CHAPTER XIV
THE GREAT TRIAL
When the nephew of King Leopold, Prince Albert, became king of the Belgians under the name of Albert I, he certainly never imagined that a day would come when the very existence of his country would be put at stake by the felony of one of the powers which were pledged to defend Belgian neutrality.
The first years of the new reign went on peacefully. Albert I devoted his attention particularly to social and economic affairs, but he did not forget the problems of Belgian’s defense. In 1912, thanks to the efforts and the help of the Belgian Premier, Baron Charles de Brogueville, he obtained a new army bill, which considerably reinforced the strength of the Belgian army. Two years had hardly elapsed when the Great Trial came! On August 2, 1914, the German Minister to Brussels appeared at the Belgian Foreign Office, and presented on behalf of his government a “very confidential” note, asking passage through Belgium for the German troops on their way to France. Twelve hours were granted to the Belgian government for a reply.
The night of August 2, 1914, was a terrible night for the King and his ministers. They had to decide upon the future, on the existence of their country. None wavered; they decided to remain loyal to their pledge and to oppose to the German invaders “the force of arms.”
The Belgian army then hardly counted 115,000 men; they had no big guns, hardly any machine guns and, as a consequence of the army bill of 1912, everything was in full process of reorganization. Nevertheless, the Belgian government did not hesitate.
On August 2, at 7 o’clock in the morning, a man calmly brought to the German Minister at Brussels the answer to the German ultimatum: the reply was a categorical refusal to let the German army pass through Belgium. On August 4, the army of General von Emmich, some 80,000 men, tried to take the fortified position of Liège by surprise. But the 30,000 Belgians of General Leman defended their hastily constructed trenches so well that many German regiments beat a hasty retreat. Panic already prevailed in the German town of Aix-la-Chapelle, where the news spread that the Belgians were invading German soil! However, in the midst of the confusion, a German column, under the command of Ludendorff, who then won his first laurels of the war, succeeded in breaking through the Belgian defenses. On the morning of August 7, the city of Liège was occupied by the enemy.
The Belgian troops succeeded in escaping capture and went to rejoin the Belgian field army, posted on the river Gette, covering both Brussels and Antwerp. If the city of Liège was in the enemy’s hands, the forts continued to resist, and it was only when the 30.5- and 42.0-centimeter guns arrived from Germany, that one after another they were shattered to bits. The fort of Loncin, where General Leman had continued to resist, exploded, and was taken on the sixteenth of August. It had stopped the advance of the First Army under von Kluck for a week.
And so it was that the army of von Kluck did not come in touch with the Belgian field army near Louvain before August 10. The number of the invading troops was so great and the danger of the Belgians being cut off from their Antwerp base so imminent, that King Albert decided to retire, after some combats at Haelen, Hauthem, and Aerschot, to the entrenched position of Antwerp. This happened on August 19. The flood of the invaders went over Louvain, Brussels, and then turned southward. There, thanks to the delay procured by the resistance of Liège, stood, on the Sambre, the Fifth French Army, and, on the canal from Mons to Condé, the British Expeditionary Force under Sir John French. Moreover, the Belgian fortress of Namur, at the confluence of the Sambre and the Meuse, offered a strong _point d’appui_ for the Allied forces in the south of Belgium.
Events happened, however, very rapidly. Namur fell under the attack of the Second German Army under von Bülow and the forts were destroyed by the fire of the giant German guns. The Belgian garrison, under General Michel, partly succeeded in escaping to France on August 23. The same day, the French on the Sambre were forced back by von Bülow and von Kluck maneuvering together, and the British at Mons were compelled to fall back and to begin their glorious retreat on Le Cateau.
When the battles of the Sambre and Mons were raging, the Belgian field army suddenly made a sortie from Antwerp, in order to menace the Germans in the rear. They had a great fight on a line between Vilvorde and Aerschot, but, having no large guns, did not succeed in breaking through the German observation army which covered the line from Liège to Brussels.
They made a second sortie on September 9. They succeeded in recapturing Aerschot and were about to retake Louvain, when German reinforcements stopped their advance. This sortie retained in Belgium important German reinforcements, which were on their way to restore the German fortunes on the Marne. The German General Staff frankly admits the importance of this move on the part of the Belgian army.
A third sortie did not succeed, for, exactly at this time (September 27), the Germans began the siege of Antwerp. They wanted to put an end to these continuous threats on their rear and their communication lines with Germany. Just as Liège and Namur fell under the fire of the 30.5- and 42.0-centimeter guns, Antwerp proved irremediably lost after two or three days’ bombardment. The British marine fusiliers and men of the Naval Reserve, sent by Churchill with the hope of delaying the fall of the fortress, could merely support the morale of the Belgian defenders by their presence, but that was all. On the evening of October 6 the Belgian field army, under the personal conduct of King Albert, succeeded in leaving Antwerp without the Germans being aware of it. The city continued to be defended by the garrison troops and the British. After a terrible bombardment of thirty-six hours the last defenders escaped in their turn, and on October 9 the civilian authorities surrendered the town to General von Beseler. The Germans boasted of the great war spoils found in the town, but they were extremely angry to find the city empty of troops.
The Belgian field army, meanwhile, accomplished a very dangerous but admirably conducted retreat through Flanders, and stopped on the Yser, on October 14-15. The soldiers were exhausted. They had barely taken up their position along the little river when a mighty German army, composed partly of some corps of von Beseler’s army, partly of fresh troops--mostly university men, volunteers--just arrived from Germany, appeared, with the aim of breaking through in the direction of Dunkirk and Calais.
During more than seven days, 48,000 Belgian infantrymen, “in the last stage of exhaustion”--so said Sir John French in his dispatch to the War Office--supported by a force of not more than 6,000 French marine fusiliers defended the Yser positions against some 100,000 enemies, provided with very heavy artillery and all the means of modern warfare. On October 25, when at a certain point the Germans finally broke through, French reinforcements arrived and the Belgian General Staff decided to flood the positions in front of the last Belgian line. This put an end to the struggle. The troops of the Duke of Würtemberg suffered an ignominious defeat. They never reached either Dunkirk or Calais.
The Germans were not more fortunate on the Ypres front: here the British of Sir John French, supported by some French troops, also held their line, and at the close of November, 1914, the struggle ended in the south of Belgium and the long period of trench warfare began.
Except for that little slip of country including Dixmude, Nieuport, and Ypres, Belgium was now under German occupation. Then began the “war of the civilians.” Already during the invasion, in that fateful month of August, many civilians had been killed by the invading troops. Under pretext that there were _francs tireurs_--which should be categorically denied, there never being an organized “_franc-tireur_” war in Belgium--the invaders committed horrible atrocities in the region of Liège, at Aerschot, Louvain, Tamines, Andennes, Namur, Termonde, and in the south of Luxemburg, burning a large number of houses, pillaging, and killing over 6,000 people, among them old men, women, and children. Terrorization seemed the immediate aim of this peculiar system of warfare.
When these troops had disappeared in the direction of Paris, General von der Goltz was intrusted with the task of organizing the administration of occupied Belgium. He arrived at Brussels on September 1, 1914, with some 25 military and civilian officials. Belgium was now divided into two parts: the “General Government,” including the whole of the occupied territory, except both East and West Flanders, and the “Etappengebiet” or “army zone,” including these last two provinces. The “General Government” was subject to the authority of the Governor General, residing at Brussels; the “Etappengebiet” was responsible to the army commanders. Along the coast was established the “Marine-gebiet” or coast defense, under the command of Admiral von Schroeder, residing at Bruges. At the head of each province was put a military governor, and in every district a _Kreischef_. Every town had a local “Kommandantur.” Besides these military officials were the civilian officials of the “Zivilverwaltung.”
Between these two elements, the military and the civilians, there did not always exist great cordiality, and, when they did not agree, the military always had the last word. Also, at Brussels, the authority of the Governor General was sometimes handicapped by the intervention of the Quartermaster General, von Sauberzweig, representative of the German General Staff, and it seems beyond doubt that the excesses and crimes committed by the German government at Brussels were frequently imposed by the military party. The murder of Edith Cavell and the deportation of civilians to Germany and to the firing-line were certainly acts of the military.
The situation of the Belgian civilian population became now very peculiar. The Belgian government, which had left Antwerp together with the King, had accepted the hospitality of the French government at Havre; the King and Queen were with the troops on the Yser. There remained in Belgium, as representatives of the national power, the burgomasters or mayors of the various towns, the parish priests, and the bishops. They were to be the leaders of the oppressed population. Cardinal Mercier took up the fight against the crimes, the excesses, and the illegalities of the occupying power, and the mayor of the capital, Max, stirred the people by his patriotic and gallant attitude. The Germans sent him to Germany for having been too outspoken in his feelings; he remained there in confinement till the end of the war. They did not dare to arrest Cardinal Mercier, but they tried by all means to silence him and to prevent his encouraging, in his pastorals and letters addressed to his flock, the sense of patriotism and the endurance of the people. The Cardinal never missed any occasion to tell the Belgians what was their duty in the face of the invader, or to protest against atrocities committed, or to try to prevent brutalities as, for instance, at the time of the awful deportations. The bishops of Liège and Namur also took up the same energetic attitude. In many towns and villages the burgomasters did their duty as calmly as the priests.
Thanks to the attitude of their civilian and ecclesiastical leaders, the Belgians found the necessary patience to endure the harshness, the persecutions, and the privations of the new régime. It may be said that, generally speaking, they offered, on “the interior front,” as good a resistance as the soldiers on the Yser front.
Their cities were occupied by German garrisons; their houses sometimes filled with German officers or requisitioned in order to serve as a German _Casino_ or _Soldatenheim_. Every month, at the local _Kommandantur_, the young men of age to bear arms, the former civic guards, etc., must present themselves. A very severe control was established in order to prevent the young men from escaping to Holland and rejoining the Belgian army. In order to prevent this, the Belgian frontier to the north was provided with three lines of electrified wire and soldiers were constantly patrolling, ready to fire on those who should succeed in cutting the wires and passing. These terrible threats did not prevent thousands of young Belgians from facing the ordeal and from getting through these wires, on their way to the Belgian army on the Yser. From Holland, they went to England, then reached France where they were received in Belgian instruction camps and prepared for “doing their bit” in the Yser trenches.
The parents or relatives of these young Belgians were held responsible for the escape of their sons and heavily fined or imprisoned. The German administration applied, indeed, the principle of collective responsibility. For the fault of one individual, the whole community was punished. So, for instance, cutting of a telephone wire, singing a patriotic song, distributing secret newspapers, all this was punished by heavy fines imposed on a whole town or village.
Everywhere the German criminal or secret police, organized by Governor General von Bissing, was at work, trying to get as many Belgians as possible into prison. The German military penal code was applied to Belgium for offenses termed as endangering the security of the German army. These crimes were punished by military tribunals, where no Belgian barrister was admitted, and where people were condemned to death or to heavy penalties without appeal. In one year alone, 1915-16, 103,092 Belgians were thus condemned by these military tribunals, and 100 death penalties were pronounced, many of them being immediately executed. The best-known cases were those of Edith Cavell, Gabrielle Petit, Franck, Baekelmans, etc. This régime of terror did not curb the courage of the people.
The Germans tried to create despair and dissension by spreading false news, by announcing loudly and daily their victories, by creating German or Germanized papers, such as _Le Bruxellois_, by exciting the animosity against the Allies, especially against England, by boasting that the Belgians had been left in the lurch by their influential friends.
To counteract this poison propaganda, a secret press was created at Brussels and in many other towns. The “Libre Belgique,” organized by the editor of the former Belgian paper _Le Patriote_, Mr. Jourdain, is the most celebrated of them. The Germans never succeeded in discovering the writers or the printers, but many people, suspected of taking part in the enterprise, were fined or imprisoned or deported.
The most cunning device of the Germans was the so-called “activism.” They knew that, before the war, a party of Flemings, called “Flamingants,” had asked for more influence of the Flemish tongue in Belgian public life and advocated the creation of a Flemish university. Governor von Bissing tried then to sow dissension between Flemings and Walloons and to destroy the very basis of Belgian nationality itself. He took over the program of the Flamingants and created, with the help of a few traitors, a Flemish university of Ghent. Great privileges were attached to the matriculation at this Flemish-German university. The scheme did not succeed. Von Bissing went farther: he introduced administrative separation between Flanders and Wallony, and created an autonomous “Verwaltung” for Flanders at Brussels and for Wallony at Namur, with separated ministries. In this he was helped by a score of traitors, who called themselves “activists,” and who were particularly attracted by bribes and high positions offered by the Germans. They formed a so-called “Council for Flanders,” whose members went even to visit the German Chancellor at Berlin.
A shudder of revolt passed through the country, and the great majority of the Flemings formally condemned the “activists.” The Belgian magistrates decided to arrest the leader of the activists, Borms, who called himself the Flemish “Minister for War,” under the very nose of the Germans. Borms was arrested at Brussels, but instantly liberated by his German protectors. This clearly showed the relations of the “activists” toward the enemy, but the courageous Belgian magistrates were deported to Germany.
The resistance of the Belgians was never broken, but material life was very difficult. Owing to the requisitions of horses, cattle, fruits, etc., there came a day when starvation was near. Then was founded, in October, 1914, the admirable Commission for Relief in Belgium, with Herbert Hoover at its head, who undertook the great task of revictualing Belgium during the occupation.
The Germans had not only requisitioned food; they also requisitioned the very means of industrial life. According to a scheme conceived and worked out by the president of the “Allgemeine Elektrizitätsgesellschaft,” Walther Rathenau, Belgium was to be stripped of all natural and manufactured products which could help the German army in continuing and winning the war. Coal, metals, chemical products, wood, wool, linen, cotton, copper, rubber, machines, machine tools, oil, transport material, horses, etc., were put under “saisie” by successive decrees of von Bissing and sent to Germany, with the help of German business men, who visited the Belgian factories and marked the things to be requisitioned.
A consequence of this was the closing of many factories and the creation of an enormous number of forced strikers. These men, then, were considered as idlers and, by order of the military, taken out of their houses and sent by whole trains, in cattle-trucks, to Germany. There they had to work for the German army, even making munitions to kill their brethren. This was the origin of the awful deportations, which stirred the conscience of the civilized world. About 150,000 Belgians, mostly workmen, but intellectuals, bourgeois, and even schoolboys not excepted, were either sent to Germany or to the firing-line in France and Belgium, where they were compelled to dig trenches, construct roads, etc. A large number of them refused flatly to work for the enemy. They were submitted in the camps to real tortures, beaten, martyrized, and scores of them died. Others were sent back, exhausted by their martyrdom, and died on arriving in their native home.
The financial wealth of Belgium was also crippled by the heavy war levies imposed on provinces, towns, and villages. In December, 1914, von Bissing imposed on the Belgian provinces a collective war levy of 40,000,000 francs monthly; in November, 1916, this levy had reached 50,000,000 francs monthly. Von Falkenhausen, who succeeded von Bissing, raised it to 60,000,000 francs. It would be impossible to estimate exactly the total of the levies and fines imposed on Belgian towns and villages during four years of war.
Four years, indeed, this terrible thing went on. Then, suddenly, came “the day of revenge,” of which Cardinal Mercier had spoken in 1917 in his letter to General von Huehne. The mighty German war machine collapsed under the combined effort of the Allied forces. At the end of the battle front, near the sea, was constituted the “group of armies of Flanders,” composed of French, British, Americans, and Belgians, under the command of King Albert. In September, 1918, the great offensive began on the Flanders front. The German positions were taken by storm, and, after a short interruption, the drive went on again in October. Soon the Flanders coast was evacuated, and everywhere, in Belgian towns and villages, amidst cries of joy and tears, amidst Belgian flags kept jealously hidden during four years, the sturdy troops of the Yser came home again, as victors of the right over might.
At the beginning of November came the end: the armistice was signed and the Germans compelled to evacuate the country which they once hoped to dominate forever. On a wonderful day in that same month, King Albert and his queen followed by his army and by British, French, and American troops, entered Brussels and saw again rise before their eyes the tower of the historic Hôtel de Ville. The nightmare was over, Belgium was free again. And in ages to come, the children will learn the history of that period, during which Belgium covered itself with glory, because “it stood the test in the hour of the Great Trial.”
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The best work to be consulted on the history of Belgium is that by H. Pirenne, professor in the University of Ghent, entitled _Histoire de Belgique_, Vols. I-IV, Brussels, 1900-1911. The work is not yet complete: the fourth volume carries us down to 1648. Those wishing to study more in detail the various problems of Belgian history will find the enumeration of original sources and modern books in H. Pirenne, _Bibliographie de l’histoire de Belgiques_, 2d ed., Brussels, 1902. For a list of books published since 1902 see the Belgian periodical _Archives belges_, where the important books and articles on Belgian history are reviewed and discussed.
Works written in English are the following: Demetrius C. Boulger, _A History of Belgium_, 2 vols., London, 1902-9; J. de C. MacDonnell, _Belgium, Her Kings, Kingdom and People_, London, 1914; R. C. K. Ensor, _Belgium_, New York and London [1915]. The work by Boulger is mainly based on the old work of Théodore Juste, _Histoire de Belgique_ (new edition in 3 vols., Brussels, 1895), which is not up to date and cannot be compared with Pirenne’s _Histoire_. The works by MacDonnell and Ensor deal especially with the contemporary history of Belgium, the former treating Belgian politics from the Catholic point of view, the latter being frequently ill informed and unjust toward the Catholic party. Both have their merits in dealing with the history of Belgium in the nineteenth century. Modern Belgium has also been studied by H. Charriaut, _la Belgique moderne_, Paris, 1910. This book offers much information, but contains many mis-statements. For social problems, see B. Seebohm Rowntree, _Land and Labour: Lessons from Belgium_, London, 1910. In French there exists an excellent survey of the most important periods of Belgian history, written by G. Kurth, _la nationalité belge_, Brussels, 1913.
A very readable book, well written and well illustrated, based on accurate historical information, and dealing with the history of Flanders in the largest sense of the word, is the work of Edward Neville Vose, _The Spell of Flanders_, Boston, Page Co., 1915. The author, describing the visit he made to various Flemish towns, gives a good account of the most striking facts of their history.
INDEX
INDEX
Abbey of St. Armand, 32
Abbots, of Lobbes, 33
Ackerman, 62
Act of Union, 138
## Activists, 179
Adorno, Antoniotto di Botta, 134
Aerschot, 172; recaptured, 173 ff.
Africa, 168
Aix, favorite residence of Charles the Great, 12
Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 126
Alamans, 9, 18
Albert, Archduke of Austria, 120
Albert, Count of Bavaria, 69
Albert, King of Belgium, 124
Albert I, 170 ff.; armies of Flanders under King, 181
Alfonso XII, of Spain, 166
Allies, 145 ff., 178
Alost, 24, 39
Alps, 31
Alsace: Count Philip of, 56, 57; house of, from France, 50; principality of, 77; regained independence, 92; Thierry of, 56
Alva, Duke of, Don Luis Alvarez, the Toledo, 109; taxes of, 111
America, commercial dealings with, 132; neutral, 159
Amiénois, 56
Amsterdam, 150
Anarchy, 114
Andreas, Valerius, 123
Anglo-Saxon missionaries, 14
Anjou, Duke of, 117
Antwerp, 10, 44, 60, 110; army base, 172; center of cloth industry, 86; diocese of, 105; fortifications of, 164; largest market of north, 84; lost its commerce, 119; occupied by Dutch, 157; port of, 166, 168; province of, 19, 114, 148; sacked, 113; siege of, 173; treaty of, called “Treaty of the Barriers,” 129
Apostolic Inquisitors, 99
Arab merchants, 37
Architecture, 31 f., 53, 92
Ardennes, 175; hills, 69; peasants of, 49
Aristocracy, 62
Arlon, district of, 157
Armada, Spanish, 104, 118
Armistice, signed, 182
Army, 172 f.; permanent, 100; reinforcement of, 169; of 115,000 men, 171; zone, 175
Army bill, 171
Arnulf, Count, 24
Arras, 14; bishoprics of, 14; charter of, 43; cloth dyeing, 46; diocese of, 105; treaty of, 116
Art: Belgian, 90, 166; and craftsmanship, 91; goldsmith’s, 122; Gothic, 53; Romantic, 53
Artevelde, assassination of Jacques Van, 72; and crafts, 62; Philip, 72
Artillery, heavy, 174
Artistic development, during communes, 53
Artists, Belgian and Italian, 31
Artois, 24, 57, 65, 115, 126
Association internationale africaine, 167
Ath, 47
Athis-sur-Orge, peace of, 65
Atrocities, 175
Auber’s _La Muette de Portici_, inaugurated Belgian revolt, 153
Austria, enemy of the revolution, 141
Austria-Hungary, 17
Austrian: defeat of, troops, 141; domination, 130, 140; Netherlands, 131, 142, 148; revolution against, 148; rule, 5; tyranny, 141
Autonomy, 74, 80
Bade, Treaty of, 128
Baekelmans, 178
Baesrode, 49
_Bailli_, 42
Balance of power, European, 131, 140, 159, 161
Baldwin I, Count, 23
Baldwin II, 24
Baldwin V, Count, 24, 57; daughter of, married to William the Conqueror, 24
Baldwin VIII, 50
Baldwin IX, 45, 50
Baltic Sea, 44
Barbarossa, Emperor Frederick, 55
Barcelona, 46
Barriers, Treaty of the, 147
Bastile, fall of, influence on Belgians, 152
Battles, at Aerschot, Haelen, Hauthem, Mons, Sambre, Vilvorde, 172
Bavaria, Emperor Louis of, 70; house of, 75
Beggars, 87
Bel, Jean le, 90
Belgian: animosity against Netherlands, 150; artists, 31; cities, 36, 49; ethnical and linguistic duality of, people, 10; field army, 171; frontiers preserved, 167; _genre_, 34; independence, 4, 152, 155; nobles, 107; possessions invaded by French, 141; provinces became industrial, 46; republic, 140, 148; revolt against Dutch, 152 f.; seaports, 44; separation of, provinces from Spain, 112; trade and industry, 12 f.; union, 26, 74
Belgians: “Belgae,” of Celtic origin, 4, 8; civilization of, 3; defeated at Louvain and Hasselt, 157; first Queen of, 163; names of, 4, 5; national culture of, 3; parents of escaped, fined or imprisoned, 177
Belgiojoso, Count Giovanni Giacomo di, 134
Belgium: accepted Roman rule, 8; annexed by France, 142; _arena militaire_ of Europe; artistic life of, 31; bilingualism of, 10; built first railway on Continent, 164; development of communes in, 42; founder of, 76; heathen until eighth century, 14; independent, 21, 145, 154 f., 163; invaded by Prince of Orange, 110; kept from European turmoil, 164; map of, 164; no political unity in, 25; occupied by French, 141; occupied by Germans, 175; passage through, asked, 170; permanently neutral, 159; political secularization of, 135; reconquest of, 117; religious life in, 28; ruled from Madrid, 94; secession from Holland, 117; separate state since 1588, 5; separated during Middle Ages, 17; stripped of products, 180; territorial losses, 125; united with Holland under Kingdom of the Netherlands, 145, 149; unity of, 76
Benedictine rule, 26
Benedictines, 28
_Beneficium_, 19
Bergeyck, Count of, 128
Berlin, 179
von Beseler, 173 f.
Béthune, city of, 65; Count Robert of, 65
Bibliography, 183
Binche, 47
Bishoprics, of Arras, Boulogne, Cambrai, Tournai, 14, 34
Bishops: Amandus, Eligius, Hubert, Lambert, 14; of Ghent, 151; guardians of the faith, 105; leaders, 176; literary movement developed by Lotharingian, 31; of Noyon-Tournai, of Arras, and Terouanne, 23; servants of empire no longer, 22; work of missionaries completed by, 14.
Bismarck, 161
von Bissing, 178
Boendale, Jan, 89
Bois-le-Duc, 105
Bollandists, Society of, 136
Boniface VIII, Pope, 64
Borms, 179
Bossche, Peter Vanden, 72
Bouillon, lord of, 95
Boulogne, 29
Bourgeois, 36
Bouts, Thierry, 91
Bouvines, victory of, 58
Brabançonne, the national anthem, 153
Brabant: Antoine, Duke of, 75; Duke of, 41, 66; Duke of, became Leopold II, 165; Duke of resisted French influence, 58; leader in struggle against Spain, 116; victory of, 60
Brabant, Duchess Jeanne of, 75
Brabant, duchy of, 8, 19, 33; agricultural, 39; under Austria, 130; cloth industry in, 46; communes in, 43; enemy of Limburg, 20; Joyeuse Entrée of, 66, 137; leading power, 58; led struggle against Spain, 61; new name in history, 22; political center, 25; province of, 19, 50; revolution of 1789, 152
Brabantine Revolution, 137
_Brabantsche Yeesten_, 89
Breda, 112
Bremen, 30
“Brethren of Common Life,” 89
Broglie, de, Monsignor, 151
Brogne, St. Gerard of, 27
Brogueville, Baron Charles de, 170
Bruges: cloth industry of, 46; commercial metropolis, 44; crowded market-place, 45; diocese of, 105; financial center, 45, 85; la “morte,” 86; meeting-place for merchants, 37; revolt in, 80; road between Cologne and, 43 f.; town hall of, 54; wool market, 84
Bruno, duke of Lotharingia, 21
Brussels, 39, 46, 60, 138; attack on, by Prince Frederick, 152; Geographical Conference, 167; German minister to, presented ultimatum, 170 f.; railway to Malines, 164
Buffer state, 145
von Bülow, 172
Burgers, 36
Burgesses, 36, 40, 47, 69, 135, 143
Burgomasters, 176 f.
Burgundians, 11
Burgundy: duchy of, 92; dukes of, 72-74 ff., 78, 92; house of, 75; Philip the Bold, duke of, 75; religious reform originated in French, 27
Caesar, Julius: attacked the Belgians, 8
Cahors, 45
Calais, 174
Calvinists, 107, 110 f., 114
Cambrai, 14, 19, 95; archbishopric of, 105; and Cambrésis acquired by France, 126; commune established in, 42; school of, 34; wharves at, 37
Campine, 9, 28, 49, 143
Campo Formio, treaty of, 142
Canal: connecting Bruges and Damme, 45; from Mons to Condé, 172
Canals, 30
Canche River, 24
_Cantilène de Ste. Eulalie_, oldest poem of French literature, 33
Capetians, 70
Carmelites, 122
Castlereagh, Lord, 148
Castles, 39
Castra, 39
_Casus, belli_, 164
Cathedrals, 31 f.
Catholic church, 97; faith, 15, 102; followers persecuted, 142; League, 118; worship restored, 143
Catholics and Liberals, in power, 164; union of, 152
Cattle-raising, 31
Cavell, Edith, murder of, 176
Centralization, political, 4
Champagne, 30, 50
Charles the Bold, 76; death of, 92
Charles the Great: at Aix, 12; death of, 17; heirs of, 19; most famous of Carolingians, 12; reign of, 4; soldier and legislator, 13
Charles II, 128
Charles V, 94 ff., 131, 139, 146, 165
Charles VI, 131 f.
Charles VIII, of France, 94
Charles X, fall of, 152
Charlotte, Princess of England, 155
Charlotte, wife of Archduke Maximilian, 163
_Charte de Commune_, 41
Charter: of Arras, 43; municipal, 43
Chastelain, 90
Chatillon, Jacques de, 63
Chemical products, 180
Chokier, Surlet de, president of provisional government, 155
Christian religion, introduction of, 13, 14
Christus, Peter, of Brabant, 91
Church: of Cologne, 14; of Rheims, 14; feudal, 28
Churchill, 173
“Circles,” 96
Cistercians, 28, 50
Cities, free, 36; glory of Belgian, 54; originated in Middle Ages, 39; special privileges granted, 42
Civil war, 17, 62
Civilians, deportation of, 176
Civilization, of Belgium, 35; centers of, 39; French, 33; and German, 35
Civitates, 39
_Clauwerts_, 63
Clergy, 81
Clodion: belonged to dynasty of Merovingians, 12; first king of Franks, 11
Clodovech: baptism of, 14
Cloth industry, 46, 69, 70, 83 f.
Clubs, political, 142; interference of French, 153
Cluny, monks of, 28; Reform of, 27
Coal, 180
Coalition, against French king, 58; European, 141
Cod fishing, 31
Code Napoléon, 144
Coins, Belgian imitated, 46; of Counts of Flanders, 37
Colenbrander, H., 6
Coligny, 110
Colleges, opened, 122
Collieries and ironworks, 47
Cologne, 14; archbishop of, 60; archbishopric of, 21; political decline of archbishops of, 60; road from, to Bruges, 39, 43, 44
Comines, Philip de, historian, 77
Commerce, 45
Commercial, highroad between Rhine and sea, 59; relations between Flanders and England, 46; road controlled by dukes, 60
Commission for Relief in Belgium, 180
Committee of Regency, 153
Communes, defeated French, 63 f.; Flemish and Walloon, 43; political conditions under, 49; rights of, 42; rise of, 4, 36-41, 93; “Time of the,” 36, 55
Compagnie d’Ostende, 132
Concordat, 143
Condé, 172
Conference, of London, 156; of the powers, 154
Congo, 168
Congress, Belgian, 155; of confederation, 139
Coninck, Peter de, 63
Conscription, military, 142
Conspiracy of nobles, 128
Constitution, of Belgian principalities, 79; for cities, 43; of independent Belgium, 154; proposed of United Kingdom, 150
Constitutional monarchy, 154
_Consulta_, 106
Convents, 39
Copper, 38, 68, 180
Cortemberg, Council of, 66
Cotton, 180
Council of Blood, 110, 112
Council for Flanders, 179
Council of State, 106; members arrested, 113
Counts: of Alsace, 43; of Flanders, free exchange policy of, 45; protectors of communes, 42
Coursèle, 123
Courtrai, 63; basilica of, 64; defeat of patricians at, 65
Coutereel, Peter, 62
Craft-guilds, 90, 135
Craftsmen, 39, 62, 65, 68
Crécy, battle of, 68
Crusaders, 33, 57
Culture, Belgian, 92; French, 50; literary and scientific, 33; of Jesuits, 136; of neighbors, 35
Daelhem, 125
D’Alton, General, 137
Damme, 45
Dampierre, Guy de, 50, 61, 62; Louis of Male, last of family of, 72
Defense, national, 168
Dante, 45
D’Avesnes, dynasty of, 61, 68
“Day of revenge,” 181
Defenders, of Belgium, 173
Democratic régime, 62
Denmark, 25; coins of Flanders found in, 37; King of, 26
De Potter, 154
Deventer, 105
De Witt, 147
Dijon, sculptures of, 91
_Dinanderie_, 47
Dinant, city of, 47; communal privileges for, 42; mines near, 38; river wharves at, 37; sacked by Charles the Bold, 77
Dinant, Henry of, 62
Disraeli, 161, 167
Dissension, between Flemings and Walloons, 179
_Divina Commedia_, 45
Dixmude, 174
Don Juan, died at Bouges, 141; married to daughter of Maximilian, 94; Spanish governor, 115
Don Luis de Requesens, 112
Donatello, 91
Douai, 29, 38, 46, 65
Drusius, abbot of Parc, 122
Dumouriez, General, 141
Dunkirk, coast of, 162; threatened, 174
“Dutch arithmetic,” 151; Dutch King, 156
Dutch rule, 4, 145 ff.
Dyeing, art of, 46
Dykes, 30
Ebro River, 12
_Écarlate_, 46
_Échevinage_, 41, 47, 136
_Échevins_, 42, 88
Edicts of Tolerance, 135
_Édit perpetual_, 122
Edward III, of England, 70; invited emigration, 73
Egmont, Count of, 106, 109
Egypt, 166
Eighteen Articles, 156
Elbe, the river, 12
Elizabeth: of Bohemia, 68; of Gorlitz, 75; queen of England, 101
Emmich, General von, 171
Emperor, of Constantinople, 57; German, 56, 57; Napoleon, 143
Empire, 95
Encyclopaedists, 134
England: ally of Flanders, 57; borders on Belgium, 13; Catholicism in, 14; conquest of, by Normans, 25; copper and tin exported to, 38; diplomatic relations between Flanders and, 25; influence of, 26; trade relations of, with Bruges, 45; visited by Leopold II, 166
English Merchant Adventurers, 86
Ensor, _Belgium_, 126, 152
Ermengard, Countess, of Limburg, death of, 59
Escurial, the, 103
“Etappengebiet,” 175
Eugen IV, Pope, 92
Eugenics, Congress for, 167
Everachar, Saxon bishop, 33
Exchange, first in Europe, 87; free, 45
Expansion, commercial and colonial, 165 f.
Factories, 180
Fairs, and yearly markets, 38; of Antwerp, 87; of Champagne, 50
von Falkenhausen, 181
_Familiae_, 29
Farnese, Alexander, 116, 118
Fauquemont, 125; lords of, 60
Febronianism, 134
Ferrand, Count, 57, 58
Feudal church, 28
Feudalism, period of, 4; absence of political unity consequence of, 19; Hainaut the last refuge of, 69; new political organization, 20; régime of, broken, 44; tyranny of, 36
Fexhe, Peace of, 65
Figs, party of, 137
Fines, 178
Firing-line, 176, 181
Fishing, 31
Flag, Belgian, 153, 166
_Flämingdörfer_, 30
“Flamingants,” 179
Flanders: annexation of Walloon, by France, 46; artistic center of Belgium, 32; under Austria, 130; belonging to France, 18; communes of, 43; counts of, 30, 37; in diplomatic relations with England, 125; enjoyed friendly relations with Cambrai and Hainaut, 20; French literary influence in, 34; front offensive on, 181; homogeneous territory, 20; liberated from French influence, 64; maritime, 53; name applied during Spanish rule, 5; people of Walloon and Flemish, 33; politically united body, 19; in power of Franks, 10; powerful, 56; religious reform in, 27; retreat through, 173; revolt of, 143; revolt in West, 164; seat of cloth industry, 38; subjection of, 58; in touch with Arab merchants, 37; trying to escape from influence of France, 26; vassal of French king, 20; William the Conqueror hostile to, 26
Flemings, 30, 37; descendants of Franks, 11; Lotharingia included, 18; party of, 179
Flemish, 33, 50; literature, 51, 52; university, 179
Fleur-de-lis, 63
Fleurus, battle of, 141
Florence, 45
Fontanet, battle of, 17
Formation, period of, 8
Fortification, system of, 168 f.
Fortresses, Dutch garrisons in Belgian, 132; at Liège and Namur, 168
Four Métiers, 24
Franc tireurs, 174
France, 13, 17, 23, 26; copper and tin exported to, 38
Franche-Comté, 77, 92, 126
Francis I, French king, 95; son of, 146
Franck, 178
Franco-German War, 161, 167
Franks, 18; Clodion, first king of, 11, 15; conquest by, 10; devastated Gaul, 9; Flemings descendants of, 11; invasion of, 5; Northern Belgium occupied by, 10
Frederick III, German Emperor, 76, 92
Frederick, Prince of Holland, attack on Brussels by, 153; defeat of, 154
Frederick William, Elector, of Prussia, 148
Freedom, personal and collective, 36; of worship, of the press, of association, of educational teaching, to taxpayers, 154
French, civilization, 33; domination ended, 144; in Flanders and Brabant, 50; influence, 33; language, 50, 88; régime, the, 4, 144 ff.; repulsed Dutch, 157; Revolution, 140
French, Sir John, 174
Friesland, seigneurie of, 75; annexed, 95
Frisians, 18
Froissart, Jean, 67, 90
Garigliano River, 12
Gascony, 45
Gaul, 9
Gauls, 1, 8
Gendebein, 154 f.
Genoa, 45
_Genre_, historical, 51; didactical, 52
German, architects, 31; garrisons occupied cities, 177; invaders, 170; Lotharingian bishops of, descent, 31; secret police, 178
Germanic ideas, 31
Germany, 13, 25, 30; culture of, 56
Gérard, Balthazar, 117, 157
Gerard, Bishop, 42
Gette, River, 171
Ghent: belfry of, 37; Calvinistic republic, 114; center of commerce, 44; cloth industry in, 46; diocese of, 105; pacification of, 113, 115; revolt in, 80; road through, 39; wharves at, 37
Ghiberti, 91
Gibraltar, straits of, 44
Giovanni, 31
Goddess of Reason, 142
Godefrid, the Bearded, 27; of Bouillon, 33
Golden Fleece, order of the, 81; approved _placarts_, 97
Golden Spurs, battle of the, 41, 64
von der Goltz, General, 175
Gothic architecture, 92
Grand Council, 78, 93
“Grand Privilege,” 88, 93
Granvelle, Antoine Perrenot de, Cardinal, 104, 106, 108
Greece, 166
Greek, teaching, 122
Groeninghe, 63
Groninge, 95, 105
Groote, Gerard de, 89
Gudelin, 123
Gueldre, Duke of, 95
Guiana, French, Catholics deported to, 142
Guilds, 40
Guns, 30.5-centimeter and 42.0-centimeter, 171
Haelen, 172
Haerlem, 105
Hague Convention, 129, 160
Hague, Treaty of the, 140
Hainaut, 8, 10, 20; agricultural center, 47; under Austria, 130; center of political life, 25; clearing forests of, 49; Count of, 55, 57, 165; county of, 19, 68, 75; house of, 22; princess of, 24
Hansa, 73, 86; of London, 46
Hanseatic, Association, 47; cities, 45
Hapsburg, house of, 93, 128 ff., 141
Hauthem, 172
Havre, Belgian government at, 176
Hegemony, in Europe, 55, 58, 64, 95
Henry I, Duke of Brabant, 58; reign of, 59
Henry III, French king, 117
Henry IV, 118
Heresy, 97, 108
Heretics, 109
Historians, 2, 52, 90, 116 note, 183
History: beginning of Belgian, as independent kingdom, 1; communes in, 44; from fifth century, 2; _genre_ in literature, 34; includes history of Liège, 6; influence of ethnical and linguistic duality on, 2; of northern provinces, 5; periods of Belgian, 4; Henri Pirenne’s, 2; political, 21; political, of Europe, 101; under Spanish rule, 94; unity of, 2; of wars, 126; writings of Van Maerlandt on, 52
Holland, 6, 13, 17, 20, 68; adopted constitution, 150; county of, 75; fought against Gueldre, 20; friendly toward Cleves, 20; united with Belgium, Kingdom of Netherlands, 145; United Provinces, 102, 118
Holstein, 30
d’Hoogvorst, Baron, 154
Hoover, 180
Horn, Count of, 106, 109
Hôtel de Ville, 153
Howell, James, 126
von Huehne, General, 181
Huguenots, French, 110
Hundred Years’ War, 74
Huns, invasion of country of Teutons, 9, 19
Huy: charter of freedom for, 42; mines near, 38; river wharves at, 37
Independence, period of national, 4, 155; seventy-fifth anniversary of Belgian, 168
Institutions, ancient, abolished, 142
International law, authorities on: De Boeck, Descamps, Hagerup, Blüntschli, 160
Invaders, 172 ff.
Invasion, by Germans, 174
Investitures, Struggle for the, 28
Isabella, and Archduke Albert, 121
Italy, 9, 17, 166
Jacqueline, of Bavaria, 75
Jeanne, Spanish infanta, 94
Jemappes, victory of, 141
Jenneval, 153
Jerusalem, 166
Jesuits, 122
Jodoigne, 60
John, Duke of Luxemburg, 68
John I, Duke of Brabant, 59, 60
John I, of England, 58
John IV, 75
Joly, 154
Jordaens, 122
Joseph II, 132, 136, 141, 147
Jourdain, 178
Joyeuse Entrée of Brabant, 66, 137, 154
Juarez, 163
_Juntas_, 127
Jura Mountains, 18
_Keure_, 41
King, first, of the Belgians, 163 ff.
von Kluck, 171 f.
_Kreischef_, 175
Kurth, G., 5, 127
Lalaing, Count of, 116
Languages: French and Flemish, 49; Romance and Teutonic, 32; known by abbots, 33
Latin: culture and civilization, 10, 26; customs, language, 9, 50, 51; language of diplomacy, 88; manners, 9; teaching of, 122
Layens, Mathieu de, 82, 92
Léau, 39, 45
_Le Bruxellois_, 178
Le Cateau, 172
L’Ecluse, French fleet destroyed at, 71
Leeuwarden, diocese of, 105
_Leliaerts_, 63
Leman, General, 171
Leopold I, 158; married Louise-Marie, daughter of Louis-Philippe, 163; strong influence, 164
Leopold II, 140, 163, 165 ff.
Leopold, Prince of Saxe-Goburg-Gotha, 155
_Le Patriote_, 178
Liberals, and Catholics united, 152; in power, 164
Liberty of conscience, 108
“Libre Belgique,” 178
Libri, editor, 153
Liège: center of literary life in Lotharingia, 33; city of, 39, 42, 47, 51, 77; civilization and institutions of, 6; defended, 171; ecclesiastical principality, 19; liberty of, 65, 92; occupied by French, 141; occupied by Germans, 171; palace of bishop-princes at, 127; not a part of the Netherlands, 6; in power of Franks, 10; principality of, 6, 59; resistance of, 172; revolt of, 141; river wharves at, 37; St. James’s Church at, 31
Lille, 38, 65
Limburg, 10, 59; annexed by Brabant, 60; under Austria, 130; county of, 19; divided, 125; enemy of Brabant, 20; people of, 33
Linen, manufactured in Flanders, 38; under “Saisie,” 180
Lion of Flanders, 62
Lipsius, Justus, 123
Literary influence, French rather than German, 34
Lombardy, 45
Loncin, fort of, 171
London, 37
Lorraine: Reform of Cluny originated in, 27; regained independence, 92; taken by Charles the Bold, 77
Lotharingia, 1-5, 18; annexed to Germany, 18, 20, 21; in contact with France and England, 56; destruction of German influence in, 28, 33; Duke of, 21, 27; influence of German Empire in, 25; religious reform in, 27
Lotharius, eldest son of Emperor Louis, 17; death of, 18
Lotharius II, 18
Louis, Emperor, son of Charles the Great, 17
Louis of Male, 72
Louis of Nevers, 72
Louis-Philippe, son of, 155
Louis XI, King of France, 76, 92
Louis XIV, 125
Louise, of Orléans, 156; Marie, 163
Louvain, 22, 39, 41, 60, 172; town hall of, 82; University of, 75
Ludendorff, 171
_Ludwigslied_, 33
Luther, Martin, 97
Lutherans, 107, 110
Luxemburg: agricultural region, 47; under Austria, 130; city of, 51; Count of, 60; duchy of, 19; famous for princes, 68; on friendly terms with Namur, 20; house of, 75; population, 67; revolt of peasants, 143
Lys, River, 13
Machines and machine tools, taken by Germans, 180
Madrid, 109
Maestricht, 29; river wharves at, 37; road through, 39; sovereignty over, 125; town of, 156
Mainz, Cathedral of, 31
Malines: archbishopric of, 105; city of, 39; rivaled Flemish cities, 46; railway to Brussels, 164
Marck, Adolf de la, 65; family of, 95
Margareta, Duchess of Parma, 103, 106
Maria, of Hungary, 146
Maria Theresa, empress, 132; heirs of, 165
Marie-Henriette, of Austria, 165
“Marine-gebiet,” coast defense, 175
Marmion, Simon, of Valenciennes, 91
Marne, 173
Marseilles, 46
Martens, Thierry, of Alost, 89
Martin V, Pope, 92
Martyrdom, 181
Mary, of Burgundy, 92
“Master of Flémalle,” 91
Mathias, Archduke, 114
“Matins of Bruges, The,” _Matines brugeoises_, 63
Max, mayor of capital, 176
Maximilian of Hapsburg, 93, 163
Mazarin, Cardinal, 146
Mediterranean, 44
Meerssen, Treaty of, 18
Meix-devant-Virton, 127
Mercatores, 42
Mercenaries, 127
Merchants, 37, 38; foreign, 85; privileges granted to, 45
Mercier, Cardinal, 176, 181
Merode, Count Felix de, 154
Messines, 38
Metal industry, 38
Metals, 180
Meuse, 31, 32, 37, 68; cities in valley of, 47; industry in valley of Upper, 38; trade by, 39
Mexico, Emperor, of Maximilian, 163
Michel, General, 172
Middelburg, diocese of, 105
Middelkerke, 49
Military service, 43
Mines, copper and tin, 38
_Ministeriales_, 30
Monks, 32; Cistercian, 48; not citizens, 47
Mons, 29, 47, 172; battle of, 172
Mons-en-Pevèle, battle of, 64
Monstrelet, 90
Mountainous region, 38
Municipal movement, 43
Munitions, 180
Munster, Treaty of, 125, 132
Music, 91
Namur: agricultural region, 47; annexed by Flanders, 61; atrocities committed at, 175; under Austria; county of, 19; diocese of, 105; fortress of, fall of, 172; on good terms with Hainaut and Luxemburg, 20
Nancy, battle of, 78, 92
Napoleon I, 143; fall of, 144; defeat at Waterloo, 150
Napoleon III, 163 f.
Napoleonic system, suppressed, 169
Nassau, Maurice of, 121
National Convention, French, 142
National debt, 156
“Nations,” 85
Nemours, duke of, 155
Netherlands, 20, 96; in art, 91; Austrian, 131, 142, 148; history of, 36; Kingdom of, 145; lack of sympathy between, and Belgium, 150; Protestantism in, 97; provinces of, 5; revolt of, against Spain, 101
Neutral territory, 145 ff., 156, 158
Neutrality, of Belgium, 158, 161; preserved, 167; violated, 162
Nieuport, battle of, 121, 174
Nimègue, treaty of, 126
Nivelles, 60
Noblemen, 36, 59, 105, 143
Norbertins, 28
Normandy, Duke of, 24, 25; trade with Bruges, 45
Normans, conquest by, 25, 26; Flemish troops took part in, 25; invasion of, 37
North Sea, 18, 44
Nuncio, Bentivoglio, 126 note
Nuncio Caraffa, 122
Nuncio of Cologne, abolished, 135
Ockeghem, Jan, 91
Octrois, abolished, 164
Oléron, island of, 142
Ommelanden, 95
Orange, Prince of, 106, 110, 113; assassinated, 117; Belgian provinces under, 149
Orient, 44; cloth exported to, 46
Ostend, 121
“Osterlings,” 45, 85
Otto I, reign of Emperor, 21; iron policy of, 23; of Brunswick, 58; von Freising, 33
Overyssel, the, 95
Painters, 31, 91
Painting, 90; Flemish school of, 122
Palestine, 166
Palmerston, Lord, 155
Paris, 12; agents from, to Belgian cities, 58; banking houses of, 46
Parliament, 150
Parliament of Malines, 78, 93
Parma, Ottavia Farnese, Duke of, 104
Pasture, Roger de la, 90
Patricians, party of, 62, 63, 69
Patriotism, 176
Patriots, party of, 137
Peace, 150, 167; of Athis-sur-Orge, 65
Peasant-farmers, 36; free, 48, 49
Peckius, 123
Peppin, 12; founder of Carolingians, 12
Perez, 123
Permanent impost, 100
Personal service, 169
Petit, Gabrielle, 178
Philip August, 56, 57
Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, 75
Philip of Bourbon, 128
Philip, Count, of Alsace, 56, 57
Philip the Good, 75, 83
Philip, the Fair, 61, 93, 94; invaded Flanders, 63
Philip II, 99; of Spain, King of Netherlands, 100 ff.
Philip IV, of France, 41
Philip de Saint-Pol, 75
Philippe, Count of Flanders, 163
Physiocrats, 134
Picard, Romance literature written in, 51
Picardy, 30, 92
Pirenne, Henri, 2
_Placarts_, 97 ff., 107
Place du Sablon, 111
Place Royal, Prince Frederick stopped by Belgian Volunteers, 153
_Poésie bourgeoise_, 51
Poitou, 45
“Polders,” 38, 48, 83
Political: conditions, 23, 26; hegemony, 50; tendencies, 68
Politics, 56
Population, 47
Pragmatic Sanction, 131 f.
Premontrés, 28
Prés, Josquin de, 91
Priests, 36
Printing, 89
“Prix du Roi,” 167
Protectorate, 147
Protestant, 150
Protestantism, 97, 102
Provence, trade with Bruges, 45
Provisional government, 154
Prussia, coins of Flanders in, 37; expedition against, 69
Puteanus, Erycius, 123
Pyrenees, 8; treaty of, 126
Queretaro, 163
Raab, 12
Railway, Belgium built first on the Continent, 164
Rastadt, treaty of, 128
Rathenau, Walther, 180
Ré, island of, 142
Reconstruction, 121
Referendum, 142
Reform, of civil and criminal law, 122
Religious conditions, 26
Renaud, of Gueldre, 60
Republic, 8
Republique des États Belgiques unis, 138 f.
Revival of trade, 36
Revolt: of 1566, 110; of 1830, 145
Revolution of 1830, 4
Rhine, 22, 23, 59; princes from left bank of, 5; traffic between, and Bruges, 59
Richelieu, Cardinal, 125, 146
_Rinehart the Fox_, 51
Ripuarians, 10
Risquons-Tout, 164
Rivers, 13; wharves and winter quarters established, 37
Rixensart, 49
Robber barons, 67
Rodolphe, Emperor, 114
Rogier, Charles, 153 f.
Rolduc, 125
Roman army, 8
Romance, basilica, 32; ideas, 31; literary movement, 14, 51; occupation, 4
Rubens, Peter Paul, 122
Ruremonde, 105
Russia, coins oi Flanders in, 37
St. Amand, Abbey of, 32
St. Gerard, of Brogne, 26
Saint Gudula, church of, 47, 53
Saint Jean d’Acre, siege of, 57
St. John’s church, at Ghent, 53
Saint Just, monastery of, 100
St. Lambert, school of, 34
St. Mary, school of, 34
Saint Omer, 29; diocese of, 105
St. Servatius, 14
Saint-Trond, 39, 46; city of, 47; freedom of, 42
“Saisie,” 180
Salians, 10
Sambre River, 68, 172; battle of, 172
“Sans-culottes,” 142
von Sauberzweig, 176
Scheldt, the River, 13, 17, 18, 22, 24, 32, 110; attempted opening of, 133, 147; commercial intercourse with Thames, 37; freed from Dutch control, 143; inundations of, 86; tolls of the, 164; trade by, 39
_Schepenbank_, 41
von Schroeder, Admiral, 175
Science, 166
Scientists, Belgian, 167
Sculptors, 31
Sculpture, 90; of Dijon, 91
Sedan, 167; lord of, 95
Senate, Belgian, 165 f.
Separation, of Belgium and Holland, 153
“Serfs,” 29, 37, 48
Seventeen Provinces, 95 f., 112
Sheep-raising, 38
Sienna, 45
Sigebert, of Gembloux, historical work, 34
Silesia, 30
Sluter, Claus, 90
Social welfare, 167
Somme, cities of the, 92
Spain: Leopold II visited, 166; trade with Bruges, 45
“Spanish Fury,” 113
Spanish Inquisition, 104 f.
Spanish rule, 4, 108 ff., 124, 125 ff., 146
Speyer, cathedral of, 31
Spinola, General, 121
States-General, 82; declaration of, 147; met in Brussels, 97, 107, 113
Stone, of Tournai, famous, 32
Struggle for the Investitures, 28, 55
Sunt, the, 44
Switzerland, 166
Sylva Carbonaria, 10, 11
Taxes: of Alva, 111; freedom to those who paid, 154; octrois abolished, 164
Teniers, painter, 122
Termonde, 175
Térouanne (later Saint-Omer) 38, 95
Territory, loss of, 156, 157
Terrorizing, 175
Teutonic, 10; “barbarism,” 33
Teutons, 9
Theology, 136
Thourout, 38
Thuringia, 30
Tin, 38
_Tirage au sort, le_, 169
Tirlemont, 60
Tolls, of the Scheldt, 164
Tongers, oldest bishop of Belgium in, 13; Romanized, 9
Tournai: annexed by Charles V. 95; artistic and religious capital of Flanders, 32, 53; campaign of conquest from, Clodovech started, 11; cathedral of, 32, 53; conquered by Clodion, 11; diocese of, 105; intellectual center, 34; local school of sculptors at, 32, 53; procession of, 27; stone of, famous, 32, 53; vainly besieged by Anglo-Flemish, 71
Tournaisis, 95
Town hall, 54; of Brussels, 92, 138; of Louvain, 82, 92; of Antwerp, 110
Trade and industry, 36, 38, 39, 44, 73, 123
Treaties: Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 126; of April 19, 1839, quintuple, 162-68; of Arras, 116; of Bade, 128; of the Barriers, 129 ff., 147; of Campo Formio, 142; with Flanders and Liège, 66; of France and Holland against Spain, 146; of the Hague (1790), 140; for independence of Belgium, 158; of London, 157 f., 163; of Meerssen, 18; of Nimégue, 126; of the Twenty-four Articles, 157; of Utrecht, 128; of Verdun, 17, 23, 24; of Verdun in 879, Second, 18; of 1870, 162
Treaty, draft, published by Bismarck, 161; placing neutral zones, 159
Tribunal of the XXII, 66
Truce, for 12 years, 121
Tulden, 123
Turks, Count of Flanders in crusade against, 25
Twenty-four Articles, Treaty of the, 157
United Kingdom of the Netherlands, national debt of, 156
University of Louvain, founded by John IV, 75, 84, 92, 111, 119, 122 f., 136; Philosophic College at, 152
Utrecht, 20; archbishopric of, 105; bishopric of, 95; treaty of, 128; Union of, 117
Valenciennes, river wharves at, 37; revolt at, 69
Valois, 56, 70; King Philip of, 70
Van Artevelde, Jacques, 70
Van Craesbeke, councilor of Brabant, 122
Van de Weyer, 154 f.
Van der Goes, Hugo, 91
Van der Noot, 137, 141
Van der Weyden, 90 f.
Van Dyck, 122
Van Eyck, Hubert, 90 f.; Jan, 90 f.
Van Hoogendorp, Count Charles, 149
Van Maenen, minister, of William I, 153
Van Maerlandt, Jacob, 52, 88
Van Ruysbroeck, Jan, 89
Van Veldeke, Hendrik, 52
Van Wassenhove, Juste, of Ghent, 91
Venice, 45, 46
Verdun, Treaty of, 17, 23, 24; Second Treaty of, in 879, 18; cut Belgium in two parts, 17
Vermandois, 30, 56
Vernuleus, Nicholas, 123
Verviers, town of, 85
“Verwaltung,” for Flanders, 179
Victoria, Queen of England, 158, 163
Vienna, Congress of, 145
Visitation, system of, 122
Visscher, Ch. de, 158
Vonck, 137, 141
Waes, 52
Wales, 11
Wallony, 179
Walloon-Flanders, 24, 65
Walloon monks, 32; spoke Flemish and French, 33
Walloons, 11, 15, 30, 115
War: against northern provinces, 120; of the civilians, 174; with France, 95, 155; Franco-German, 167; _franc-tireur_, 175; levy, 181; not possible without consent of communes, 44; on own soil, 126; of the Peasants, 143; right to make, 161; of the Spanish Succession, 128; spoils, 173
Warfare, trench, 174
Waxweiler, 158
Wealth, 181
Wellington, Duke of, 149
Westphalia, Treaty of, 131
William the Conqueror, 25, 26, 37
William, Count, 69
William I, Dutch King, 150, 153
William I, of Prussia, 166
William II, German Emperor, 166
William III, of Netherlands, 166
William the Silent, 110; declared himself Calvinist, 115
Wool cloths, 38; industry, 38; importers, 46; insufficient English supply, 47; from Spain and Navarre, 47; under “saisie,” 180
Worms, Cathedral of, 31
Worringen, battle of, 60
Würtemberg, Duke of, 174
Yoens, 62
Ypres, 38, 46; diocese of, 105; hall of, 54, 55; ruin of, 84; strip of country containing, 174
Yser, defended, 173 f.; king and queen with troops on, 176; trenches on the, 177; troops of the, 182
Zeeland, country of, 75; islands of, 24; Prince of Orange in control of, 112
“Zivilverwaltung,” 175
Zutphen, 77
Zwyn, river, 37
FOOTNOTES:
[1] See G. Kurth, _Notre nom national_.
[2] H. Colenbrander, _De Belgische Omwenteling_.
[3] I am much indebted for the drawing of the maps in the book to Mr. Isidore Versluys, librarian of the Historical Seminary in the University of Louvain.
[4] A wide expanse of sandy soil extends from east to west almost uninterruptedly across Belgium; the eastern section of this, covering the northeastern portions of the provinces of Antwerp and Limburg, is called the Campine. Cf. R. C. K. Ensor, _Belgium_, p. 24.
[5] The term “Walloon” comes from _Wala_, “foreigner,” the name that was given by the Teutonic invaders to the Gallo-Romans dwelling behind the Sylva Carbonaria. The name _Wala_ is to be connected with the terms “Welsh,” “Wales,” apparently of the same origin and given to the Britons and their country by the Anglo-Saxon invaders.
[6] R. C. K. Ensor, _Belgium_, pp. 37-38.
[7] By Walloon-Flanders is to be understood the southern part of the county, including the cities of Lille, Douai, and Béthune.
[8] During the reign of Count Robert (1093), William the Conqueror, then King of England, adopted a hostile attitude toward Flanders. As a result Robert gave his daughter in marriage to the King of Denmark and, in agreement with him, planned an invasion of England. The hostile attitude of the English kings of the Norman dynasty turned the counts of Flanders to seek again the protection of France.
[9] The outlet to the sea for the city of Bruges was by means of the river Zwyn.
[10] _Inferno_, XV, 4-6.
[11] The priests and monks, as subject to the canon or ecclesiastical law, were not citizens. They were judged by their special tribunals, not by the _échevinage_.
[12] E.g., Rixensart, Baesrode, Middelkerke.
[13] Count Baldwin became Emperor of Constantinople and was killed by the Bulgarians after the battle of Adrianople (1205).
[14] According to the unpublished correspondence of Alexander Farnese which I have studied in the state archives of Naples and Parma. See the Introduction to the book by A. Cauchie and L. Van der Essen, _Inventaire des archives farnésiennes de Naples_ (published by the Royal Commission of History), Brussels, 1910. See also L. Van der Essen, _Les Archives farnésiennes de Parme au point de vue de l’histoire des Pays-Bas catholiques_ Brussels, 1913 (Royal Commission of History).
[15] According to the same sources.
[16] Attention has been called to the fact that the present King and Queen of the Belgians bear the same names: Albert and Elisabeth (Isabella).
[17] This information is given by Ensor, _Belgium_, pp. 103-4. At about the same time, the Nuncio Bentivoglio, in his famous _Della Guerra di Fiandra_, calls Belgium the _arena militare_ of Europe.
[18] Mentioned by G. Kurth, _Manuel d’histoire de Belgique_, 2d ed.
[19] See R. Dollot, _Les Origines de la neutralité de la Belgique et le système de la Barrière_ (1609-1830), Paris, 1902.
[20] The history of the establishment of Belgian independence is well described by Ensor, _Belgium_, pp. 123 ff., whom we largely follow in the narration of the revolution.
[21] As is well known, the “Brabançonne” became the national anthem.
[22] See Em. Waxweiler, _La Belgique neutre et loyale_, pp. 45 ff., Paris, Lausanne, 1915; Ch. de Visscher, “The Neutrality of Belgium,” _Political Quarterly_ (1915), pp. 17-40.
[23] Article 10 of the Hague Convention, October 18, 1907.
[24] Article 5 of the Hague Convention.
[25] Despagnée and De Boeck, Descamps, Hagerup, and Blüntschli.
[26] “At the expiration of this term [one year after the War of 1870] the independence and the neutrality of Belgium will continue to be based as before upon Article I of the quintuple Treaty of April 19, 1839.”
Corrections
The first line indicates the original, the second the correction.
p. 45
_Divina Comedia_ _Divina Commedia_
p. 59
The war with Liège in Henry’s time was not very succesful. The war with Liège in Henry’s time was not very successful.
p. 65
the battle they were overthown by the craftsmen the battle they were overthrown by the craftsmen
p. 171, 173
305- and 420-centimeter guns 30.5- and 42.0-centimeter guns
p. 192
Guns, 405-centimeter and 420-centimeter, 171 Guns, 30.5-centimeter and 42.0-centimeter, 171
p. 193
Jordeans, 122 Jordaens, 122
_Krieschef_, 175 _Kreischef_, 175
_Leliarts_, 63 _Leliaerts_, 63
influence of ethnical and lingustic duality influence of ethnical and linguistic duality
Layens, Mathiew de, 82, 92 Layens, Mathieu de, 82, 92
p. 194
Middleburg, diocese of, 105 Middelburg, diocese of, 105
Middlekerke, 49 Middelkerke, 49
Footnote 7
By Wallyon-Flanders By Walloon-Flanders