Addington, on poisoning, 240 Adipocere, 52 After-pains, in delivery, 156 Age, ossification as a sign of, 33, 34, 174; putrefaction, 50 Ague and arsenic, 274 Air and putrefaction, 50, 55 Albumen, as antidote, 300, 312; in urine, 41, 258, 268, 307, 382 Alcohol, 40, 62, 114, 119, 120, 135, 226, 231, 232, 244, 348, 354 _et seq._; amylic, 362 Alexander, on poisoning, 233, 238 Alimentary canal, 61, 271, 291, 297, 306, 310, 322, 346 Alison, on infanticide, 166 Alkalies, in poisoning, 231, 234, 262 _et seq._ Alkaloid poisons, 229; mydriatic, 349 _et seq._; putrefactive, 323 _et seq._; vegetable, 335 _et seq._ Allen, Dr., on CO₂, 397 Almonds, bitter, 62, 229, 361, 373 Amenorrhœa, in sterility, 188 Ammonia, 264 _et seq._ Amos, on inheritance, 184 Anæmia, 132, 299, 307, 401, 403 Analysis, chem., in P.-M. exam., 57, 62 Anasarca, 41 Aneurysm, in death from wounds, 81 Aniline oil, 108, 361, 362 Animal poisons, 231, 322 _et seq._ Ante-mortem injuries, 79 Anthropometry, 24; Commission on, 133 Antibodies, in blood tests, 105 Antidotes, in poisoning, 243 Antifebrin, 363 Antigen, in blood tests, 105 Antimony, 229, 234, 264 _et seq._, 280, 282, 292 _et seq._ Antiserum, in blood tests, 105, 106 Apes, in blood testing, 105, 107 Aphasia, 73, 226 Apnœa, 118, 121, 126, 128 Apomorphine, 243, 257, 300, 345 Apoplexy, 40, 73, 118, 121, 126, 136, 236, 241, 347, 397 Arborescent marks, 137 Areola, of nipple, 152, 156 Arterio-sclerosis, 307 Arthritis, in lead poisoning, 307 Asphyxia, 38, 39, 110, 121 _et seq._, 136, 139, 369, 375, 380, 397, 402 Assaults, 27, 68, 80; Law cases of, R. _v._ Rosinski, 68; R. _v._ Case, 68 Assize Courts, 5 Atelectasis pulmonum, 169 Atheroma, as cause of death, 73 Atrophy, acute yellow, of liver and phosphorus poisoning, 268 Atropine, 229, 244, 348, 349, 372 Auscultation, in pregnancy, 151 Aveling, Dr., on delivery, 157

Bacillus enteritidis, 329, 330; botulinus, 329, 330; typhosus, 328 Bacterial poisons, 323, 328 _et seq._ Bail, 4 Bailie, Justice, on medical evidence, 19 Ballottement, in pregnancy, 154 Banti‘s disease, and X-rays, 114 Barristers, 5 Baryta and barium salts, 234, 244, 248, 313, 315 Battery, 68 Beatson, on burns, 114 Becker, on blood-stains, 92 Beer and arsenic, 290; and strychnine, 337 Belladonna, 229, 231 _et seq._, 349-351 Bentley, on fungi, 359 Benzene and benzole, and alkaloids, 337, 338, 402 Bernard, on CO₂, 397 Bertillon‘s method, 24 Berzelius, on CO₂, 397 Beverley case, 193 Bigelow, on wounds, 74 Bile, in poisoning, 233 Bilroth, on carbolic acid, 256 Biological tests, for blood, 105; semen, 146 Birds, blood corpuscles, 96, 99 Birth--certificates, 12; marks, 23; precipitate, 177; premature, 186 Bismuth, 314 Blackening, in wounds, 78, 87 Blackstone, on infanticide, 167; on inheritance, 184 Bladder and putrefaction, 54; in new born, 169; in P.-M. exam., 62, 169 Blandy case, 240 Blisters, in burns, 112; in infanticide, 167 Blizzard (Sir W.), on evidence, 20 Blondlot, on phosphorus, 269 Blood, corpuscles, 97 _et seq._; crystals, 96-102; cysts, 73; films, 94; in burning, 112; cold, 135, 136; drowning, 130; heat-stroke, 137; mammalian, 96, 105; menstrual, 96; P.-M., 62; poisoning, 232, 247, 256, 267, 271, 319, 327, 355, 360, 362, 399, 401; rape, 142, 143; suffocation, 199; stains, 79, 80, 89 _et seq._, 145; vessels, 54, 81, 232 Bloxam, on arsenic, 284; test, 393 Blue line, in lead poisoning, 307 Blyth, on poisons, 227; tests, 350, 396 Board of Trade and electricity, 138 Body viewing, 4 Bones, epiphyses, 33, 34; fractures, 56; ossification, 33, 34; poisoning, 238, 268, 271 Bonnewyn, on mercury poisoning, 304 Books, use of, in Court, 19 Borax, 91, 92 Bouchard, on leucomaines, 327 Bouchet, on signs of death, 33, 34 Boutmy, on alkaloids, 326 Bouvalat, on sudden death, 42 Bowels (_see_ Intestine) Brain, 54, 58, 71 _et seq._; in burns, 112; cold, 130; drowning, 130; electricity, 138; poisoning, 231, 233, 238, 256, 269, 291, 297, 345, 355, 356, 360, 364, 366, 375, 377, 378, 380, 384; suffocation, 119 Brande and Taylor‘s method, in arsenic, 280, 281 Bravo case, 294 Breasts, in pregnancy, 152 Briand and Chaudé, on wounds, 75 Brieger, on alkaloids, 326 Bright‘s disease, and poisoning, 235, 244 Brodie (Sir B.), on cold, 135 Bromatotoximus, 328 _et seq._ Brouardel, on alkaloids, 326 Broughton (Sir T.), on poisoning, 374 Bruce, Justice, on dying declarations, 17 Brucine, 342, 388, 393, 396 Bruises, 115, 144 Brunton, Dr., on brucine, 394 Bryony, 322 Burgess, on opium, 345 Burnett‘s fluid, 165 Burns, 64, 110 _et seq._

Cachexia, in poisoning, 299 Cacodylic acid, 290 Cadaveric rigidity (rigor mortis), 46 _et seq._, 119; spasm, 48, 78, 80 Cadmium, 281 Calabar bean, 231, 233, 348, 386, 387 Calcium chloride, 260 Callus, provisional, 77 Calomel, 301 Camel, blood corpuscles, 96 Camphor, 349, 352 Canadian partridges and poisoning, 236 Cancer and arsenic, 274 Cancrum oris and mercury, 300 Cannabis Indica, 232 Cantharidis, 229, 231, 234, 322 Caput succedaneum, 180 Carbolic Acid, 229, 231, 234, 254 _et seq._, 348 Carbon bisulphide, 112, 379; dioxide, 231, 232, 397; monoxide, 104, 112, 232, 398 Carunculæ myrtiformes, 148 Caspar, 21, 52, 70, 86, 113, 122, 123, 128, 130, 142, 149, 169, 170, 173, 177, 247, 319, 355 Castlehaven, Earl of, and rape, 140 Castor-oil, 321 Catalepsy, and rigor mortis, 48 Cat‘s bile, in blood testing, 98 Caustic salts, 231; soda, 231, 262; potash, 262 Cave, Justice, on dying declarations, 16, 17 Cell, Sorby‘s, 105 Central Criminal Court, 10 Cerebral concussion, 72, 356; compression, 72; poisons, 231, 377 _et seq._ Certificates of birth, &c., 11 _et seq._; exemption, 191; lunacy, 206 _et seq._ Cervix uteri, 153 Cessation of circulation and respiration, 43 Chalk, in poisoning, 244, 247 Chancery Court, 224 Chancre, soft, 143 Chantrelle, on coal gas, 401 Charcoal, in poisoning by CO₂, 121 Charpentier, on abortion, 162 Chastity, offences against, 140 _et seq._ Chemical exam., 98; poisons, 231, 246 Cherry-laurel, 374 Chest, in infanticide, 168; new born, 168; P.-M. exam., 59 Chevers, on suffocation, 122 Cheyne-Stokes breathing, 41, 136 Children, weight and height of, 134 Chlorine, 232, 372, 403 Chloroform, 230, 232, 239, 244, 337, 348, 378, 393 Cholera, simulating poisoning, 241 Chossat‘s experiments, 132 Christison (Sir R.), 12, 112, 116, 118, 238, 240, 258, 275, 278, 305, 343, 344, 386 Chromium, 316 Churchill, on suffocation, 186 Cicatrices of wounds, 21 _et seq._ Cinnabar, 301 Circulation in poisoning, 255, 271, 291, 297, 309, 310 Cisterns, in lead poisoning, 305, 306 Citation of witnesses, 8 _et seq._ Civil rights in lunacy, 224 Climate, in putrefaction, 50 Clothes, cuts in, 71, 80; in burning, 111; stains on, 89, 91 Coagulation of blood, 78, 89, 112 Coal gas poisoning, 232, 400; coal-tar, 254 Cobalt, in hydrocyanic acid, 373 Coca, 229, 230; cocaine, 357, 358 Cocculus Indicus, 232, 354, 358 Cockburn, Lord, on poisons, 228 Code Napoleon, 185 Coke, Lord, on murder, 69; on live birth, 167; on inheritance, 184 Colchicum, 231, 234, 318 Cold, death from, 135, 136; P.-M. appearances in, 135 Coleridge, Lord, on poisons, 228 Colic, in poisoning, 241, 242, 305, 306, 317 Collapse, in poisoning, 258, 268, 330, 333 Colostrum, in delivery, 156 Colour, in putrefaction, 51, 52 Coma, 39, 40, 135, 137; in poisoning, 268, 276, 290, 310, 327, 333, 343, 349, 351, 354, 360, 377, 382, 399 Combustion gases, 401; spontaneous, 113 Comminuted fractures, 74 Commissioners in lunacy, 208, 210, 213, 220, 221, 224 Committee of estate in lunacy, 220, 221, 224 Complications, in injuries, 81 Compression, cerebral, 40, 72 Concealment of birth and pregnancy, 166, 183 Concussion, cerebral, 72, 356 Confectionery and arsenic, 287, 290, 306 Congenital deformities, 23; disease, 178 Conium, 231, 234, 385, 386; conine, 385 Conolly, on mania, 200 Constitutional peculiarity, 51 Contre-coup in fracture of skull, 74 Contusions, 60, 61, 74, 84, 115 Convulsions, in poisoning, 268, 276, 293, 310, 327, 332, 343, 349, 351, 354, 360, 377, 382, 399 Cooling of body, 30, 45 Cooper (Sir A.), on gunshot wounds, 87 Copper, sulphate, 243, 280, 290, 300, 331, 332; subacetate, 310 _et seq._ Cord, marks of, 123, 176; spinal, injuries of, 74 Cornier, Henrietta, case, 203 Coroners, 2; Act, 2-4; Court, 2 _et seq._; jury, 3 Corpus luteum, in abortion, 164 Corpuscles (_see_ Blood), 97 _et seq._ Corrosive poisons, 110, 112, 231, 234, 244, 246, 275; sublimate, 229, 232, 341 Cotton fibres, 93 County Council, 2 Court of Criminal Appeal, 5; Probate, 10; Session, 10, 224 Cramps, in poisoning, 276, 293, 311, 401 Creosote, 254 Crepitation, in fracture, 71; in lung, 170, 172 Cretinism, 197 Criminal abortion (_see_ Abortion); procedure, 2 _et seq._ Cross-examination, 4, 5 Croton oil, 318 Crown Office instructions, 7, 56 _et seq._ Crying, in infanticide, 167 Cryptorchids, 187 Crystals, antimony, 292, 293; arsenic, 282, 283; blood, 96; brucine, 395; hæmin, 101, 102; hæmoglobin, 96, 98; meconic acid, 340; mercury, 298; morphine, 339; seminal, 146; strychnine, 389, 392; Teichmann‘s, 101 Culpable homicide, 68 Cunningham, on electricity, 138, 139 Curator bonis, in lunacy, 225 “Cut the Bill”, 5 Cutis anserina, 128, 129, 355 Cyanide of mercury, 301; potassium, 229 373 Cyanosis, 122, 361, 378, 401

Darling, Justice, on dying declarations, 17 Daturine, 349, 352 Day‘s test (blood), 100 Death, 43 _et seq._; certificate of, 2; from bruises, 116; burns, 111; suffocation, 108; wounds, 80; fœtus, 174; sudden, 42 Deformities, 21, 24 Deeming case, 203 Degrees of burns, 110 Deliriant poisons, 231, 249 _et seq._ Delirium, 136, 205, 235, 320, 321, 330, 344, 349, 355, 366, 375, 380 Delivery, 64, 65, 155 _et seq._, 175 Delpach, on cicatrices, 23 Delusions in lunacy, 193, 196, 199, 200 Dementia in lunacy, 204, 205 Depositions, 18 De Quincey, on opium, 344 Deutsch, on blood, 105 Development of embryo, 35, 36 Devergie, on scars, 22; on hair-dyeing, 26; on putrefaction, 30, 128; on rape, 144 Diabetes, sudden death, 41; starvation, 132 Diachylon, in abortion, 161 Diagnosis of insensibility, 39 Diaphragm in new born, 168; in putrefaction, 54 Diarrhœa, 277, 300, 325, 330, 333, 367, 374, 378 Dichroism of blood, 100 Diday, on chancre, 143 Diethylarzine, 288 Diethyl-barbituric acid, 230 Digitalis, 230, 232, 364 _et seq._; Digitaline, 365 Dinitrobenzene, 361 Discharge of lunatics, 221 Dissection, P.-M., 58; instruments, 56 Dobie, on antimony, 293 Docimasia pulmonum hydrostatica, 170; pulmonaris, 173; circulationis, 182 Doe, Justice, on insanity, 195 Donné, M., on rape, 144 Donovan‘s solution, 287 Dowzard‘s apparatus, 270, 285 Dragendorff‘s method (alkaloids), 337 Dropsy, 155, 355 Drop-wrist, 307 Drowning, 63, 127 _et seq._, 171, 176 Drunkenness, 72, 114, 135, 226, 235 Duboisine, 349 Ductus arteriosus and venosus, 182 Duncan, Mathews, on pregnancy, 153; on superfœtation, 186 Dupuytren, M., on cicatrices, 23; on fractures, 77, 87; on burns, 111 Durrant, Dr., on veronal, 384 Dussant‘s method, 269 Duties of medical men, 79 Dyed fabrics, 91 Dyeing, of hair, 26; and arsenic, 274 Dyer, Dr., on suffocation, 122; mixture, 265 Dyes, in blood-stains, 108 Dying, declarations, 11, 16 _et seq._; Law cases: Fagent, 17; Forester, 17; Holloway, 18; Mitchell, 17; Smith, 17; Whitmarsh, 17; modes of, 38 _et seq._ Dysentery, in poisoning, 235 Dysmenorrhœa, 188 Dyspnœa, 327, 375, 382, 403

Earth, poisoning, 279; putrefaction, 55 Ecchymosis, 44, 63, 71, 115, 119, 122, 125, 137, 171, 176 Ectopion, vesicæ, 188 Elaterium, 231, 322 Eldon, Lord, on insanity, 192 Electricity, 110, 136 _et seq._ Elimination of poisons, 295, 327, 355 Elsässer, on inflation, 172, 176 Elwell, on wounds, 70 Embryo, 35, 36 Emetic tartar, 229, 243 Emetics, in poisoning, 243, 257, 270, 286, 289-300, 345, 365, 367 Emmenagogues, 163 Emphysema neonatorum, 171, 172 Enamel, as poison, 266 Enteritis, 241, 293 Enzemes, in poisoning, 329 Epilepsy, 41, 242, 327, 394 Epiphyses, 33; table of, 34, 37 Epispadias, 188 Ergot, 229, 232, 319, 328 Erichson, on fracture, 77 Erlenmeyer‘s flask, 283 Erotomania, 203 Eruption of teeth, 33 Erysipelas, 70 Erythema, frost, 135 Eserine, 387 Esquirol, M., on insanity, 196, 197, 201, 203, 204 Ether, 232, 377, 402 Eversion of wounds, 86 Evidence, in Court, 4 _et seq._; of poisoning, 235 _et seq._ Examination, in abortion, 162, 163; Court, 4 _et seq._; insanity, 225; malingering, 190; rape, 143, 148; blood-stains, 89 _et seq._; P.-M., 56 _et seq._; stomach contents, 244 Excitomotory poisons, 388 _et seq._ Exemption certificates, 191 Exhumation, 3, 4, 56, 66; period of, 66 Expenses, Court, 8 Exposure, in infanticide, 178 Extraction of alkaloids, 325, 335 _et seq._ Eyes, in drowning, 128; hanging, 122; identity, 25; poisoning, 276, 291, 325, 343, 346, 348, 377, 385, 390; starvation, 132

Face, in drowning, 127; P.-M. exam., 63; suffocation, 119; in poisoning, 276; wounds of, 74 Facts, in lunacy certificates, 209, 210 Falls, in fœticide, 177 Farnum, Dr., on rape, 146 Fat, in poisoning, 238 Fauvre, M., on asphyxia, 130 Feeble-mindedness, 198, 225 Fees, medical, 8-10 Feet, in drowning, 129 Feigned diseases, 190 Ferric chloride test (Hcy. acid), 371 Ferrier, Dr., on carbolic acid, 256 Ferrocyanide of potassium, 312, 313 Finger prints, 24, 25; marks, 125; nails, 124 Finny, Dr., on opium, 345 Firearm wounds, 78 Fishes, blood corpuscles, 96, 99, 100 Flaccidity, 49 Flannagan case, 278, 279 Flattening of muscles, in death, 45 Flaudin, M., on arsenic, 274 Flax fibres, 91 Fleitmann‘s test (arsenic), 286 Florence‘s reaction (semen), 146 Fluorescin test (death), 44 Fœticide, 159 _et seq._; fœtal heart, 15, 154 Fœtus, 161, 166, 174, 185; size of, 37 Fontanelles, 33 Food poisoning, 62, 290, 306, 328 _et seq._ Fool‘s parsley, 321 Foot-prints, 25, 26, 79 Foramen ovale, 182 Foreign bodies in trachea, 42, 61, 175 Forms of subpœna, 8, 9 Fowler‘s solution of arsenic, 286 Fractures, 74, 76, 77, 120, 129, 176 France, and CO₂ suicide, 121 Fraser, on cacodylates, 290 Friction, in burning, 110 Friedenthal, on blood tests, 105 Frohde‘s reagent (morphine), 341 Fruit-stains, 108 Fungi poisoning, 359 Fusel-oil, 362

Galabin, on superfœtation, 187 Gallard, on abortion, 162 Galvanic test (strych.), 392 Gamboge, 231, 320 Gamgee, on blood tests, 98 Gangrene in poisoning, 301, 320 Ganttner‘s test (blood), 92 Gases, irrespirable, 232, 397 Gastric inflammation, 241, 268, 277, 352, 374, 401; ulcers, 274 Gay-Lussac, on hydrocyanic acid, 368 General paralysis, 204 Genital organs, 76, 130, 156 Geoghehan, on poisons, 238 Georget, M., on insanity, 195, 201 Gerrard‘s test (belladonna), 350 Gestation, 76 Glaister, Prof., on blood-stains, 96, 97, 100 Glass as vulnerant poison, 231, 265 Gloucester, Countess of, 186 Goadly, on lead poisoning, 309 Goeldner‘s test (cocaine), 357 Gonorrhœa, in rape, 142 Goulard‘s extract, 305 Grand Jury, 5 Gross, Prof., on lung inflation, 172 Grünbaum, on blood tests, 105, 107 Guaiacum test (blood), 100 Gull (Sir W.), on combustibility, 114 Gullet, 59, 247, 263, 278, 294, 301, 330 Gums, in lead poisoning, 307; copper, 311 Gunshot wounds, 80, 85 Guttman, on caustic soda, 263 Gutzeit‘s test, 270, 285 Guy, on poisons, 231

Habit, in poisoning, 235 Habitual drunkards, 226 Hæmatin, 90, 103, 104, 360 Hæmatoporphyrin, 382 Hæmin, crystals, 101, 102, 256; test, 92 Hæmoglobin, 91, 96, 98, 102, 103, 135, 315, 399, 403 Hæmorrhage, 38, 42, 73, 75, 80-84, 139, 143, 178, 268, 307, 320, 327, 330-332, 343, 353, 402 Hair, dyeing of, 26 Hale, on rape, 140 Hallucinations, 199, 200 Hamilton, on carbolic acid, 255 Hands, in drowning, 129 Hanging, 63, 117, 121 _et seq._; accidental, 123; homicidal, 123; judicial, 126; suicidal, 123, 124 Haslam, on evidence, 20 Hawkins, on secrecy, 20; poisons, 228 Head, in new born, 180; injuries of, 40, 72 _et seq._; P.-M. exam. of, 58 Heart, disease, 42, 81; drowning, 129, 130; electricity, 139; fœtal, 151, 154; infanticide, 167; poisoning, 231, 232, 256, 258, 263, 291, 325, 327, 355, 364, 366, 368, 377, 380, 382, 386, 397, 402; P.-M. Exam., 60; putrefaction, 54 Heat, death by, 136; exhaustion, 136, 137; prostration, 137; stroke, 136 Hegar‘s sign, in pregnancy, 153 Hellebore, 320 Hemiplegia, 73 Hemlock, 385 Hernia, 75, 242 Hewett, on head injury, 73 Higgins‘ case, 278 High Court of Justiciary, 6 Hildebrandt, on leucomaines, 327 Hippocrates, on pregnancy, 152 Hoppé, Seyler, on carbolic acid, 256 Hume, on rape, 140 Husband, 73, 157, 175, 227 Husman, on antimony, 293 Hutchinson, on suffocation, 122 Hutin, on tattoo marks, 23 Hydrochloric acid, 252 _et seq._ Hydrocyanic acid, 229, 231, 232, 239, 261, 367 _et seq._; Hydrogen peroxide, 90, 92, 101, 372; sulphide, 233 Hymen, 28, 142, 143, 148, 155, 188 Hyoscyamus, 231, 348, 351; hyoscyamine, 349; hyoscine, 349 Hysteria and tetanus, 394

Icard‘s (fluorescin) test, 44 Identity of the dead, 28, 66; of the living, 21 _et seq._; Law case: Parkman, 28 Idiocy and imbecility, 141, 142, 195, 197, 224 Immaturity, in fœtus, 175 Impotence, 187, 188 Incised wounds, 83 India, and drowning, 128 Indictable Offences Act, 18 Indigo, in arsenic, 275, 315; sulphate, 254 Infanticide, 64, 133, 165 _et seq._; Infanticide, Law cases in: Colmer, 165; Enoch, 166; Hewitt, 165; Poulton, 166; Reeves, 166; Senior, 167; Turner, 166; Inflammation, 72, 110, 164; in poisoning, 234, 237, 278, 300, 360 Inflation of lung, 121, 172; and P.-M. staining, 45 Inheritance, 184, 185 Inorganic poisons, 231 Insanity, 129 _et seq._; circular, 204; classification, 197; continuous, 196; definition of, 192, 193; delirium in, 205; delusions in, 193, 196, 199, 200; hallucinations, 200; drunkenness in, 205; moral, 194; procedure in, 206-222 Insanity, Law cases in: Arnold, 193, 194; Beverley, 193; Ferrers, 194; Hill, 224; Nottidge _v._ Ripley, 222; Offord, 194; Shaw, 195; Treadway, 195; Wilkins, 223 Inspection, medical, 7, 56 Instantaneous rigor, 48 Instructions (P.-M.) of Crown Office, 7, 56 _et seq._; Intestines, 54, 61, 176, 181, 232, 259, 275, 279, 291, 294, 297, 300, 306, 311, 325, 327, 330, 333, 360, 369, 375 Intoxication, 72, 114, 135, 226, 235 Intussusception, 241 Iodide of potassium, 272 _et seq._, 393 Iodine, 231, 271, 335, 371; test for hydrocyanic acid, 371 Ipecacuanha, 243 Iron in arsenic poisoning, 289, 313; in testing hydrocyanic acid, 371; in morphine, 341; muriate, 313; sulphate, 313; stains, 96, 108 Irrespirable gases, 121, 397 Irritant poisons, 231, 234, 240, 267, 317

Jacquemier‘s test (pregnancy), 154 Jalap, 321 Jaundice, 268, 311, 315, 319, 355, 378, 401 Jörg, M., on infanticide, 169 Judicial authority, 207, 215, 220; factor, 224 Jury, coroner‘s, 3 Justiciary Court, 6 Justifiable homicide, 69

Keiller, on suffocation, 120 Kellen, on trichiniasis, 333 Kidney, in new born, 169; poisoning, 233, 238, 256, 269, 278, 291, 297, 300, 319, 322, 327, 355, 378, 382, 383; P.-M. exam., 62; putrefaction, 54; rupture of, 45, 75, 116; in suffocation, 119 Kiesteine, on pregnancy, 154 Kingston, Duchess of, case, 20 Kleptomania, 202 Kopf, on phosphorus, 267 Körber, on fractures, 74 Kratter, on electricity, 139 Kundrat‘s test (aconite), 376

Labour and fœtal death, 176 Laburnum, 321 Lacerated wounds, 84 Lamson case, 239, 375 Landolt, on carbolic acid, 256 Larcher, on signs of death, 44 Larynx, in hanging, 120, 122; poisoning, 262; P.-M. exam., 59, 63; strangling, 124; throttling, 125 Law cases in--_abortion_ (crim.), Goodhall, 159: _assault_, Case, 68; Rosinski, 68: _dying declarations_, Fagent, 17; Forester, 17; Holloway, 18; Mitchell, 17; Smith, 17; Whitmarsh, 17: _identity_, Parkman, 28: _infanticide_, Colmer, 165; Enoch, 166; Hewitt, 165; Poulton, 166; Reeves, 166; Senior, 167; Turner, 166: _insanity_, Arnold, 193; Beverley, 193; Ferrers, 194; Hill, 224; MacNaughton, 193; Nottidge _v._ Ripley, 122; Offord, 194; Shaw, 195; Treadaway, 195; Wilkins, 223: _malpraxis_, Butchell, 190; Williamson, 190: _medical evidence_, Patmore, 19: _murder_, Cornier, 203; Deeming, 203: _poisoning_, Blandy, 240; Cramp, 228; Flannigan, 278; Garner, 240; Geering, 240; Helson, 240; Higgins, 278; Lamson, 239; M‘Cracken, 278; Marsh, 294; Maybrick, 277; Newton, 278; Palmer, 238, 390, 392; Port, 274; Pritchard, 19; Spink, 294; Wooler, 240: _pregnancy_, Gloucester, 186; _professional secrecy_, Kingston, 20; _rape_, Barrett, 141; Castlehaven, 140; Cockcroft, 140; Fletcher, 141; Groombridge, 142; Hattery, 141; Hodgson, 140; Holmes, 140; Mayers, 141; Pressy, 141; Russen, 140; _somnambulism_, Milligan, 206; _survivorship_, Underwood _v._ Wing, 189; _will case_, Tichborne, 23; _wounds_, Briggs, 69; M‘Laughlin, 69; Warman, 69 Lead, 260, 304, 305 _et seq._ Leather, and blood stains, 93 Leblond, M., on abortion, 162 Legal criminal procedure, 2 _et seq._ Legitimacy, 185 Leishman‘s stain, 95, 146 Lemons, oil of, 260 Letheby, on poisons, 229 Leucomaines, 323, 326, 327 Levinstein, on chloral, 380 Levy, M., on copper, 311 Liability of medical men, 12, 20, 148, 222 Liebig‘s test (hydrocyanic acid), 371 Liebreich, on neurine, 324 Ligature, in infanticide, 65 Lightning, death by, 110, 137, 138 Lime, in putrefaction, 55 Lineæ albicantes, 31 Linen, in rape, 144 Littlejohn, on use of books, 19 Live birth, in infanticide, 166 _et seq._ Liver, in poisoning, 238, 256, 268-271, 278, 280, 291, 297, 310, 319, 327, 355, 365, 378, 383; P.-M. exam, of, 62; putrefaction, 54; rupture of, 116 Livingstone, Dr. David, 28, 66 Lochia, in pregnancy, 156 Locomotor ataxia, 76 Lolium temulentum, 359 Lord-Advocate, 6 Lucid intervals, in insanity, 196 Luff, on poisoning, 229, 231 Lunacy, 291 _et seq._; Acts, 206, 207, 223; certificates, 206 _et seq._ Lungs in drowning, 130; new born, 169, 174; poisoning, 23, 233, 238, 256, 327, 345, 355, 365, 377, 378; P.-M. exam, of, 63, 65; putrefaction, 54 Lush, on rape, 141 Lustre of eye, in death, 43

MacCormac, on gunshot wounds, 87 Macdonald, criminal law, 18, 194 Mackenzie, Dr. C., on saponification, 53 Maclagan, Prof., on poisons, 231 MacNaughton case, 193 M‘Weeney, on blood tests, 107 Magnesium method (lead), 309 Magnus test (death), 43 Malignant disease, 132 Malpraxis, 82, 189; law cases of, R. _v._ Van Butchell, 190; R. _v._ Williamson, 190 Malum regimen, 82 Mammæ, in pregnancy, 152 Mammalian blood, 96, 105 Mania, 200 _et seq._, 235; in poisoning, 379, 380, 402 Mann, Dixon, on combustibility, 114; on lead poisoning, 308, 309; on meat poisoning, 330 Mansfield, on prof. secrecy, 20 Manslaughter, 69 Marks of the cord, 123, 176 Marsh‘s test, 269, 280-84, 289, 296 Martin, on poisoning, 240 Matrons, jury of, 151 Maturity, of infant, 66, 174 Maudsley, on insanity, 193, 194, 195 Mauser bullet, 87 Maybrick case, 277 Mayer‘s reagent (alkaloids), 335 Measurement of fœtus, 36 Meat poisoning, 328 Meconic acid, 339-43 Meconium, 64, 179 Medical certificates, 11, 208 _et seq._; evidence, 11 _et seq._; liabilities, 12, 20, 148, 222; report, 12 Medicines, in abortion, 171 Melancholia, 203, 204, 380 Meningitis, 110 Menopause, 189 Menorrhagia, 188 Menstruation, 152, 161, 189; blood in, 96 Mental unsoundness, 192 _et seq._ Mercury, 230, 231, 235, 298 _et seq._; salts of, 302 _et seq._ Mesentery, in putrefaction, 54 Metal, stains on, 92 Metallic poisons, 231, 245, 331 Metalloid poisons, 231, 267 Metchnikoff, on blood stains, 105, 106 Methæmoglobin, 102, 103 Metzer‘s test (cocaine), 358 Meyer, on pregnancy, 150, 154 Micro-organisms, 50 Microscope, 90, 94, 95, 145 Milk, human, 106, 177; poisoning, 233, 333 Millar, Dr., on lunacy, 208, 209 Milne, Dr., on pregnancy, 187 Mineral acids, 246; poisons, 231 Minute of P.-M. exam., 14 Miscarriage, 160 Mitscherlich‘s process (phosph.), 269 Modes of dying, 38 _et seq._ Modifying causes of poisoning, 234 Moisture, in putrefaction, 50 Molecular death, 43 Moles, in abortion, 162 Moncrieff, on insanity, 195 Monomania, 194, 201, 203 Monorchids, 187 Monsters, 184 Moral depravity, 194; evidence, 239, 240; mania, 194, 198, 201, 202 Morgan, Dr., on pulse tracings, 126 Morning sickness, in pregnancy, 152 Morphine, 244, 337, 339, 341-43 Mortal wounds, 70 Mosso, on leucomaines, 327 Mouth, in poisoning, 247, 259, 263, 278, 291, 293, 297, 299, 307, 311, 322, 330, 369, 375; starvation, 132; suffocation, 119 Mucous membrane, in poisoning, 233 Mummification, 53; of cord, 182 Murder, 68, 69; law cases: Cornier, 203; Deeming, 203 Murrell, on cacodylates, 290 Muscles, in poisoning, 238, 310, 327, 390, 399 Muscular spasm, 47 Mushrooms, table of, 359 Mydaleine, 325 Mydriatic alkaloids, 349 Mytilotoxine, 332

Nævi materni, 21, 28 Naphtha, 402 Napoleon Code, 185 Narcotic poisons, 40, 72, 231, 242, 276, 343 _et seq._; Nausea, in poisoning, 277, 293, 299, 330-33, 349, 360, 364, 374, 399 Navel, in infanticide, 64 Necrosis of jaw, 268 Needles, as vulnerant, 231, 265 Neglect of duty, 189 Neill, on gunshot wounds, 86 Nelaton, on chloroform, 378 Nervous system, in poisoning, 255, 263, 271, 276, 277, 286, 288, 297, 307, 310, 326, 349, 351, 376, 377-386, 399, 402 Nessler‘s reagent (ammonia), 264 Neural poisons, 231, 385 _et seq._ Neurine, 324 Neuritis, optic, 307; peripheral, 277, 402 Nicotine, 365 Nipples, in pregnancy, 156 Nitric acid, 250 _et seq._ Nitrobenzene, 360, 361 Nitrogen monoxide, 402 Nitro-glycerine, 363 Normal saline solution, 90, 94, 106 Nose, in arsenic, 391 Notes, use of, 19 Notification of births, &c., 12 Nottidge _v._ Ripley (lunacy), 222 “Noxious thing”, 228 Numbness, in poisoning, 375, 401 Nunneley, on hydrocyanic acid, 370 Nuttall, on blood tests, 105 Nux vomica, 229, 388 Nymphomania, 203

Occupation marks, 29, 30 Œnanthe crocata, 352 Ogston, Prof., 72, 101, 114, 128, 130, 135 Oil of bitter almonds, 62, 373, 374; lemons, 260 Omentum, in putrefaction, 54 Omission, in infanticide, 178 “On soul and conscience”, 7, 11 Opinion, reasoned, 13, 14; written, 12 Opisthotonus in poisoning, 369, 390, 394 Opium, 41, 62, 229, 231, 235, 343 _et seq._, 356 Oral evidence, 18 Order, coroner‘s, 4; lunacy, 207, 210-13, 215-20 Orfila, on vesication, 112; on mercury, 301; opium, 344 Organic poisons, 231 Organs, order of putrefaction, 52 _et seq._ Orpiment, 288 Ossification, 34, 64, 65, 174, 177 Otto‘s method (alkaloids), 337, 338 Oxalic acid, 229, 257 _et seq._ Oxygen, in poisoning, 398, 400, 402 Oxyhæmoglobin, 103

Pacini‘s solution (blood stains), 90 Paint stains, 108 Painter‘s colic, 305 Palmer case, 238, 390, 392 Pancreas, in putrefaction, 54 Paralysis, 72, 137, 138, 202, 204, 276, 306, 310, 330-33, 344, 351, 355, 378, 380, 382, 387 Parkman case, 28 Parol evidence, 18 Paterson, on ammonia, 264; arsenic, 278 Patmore case, 19 Pauper lunatics, 220-22 Pavy, on mercury, 301 Penalties, 36, 11 Pencillium brevicaule, 288 Penetration, in rape, 140 Penis, absence of, 187; erection of, 122, 128; P.-M. exam. of, 63; retraction of, 128, 130 Penny, on arsenic, 275 Perforation, in poisoning, 237, 242, 259, 278, 300, 333 Peritonitis, 110, 242 Peroxide of hydrogen, 92, 93, 101 Petition, in lunacy, 207, 210-13 Petty jury, 5 Peyer‘s patches, 327, 330, 331 Pharmacy Act, 228 Phenacetin, 363 Phenazonum, 363 Phenol, phenic acid, 254 Phlyctænæ, in putrefaction, 113 Phosphomobylic acid, 335 Phosphoretted hydrogen, 403 Phosphorus, 231, 239, 243, 267 _et seq._; Phosphotungstic acid, 335 Physiological test (strych.), 392 Physostigmine, 244 Picrotoxin, 229, 234, 358 Pinel, on mania, 201 Placenta, in infanticide, 178; souffle, 151, 154 Plaster, stains on, 92 Plouquet‘s test (lung), 174 Pneumonia, in poisoning, 299 Poisoning--law cases: Blandy, 240; Cramp, 228; Flannigan, 278; Garner, 240; Geering, 240; Helson, 240; Higgins, 278; Lamson, 239; M‘Cracken, 278; Marsh, 294; Maybrick, 277; Newton, 278; Palmer, 238, 390, 392; Port, 274; Pritchard, 19; Spink, 294; Smith, 275; Wooler, 240 Poisons and poisoning, 51, 61, 62, 176, 227 _et seq._; Acts, 228, 229;

## action, 232, 234;

administration, 228; chemical analysis, 237; classification, 230 _et seq._; definition, 227; diagnosis, 235; evidence, 235 _et seq._; experiments, 239; modifying causes, 234; P.-M. appearance, 236; sale of, 228; schedules, 229, 230; symptoms, 235 Polypus, in abortion, 163 Poppies, 230 Possessio fratris and patris, 184 Post-mortem examination, 3, 4, 7, 10, 45, 56 _et seq._; Potash, caustic, 262, 263 Potassium salts, 314, 315, 325, 393 Precipitate, red and white, 230 Precipitins, in blood tests, 105 Precognitions, 6 Pregnancy, 67, 76, 150 _et seq._; Diagnosis of, 155; duration of, 185; in poisoning, 229 _et seq._; in rape, 147; signs of, 151-54 Premature birth, 186 Preyer, on blood crystals, 96 Primary flaccidity, 45, 49 Pritchard case, 19 Pritchard, on insanity, 195, 201, 203, 205 Private patient, in lunacy, 210-13, 215-17, 220 Procurator-fiscal, 6 Professional privilege and secrecy, 20, 21 Prosecution, 4 Prosecutor, public, 4, 6 Prussian blue test (hydrocyanic), 371 Prussic acid, 62, 122, 239. (_See_ Hydrocyanic Acid.) Ptomaines, 231, 232, 323-26, 365, 385 Ptomatropine, 332 Puberty, 188 Pugilistic attitude, in burning, 111 Pulse tracings (in hanging), 126 Punctured wounds, 74 Pupils, in brain injury, 72; poisoning, 233, 234, 330, 343, 348-52, 364-68, 377, 378, 380, 384, 386, 399, 402 Purging, in poisoning, 242, 258, 263, 268, 276, 311, 313, 320, 330-33, 344, 355, 360, 364, 366, 367 Pus, 71, 93, 106, 113, 143 Putrefaction, 49 _et seq._; in drowning, 128, 131; infanticide, 167, 171, 172; in poisoning, 269, 278, 294, 323, 330-33 Pyrites and arsenic, 290

Quarter Sessions, 5 Quickening, 151, 153, 186

Rabbit, in blood tests, 105, 106 Rachford, on leucomaines, 327 Rape, 140 _et seq._; age at, 142; definition of, 140; in England and Ireland, 141; examination for, 142; in Scotland, 141; signs of, 143, 148 Rape, law cases in: Barrett, 141; Cockcroft, 140; Fletcher, 141; Groombridge, 142; Hattery, 141; Hodgson, 140; Holmes, 140; Mayers, 141; Pressy, 141; Russen, 140 Ray, on insanity, 195, 197, 202, 203 Realgar (red arsenic), 289 Reception order. (_See_ Order.) Register of death, 2 Regulations of Crown Office, 7, 56 Reinche‘s test, 280, 283, 284, 296, 303, 304 Relaxation (flaccidity), 45, 49 Reptile blood, 96 Respiration, in infanticide, 167 _et seq._; poisoning, 246 Rete mucosum, 23 Reynolds, on combustibility, 114 Richter, Max, on rape, 146 Rigidity, heat, 111 Rigor mortis, 46 _et seq._, 136-38, 390 Ritter, on arsenic, 290 Rodger and Girdwood‘s method, 338 Roman law, on legitimacy, 186 Roussin‘s solution (blood stains), 91 Roux, M., on gunshot wounds, 86 Rupture of organs, 242

Salicylic acid, 353 Saliva and salivation, 93; in poisoning, 233, 235, 272, 276, 298, 299, 301, 304, 317, 322, 364; in pregnancy, 152 Santa, Dr., on arsenic, 277 Saponification, 52, 53 Savin, 229, 231, 317 Scalds, 110 _et seq._ Scammony, 321 Scars, in identity, 21 Scheele‘s acid, 368; green, 287, 288 Scherbler‘s reagent (alkaloids), 335 Scherer‘s test (phos.), 270 Schönbern‘s test (blood), 100 Schweinfurt‘s green, 287 Scopolamine, 349 Scorching, of wounds, 78, 87, 111 Scourging, marks of, 116 Scurvy, and contusions, 115 Secondary flaccidity, 49 Sedative poisons, 232, 364 _et seq._ Semen, 106, 122, 140 _et seq._ Sepsis and septic poisons, 74, 79, 80, 112, 164, 232, 323, 334 Sex, 31, 51 Sheep wash (arsenic), 275, 287 Shell-fish, poisoning, 332, 380 Shock, 38, 75, 81, 112, 139, 234, 366, 375 Sickness, morning, in pregnancy, 152 Signs of death, 43 _et seq._, 118, 127; delivery, 155, 156; pregnancy, 151 _et seq_.; rape, 143, 148, 149 Silk fibres, 92 Silver nitrate, 260, 265, 280, 283, 288, 370; test (hydrocyanic acid), 371 Skeleton, in identity, 31, 32 Skin, in burning, 111, 112, 115; drowning, 129; hanging, 123; infanticide, 167, 179; poisoning, 232, 233, 255, 274-77, 286, 288, 291, 293, 297, 306, 310, 330-32, 344, 349, 355, 368, 369, 374, 375-380, 382, 384, 399, 402; putrefaction, 55; strangling, 124; throttling, 125 Skull, fracture of, 32, 176 Sleep, in insanity, 206; poisoning, 235, 348; rape, 147 Snake venom, 232-34 Sneezing, in poisoning, 320, 367 Snuff, in poisoning, 366 Smith, Madeline, case, 275 Smokeless powder, 87 Smothering, 63 Soda, caustic, 262, 263 Sodium theosulphate, 373 Solanine, 352 Solicitors, 5 Somatic death, 42 Somnambulism, 206 Somniferous poisons, 231, 343 Somnolentia, or sleep-drunkenness, 206; law case: R. _v._ Milligan, 206 Sonnenschein‘s reagent, 335 Soot and arsenic, 275 Sorby, on blood stains, 93; cell, 105 Souffle, placental, 151, 154; uterine, 43, 151, 154 Spasms, in poisoning, 293, 320, 325, 344, 366 Spectra and spectroscope, 102, 103, 112, 136; in poisoning, 234, 320, 360, 362, 382, 399 Spinal cord, 59, 74, 231 Spink case, 294 Spleen, 54, 62, 238, 278, 305, 330, 378 Spontaneous combustion, 113 Spermatozoa, 95, 144-47, 187 Squill, 231 Stains, acid, 249, 251-54; blood, 79, 89 _et seq._, 145; metallic, 108, 282; seminal, 145, 146; vegetable, &c., 108 Starch granules, 125, 179 Starvation, 132 _et seq._, 178, 243 Stas‘s process, 319, 335, 337, 350, 365, 376 Stature, in identity, 31 Steam, scalding by, 110 Stephen, Lord, on insanity, 223 Sterility, in female, 188; male, 187 Stertorous breathing, 368, 377, 397 Stevenson, on poisoning, 294, 332, 338 Stokes (Sir W.), on wounds, 87; fluid, 103, 104 Stomach, in drowning, 127, 131; infanticide, 168; poisoning, 232, 233, 237, 242, 246, 256-59, 263, 268, 275, 278-80, 288, 291-95, 299-301, 350, 355, 366, 369, 375-78; pump, 243, 244, 257, 269, 272, 286, 300, 307, 310, 322, 330-35, 345, 366, 386, 393, 402; putrefaction, 54; starvation, 135 Stramonium, 349, 351 Strangling, 63, 124 _et seq._, 176 Strangury, 322 Strophanthus, 230 Strychnine, 229, 231, 238, 244, 337, 342, 348, 380, 388 _et seq._, 402 Stupor, in melancholia, 204; in poisoning, 319, 349, 354, 356, 364, 366, 402 Styrian arsenic eaters, 287 Subpœna, 8 Sudden death, causes of, 42 _et seq._ Suffocation, 63, 118 _et seq._; infanticide, 176; poisoning, 243, 246, 330, 368, 390, 402 Suggillation (_see_ Hypostasis), 45 Suicidal monomania, 203 Sulphonal, 230, 282 Sulphur, test in hcy. acid, 37; dioxide, 402 Sulphuretted hydrogen, 273, 280, 285, 295, 308, 312, 400 Sulphuric acid, 231, 247 _et seq._, 261 Summons, Court. (_See_ Citation.) Sunstroke, 136, 137 Superfœtation, 186 Surgical operations, 81 Survivorship, 133, 189 Symptoms, general, in poisoning, 235 Syncope, 38, 72, 118, 121, 127; in poisoning, 364, 366, 375

Tables--_acids_, colour of stains from, 254; symptoms of poisoning by, 261; _aconite_ v. horse-radish, 375: _alcohol_, brain concussion and opium, distinctions between, 356: _alkaloids_, characters of, 342: _antimony_ and arsenic, reactions of, 296; symptoms of, 297: _arsenic_, in liver, 238; precipitates (and of cadmium and tin), 281; symptoms of, 291: _bruises_, date of, 116: _caustic potash, and soda_, distinctions between, 263: _children_, height and weight of, 134; maturity of, 174: _corrosive and irritant poisons_, distinctions between, 234: _dead body_, examination of, 71: _diseases_, simulating irritant poisoning, 240-42; narcotic, 243: _embryo_, development of, 35, 36: _epiphyses_, union of, 34: _fœtus_, death of, 181; measurements of, 37: _insanity_, classification of, 197: _lead_, symptoms of, 310: _leucomaines_, 326: _lunacy certificates_, 208-19: _meconic acid_ (and morphine), reactions of, 341: _mercuric_ and _mercurous salts_, reactions of, 302: _mushrooms_, 359: _new born_, age of, 180, 181; respiration in, 170: _ossification_, centres of, 34: _osseous nucleus_, dimensions of, 37: _poisoning_, evidences of, 241: _poisons_, actions of, 234; causes modifying, 234; classification of, 231; diffusion of, 233, 234; schedules of, 229, 230: _pregnancy_, signs of, 151: _ptomaines_, 323, 324: _putrefaction_, order of, 53, 54; time and indications of, 55, 128: _rape_, age in, 142; examination in, 142; signs of, 148: _rigor mortis_, time and causes of, 49: _suffocation_, death from, 121: _teeth_, eruption of, 33: _tetanus_, diagnosis of, 393: _uterus_, size of, 157; weight of, 157: _wounds_, types of, 84, 85: Tamassia, on veins, 25 Tannic acid and tannin, 93, 365, 393 Tar, oil of, 254 Tarchette, on blood stains, 105, 107 Tardieu, on digitalis, 364; hanging, 122; tattoo marks, 23 Tattoo marks, 21, 23 Taylor, 52, 69, 70, 113, 164, 165, 194, 227, 231, 233, 238, 339, 368, 382, 397 Taylor, Bessie, case, 294 Teeth, 25, 33, 246, 259, 268, 299 Telangiectasis, 115 Temperature, body, 30, 45, 50, 132 Tests: acetanilide, 363; acetic acid, 262; aconite, 376; alcohol, 356; alkaloids, 335 _et seq._; ammonia, 264; aniline, 362; antimony, 295 _et seq._; arsenic, 280 _et seq._; barium, 315; belladonna, 350; blood, 90 _et seq._; biological (blood), 105, (semen), 146; brucine, 393, 396; carbolic acid, 256; carbon disulphide, 380; caustic alkalies, 363; chloral, 381; chloroform, 379; chromium, 316; cocaine, 357; cocculus indicus, 358; conine, 386; copper, 312; death, 43 _et seq._; digitaline, 365; eserine, 387; ether, 378; hydrochloric acid, 252; hydrocyanic acid, 370; iodine, 272; iron, 314; lead, 308 _et seq._; lobelia, 367; lung, 170 _et seq._; meconic acid, 335, 341; mercury, 302 _et seq._; morphine, 335, 341; nicotine, 366; nitric acid, 250; nitrobenzene, 360; oxalic acid, 259; phenacetin and phenazonum, 363; phosphorus, 269; potassium salts, 272, 314, 373; semen, 145; strychnine, 392; sulphonal, 383; sulphuric acid, 248; veratrine, 367; veronal, 384; zinc, 265, 313 Testamentary capacity, 225 Testicles, in drowning, 112; infanticide, 64 Teichmann‘s blood crystals, 101 Tetanus, 64, 70, 235, 390, 394 Tetronal, 383 Thorpe‘s apparatus, 282 Throat, 59, 132; and poisoning, 232, 246, 259, 276, 293, 294, 306, 330, 332, 379 Throttling, 117, 125 Tichborne case, 23 Time of death, 30 Tidy, on infanticide, 170; starvation, 123 Tin, chloride of, 265, 281; tinned food, 331, 332 Tindall, on malpraxis, 190 Tobacco, 234, 365 Tongue, in drowning, 129; poisoning, 259, 276, 299; starvation, 123; suffocation, 119 Toxalbumoses, 329 Toxicohæmic poisons, 232, 334 Toxicology, 227 _et seq._ Toxins, 232, 329 Trachea, in drowning, 130; poisoning, 247, 402; putrefaction, 54; suffocation, 118; tracheotomy, 244 Traill, on bismuth, 314; croton oil, 318 Treatment (general) in poisoning, 243, 247 Trichiniasis, 328, 333 Trichomonas vaginæ, 144

Uhlenhuth, on blood tests, 105 Ulceration of bowel, 294 Umbilical cord, 174, 177, 180, 182 Underwood _v._ Wing (survivorship), 189 United States, and murder, 69 Unsound mind, 192 _et seq._ (_See_ Insanity.) Uræmia, 40 Urethane, in strychnine, 393 Urine, in poisoning, 238, 239, 246, 256, 258, 276, 291, 293, 297, 305, 309, 311, 349, 370, 382, 401; stains, 96, 106 Uterine souffle, 151, 154 Uterus, contraction of, 154; double, 186; in abortion, 76, 162, 164; in burning, 112; delivery, 156; impotence and sterility, 188; poisoning, 242, 319, 322, 377; pregnancy, 76, 153; injury to, 76; P.-M. exam., 62, 65; putrefaction, 54; superfœtation, 186; table of size, 157; of weight, 157

Vagina, 142, 143, 156, 188 Vaginismus, 188 Vagitis uterinus, 170; vaginalis, 170 Van Gieson, on heat-stroke, 137 Vapour, arsenical, 286, 301; tests in hydrocyanic acid, 370, 371 Vaughan on, food poisons, 328, 333 Vegetable alkaloids, 335 _et seq._; poisons, 231, 239, 317; stains, 108 Venesection, in electricity, 139 Verdicts, 6 _et seq._ Vermilion, 301 Vermin-killers and arsenic, 275 Vernix caseosa, 64, 179 Veronal, 383 Vesicules, in burns, 110, 111, 113 Violence, in infanticide, 161, 178 Violet powder and arsenic, 275 Virchow and Zenker, on trichiniasis, 333 Virginity, signs of, 144, 149 Vital poisons, 231, 267; reaction, 45, 61, 79, 112 Vitalli‘s test (belladonna), 350 Volatile poisons, 244 Vomiting, 241-244, 258, 263, 275, 276, 277, 280, 292, 293, 295, 297, 299, 300, 306-11, 313, 320, 330-33, 360, 361, 364-68, 374, 378, 399 Vulnerant poisons, 231, 266

Wagner‘s method, 337; reagent, 335 Wall-papers and arsenic, 287 Warmth and putrefaction, 50 Warrant, coroner‘s, 4; Procurator-Fiscal‘s, 7 Wash, sheep‘s (or dip), and arsenic, 255, 287 Wassermann, on blood tests, 105 Water, gas, 400; lead in, 305, 306; and putrefaction, 53-55 Watt, on arsenic, 278 Weed-killers and arsenic, 275 Weight of children, 137; lungs, 174; uterus, 157 Wendt, on infanticide, 174 Westbury, Lord, on insanity, 195 Whitehead, on abortion, 160 Wightman, on survivorship, 189 Wills, drawing of, 191 Wills, on dying declarations, 18 Wilson, on note-taking, 19; lead poisoning, 305 Winslow, Forbes, on insanity, 192; test of death, 43 Witnesses, 3, 6, 8, 18, 19, 223 Wolffe‘s bottle, 283 Womb, in infanticide, 176 Wood, blood stains on, 91 Wool fibres, 90 Wormley‘s test (belladonna), 350 Wounds, in abortion, 163, 164; causes of death in, 80, 81; definition of, 69; in drowning, 129; examination of, 60 _et seq._; infanticide, 175 _et seq._; varieties of, 70 _et seq._ Wounds--law cases: R. _v._ Briggs, 69; M‘Laughlin, 69; Warman, 69 Wredin‘s test (live birth), 174 Writ of Court, 8; lunacy, 224 Wynne (Sir W.), on insanity, 196

X-rays, 77, 110, 114, 115

Yew, 321

Zinc, chloride, 265; sulphate, 300, 313, 331