CHAPTER X
.
PRIVATE LIFE AND DEATH.
Leading events of his life--General habits of work--Domesticity and privacy of life--Acquaintances and friendships--Distaste of publicity--Leading features of character--Personal appearance--Failure of health--Death--Funeral in Westminster Abbey--Erection of Memorial Statue--Conclusion.
The story of Sir Charles Barry’s life has in great measure been told in the description of his general architectural work. For that work he lived; and in it he found not only the occupation, but also most of the pleasures, of his life. It is hard for those who knew and loved him best to dissociate his memory from the recollections of his ungrudging labour upon it, and its never-flagging interest to him. It will therefore be necessary in this concluding chapter to give only a brief notice of his private life and character, and a short narrative of his death and funeral. There are many private details, treasured in the most sacred memories of home, which would be out of place in a published biography. Its proper record is of facts, which have general interest; of work, which produces lasting effects; of character, so far as that character bears upon public action and has its universal lesson.
The events of his private life were few and simple. It is said that a nation is happy if its annals be dull: he was certainly fortunate in the fact, that his domestic annals were singularly uneventful; he had few troubles and difficulties, except those connected with his professional career. In the eyes of the world his course appeared to be one of uninterrupted and increasing prosperity. He spent the whole of his life in London, moving in 1827 from his first house in Ely Place, to 27, Foley Place, where his chief designs (including that for the New Palace at Westminster) were made; thence in 1841 to 32, Great George Street, in order to be near his great work while in progress; and lastly to Clapham Common, when he began to retire in some degree from his more active professional work.[119]
He never cared to leave London, except for business or for brief recreation. A short summer run was all that he needed, and there was perhaps some want of repose in his character, which prevented his caring for a country life. All his interests were in town; he rejoiced in its bustle and society; and nothing would have compensated him for a banishment from it.
His life was pre-eminently a life of work, but work which had in it, generally speaking, no flurry or painful anxiety--work, in fact, which seemed a delight and almost a necessity. He always rose early; seldom later than six o’clock, and often at four or five. He did so naturally and habitually; in this habit probably lay much of the secret of his freshness in work and freedom from all feverish and restless excitability, even at his busiest and most anxious times. Whatever his troubles or occupations might be, he could always fall asleep at night, and, thanks to his excellent constitution, sleep was to him sound and refreshing. But, as soon as nature was satisfied, the mind resumed its
## activity, and in the early hours of morning there came back the whole
flood of anxieties and conceptions, which defied the power of sleep and demanded immediate execution. It was well that this was his habit, excepting when, in times of great excitement or difficulty, it led him to overtask his strength. For in the time of his fullest work these morning hours were the only ones, on which he could reckon with certainty, and to these he traced many of the best of his ideas. He experienced to the full, what most early risers know, that some of the brightest thoughts belong to the very hour of waking, often solving in the first freshness of the morning a difficulty, which had perplexed or conquered him over-night. At all times, but in those morning hours
## particularly, his rapidity of execution was something marvellous. He
himself was hardly conscious of any unusual power in this respect, and would expect of others what he felt that he could do himself. Of trouble he was utterly unsparing: he would think nothing of sponging out a whole elevation, if an idea occurred to him, by which he thought that it could be improved, even in details. Of any principal feature of a great work the number of designs would be almost endless. Like most hard workers, he was to a great extent superior to interruption. In fact, for the most part he liked society during the time of his work. He would even listen to reading, or join in conversation, without allowing the secondary currents thus generated to interfere with the main stream of thought. The interruptions of business or necessity never seemed to break the thread of his ideas; seldom to flurry or discompose him. For he had this mark of readiness and clearness of conception, that he was capable, on the one hand, of setting to work at any moment, and resuming it, after interruption, just as if no interruption had occurred, and capable, on the other, of throwing it all aside at proper times, and joining in recreation or social intercourse with all the lightheartedness of a schoolboy. But for this readiness and elasticity of mind he could never have gone through the extraordinary amount of labour, which came upon him daily for many years.
On the general method of that work something has been already quoted (on page 86), from the words of one eminently qualified to judge. It frequently happened (it was so in the case of the design for the New Palace at Westminster), that the first sketch, which he made, contained all the essential features of the design as actually carried out. Such sketches, however, were eminently artistic in effect, and they would have been even apt to mislead, had they not been immediately brought to the test of accurate scale-drawing, and enlarged details. When this was done, either by his own hand or by the hands of others, the task of modification and alteration would begin, generally, however, tending after much labour to realise more fully and perfectly the conceptions at first roughly shadowed out. Occasionally it was otherwise, especially in later years, when it can hardly be doubted that his fastidiousness of taste became excessive, leading to alterations, sometimes almost inconsistent with the original design, and securing minute improvements at too high a cost. But his most successful works were those in which the original idea predominated to the last; for they naturally had both the unity of original conception, and the effect of careful study in every detail.
His tendency was perhaps to do too much for himself, and to delegate too little of important work to the many who would have gladly helped him. If he did delegate anything, he was impatient to have it finished; and what Sir Charles expected to be done in “a couple of hours” became a proverb in his office. But it was hard to complain of one who never spared himself, and there were few who did not learn energy and actual delight in work under the shadow of his example. In spite, therefore, of the extent of his requirements and of a very determined will, which he never allowed to be questioned, he always met with cheerful and ready help, and there arose up among his assistants a strong _esprit de corps_, not without enthusiasm for their chief.[120]
The early mornings till breakfast time, and the evening hours from eight o’clock till (at the earliest) eleven or twelve, were devoted to the drawing-board; the day from ten to five to superintendence of buildings in progress and to various business. This was his regular work; but during the time of the preparation of the competition drawings for the New Palace he hardly gave himself more than four or five hours’ sleep out of the twenty-four. Work, however, simply as work, never seemed to overtask his powers; it was not till anxieties and disappointments were added to it, that he began to feel the strain. It was rare, even when his strength began to fail, that he complained of its pressure: it seemed to him the natural object of life, and in it certainly lay for him the secret of happiness as well as success.
His habits of life were simple and domestic. He lived very much at home in the society of his wife and children, especially during the later years of his life. That home was pervaded by the spirit of intellectual work and energy which distinguishes the homes of professional men, and all its inmates felt the direct influence of its architectural atmosphere. Of his sons, two, Charles and Edward, followed his own profession. The former was at work independently, and the latter acted as his coadjutor, till he began to retire from the more active exercise of his profession. Their career he watched with peculiar interest, and his advice and aid were always at their command. In their names he sent in his last great architectural design,--the Plan of the Westminster Improvements, elsewhere referred to. Of his other sons, two, Godfrey and John, were engaged, the one in surveying, the other in engineering work, and so followed paths of life not wholly different to his own. So far therefore his family life still reflected something of the professional thought and feeling, which elsewhere absorbed his interest. But into any successes, which his sons achieved, he entered with a special liveliness of satisfaction, and his home relations were those of almost unbroken happiness and affection.
But although this was the case, few men had less of a recluse character. His mind was singularly open to favourable impressions of strangers, and his own free and genial manner tended to draw them to him, and elicit their most attractive qualities. His judgment of character was certainly not severe or critical, and he occasionally suffered much from taking men at their own valuation.
To young artists, especially to young architects, he was always ready to show appreciation and kindness. In their case he laid aside the severity of criticism, which he indulged in relation to the works of established reputation: he was rather inclined to overrate incipient talent, and was always glad to meet it with encouragement and advice.
But indeed any stranger who presented himself, as an unappreciated artist or an unknown discoverer, was sure of a favourable reception. Foreigners especially made their way with him, for he always liked the greater freedom and liveliness of Continental manners and character. This openness to influence remained in him to the last, very little corrected by experience, pushed even to the verge of credulity, often leading him into positions which had a tendency to compromise himself.[121] It is almost needless to add, that it was taken advantage of by unscrupulous persons, who received help and benefit from him in the time of urgent need, and turned afterwards to vilify the giver.
But although he was thus accessible to strangers, although no one could enjoy more the change and relaxation of society, and although he had many acquaintances in all ranks of life, he had few friends: with their society, added to that of his own family, he was perfectly contented. Perhaps with only one friend (Mr. Wolfe) had he any great and constant intimacy, for with him he could share the one great interest which absorbed his thoughts. Night after night Mr. Wolfe would spend with him, while the work of design was going on, always ready to give encouragement, suggestion, and criticism. And this community of artistic interest naturally developed itself into a general community of thought and feeling, not uncommon in youth, but rarely preserved in manhood and age.
Connected with these traits of character was a great, and (I think) an excessive, dislike of all public display. He had a keener sense of the conventionality and hollowness, which generally attach to it, than of the substantial reality, on which after all it must be based, or of the important functions which it performs. It was difficult to induce him to take, on any public occasion, the part required of him, by his connection with public bodies or by his own professional position; he shrank from the necessity of a speech or a lecture, even on subjects on which he might have spoken with authority.
It is probable that this feature of his character was inseparably connected with his energy of work and eminently practical tastes; but it was certainly unfortunate in its effects. It isolated him greatly from his professional brethren, and this isolation, on the one hand, prevented his exercising the full influence of his position, and on the other, deprived him of an interchange of thought and opinion, which might have told with advantage upon his own mind. The effect of this isolation perhaps increased as time went on, when new styles were rising up in architecture, and much of the work, to which his life had been devoted, was disparaged or decried. He was not indeed shaken in his old architectural creed; he believed that, in spite of the originality and talent displayed in the rising generation of architects, there was in much of their work a violation of first principles, which would eventually be felt as fatal. This conviction, and the natural vigour and buoyancy of his character, enabled him to show a bold front to all attacks, and go on, in disregard of them, in the path which he thought the right one. But he nevertheless felt them keenly. Like most men of high spirits, he was subject to periods of depression, which told more on his constitution than any amount of labour. And at such times, although, as has been seen, he received the most generous support from the members of his profession, he could but feel that in some respects he stood alone.
Such was the general tenour of his life, which at once reflected his natural character, and reacted upon it.
It must, of course, be left to others to pronounce on his artistic qualities, and to judge of the results which they produced. But it may be well to refer to the intellectual characteristics by which his mind seemed pre-eminently distinguished. One was a remarkable quickness of conception, which was intuitive on his own subjects, but which did not fail him even upon others. This quickness occasionally appeared to supersede any long abstract study. Not indeed that he would not spend infinite pains in maturing his conception, but these were given to practical developments and variations, which might be what mathematicians call “Formulas of Verification,” rather than to search for authorities and abstract reflection upon principles. I imagine that such half-unconscious intuition is characteristic of the artistic temperament, and doubt whether even Shakspere or Turner grasped, in abstract theory, those principles, which have been most truly discovered and commented upon in their works.
Joined to this quickness there was in him a remarkable fertility of design and contrivance. If a plan proved impracticable, if a design was rejected, the failure never seemed to disconcert him. Like the English infantry, he “never knew when he was beaten,” and his scattered forces were rallied instantly to another attack. This fertility was stimulated by an indestructible power of taking interest in the minutest details, and of despising all trouble in the search after perfection, whether it were in the design of a Victoria Tower, or the alteration and realteration of a drawing-room drapery. And it was perhaps supported by that resolution to have his own way, good humoured but determined, of which he was not untruly accused. For he was entirely, almost amusingly, unconscious that it had anything to do with any personal characteristic or any assertion of individual will. It seemed to him to be dictated by an artistic necessity, so strong that it was hardly possible to oppose it. The very readiness with which the ideas occurred seemed to him a guarantee that they were reasonable and almost self-evident, and why they did not occur to others, or why, when suggested, they did not commend themselves to others, he could not understand.
With these characteristics were naturally united a sanguine disposition and a quick temper. That sanguineness was of course tempered, and even over-clouded, by experience of life, and it had its period of natural reaction, when all things seemed gloomy to him, and he would pronounce his own powers a mere pretence and his life a failure. These periods acted upon, and suffered reaction from, his bodily health, and in them work was his best relief. Some excitability of temper belongs to such disposition, but there were few whom one could more truly describe as
“Irasci celerem, tamen ut placabilis esset.”
For openness and geniality were leading characteristics in his mind. He delighted in society, and in society of men of all characters and occupations; and those who do this are not likely to treasure up morbid views of men or of actions.
Closely connected indeed with this excitability was his appreciation of fun and even good-humoured mischief, and his power of entering into interests, trivial or sportive in themselves. He would take trouble and show eagerness, even in the amusements of his home circle, and be anxious that they should be carried out in the best possible way. And, even to the last, he preserved much of the impulsive freshness and youthfulness of his character, without any sign of the narrowing and chilling influence of age.
But these qualities in him were not exaggerated into exclusive prominence. The imaginative and the practical, the powers of sanguine impulse and prudential action in detail, were remarkably blended in his mind. Thus he was on the one hand emphatically an artist. Before all things he placed the power of imagination and creation, the sense of beauty, and the reverence for Art which could minister to that sense, in all the forms which it assumed, in painting, sculpture, and music, as well as in architecture. I think indeed that he required the æsthetic influence to clothe itself in visible artistic form; for the beauty of Nature in itself, and the forms of the imagination clothed merely in the words of poetry, were not the influences which laid strongest hold upon his mind. But the claims of Art were paramount, and the realisation of what was beautiful in it was to him the chief good, independent of all other results. Yet, on the other hand, he was emphatically a “man of business;” he had all the power of quick practical observation, clearness and decision in details, willingness to accept the necessity of prosaic work and drudgery, which belong to this character. The two elements in his mind harmonized, and did not clash with each other.
In the same way he was impulsive and almost rash, in the ventures he would make, and the risks he would run. The spirit of “speculation” might easily have been developed in him, even to a dangerous prominence. Difficulties he not only made light of, but he was often incapable of perceiving their full force, if it would have been fatal to a cherished idea. Yet in his execution of his schemes he could bring into play the powers of good sense, caution, and watchfulness, to make sure of every step, and to prevent divergence into the shadowy regions of the impracticable.
The same union of balancing elements of character was seen in regard of external influence upon him. His mind was certainly original, and his resolution and will most determined. Yet to external influences, direct and indirect, even to the tone of feeling and character of those who were with him, he was as certainly sensitive. Suggestion or criticism, warning or encouragement, he readily, almost unconsciously, took in, and seemed to assimilate, till they formed a part of his own mind. In respect of his own art, however, this susceptibility to external influence produced no inconsistency, for its results were fused under the power of his original conception, and therefore, while they prevented anything fantastic and whimsical, they did not weaken the vigour which belongs to self-reliance. In fact it was one of the causes of that progressiveness of mind, which was always remarked in him, and to which allusion has already been made. He had a firm grasp of certain great principles; therefore he had the power to appreciate and to assimilate knowledge, from whatever sources it came. He was fettered by no system of rules; therefore he had the elasticity of mind, without which it is impossible to profit by external influence and teaching. To the last he confessed himself a learner. Sometimes, indeed, he would take up some new idea suggested from without, with characteristic eagerness, and begin to develope from it inferences, which were to yield a new store of first principles. But when these first principles were carefully scanned, they were found to be “old friends under a new face;” and so the new modification was accepted, while the essential ideas remained substantially the same. His works, accordingly, though they showed progressiveness, were always characteristic, and had a certain unity, which no competent eye can fail to discern.
Much indeed of his success and his power of influence depended on this union of apparently opposite elements, on this absence of one-sidedness and distortion of character. It was not produced in him by the deepening and enlarging influence of abstract study. Even in his own art his knowledge was gained mainly by experience, and he studied best with the pencil in his hand. But in other fields of thought, he had in him very little of the student. His interest indeed was wide and keen enough, but it showed itself in quickness of observation and intuition, rather than in any profound study. Even from politics he to a great extent stood aloof, though he was consistently attached to the Liberal party, and his mind was certainly more innovating than conservative. Science (as has been said) interested him far more than literature. Had he not been distinguished as an artist, he might well have made himself a name in mechanical science, in which his great fertility of contrivance, his love of enterprise, and his tendency to set aside stereotyped systems and conventional rules, would have found a congenial field of exercise.
By this temperament, naturally buoyant and elastic, by the power of a disposition warm-hearted and capable of enthusiasm, by his remarkable determination of will, when once his mind was made up, and by the fact that, before he had come to a determination, he was singularly open to suggestion, by the resolution never to put up, even in little things, with what was defective or erroneous, he mostly prevailed. Clients, colleagues, even superiors, generally let him have his own way; for they felt that his determination was at least conscientious and disinterested. In his professional work especially, although he made mistakes and miscalculations, which might cause hardship, and sometimes, it may be, practical injustice, his determination was sustained by an integrity above all suspicion. Architects and engineers, dealing with large sums, the expenditure of which they alone are able to control or criticize, are frequently exposed to solicitation, and even temptation, to relax vigilance and show personal favour at the expense of justice. Even a high rank in the profession does not secure men against the exertion of this influence, and few young beginners are spared the experience of it. It is well that, especially at the present time, the profession at large stands strong in known integrity, though the exercise of the vigilance and determination, which it requires, is often a thankless work. Of that integrity Sir Charles Barry did his duty in setting an example. Though he had many enemies, none even ventured on a breath of slander in this respect.
That he was ambitious cannot be questioned. There are two kinds of ambition; there is the desire of glory in itself, which seems to be its lower form; we find a higher ambition in the desire of doing something, which is not unworthy of glory, whether it obtains it or not. I think he felt both strongly. For praise and reputation are the chief secondary rewards of an artistic life, the compensation for foregoing the more material returns, which can be best obtained in other walks of life. But he lived long enough to feel, what all experience of life teaches, the capricious manner in which such reward is bestowed, and the insufficiency of it, even when it is obtained in the fullest measure. At no time would he have sacrificed to it the higher ambition of doing that which was artistically the best, though it might draw down a storm of unpopularity and censure. Whenever the lower ambition is thus clearly subordinated, it must be regarded as an instinct of humanity, capable of giving force and life to the character, without the excitability and selfishness which mark its exclusive predominance.
The whole remembrance of his life is therefore one of work, simplicity, geniality, and vigour, guided by a conscientious devotion to duty, and kindled by a never-failing enthusiasm. Without these qualities, his artistic feeling, his power of origination and enterprise, and his genius for design, must have failed in the work and trials of life.
His personal appearance was a fair index of his character. The frontispiece, and the statue in the New Palace at Westminster, show the remarkably fine head, which indicated intellectual and artistic power, and the strong and almost sturdy figure, which was no bad type of his determination of character; but they cannot show the mobility of his expression, or that quick lighting up of the whole face, showing his delight in fun and warm geniality of feeling, which in his younger days aided the impression of his handsome features and bright complexion, and at all times gave a remarkable charm to his manner. He was one of those men who hardly seem to grow old. He came within five years of our “three score years and ten,” and yet he seemed young still, and it was almost impossible to connect with him the idea of weakness or decay.
But, when the last stone of the Victoria Tower was laid, when the flagstaff to surmount it was all but ready, his work was done, and his career drew to its close.
His constitution, originally one of remarkable strength, had been tried severely by work, and still more by anxiety and disappointment. The troubles connected with the New Palace at Westminster, not only in the Remuneration controversy, and in the many personal contests which arose out of the work, but in the fashion, which prevailed at one time, of constant depreciation of the work itself, and reflexions upon the architect, told much upon him. That much of this was ignorant he knew; that it would pass away he fully believed; but he felt it notwithstanding, for his disposition craved for sympathy and appreciation, and its sensitiveness was not dulled by age.
The effects were seen, not so much in any general weakness of health or appearance of decaying strength, as in sudden and violent attacks of illness. The first occurred in 1837, after the excessive work of the preparation of the design for the New Palace; and, as years and labours grew upon him, they became more frequent, till in 1858 he had so severe an attack of fever, that for some time his life was in imminent danger. But this seemed to pass away; he recovered much of his health and spirits, and preserved in great degree the elasticity and youthfulness of his nature. His strength, vigour, and keenness of interest in all around him were as strong as ever.
The end came most suddenly and unexpectedly. He had suffered for some time from a cough, which no remedy appeared to touch, but which nevertheless was thought to present no appearance of danger. On the 12th of May, 1860, he had been with Lady Barry to spend the afternoon at the Crystal Palace, and had seemed very calm and cheerful, speaking of the natural dispersion of their children, and of the end of life, in which they should be thrown upon each other, as at its beginning. The evening had been spent as usual, and at the regular time, about eleven o’clock, he had retired to his dressing-room. There he was seized with difficulty of breathing and pain; and, before any of his children could be summoned, almost before it was known that there was imminent danger, all was over. It was found afterwards that the cause of death was a weakness of action both in the lungs and in the heart. Death might have come suddenly at any moment. That he had felt some vague presentiment of it was shown by his having put his affairs in order early in the year. But it is doubtful whether he was conscious of its actual approach. It was a cause of thankfulness for his sake that it came so painlessly, and that, though his children, to their great grief, were absent, his wife was with him to the end.
It had been intended by his family that his funeral should be private, conducted in accordance with the privacy and simplicity of his life. But almost immediately the chief members of his profession expressed a wish that his body should be laid in Westminster Abbey, among the “representative men” of the country. The idea was readily taken up, especially in the Institute of British Architects. A deputation from that body waited on the Dean, who willingly accorded the needful permission, and it was settled that his body should be laid in the nave. It was but recently that Literature had been so honoured in the person of Lord Macaulay, and Science in the person of Robert Stephenson. Close by the side of the latter the new grave was opened.
The funeral took place on May 22nd (the day before his sixty-fifth birth-day). The family procession, moving from Clapham, was met at Vauxhall Bridge by the carriages containing the members of the Institute and other distinguished persons, and by a large body of workmen engaged in his works at the New Palace and elsewhere, who had requested permission to follow him to the grave. So augmented, it moved on to the Abbey.
“All the gentlemen who were to take part in the procession, and who numbered between 400 and 500 representatives of the great societies of arts and science in England, assembled in places adjoining the cloisters, and there awaited the arrival of the funeral _cortége_. The hearse reached Dean’s-yard a few minutes before 1 o’clock, and the coffin was borne through the old cloisters to the side entrance of the nave, where the Dean and Chapter, headed by the choir, were waiting. The procession was then formed, and to Purcell’s solemn anthem, ‘I am the resurrection and the life,’ moved slowly up the nave. First came the High Bailiff of Westminster, then the beadsmen, vergers, and choir, followed by the Dean and Chapter, and the coffin. There were eight pall-bearers--Sir Charles Eastlake, President of the Royal Academy; the Chief Commissioner of Works, the Right Hon. W. Cowper, M.P.; Mr. G. P. Bidder, President of the Institute of Civil Engineers; Lieutenant-General Sir E. Cust; the President of the Architectural Museum, Mr. A. J. Beresford Hope; the Dean of St. Paul’s; the President of the Royal Institute of British Architects, Mr. C. R. Cockerell; and Mr. Tite, F.R.S., M.P. Immediately following the body the five sons of the deceased walked as chief mourners, with the Dean of Chichester and other private friends of the late Sir Charles. To these succeeded a procession of immense length, which took nearly a quarter of an hour to file slowly into the Abbey, and for the members of which there was scarcely sufficient accommodation either in the choir or in the nave. The House of Commons was represented by Lord John Manners, Mr. J. Greene, Mr. R. S. Gard, Sir Joseph Paxton, Sir S. M. Peto, Sir A. Hood, Mr. F. V. Hume, and Mr. J. Locke. Among the Council and members of the Royal Academy were Messrs. T. Creswick, A. Elmore, J. H. Foley, S. A. Hart, J. R. Herbert, G. Jones, J. P. Knight, Sir E. Landseer, Messrs. C. Landseer, D. Maclise, P. Macdonall, W. C. Marshall, B. W. Pickersgill, F. R. Pickersgill, J. Phillip, D. Roberts, R. Redgrave, C. Stansfield, S. Smirke, R. Westmacott, and Professor Partridge. Among the associates were also Messrs. T. L. Cooper, W. Frost, P. F. Poole, E. W. Cooke, F. Goodall, G. G. Scott, B. O’Neil, R. G. Lane, and J. T. Willmore. Of the Council and members of the Royal Society there were the Rev. J. Barlow, Sir Roderick Murchison, Messrs. J. P. Guest, C. R. Weld, J. P. Gassiott, and R. W. Walton. The Council of the Institute of Civil Engineers was represented by Messrs. C. H. Gregory, T. Hawksley, J. Locke, M.P., Sir J. Rennie, F.R.S., Messrs. J. Simpson, C. Manby, F.R.S., T. H. Wyatt, J. Hawkshaw, F.R.S., J. R. Maclean, J. Cubitt, J. E. Errington, J. E. Harrison, J. D. Hemans, J. Murray, &c.; and the Council of the Architectural Museum by Messrs. E. Street, J. Clarke, R. Brandon, E. Christian, Rev. T. Scott, Messrs. G. Scharf, H. D. Chantrell, W. Slater, and J. Gibson. Of the Council and members of the Institute of British Architects there were Messrs. G. Godwin, F.R.S., T. L. Donaldson, M. D. Wyatt, V.P.S., J. H. Lewis, J. Bell, F. C. Penrose, F. J. Francis, G. Morgan, R. A. Romeau, J. H. Stevens, G. Vulliamy, B. Ferrey, C. C. Nelson, J. Norton, Sir W. Farquhar, J. J. Scoles, I. Angell, H. Ashton, I. Bellamy, J. B. Bunning, D. Burton, F.R.S., C. Fowler, H. Kendall, D. Mocatta, A. Salvin, O. Jones, J. Pennethorne, and about 150 other members of the Institute and profession.
“Among the others attending were the Earl of Carlisle, the Duchess of Sutherland, Archdeacon Hale, Mr. A. Austin, of the Board of Works; Mr. Winkworth, Society of Arts; Mr. A. W. Franks, Society of Antiquaries; Mr. Henry Ottley, Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts; the Hon. Arthur Gordon, &c.
“As many as could be accommodated in the choir having taken their seats, the solemn service proceeded by the choir’s chanting with melancholy impressiveness Handel’s ‘I know that my Redeemer liveth,’ and the mournful cadences of Purcell’s 90th Psalm. The Dean then read the lesson, after which the choir again sang, ‘When the ear heard,’ &c. The procession was then reformed, and moved slowly to the side of the grave amid the most solemn silence.
“At the edge of this the coffin was deposited while the choir chanted in a subdued tone Croft’s touching anthem, ‘Man that is born of woman has but a short time to live,’ and ‘In the midst of life we are in death.’ The coffin was then slowly lowered to its last resting place, amid the unrestrained emotion of the mourners and friends. The Dean then proceeded with the rest of the service, which was listened to with the most profound silence, broken only by the sharp harsh rattle of the earth as it was strewed on the coffin. The choir then chanted ‘I heard a voice from Heaven,’ and still more impressively the anthem, ‘His body is buried in peace, but his name liveth for evermore.’ The ceremony concluded with the benediction pronounced by the Dean, and the solemn music of the Dead March rang through the Abbey, while the relatives and friends pressed forward to take a last glimpse of all that remained of the gifted Sir Charles Barry. A flag was hoisted in the Victoria Tower half-mast high during the day, and, as long as that tower stands, its great founder will need no other memorial of his fame with posterity.”[122]
The funeral arrangements were such as to avoid all that could jar on the solemnity of the occasion--an occasion never to be forgotten by those who took part in it. It was impossible not to feel the sincere and generous sympathy, which had assembled all the representatives of the art and science of England to do honour to his memory, and the strong personal feelings of respect and friendship, which mingled with the public demonstration, and gave it warmth and substance. The foresight of it would often have been full of support and comfort to him; the reality was deeply felt by those who followed him to the grave.
The following resolutions from the Institute of British Architects, and the Architectural Society, were evidences of the kindly sympathy of his professional brethren:--
“The Royal Institute of British Architects, impressed with the loss which the profession and the country have sustained through the decease of Sir Charles Barry, whose genius has conferred great lustre upon this age, hereby record their profound sympathy with the affliction which has fallen (more immediately) upon the widow and family of their lamented friend.”
“The Committee of the Architectural Museum desire to express their sense of the severe loss which Art has sustained by the demise of Sir Charles Barry, an architect whose fame was the property of his country, and indeed of the world. They desire also to express their feeling of their own personal loss in him, who as one of their Trustees, and as a cordial supporter of the Museum, had conciliated the respect and regard of all who knew him. They beg in the last place to offer the expression of their most sincere sympathy and condolence to his family, and request the President to transmit the message to them.”
These resolutions were but the concentrated expressions of the warm and kindly feeling manifested at the meeting of the Institute on May 22nd. On that occasion a paper was read by M. Digby Wyatt, Esq., V.P., “On the Architectural Career of Sir Charles Barry,” remarkable alike for the accuracy and fulness of its sketch of events, and for the generous spirit of appreciation and respect which animates its thought. It may, perhaps, be permitted me to quote its conclusion here:--
“I know not how any moral, that the ablest rhetorician in the world could draw from Sir Charles Barry’s professional career, could be made to speak more strongly, or admonish us more stringently, than the facts of his life and the monuments which he has left behind him, do for us unerringly, if we will but open our hearts to apprehend and study them aright. His incessant labours, first to learn and then to practise, again to learn and again to practise, and again, and again, and again to learn and practise, so long as his physical energies could support the activity of his intellect, ought to convey to us all a lesson of profound humility, and a stimulus to exertion of the most active kind.
“If he, with all his natural genius and aptitude for art, could achieve success, in the measure in which he did achieve it, only by never-ending and still beginning toil and study, how can we emulate even an approximation to his excellence in our art, without an exercise of both? His life is surely another practical illustration of that which the lives of the greatest artists who ever lived--of Titian, of Michael Angelo, of Raffaelle, of Leonardo da Vinci, of Albert Durer--already bear witness to: that study and practice must in art ever go hand-in-hand. Study without practice will but make the pedant; practice without study can but multiply busy worthlessness.”
These tributes to his memory, coming as they did from those who could speak with authority, have a special value of their own; with all allowances for the kindly feelings of the moment, they may be accepted as a substantial and enduring testimony. At the time, perhaps, a tribute of respect, at least as much felt and appreciated, was marked by the voluntary attendance at his funeral of the workmen who had helped to carry out his works. His family felt themselves justified (in their letter of thanks to the workmen) “in recognising in that attendance, not only a kind and cordial sympathy with their own sorrow, but also a proof of the respect with which his memory was regarded, and of the pride and interest felt, in having aided to accomplish what his genius had conceived.” And what was true of the workmen was still more true of those who had been his subordinates in the work, and had laboured cordially and efficiently in the service. He had inspired the sympathy which always attends on enthusiasm and self-sacrificing labour in a great cause.
A kindly notice in the ‘Saturday Review’ (of May 19th, 1860) may be added appropriately here, as expressing the feeling of the educated public on the occasion:--
“The death of Sir Charles Barry, at a moment when he appeared in the full enjoyment of life and intellect, is a severe public, no less than an artistic loss. We are glad to learn that his claims as one of the worthies of the age are to be recognised by a public funeral, and a resting-place beneath the vault of Westminster Abbey.... It is undeniable that Sir C. Barry has not been for many years popular with officials; but we are not inclined to think the worse of him on that account. He was through life a man of large and expansive ideas, and of resolute determination to carry out those ideas; and, as might be supposed, he was continually in collision alike with red-tape officials, and the economic bullies of supply-nights. Season after season a raid at Sir C. Barry was a sure card for a little cheap popularity in the House of Commons.... His Prize design in its first conception embodied a great mistake, the adaptation of Tudor forms to an Italian mass. Time rolled on, and the great Gothic Renaissance came into existence, owing in a great degree to this very competition. Barry was not the man to cling to an inferior and antiquated design from false shame or blindness to the movement of the age. The world was learning its lesson, and he conned that lesson with the world.... His death at this time, when he was gradually retiring from the more active pursuit of his profession, was, in one respect, as great a loss as if he had been carried off in the height of his more youthful labours. At a moment when the battle of the styles is running the risk of creating an _odium architectonicum_, and when the pernicious heresy is blossoming in influential quarters, that the dignity, the ornament, and the convenience of a metropolis are no concern of a great nation and an imperial legislature, we cannot well afford to miss the man who, from his position, talents, and age, could speak upon architectural questions with somewhat of the authority of a Nestor.”
The feelings excited by his death naturally gave rise to the desire of some external memorial of him in the scene of his architectural labours. The idea was taken up by many, chiefly by his old and kind friends Professor Donaldson and Mr. Wolfe, and it was warmly aided by the Duke of Newcastle, the most constant of all his official patrons and supporters. No monument could be erected in the over-crowded Abbey--a simple memorial brass has been placed by his family to mark his resting-place in the nave. Permission was therefore sought and granted for the erection of a statue in the New Palace. It was desired to place it in St. Stephen’s Porch, near the point which marks one of the chief features of the design--the utilisation of Westminster Hall as the grand entrance to the building, by the splendid arch and staircase at its southern end. This position, by which the main stream of people flows, was refused. The only one which could be obtained was at the foot of the public staircase leading to the upper range of Committee rooms from the “Witness Hall,” one public enough, but not very central, nor very well adapted to the exhibition of the statue in itself.
A subscription was opened, in which his family was allowed to take no part, in order that the memorial might be one from his personal friends and his professional brethren. The work was entrusted to Mr. Foley. The result is the statue, which is now placed in the position assigned to it--admirable as a work of art, and excellent as a representation of the original. It is the more remarkable, inasmuch as it was not taken from life, or even from a cast of the face after death. The only materials were a good bust by Behnes, one or two photographs, and the sculptor’s own personal recollections. The work which Mr. Foley has produced from these materials, by the fine outline of the head, and the expression of vigour and energy in the face, has the merit of giving to strangers the idea of a man who could deserve and achieve eminence. It has the hardly inferior merit of bringing back its original very simply and very effectively to those who knew him.
It is but right that it should find some place in the building to which he devoted so much labour and skill, for which he gave up so much of his life. But the principle of the old “Si monumentum quæris, circumspice” has its application to him also. He can need no monument in Westminster. His works remain; by them he would have wished to be judged; to them both now, and even more hereafter, when lapse of time has given value and solidity to men’s judgment, his reputation may safely be left.
APPENDIX.
CONTENTS.
(A.) LIST OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS.
(B.) LETTER TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCE CONSORT AS TO THE SOUTH KENSINGTON SCHEME.
(C.) PAPERS ON THE REMUNERATION CONTROVERSY. (_a._) LETTER OF THE ARCHITECT TO THE NEW PALACE COMMISSIONERS IN 1849. (_b._) TREASURY MINUTE OF FEBRUARY, 1854. (_c._) REPLY OF SIR C. BARRY, MARCH, 1854. (_d._) LETTER OF J. M. WHITE, ESQ., JULY, 1855. (_e._) TREASURY MINUTE OF JANUARY, 1856. (_f._) REPLY OF SIR C. BARRY OF FEBRUARY, 1856. (_g._) CONCLUSION OF TREASURY MINUTE OF JULY, 1856. (_h._) BRIEF REMARKS OF SIR C. BARRY, 1856.
(D.) LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO THE MEMORIAL STATUE.
(A.)
LIST OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS OF SIR C. BARRY, R.A.
[THE designs marked with an asterisk are known not to have been carried out at all; others may have been also fruitless. The date given is that of the first occurrence of the design in his diaries; in many cases the design was altered, or recurred to after being set aside.]
* Newington Church 1821 Prestwich Church 1822 Campfield Church, Manchester 1822 St. Martin’s Outwich 1822 Ringley Chapel 1822 Oldham Church 1823 Brighton Church (St. Peter’s) 1824 Royal Institution of Fine Arts at Manchester 1824 Saffron Hill Chapel and Schools 1824 Sussex County Hospital 1825 * Leeds Exchange 1825 * Kensington Church 1825 * Bognor Improvements 1825 Holloway Church 1825 Cloudesley Square Church 1826 Ball’s Pond Church 1826 Petworth Church Spire and Alterations 1827 Brunswick Chapel, Brighton 1827 * Drummond Castle Alterations 1827 Stoke Newington Church Alterations 1827 * Law Institution 1828 * New Concert Room at Manchester 1828 * Church at Streatham 1828 * Pitt Press, Cambridge 1829 Mr. Attree’s House, Brighton 1829 Travellers’ Club 1829 * Design for Highgate Church 1830 Holloway Schools 1830 * Charing Cross Hospital 1830 Brighton Park 1830 * Birmingham Town Hall 1830 Additions to Dulwich College 1831 * Westminster Hospital 1831 * City Club 1832 Birmingham Grammar School 1833 * Manchester Club 1833 College of Surgeons Alterations 1833 * Design for National Gallery 1833 * Woburn Abbey Alterations 1834 Bowood (Alterations) 1834 * Holland House 1834 * Islington Chapel 1834 Elizabethan House, for W. Currie, Esq. 1834 Kingston Hall Alterations 1835 Stafford House Alterations 1835 Design for New Palace at Westminster, begun Aug. 23rd 1835 Manchester Unitarian Chapel 1836 Manchester Athenæum 1836 Corsham House 1836 Walton House 1837 * Worcester College, Oxford 1837 Reform Club 1837 * Buchanan House (Duke of Montrose) 1837 Highclere House 1837 Trentham Hall 1838 University College, Oxford 1839 * Petworth House Alterations 1839 Trafalgar Square 1840 * New Law Courts 1840 Kiddington Hall 1840 * Drumlanrig Castle 1840 * Pall Mall Alterations 1840 Pentonville Model Prison 1841 Colonel Fox’s House, Addison Road 1841 Dulwich College Schools 1841 Hurstpierpoint Church 1841 Piccadilly Alterations 1841 Harewood House 1842 Ambassador’s Palace at Constantinople 1842 Duncombe Park 1843 Ensham Hall 1843 * Thames Embankment 1843 Board of Trade 1844 Dunrobin Castle 1844 * New Law Courts 1844 * Horse Guards’ Alterations 1845 * Pedestal of Wellington Statue 1847 Keyham Factory 1847 Shrubland 1848 * National Gallery Alterations 1848 Gawthorpe 1849 * Royal Scottish Academy 1849 * Elvaston Castle Alterations 1849 Canford Manor 1850 Bridgewater House 1850 College of Surgeons Alterations 1850 Cliefden 1851 Dowlais Schools 1851 Edgbaston Hall (Alterations) 1852 * Northumberland House Alterations 1852 Mr. Lyon’s House 1852 * Crystal Palace Design with Domes 1852 * British Museum Alterations 1853 * Westminster Improvements 1853 * National Gallery 1853 * Royal Academy, Burlington House 1855 * Clumber 1857 * Government Offices Concentration 1857 * Duxbury Hall 1859 Halifax Town Hall 1859
(B.)
LETTER TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCE CONSORT AS TO THE SOUTH KENSINGTON SCHEME.
Westminster, 15th October, 1853.
SIR,--In considering Your Royal Highness’s noble project and detailed plans, for concentrating all that appertains to Art and Science in one Institution at Kensington, certain doubts and difficulties as to the efficient realisation of such a comprehensive project upon that site have occurred to me, which, as a Member of the Royal Commission for the Great Exhibition of 1851, I venture, with great respect and deference, to submit for Your Royal Highness’s consideration, together with a suggestion for meeting what appear to me to be the difficulties of the case.
I entirely agree with Your Royal Highness as to the great advantages, that would result from a concentration of such objects in one locality; but, having regard to the particular locality in question, I fear that it would be found to be neither convenient nor large enough for such a comprehensive purpose.
In laying out a great city, _de novo_, if an Acropolis in its centre of 150 acres could be set apart for the purpose, or if a second Fire of London were to afford the opportunity of appropriating that extent of space to the object in the locality of Russell Square, the project would, in my opinion, be not only feasible, but most desirable.
The doubts and misgivings which I entertain as to the site at Kensington for the comprehensive purposes to which it is proposed to be applied, are--Firstly, That it is far too much to the west for the general convenience of the Metropolis, particularly for the industrial community and the working-classes at the eastern and central portions of the town. Secondly, That to carry out efficiently the principle of concentration as regards both Art and Science, it would not be large enough to accommodate the National Library and the entire collection of arts and antiquities at the British Museum, which should, in my opinion, form a part of such an institution; neither is it probable that the Learned Societies, whose meetings are usually in the evening, would be induced to form part of the Institution in such a distant locality. Thirdly, That it would render several old established and popular National Institutions, which have been erected at considerable cost, more or less useless; such as the British Museum, the present National Gallery and Royal Academy, the Museum of Economic Geology, and the Society of Arts, &c. And, Lastly, The enormous and indefinite cost that it would be necessary to incur, and the great lapse of time and inconvenience resulting therefrom, that might, and probably would, ensue, before such a large and costly institution would be completed, so as to render its advantages and usefulness thoroughly available.
From a rough calculation which I have formed of the buildings shown in Your Royal Highness’s plan for the National Gallery alone (which contains 1900 squares of buildings--_i. e._, is 30 per cent. larger than the entire British Museum), taking the Palace at Caserta, with which, in point of length and proposed design, it would so nearly assimilate, as a type of the style to be adopted--the cost would be little less than a million and a half of money; and to erect the other buildings, containing about 3995 squares, as shown in the same plan, within the main roads only, in a similar style, together with the enclosure, laying out of the ground, and formation of roads, &c., would probably cost an additional two millions and a half.
With respect to the advantage of this site for the national pictures, as regards immunity from soot and dust, I fear that too much importance is attached to that circumstance, owing to the enormous neighbourhood both existing and arising around it, and to the consequences of its position as regards the denser portions of the Metropolis; for in the more lofty and airy neighbourhood of Hyde Park Gardens, Westbourne Terrace, &c., much inconvenience is felt from the falling of blacks, particularly during an easterly wind. From this and other considerations, I am inclined to think that the heart of London is not more subject to the effects of a sooty atmosphere than its immediate suburbs. All furnace smoke is likely to be soon abated under the provisions of the recent Act of Parliament for that purpose, and it is to be hoped that ere long such a stigma upon Science as the continuance of a similar nuisance from open fires will be removed. As to dust, the site at Kensington, with the open and airy spaces and macadamized roads surrounding it, is likely, I think, to suffer as much from that inconvenience, as the crowded and more frequented parts of London, particularly where the streets are paved with granite.
With reference to the capabilities of the site, in an æsthetic point of view, its lowness and flatness are not favourable to a fine architectural display, and the loftiness of the buildings which it is proposed to erect upon it, if properly proportioned to their lengths, will effectually shut out all view of the loftier background of Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens, with their fine trees, when viewed from the principal road out of Brompton.
Having thus described the doubts and misgivings which I entertain with respect to the site at Kensington, and as to the possibility of carrying out a perfect and efficient concentration of all that relates to science, art, and literature upon that spot, I proceed to notice the advantages and capabilities, which the existing institutions, to which I have adverted, would offer for such purposes, conjointly with the newly-acquired site.
FIRST.
As regards the present British Museum, which I would propose to call the “British Museum of Arts and Literature.”
This Institution occupies the most central portion of the Metropolis; its site is lofty and commanding; the soil good, dry, and well drained; it is open to the north, and has 82 acres of open space in the squares which adjoin or are immediately contiguous to it; it contains at present 1480 squares of building, and stands upon above 8-1/2 acres of ground, which, by the addition of the surrounding property, with additional buildings upon it, might be increased to 3269 squares of building, and 13-1/2 acres of ground; it has already cost the country little short of a million of money; it is in a good neighbourhood, well calculated for residences for professors and officers of the Institution, and it has the advantage of the London University as an adjunct in its immediate neighbourhood; it is, moreover, a very popular Institution, and its site only requires the clearing away of a portion of the shabby neighbourhood to the south of it, and the opening up of a new approach to it in that direction, to render it an unexceptionable site for a great National Institution.
I propose that this Institution should not only be devoted to Art and Literature, but also to the accommodation of the Learned Societies. For this purpose it would be necessary to purchase the whole of the surrounding property, extending to Montague Street and Russell Square on the east, to Montague Place on the north, and to Bedford Square and Charlotte Street on the west; to cover over the quadrangle with a glass roof, and erect additional buildings on the west side of the present buildings, as recommended in a report, which I recently made to the Government, with a view to increase of the accommodation within the limits of the existing building.
The quadrangle and the ground story of the building might then be appropriated to the antiquities; the whole of the principal floor to the library, including the manuscripts, prints, and drawings: and the reading-rooms and the upper floor to the national pictures, which floor, with certain modifications that could be made at no great cost, might be admirably adapted to receive them, and which would not only accommodate the present collection, including the cartoons at Hampton Court, and my namesake’s pictures at the Society of Arts, but afford space for a future increase of it to nearly eight times its present amount, or more than double the extent allotted to the pictures in the Louvre. To effect these arrangements, it would be necessary to remove by degrees, as other accommodation could be provided, the whole of the Natural History collection, which at present occupies a large portion of the one-pair floor, as well as other portions of the building, to Kensington. On the surrounding property recommended to be purchased, I would propose that as leases fall in, or otherwise by degrees, other buildings for such progressive enlargement of the Institution, as circumstances may render necessary, should be erected, by which the requirements of the country in respect to Art and Literature may be met for ages to come.
If these suggestions, as far as they relate to the limits of the present building, were carried out immediately, it would be necessary to incur the estimated cost of the additions and transformations, recommended in my recent report to the Government, amounting to £105,000
To which should be added for the requisite modifications of the one-pair floor, in order to adapt it for the reception of the national pictures 25,000 -------- Making a total of £130,000
According to present requirements, however, this expenditure might be spread over a period of two or even three years; but upon such an arrangement, as would allow of depositing the present collection of national pictures in the rooms prepared for their reception, and providing for the pressing wants of the library, at the end of the first year.
The Institution, even in such a limited and incomplete state, would even then exceed the accommodation for galleries of art and books provided by the Parisian Bibliothèque Impériale and Louvre combined.
For the realisation of the entire project ultimately, it would be desirable that the Government should immediately purchase the fee simple of the whole of the property, which surrounds, and is immediately contiguous to, the present building. It is most fortunate that this property, at present belongs entirely to one freeholder, a noble duke, whose liberality and patriotism are proverbial, and who therefore would probably feel disposed to part with his interest in it for public purposes at a moderate amount. The sum that would be required to acquire this property, and cover it with the buildings to which I have already adverted, would probably amount ultimately to less than a million of money; but, inasmuch as the accommodation to be provided for in these suggested buildings would not at present, nor probably for a considerable time to come, be needed, it would not be necessary or desirable to do more now, than purchase the fee simple of the property in question, and allow it to remain, as it is, so as to be remunerative to the Crown, until required from time to time for the purposes which have been proposed, leaving the expenditure upon the new buildings, proposed to be erected upon it, to be spread over such a period of years as may be considered prudent.
SECONDLY.
As regards the newly-acquired site at Kensington.
Upon this site I would propose that an institution should be founded, to be called the “National Gallery of Science,” in its various application to arts, manufactures, and commerce. For this purpose the distance of its locality from the centre of the Metropolis is comparatively of less importance than it would be in respect of an Institution for Art; for the feeling of the country at large, as regards art, is still wofully deficient, and can only be fostered and improved by placing the finest exemplars of all ages in a central position, in the hands, as it were, of the whole of the Metropolis, so that all of its inhabitants, and all who visit it from the provinces, particularly the industrial and working-classes, may have the benefit of being able constantly and easily to inspect them, and thus become familiarised, and even imbued, with their principles and excellence. With respect to science, the country is already pre-eminent; and a distant locality therefore of an institution for its encouragement is not likely to deter that portion of the community, who are interested in it, and are anxious to profit by its advantages, from being ready perchance to go out of the way for the purpose.
It appears by the plan of the site at Kensington, that it consists of about 88 acres, of which about 52 acres lie between the projected main roads forming its principal subdivision, upon which are proposed to be erected the National Gallery, containing 1900 squares of building, and also the Colleges of Art and Science and the Museums of Industrial Art and Patented Inventions, containing together 3995 squares, or in the whole 5895 squares of building. About 10 acres of the site appear to be devoted to roads, and the remainder, about 26 acres, to outlying plots of ground, of irregular form, proposed for the accommodation of the learned societies, a music hall, official residences, &c., &c. The wedge-like form of ground towards Kensington Gore, which, although in the midst of the site, forms no part of it, having a frontage of about 320 feet to the high-road, and extending about 1100 feet into the principal subdivision of the ground already mentioned, is a serious drawback upon any architectural display, that might be made towards Hyde Park. This is less to be lamented, however, as the aspect and the point of view from higher ground are not favourable for such a display. The southern portion of the ground is therefore most properly proposed to be appropriated to that object, and the proposed general distribution of the buildings seems to me to be judiciously arranged for its attainment. If, however, my suggestions should be considered worthy of adoption, it would perhaps be desirable to alter the entire distribution, and it certainly would not be necessary to provide for buildings of such a commanding and costly character, as would be the case if the idea should be entertained of uniting all the requirements of art, science, and literature in one institution upon that spot. The only buildings that would be required, according to my suggestions, would be museums for the exhibition of zoological, botanical, and mineralogical specimens, and for patented inventions; a menagerie for living specimens in the department of natural history; a library of science, and theatres, with laboratories, for public lectures in every branch of science, combined with a botanical garden and accommodation for living specimens of the animated kingdom; and such accommodation might in the first instance be fully obtained within the limits of the principal plot of ground between the proposed main roads. The off-lying plots might be held in reserve for any future increase of the Institution that may in the course of time be required, or a portion of them might be at once appropriated to workshops for the practical teaching of the industrial arts.
The valuable collections in the department of Natural History at present at the British Museum, the entire collection of the Museum of Economic Geology, the Trade Museum of the Society of Arts, the collection of patented inventions under the charge of the Patent Office, and possibly one or both of the private collections of the Regents Park and Surrey Zoological Gardens, if concentrated upon this spot, would form such a valuable and instructive collection, as could not fail to excite a great interest in the institution amongst all classes of the community.
It is difficult to estimate what might be the ultimate cost of such an institution; but it is probable, I think, that much less than a million of money would cover the amount of it. This expenditure, however, might be spread over a course of years, and, as the institution would add so much to public enjoyment and instruction, and would be practically so advantageous to the arts, manufactures, and commerce of the country, Parliament would not be likely to be backward in voting from time to time the requisite supplies.
Such an institution, when fully carried out, might then vie with the Jardin des Plantes, which it would much exceed in acreage, and the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers of the French capital combined, and bear an honourable comparison with those noble institutions.
THIRDLY.
As regards the present National Gallery and Royal Academy of Art.
The building containing these two Institutions occupies the finest position which London affords for architectural display, and is unfortunately the meanest and most ineffective of its public buildings. It stands upon rather more than an acre of ground, nearly one half of which is wasted in the Fore Court, under a mistaken notion that it was desirable to let in a view of the portico of St. Martin’s Church from Pall Mall East, which, owing to the tower of the church being now seen above it, has lost all the importance and grandeur of effect which it formerly had when seen from Old St. Martin’s Lane.
The present edifice contains 278 squares of building, which I propose should be increased to 448 squares, by removing the present useless portico and other columns and projections which now break up its front, building upon the wasted portion of its site, namely the fore court, and placing the staircase on the site of the present sculpture-room. With these and other additions and alterations, assuming that the national pictures are removed, I propose that the building should be devoted exclusively to the teaching of Art in all its branches, and the periodical exhibition of modern works, for which purpose it should be divided between the Royal Academy of Fine Art, and the Metropolitan School of Design for practical and decorative Art.
The present wall space for pictures, which amounts to about 16,920 superficial feet, would, by the proposed additions and alterations, reach 54,720 feet; and ample space would be provided for sculpture, casts, &c., as well as for the schools, lecture-rooms, libraries, and other accommodation required by each department, so that the business of the schools need not be interrupted, as is now the case at the Royal Academy, during the entire period of the annual exhibition of modern productions.
The addition, which I would propose to make in front of the existing building for the purpose of masking its deformity, and shutting out of view from the south all the unsightly objects on the rising ground at the back which are now seen above it, would be in the Italian style of architecture, about 430 feet in length and nearly 100 feet in height, with flanking towers about 30 feet square, rising to a height of 130 feet. The composition would consist of two orders of architecture in the façade generally, and three in the towers, elevated upon a lofty arcaded ground story, affording covered access to the building for carriages to the extent of 100 feet in length. In the centre of the front in each of the orders above the ground story I would propose open loggiæ, about 100 feet long, to enable visitors to enjoy the view to the south, and obtain a little fresh air as a relief to the often oppressive and wearisome effect produced by an inspection of very extensive galleries of works of art.
The cost of such additions and alterations as I have suggested would probably amount to about 135,000_l._, and as the Royal Academy would be much benefited by the increased and improved accommodation that they would afford, a portion of its funded property might fairly be required as a contribution to that expenditure, and the remainder might be reasonably looked for from Parliament, as being for the permanent accommodation of a new national institution. Such a building as that proposed, upon such a noble and commanding site as that of Trafalgar Square, could not fail to have a very striking effect, and would dominate over that portion of the Metropolis, as the Vatican does over Rome.
FOURTHLY.
As regards the present Museum of Economic Geology, in Jermyn Street.
This institution occupies a good, well-frequented, and nearly central position, and has recently been formed by the country at an expenditure of about 40,000_l._ It contains 112 squares of building, including a fine theatre for lectures, a mineralogical museum, and good accommodation for various scientific purposes.
I would propose that the entire collection at this institution should be transferred to the proposed College of Science at Kensington, and that it should thereupon be set apart and fitted up as a National Polytechnic Institution, for amusing and instructive demonstrations and lectures in science, with a library and schools for engineering drawing, for the use principally of the industrial and working classes of an evening, which, judging from past experience in the institution itself, and the success that attends other private institutions of a similar nature, could not, I think, fail to become extremely popular and useful.
FIFTHLY AND LASTLY.
As regards the Society of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, in the Adelphi.
This old-established Institution, being denuded, as I have proposed, of its paintings and its Trade Museum, Library, &c., might be rendered useful as a place for meeting and for lectures, principally of an evening, on all subjects connected with the statistics of trade and commerce, &c., and a rendezvous for all, who seek information connected therewith.
Having now enumerated the capabilities and advantages that our existing institutions afford, conjointly with the newly acquired site at Kensington, for the important objects to which I have adverted, I have only to add that I have been induced to associate Art, Literature, and Learning in one institution as being branches of knowledge of a kindred nature illustrative of each other, and likely to work well together, and to separate from them Science, which has less affinity with those branches of knowledge, except in so far as it may be applied to the useful arts and manufactures of the country, for which the means and accommodation are proposed to be provided at Kensington.
I am, in short, induced to recommend this separation of Art and Science from a strong conviction that the site at Kensington is too distant from the centre of the Metropolis, too small, and too low for a perfect, efficient, and convenient concentration of all that relates to both; and that it would be far better to improve and add to the usefulness of all our existing Institutions for the encouragement of Art, Literature, and Learning, and turn the site at Kensington to the best account for the encouragement of Science, particularly in its application to the arts, manufactures, and commerce of the country, than to attempt the more comprehensive project proposed with reference to that site, which, for the reasons I have assigned, would I fear be likely to meet with many financial difficulties, delays, and disappointments, and excite, as a national institution, invidious comparisons with the newly erected Crystal Palace, which occupies one of the most commanding and beautiful situations in the country, and is placed in the midst of about 280 acres of ornamental grounds, forming an institution with objects akin to those of all our existing public institutions, combined and wholly effected by private enterprise at an ultimate cost of probably more than two millions of money.
I have the honour, &c.,
(Signed) CHARLES BARRY.
(C.)
PAPERS ON THE REMUNERATION CONTROVERSY.
(_a._) LETTER OF THE ARCHITECT TO THE NEW PALACE COMMISSIONERS IN 1849.
To the COMMISSIONERS appointed to superintend the Completion of the NEW PALACE at Westminster.
Great George Street, 6th February, 1849.
MY LORD AND GENTLEMEN,--The time is now arrived, when I deem it necessary to call your attention to a matter of great personal interest to myself. I allude to the remuneration for my past services as architect of the New Palace at Westminster.
As I am now in a position to prove the inadequacy of the amount of the sum originally proposed to me, and the insufficiency of the grounds upon which that proposition was made, I feel that I ought not any longer delay to request an early settlement of my claims.
You are doubtless aware that the proposition originally made to me by the Government in 1839 was, that I should receive the sum of 25,000_l._ for the labour and responsibility to be imposed upon me in the superintendence, direction and completion of the intended edifice, and that I was induced to accede conditionally to that proposition, in the belief that it was made to me in the absence of a due appreciation of the enormous extent of that labour and responsibility, and that any attempt on my part, at that time, to prove the inadequacy of the sum proposed would have been fruitless. I was further induced to take this course from having then entered upon the duties of my appointment as architect of the New Palace, for more than nineteen months, when I had already made extensive and costly arrangements to enable me to carry on the works; so that if, instead of acceding conditionally to the proposition, I had adopted the alternative of relinquishing the employment, which at the time occurred to me, I could not have done so without a considerable sacrifice. I preferred, therefore, to postpone all further application on the subject, until I should be in a condition to prove incontestably the full extent of my services, and then to rely upon the Government for a just and liberal determination of the question.
As it is possible that you may not be acquainted with the whole of the circumstances under which this proposition was made to me, I think it right to trouble you with the following short narrative of the transaction:--
When my original design for the New Palace at Westminster had been approved, and the original estimate had been subjected to a searching examination by the department of Woods and Works, and some discussion also, as I was informed, had taken place in a Committee of the House of Commons respecting my remuneration, the Government, in 1837, conferred upon me the appointment of architect, to carry into effect that design, but without making any stipulation whatever relative to the remuneration for my services; and I was ordered to proceed immediately with the work, which I accordingly commenced on the 3rd of July in that year.
As this order was conveyed to me unconditionally, I had no reason to doubt but that my remuneration would be of the customary amount.
On the 1st March, however, in the year 1839, I had the first official intimation that such was not proposed to be the case, in a letter, which I then received from the Office of Woods, enclosing a copy of a letter to that effect from the Lords of the Treasury to the Commissioners of Woods, &c., of the 29th of the preceding month, no explanation having been required of me, nor any previous communication even made to me, upon the subject.
The purport of this letter from the Lords of the Treasury was to concur in a recommendation of the Commissioners of Woods, made in a Report to their Lordships on the subject of my remuneration in February, 1838, and to convey to those Commissioners the official sanction of the Government for acting upon it. The recommendation was to the effect that the sum of 25,000_l._ would be a fair and reasonable remuneration for the labour and responsibility to be imposed upon me in the superintendence, direction and completion of the intended edifice; and the Commissioners of Woods stated that they were of that opinion, after having given their best consideration to “all the circumstances of the case, the extent and importance of the buildings, the nature and description of the several works, the very large expenditure contemplated in my estimate, and the period within which it was proposed that such expenditure should be incurred.”
After having made a fruitless application for the particulars of the grounds upon which such recommendation was made, I was induced, for the reasons before stated, to accede conditionally to the proposition founded upon it, under a protest, however, as to the inadequacy of the amount proposed, and with an intimation that I should offer proof of its inadequacy, when the building was in such an advanced state as to allow of a competent judgment being formed on the subject, which protest, as well as the reiteration of it on various subsequent occasions, has never been contested.
It will be seen that the proposition had special reference to the plans and estimates then delivered and approved, and that the conditions of it were based upon those documents. I could easily prove, if it were necessary, that those conditions have been annulled by acts of the Government, and by circumstances over which I had no control; but, assuming for the present that they have been strictly adhered to, I am anxious to show, not only that the grounds which have been alleged for reducing the amount of the architect’s customary remuneration in this case, are erroneous, but that I have been called upon, in carrying into effect the design adopted, to do much more than is usual, or than could have been anticipated in the ordinary discharge of my professional duties.
In the first place the Commissioners of Woods state that they have given their best consideration to “all the circumstances of the case.”
With all due respect for the nobleman and gentlemen who filled the office of Commissioners of Woods at that time, I must contend, that, from the want of professional knowledge and experience, they were incompetent of themselves to form any just opinion on the subject, and they did not, to my knowledge, take the opinion of any one really competent to advise them thereon.
2ndly. They adduce “the extent and importance of the work,” as a ground for reducing the architect’s accustomed remuneration. I submit, that the unusual extent and importance of the work is a reason rather for increasing than diminishing the customary remuneration of the architect, inasmuch as his responsibilities are more than proportionally increased, and the demands upon his taste, skill, and judgment are far greater, than in works of less magnitude and importance. For with respect to extensive and complicated plans, such as that of the New Palace at Westminster, where requirements of great number and widely different character have to be combined and arranged, with a view not only to insure convenience in detail, but also the utmost perfection that is attainable as a whole, it will be manifest to all, who are able to form a correct opinion on the subject, that the labour and skill required are immeasurably greater, than in buildings of comparatively small dimensions, designed with reference to one single object.
3rdly. The Commissioners of Woods allude to “the nature and description of the work” in support of their recommendation. I am not exactly aware what meaning may have been intended to be conveyed by these remarks. If it is meant that the skill and labour required to produce the building in question is less than are required in other public buildings or private works, I cannot admit the truth of such an assumption. As however the New Palace at Westminster is now sufficiently advanced to allow of an accurate judgment being formed as to the amount of labour, skill, and responsibility, that has been incurred in producing it, I invite a comparison between it and any other public building of modern times; and I think it will be evident, even to the uninitiated, that in point of variety of design, elaboration of details, and difficulties of combination and construction, the labour and responsibility incurred is much greater, than in any other modern edifice that can be mentioned.
I may here add, as a ground for an increase rather than a reduction of the customary remuneration in respect of Public Works, that owing to the trouble, delays, and perplexities attendant upon official communications and requirements, the architect’s labours and anxieties are much greater than those which he has to incur in private practice; and, if this be true of public buildings of an ordinary character, it may be easily conceived, that those labours and anxieties have been incomparably greater in carrying into effect such a work as the New Palace at Westminster, in which not only the Government, but Committees of Parliament, and even the public, have unceasingly assumed the right of criticism and control. As one proof, among many others that might be adduced, of the enormous amount of labour that has already devolved upon me, in conducting this great national work to its present state, it will not be irrelevant to mention, that no less than between 8000 and 9000 original drawings and models have been prepared for it, a large portion of which have emanated from my own hand, while the whole of the remainder have been made under my own immediate direction and supervision.
4thly. “The very large amount of expenditure contemplated” is stated by the Commissioners of Woods as another ground for reducing the architect’s accustomed remuneration. I submit that in a work of the complicated and elaborate description of the New Palace at Westminster, the amount of expenditure incurred is a fair and just criterion of the amount of skill and labour required in producing it, and that, owing to the number of years over which the expenditure has extended, the annual amount upon an average has not been greater than upon other public works erected during the same period, upon which, up to the present time, the architect has in all cases been paid his accustomed amount of remuneration.
The 5th and last ground alleged by the Commissioners of Woods in support of the Government proposition is, “The period within which it was proposed that the contemplated expenditure should be incurred.” This ground was assigned upon the assumption that the entire edifice might be completed within six years; but, owing to the limited portions of the site that could from time to time be cleared, in consequence of the necessity which has constantly existed of providing accommodation for the business of Parliament upon a part of that site, it was found to be impossible, particularly in the early stages of the work, to employ an unlimited number of men, or to expend more upon an average than between 80,000_l._ and 90,000_l._ per annum. On this account, and also in consequence of the delays and difficulties occasioned by the extraordinary nature and extent of the warming and ventilating arrangements, and the difficulty of complying with Dr. Reid’s requirements in respect of them, the peculiar nature of the site, the difficulty of obtaining accurate information as to the ever-varying accommodation required, the delay in official communications and in obtaining authorities, and the limitation of the supplies of late years, the time occupied upon the works has already amounted to nearly twice the period originally assumed for their completion; and it is obviously impossible, while such contingencies are likely to impede their progress, to say how much longer it will be before the entire work will be completed.
Having now, I trust, shown the insufficiency of the grounds assigned by the Commissioners of Woods for reducing the amount of the architect’s customary recompense, with reference to the New Palace at Westminster, I have to observe that not only have I, in that capacity, discharged all those duties by which I am justly entitled to that amount of remuneration, but I have been called upon to do more than is usual, or than could have been anticipated. I allude particularly to the unusual amount of labour and anxiety in carrying out, under Dr. Reid’s direction, during a period of nearly five years, structural arrangements for warming and ventilating the entire edifice, to an extent never before attempted to be applied to any public building whatever, and much beyond what I considered to be necessary. I have also been called upon to remodel the internal fittings of the two Houses, and to vary from time to time the arrangements and appropriation of the offices, division lobbies, &c., of each House, owing to the changes made in the mode of conducting the business of Parliament, and the vagueness and insufficiency of the information afforded for the preparation of the original design, which information, upon being reconsidered by Committees appointed from time to time during the progress of the works, has been found in many instances to be altogether at variance with the requirements. Those who are aware of the consequences of making a single alteration in one part of a large and complicated plan, and the extensive changes to which it often leads in others, will readily conceive, that, in order to comply with the demands above alluded to, the entire plan and construction of the building has had to be modified and recast over and over again, occasioning a considerable amount of additional thought and labour, and an increase of drawings much beyond what are required under ordinary circumstances.
I consider, therefore, that I am justly entitled to at least the customary remuneration in respect of the outlay contemplated in the original design and estimate; and I beg to add that the whole of the arguments, which I have urged in favour of such remuneration, apply with equal force to the expenditure upon extra works sanctioned by the Government or Parliament; but to these it is scarcely necessary to observe that the proposal for a limited amount of remuneration can have no reference.
I consider also that I am entitled to a further remuneration for special services not connected with my professional duties in respect of the works of the building. These services consist of attendances upon the Fine Arts Commission, reports and numerous drawings prepared in compliance with the orders of that Commission, frequent communications with its secretary, and the artists appointed for the decoration of the interior of the New Palace; attendances upon Committees of Parliament in every session from the year 1841 to the present time, preparing data required by those Committees, giving and correcting of evidence, making up voluminous returns in compliance with orders of the House of Commons (one of which occupied myself and clerks for nearly four months); attendances to give evidence upon two Commissions of Inquiry with reference to Dr. Reid’s system of warming and ventilating, preparing plans and other documents for the use of those Commissions; conferences and communications with the Law Officers of the Crown, with reference to contracts, disputed claims, and threatened legal proceedings; numerous reports and estimates required from time to time by the Office of Woods, negotiations and arrangements consequent upon the establishment of the Government workshops at Thames Bank, and the superintendence of the collection of above 3000 casts of the best specimens of mediæval art to be found in this as well as in foreign countries for the use of the wood-carvers; preparing plans, estimates, &c., for providing accommodation for the whole of the public records of the kingdom, and other miscellaneous services.
On account of the whole of the above-mentioned services I have received in the course of ten years the sum of 24,735_l._ 3_s._ 2_d._ in part of the 25,000_l._ originally proposed, or, after deducting my expenses, an income at the rate of about 1,500_l._ per annum, which income, if based upon the principle of a fixed remuneration, would in proportion to the further extent of time occupied in completing the building, suffer a corresponding decrease; and, when it is considered that in consequence of my appointment as the architect of the New Palace at Westminster I have been obliged to give up more than two-thirds of a lucrative practice, and have to my knowledge been deprived of employment to a very considerable extent, from a prevalent feeling which has existed that it was out of my power to attend to any other works; and when also it is borne in mind that this income constitutes the whole of the emolument which I derive, either directly or indirectly, from my appointment, it is scarcely necessary for me to add that such an income does not by any means recompense me for the labours, responsibilities, and sacrifices which I have incurred.
The following is an account of the expenditure upon the building, exclusive of the river embankment wall, up to 31st December, 1848:--
| _£_ _s._ _d._ Amount already advanced on account of works comprised | in the original estimate of 707,104_l._ | 472,000 0 0 On account of extra works in the embankment of the river | and in the foundations of the building, the new basement | story, additional residences and offices, central tower, | stone carving, and all structural arrangements connected | with warming, ventilating, &c. &c., which could not have | been foreseen, and which, consequently, form no part of | the original design and estimate, amounting to | 210,842 16 2 On account of extra finishings, works of decoration, library | and other fittings, and for fixtures, furniture, upholstery| &c., expressly excluded from the original estimate, | amounting to | 139,415 3 0 On account of miscellaneous items, taking down and | shoring up old buildings, new roofs and additions to | speaker’s late residence and other old buildings, temporary| roof and coverings, clerks of works’ offices, casts | of specimens for wood-carvers, &c. &c., amounting to | 19,372 18 9 +---------------- Total £ | 841,630 17 11 ------------------
On the above amount of expenditure therefore I claim, for the reasons which I have adduced, the accustomed remuneration of five per cent.:
£ _s._ _d._ £ _s._ _d._
Or 42,081 10 0 Upon which I have received on account 24,735 4 2 -------------- Leaving a balance of £ 17,346 6 10
And for special or extraneous services during a period of ten years, as above enumerated 5,256 0 0 ---------------- Amount now claimed £ 22,602 6 10 ==================
Although I have no doubt that I should be able to prove, upon a _quantum meruit_ valuation, that I am justly entitled to a much higher remuneration for my services in this case than that of the customary commission demanded under ordinary circumstances, I propose to adhere to the long-established and generally received standard of charge adopted by the profession generally, in the hope that by so doing all controversy or contention on the subject may be avoided; and when the amount of the claim which, in consequence, I am now willing to receive as a recompense in full for my past services, is fairly considered with reference to the labour, responsibility, and sacrifices incurred in conducting, under very peculiar and trying circumstances, the largest and most elaborate architectural work ever, perhaps, undertaken at one time in this or any other country, to which I have devoted almost exclusively the best period of my professional life; and when also it is contrasted with the incomes of other professions, such as those of the law, medicine, civil engineering, &c., which, it is well known, vary from 12,000_l._ to 20,000_l._ per annum, and even upwards; and when also the important fact, to which I have before alluded, is borne in mind, that every architect appointed to the superintendence of public works in this country, both before and since the date of my engagement, has been paid the full amount of the customary commission, I cannot doubt but that it will be generally admitted, not only that I am fully justified in the demand which I now make, but that I have not unduly estimated the value of my services as the architect of such an important national work as the New Palace at Westminster.
I have, &c.
(Signed) CHARLES BARRY.
(_b._) TREASURY MINUTE OF FEBRUARY, 1854.
From the Treasury to SIR CHARLES BARRY.
Treasury Chambers, 8 February, 1854.
SIR,--I am commanded by the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury to acquaint you that my Lords have had under their consideration a letter addressed by you to the Chancellor of the Exchequer on the subject of your remuneration as architect for the New Houses of Parliament.
It appears that, when these works were first undertaken the estimate for the shell of the building only was 707,104_l._, and that Lord Bessborough, who was at that time Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests, and, as such, charged with the Department of Works, agreed that the remuneration to the architect should be 25,000_l._, and you state that you accepted that arrangement, but under protest that it was unprofessional. I have to state that my Lords have carefully examined into the circumstances which were likely to have influenced Lord Bessborough in fixing the remuneration of the architect at that sum, and they find that, for many years prior, the rate of commission paid by the Board of Works to the most eminent architects of the day was 3 per cent. They find that the attached architects of the Board of Works, viz., Sir John Soane, Sir Robert Smirke, and Mr. John Nash, were, by Treasury Regulations, paid at the rate of 3 per cent. on the public works executed under their direction. It is true that those gentlemen had also salaries of 500_l._ each attached to their offices, but those salaries were understood to be a remuneration for the professional advice, which they were expected to afford to the Government, for which they received no other pay, and not as any part of their remuneration as architects for the performance of works placed under their care. On these terms the following works were performed by those eminent architects:--
New Stamp and Legacy-Duty Office, Somerset House; Military Depot, Tooley Street; New Buildings, British Museum; New Post Office; Custom House (Restoration); New Courts of Judicature, Westminster; Insolvent Debtors’ Court; Committee Rooms, House of Lords; Library and Committee Rooms, House of Commons; Whitehall Chapel (Restoration); New State Paper Office; New Royal Mews, Pimlico; King’s Stand, Ascot;
And my Lords find that the only exception to this rule was as regards the New Palace at Buckingham Gate.
With regard to that work, Mr. Nash was paid at the regular rate of 3 per cent. up to September, 1826, when it was raised to 5 per cent., but for what reason my Lords have not been able to ascertain.
My Lords further find that the allowance made by the Board of Works to the architects unattached to their establishment has been at the rate of 3 per cent., and that the following works were executed by Mr. Burton at that rate:--
New Stable Court, Westminster; New Stone House, Grenadier Guards, Westminster; Inclosing Ground, North Side, New Mews, Westminster;
As an exception to that rule, Sir Jeffery Wyattville was paid 5 per cent. for the restoration of Windsor Castle, under a special agreement with the Treasury in 1826, by which he engaged not to charge for his journeys, which in those days were expensive, and some other extras usually charged by architects.
Looking, then, to the rule which had been established so long in the office over which Lord Bessborough presided, and to the close proximity which the sum fixed by his Lordship bears to the estimate then made for the mere shell of the building, and to the probable amount of the cost of such fittings as would be placed under the superintendence of the architect, my Lords can arrive at no other conclusion than that, in fixing that sum for the entire work, his Lordship did so with a view to the rate of commission usually paid by the Department, preferring to take a fixed sum rather than a commission, as is not unfrequently done, under the impression that it may avoid an extension of the works, and consequently of the cost.
My Lords advert to the great increase in the expenditure upon these works, and to the circumstances under which such increase has from time to time taken place, to such an extent that the outlay up to this time is nearly double the sum originally intended. They also advert to the circumstance, that with regard to some portion of that expense connected with the internal fittings, assistance and advice other than that afforded by you has been obtained, and it appears that in this way Mr. Pugin was employed for some time at a salary of 200_l._ a-year.
I have to apprise you that, under all the circumstances of the case, my Lords have arrived at the conclusion, that a fair and even liberal remuneration to you will be, that you should be paid at the rate of 3 per cent. upon the cost of the works which have been and may hereafter be performed under your supervision, including the fittings, &c., of the building, but subject to a deduction of the amounts which shall appear to have been paid for the assistance rendered by Mr. Pugin.
My Lords have therefore requested the Board of Works to furnish this Board without delay with an exact account of the expenditure up to the 31st December, 1853, and that an account shall also be furnished of the several amounts of money which from time to time have been paid to you on account of the said works; and whatever balance shall appear to be due to you upon such an account my Lords will be prepared at once to discharge.
My Lords have also desired that the Board of Works will, in the present and in every future year, include in their annual estimates for the New Houses of Parliament a sum equal to 3 per cent. on the probable outlay of the year, as a remuneration to the architect, and they have directed that at the close of every year the value of the work performed may be accurately ascertained, and the commission of the architect punctually discharged on the principles herein laid down.
In respect to the cost of measuring the work as it has proceeded, my Lords advert to the fact, that in the arrangements between the Board of Works and architects alluded to in the former part of this communication the understanding was, that that cost should be borne by the Board of Works. My Lords are, therefore, of opinion that you should be held free from any charge on that account. They have therefore requested that the Board of Works will report to this Board all the facts in connexion with the measurement of the works, and my Lords will be prepared to reimburse you any sum which you shall appear to have expended thereon.
I have to add that my Lords have been pleased further to request that the Board of Works will report fully to this Board as to the best mode in which the measurement of the work should in future be made as they proceed, having reference specially to that plan which will afford the most secure check upon public expenditure.
I am, &c.
(Signed) JAMES WILSON.
(_c._) REPLY OF SIR C. BARRY, MARCH, 1854.
From SIR C. BARRY to the Treasury.
Clapham Common, 14 March, 1854.
SIR,--I regret that in consequence of a severe attack of illness more than two months since, from which I have not yet entirely recovered, I have been prevented from replying at an earlier period to your letter of the 8th ultimo, relative to my remuneration as the architect of the New Palace at Westminster.
The desire evinced by the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury to be guided, in determining the amount of my remuneration, by the precedent established in respect of the payments hitherto made to architects for the public buildings of the country generally, is all that I can fairly expect at their Lordships’ hands, and is accordingly acknowledged with feelings of gratitude on my part. The fixed sum of 25,000_l._, originally proposed by the late Lord Bessborough as a recompense for my services as the architect of the New Palace at Westminster, which, be it observed, was no less than 10,000_l._ below what I was justly entitled to upon the amount of my estimate, was unfairly forced upon me, and I was compelled, under the existing circumstances, to acquiesce, but under a protest as to its insufficiency, the force of which has been greatly strengthened by the experience I have now had during a period of 17 years, in carrying into effect those portions of the New Palace which are now completed.
My acquiescence in the sum proposed by the late Lord Bessborough has, notwithstanding my protest and the manifest insufficiency of the amount, been deemed to be a bargain, the conditions of which were, that for a given sum of money the architect should carry into effect a given design in a given period, namely, six years, which conditions have been long set aside by circumstances over which I have had no control. By what process the late Lord Bessborough arrived at the conclusion that 25,000_l._ was a fit and proper remuneration for the architect of such a building as the New Palace at Westminster, I have no means of knowing; but certainly it could not have been, as the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury seem to imagine, from any precedent then existing in his department, when all architects, without distinction, received at the least 5 per cent. upon the cost of their respective works. The precedent to which their Lordships allude, of paying the architects, who were formerly attached for a time to that Board, at the rate of 3 per cent., had then been abolished nearly seven years. But assuming, for the sake of argument, that his Lordship could have been guided, which is not in the least degree likely, by the precedent which had formerly been acted upon in his department in respect of its attached architects, it should be borne in mind, that although they received only 3 per cent. upon works, they were relieved of one of the most important of their professional duties, namely, the labour and responsibility of making contracts, measuring and making up accounts, &c., which it is evident the Board of Works has always considered to be equal to a further allowance of 2 per cent.; for as regards all other architects (with the exception, under special circumstances, of Mr. Burton in respect of a portion only of the public works executed under his direction) who have been, both formerly and since, employed upon public works, and who have been called upon to perform that duty, they have invariably received the accustomed amount of remuneration of 5 per cent. upon the cost of the respective works.
The following is a list of the most important public buildings upon which the respective architects have received 5 per cent. since the year 1832:--
The British Museum; The General Post Office; The State Paper Office; Whitehall Chapel; Westminster Hall; The National Gallery; The New Front of Buckingham Palace; The Museum of Economic Geology; The New Money Order Office (St. Martin’s-le-Grand); The Royal Pavilion at Brighton; St. Katherine’s Hospital, Regent’s Park; The Lodges and Gateways in the Parks; Kensington Palace; Temporary Houses of Parliament; Chapel Royal, St. James’s; The Courts of Law, &c. &c.
In some of these instances the architects were also relieved of the measuring, making up accounts, &c. It appears, therefore, that payment at the rate of 5 per cent. to the architects of all public buildings, has invariably been the rule of the Board of Works since the year 1832; and that prior to that date the same rule prevailed, except in respect of those buildings which were carried into effect under the direction of those architects who were for a time attached to the Board, who received 3 per cent., for the reasons already mentioned.
With reference to the additions and alterations made under the direction of Mr. Nash, at Buckingham Palace, and the subsequent alterations under Mr. Blore, at the same building; the remuneration received by those two gentlemen was, not only at the rate of 5 per cent. but they were also relieved from the labour, cost, and responsibility as to measuring, &c.
As to the works at Windsor Castle, Sir Jeffrey Wyattville was not only paid at the rate of 5 per cent., but he also had the same relief afforded to him as to measuring, &c.; which circumstance, and not the payment to him of 5 per cent. as supposed by their Lordships, was, as appears by a Treasury Minute of the 6th October, 1826, considered to be an equivalent for his journeys and some other extras usually charged by architects. Notwithstanding, however, this arrangement in lieu of a charge for journeys, Sir Jeffrey had also the advantage of having a residence assigned to him in the Castle free of charge, during the whole of the time he was employed upon the works of that building. In short, the payments made to the architects of the two above-mentioned works, together with the immunities and advantages which they enjoyed, constituted a remuneration fully equal to 7 per cent.
With respect to my own case, as regards the New Palace at Westminster, I have not only performed all the professional duties, which Sir Jeffrey Wyattville and Mr. Nash performed in respect of Windsor Castle and Buckingham Palace, but I have in addition been called upon to take upon myself the labour and responsibility of making contracts, forming elaborate schedules of prices, measuring, and making up accounts amounting to nearly a million and a half of money, and of adjusting disputed claims to a considerable extent, from which onerous duties they were altogether exempt; and I have had at least as great, if not much greater, difficulties than they had to contend with in carrying into effect the works at the New Palace at Westminster, owing to the necessity of forming an artificial foundation in the river; the limited clearances from time to time of the site; the necessity of keeping up old buildings, often a work of much difficulty and danger, and constantly adding temporary accommodation, so that the sittings of Parliament might not be interrupted; the interferences with the works by Parliamentary Committees and other authorities, involving numerous alterations and delays; and the impossibility, in consequence of spending upon an average more than about 90,000_l._ per annum, by which the works have now been in hand more than 11 years beyond the time originally assumed for their completion.
With reference to the measuring and making up accounts, &c., I beg to state that the mere reimbursement of my expenses, as proposed by their Lordships, would be no remuneration whatever to me for the share which I have personally taken, and the responsibility which I have incurred in that important portion of my duty.
In my letter to the New Palace Commissioners of the 6th February, 1849, which has been laid before Parliament, and to which letter, as it touches generally upon the prominent points of my case, I beg most respectfully to direct the attention of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury, I enumerated the extra duties which have devolved upon me in consequence of my position as the architect of the New Palace, and which are not included in the ordinary remuneration of an architect. I have only to add to what I have therein stated, that the difficulties in acting with Dr. Reid were imposed upon me after the original design and construction had been matured and exemplified in all requisite drawings, &c., and the works had been actually commenced; and that the same difficulties have continued in a greater or less degree up to within about the last 18 months; and, as a further illustration of the extra labours to which I have adverted in that letter in respect of designing and re-designing each department of the New Palace successively, I may mention that with reference to that large portion of the building now in hand in Old Palace Yard, designs have been made and working drawings prepared no less than four times before the works were commenced, in consequence of the ever-varying directions of the chiefs of the department which is therein contained.
As regards Mr. Pugin, whose services are alluded to in your letter, their Lordships are altogether under an erroneous impression. The salary paid to that gentleman was not for any duties that usually devolve upon the architect in respect of designs, which designs have all emanated from myself, but for taking the charge and direction of the men employed by the Government in the wood-carving department, for which office he was pre-eminently qualified, not only on account of his knowledge of decorative art, but practically on account of the experience which he had previously acquired in following, at one period of his life, wood-carving as a business. A similar arrangement was made in respect of the stone-carving, which is also executed by workmen employed by the Government, by which a like appointment was conferred upon Mr. Thomas, who is still at the head of that department. Their Lordships will therefore perceive, that it would be manifestly unjust to make any reduction, as proposed, in my remuneration in respect of the salaries paid to the executive chiefs of either of these departments.
Their Lordships advert to the great increase of expenditure beyond the original estimate, and the circumstances under which such increase has from time to time taken place as, apparently, an element in the consideration of my claim; but I would most respectfully submit that the increase adverted to cannot fairly affect the amount of my remuneration, inasmuch as it has brought upon me more than a full and proportionate amount of extra labour, anxiety, and responsibility, and has been occasioned by circumstances beyond my control, as set forth in a Report of a Committee of the House of Commons in 1844, and subsequently by the New Palace Commissioners, in a letter addressed by them to the Treasury on the 15th June, 1849.
When, therefore, the difficulties which I have had to encounter for nearly 20 years, in conducting the great work at Westminster to its present state, are borne in mind, and it is considered that I have devoted, almost exclusively, the best part of my life to that work, and that in consequence of being its architect I have experienced the loss of nearly the whole of a lucrative private practice; that the invariable rule of the Board of Works has been to pay all architects at least 5 per cent., or in the same ratio, according to the duties which they have been required to discharge; and more especially when it is considered that the offer of remuneration now made to me for designing and carrying into effect the New Palace at Westminster, under all the circumstances and disadvantages already adverted to, does not, owing to the length of time during which the works have been in hand, exceed, after deducting my expenses, the sum of 1500_l._ per annum, I cannot doubt but that the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury will, upon a review of all the circumstances adverted to, admit that such an offer is very far short of meeting the justice of the case; and that with reference to its merits and to the precedents established, particularly in respect of the works of Windsor Castle and Buckingham Palace, &c., I am most fairly and justly entitled to at least the accustomed remuneration of the profession of 5 per cent., including the measuring, &c., and an allowance for extra services, with such interest as may be due to me upon deferred payments, for designing and carrying into effect, under very peculiar and difficult circumstances, the largest, the most elaborate in its design and details, and the most important building in modern times.
I have, &c.,
(Signed) CHARLES BARRY.
(_d_). LETTER OF J. M. WHITE, ESQ., JULY, 1855.
From J. M. WHITE, ESQ., to JAMES WILSON, ESQ., M.P.
10, Whitehall Place, 14 July, 1855.
_Sir Charles Barry’s Claims._
SIR,--Owing to Sir Charles’s absence in Paris, I have not been able to obtain his final reply on the subject of these claims till this morning. I explained the purport of my interview with you last Saturday, when you stated that your offer was limited to the written paper which you read to me, and of which you had previously furnished me with a copy. The terms of this paper are as follows:--
“PAST ACCOUNTS.
“Commission on works to which commission is applicable, 3 per cent.
“Amount to 2nd October, 1854, 1,506,845_l._
“Commission for measurement on the cost of works to which measurement applies, 1 per cent.
“These commissions to cover all questions of claims of any kind in respect to the Houses of Parliament.
“FUTURE EXPENDITURE.
“Commission on works performed, 3 per cent.
“Commission for measurement on all expenditure to which measurement is applicable, 1 per cent.
“Treasury, 26 May, 1855.
“FUTURE.
“To prevent misunderstanding in future, Sir C. Barry is to order no furniture, &c., except under an authority through the Board of Works from the Treasury.”[123]
To these terms I objected that they did not cover a very large amount of services relating to the Houses of Parliament, but not leading to expenditure; and further, there was another claim for interest on outlay, and on deferred payments, and generally, assuming the rates of commission were of the amounts offered by you, I considered that they ought to be on the amount expended, past and future. To your remark, “that the claim for extra services could not be of large amount, and hence you considered it was covered by the commission offered,” and that the claim for interest you could not admit in any way, I replied first, that the services were very considerable, in corroboration of which I now beg to forward a rough statement of them. And I feel I am justified in adhering to this part of the claim, which I fully believe would extend to a sum of at least 10,000_l._ For you will have the goodness to bear in mind that these claims run over nearly twenty years, that they have been the subject of inquiry by no less than seven Committees of the House of Commons, besides two official references relating to Dr. Reid’s plans of ventilation (exclusive of that relating to his final claims, which has been duly met), and that in every case Sir C. Barry has acted with full sanction and authority.
I put forward this claim therefore with perfect confidence, because had it been an ordinary case between an independent architect and an ordinary employer, the claim could be supported fully on a _quantum meruit_; and why an independent architect like Sir C. Barry should not have at least the same payment from the Government I am wholly at a loss to understand.
The claim for interest, if worked out in detail, would amount at least to as much as the other class of claims. You will recollect that I pointed out, in reference to the 25,000_l._ alluded to in Lord Duncannon’s offer, Sir Charles, instead of being paid in six years as proposed, was not paid in twelve; and even in the measuring, to which your offer of 1 per cent. extends, he is actually in advance from 11,000_l._ to 12,000_l._, and his other outlay, especially in more remote years, has been in large advance from time to time, independently of the balance now due to him, and the sacrifice he is willing to make if a final settlement be now made. It is true that advances are almost incidental to cases of this kind, and that, if disputes arise, it is an inconvenience which must often be shared between the disputing parties; but such incidents are covered and the inconvenience met by adhering to the customary rules and amount of remuneration, which in works like these is 5 per cent., as claimed by Sir C. Barry. That amount being departed from, the present claim has a substance and a reality about it calling for full and fair consideration from the Government. And finally, on the main point of the commission, I must again advert to the following facts:--
1st. That the Board of Woods and Works in the first instance themselves added 5 per cent. as due to the architect. This had all the effect of a legal contract, if not disturbed by subsequent proceedings.
2nd. Lord Duncannon’s offer of 25,000_l._ was made on the original estimate, coupled with the condition of the work being completed in six years, and other terms, not one of which has been kept. The works have nearly reached three times their amount, and have extended over three times the stipulated period. The offer itself was also acceded to under protest, and in fact has never had a legal existence.
3rd. Hence Sir C. Barry has either a right to fall back on the original estimate, or on the custom. Both of these are 5 per cent., including the measuring and taking out quantities; and by way of illustration I have already referred to the British Museum, and to Dover Harbour; the latter being mere plummet and line work, and sinking square blocks of stone, whilst Sir Charles has in many cases to make, it may be, even one thousand working drawings for parts of the vast and elaborate work he has in hand.
But, as acting on his behalf with a view to a settlement, and not a perpetuation of these disputed claims, I now beg to offer as a counter proposition to your own--
1st. To accept 3 per cent. as architect’s commission on all certified works, taking the present amount as stated in your offer.
2nd. To accept 1 per cent. for quantities and measurement on the like amount.
3rd. The same commissions respectively on all future certified works.
4th. To refer the claims for extra works to some eminent person, who can hear such evidence as either the Government or Sir Charles may adduce in support of their respective views.
5th. The same referee to decide the question of interest; or
6th. A specific sum to be at once received as a closing of all claims for such services, and interest to the present day.
As to the referee, I would name by way of illustration Sir John Patteson, Sir Edward Ryan, or Mr. J. Lefevre, or any other of like standing.
These points I have severed in order as far as possible to meet the views already discussed in personal conference. But as a whole I can only say, in conclusion, as I have said before, that Sir C. Barry is willing to submit the whole question to a reference of this kind, and to abide the result. He is prepared to justify his claim to 5 per cent. by his original engagement and the custom; to vouch for all he has done by showing he has never acted without full authority; and if anything be needed to support his views, he finds it in the attack which has been made on him, and the way in which, up to the present discussion, what he believes to have been his just and reasonable claims have been resisted by the successive Governments with whom he has had to deal.
I will wait on you for your reply to this suggestion, and beg to subscribe myself,
Yours, &c.,
(Signed) JOHN MEADOWS WHITE.
(_e_). TREASURY MINUTE OF JANUARY 29TH, 1856.
My Lords advert to their minute of the 6th February, 1854, in reference to the claims of Sir Charles Barry, as architect of the new Houses of Parliament.
By that minute my Lords arrived at the opinion that a commission of 3 per cent. upon the cost of the building already incurred would be a fair and liberal remuneration to Sir Charles Barry, and that the same rate of commission should be allowed on the future expenditure.
My Lords, however, reserved for further consideration a claim which had been made for the payment for certain services performed by the late Mr. Pugin, upon which, as well as with regard to the question of measurement of works, past and future, my Lords called for a Report from the Board of Works. My Lords also requested to be informed of the exact cost of the buildings up to the latest date then ascertainable, and of the amount of moneys which from time to time had been paid to Sir Charles Barry.
From the Report of the Board of Works it appears that up to the 2nd of October, 1853, the cost of the building amounted to 1,506,845_l._ 10_s._, but with regard to which the Board of Works reports that works to the amount of 14,439_l._ were not strictly subject to commission. They also report, that up to that date Sir Charles Barry had received payments on account of commission, amounting in all to 44,735_l._ 3_s._ 9_d._
With regard to measurements, it appears by the same Report that Sir Charles Barry had paid out of pocket the sum of 11,457_l._ 18_s._ 10_d._ for that work, and that he had employed, in a portion of that duty, officers of the Board of Works, but who had been paid extra for such services. From explanations made, my Lords arrived at the conclusion that the moneys paid to Mr. Pugin should be allowed as extras. The Report of the Board of Works referred to, dated the 22nd January, 1855, however, brought before this Board several new claims upon the part of Sir Charles Barry for extra remuneration over and above his commission, but which appeared to my Lords to be generally of a nature which were covered by the commission of 3 per cent. upon the outlay.
Mr. Wilson now states to the Board that, at the instance of Sir Charles Barry, Mr. Meadows White, as his friend, sought several interviews with him for the purpose of endeavouring to come to a settlement in respect to the numerous questions in dispute.
A list of Sir Charles Barry’s claims for extra payment was put in by Mr. White, and consisted of:--
1. Services for plans in connexion with some contemplated arrangements in the new building for the deposit of Public Records.
2. Services in assisting and advising the Fine Arts Commission in respect to arrangements to be made in the Houses of Parliament.
3. Services in respect to warming and ventilating the Houses of Parliament.
4. Returns to Parliament, and attendance on Parliamentary Committees.
5. Other services in respect to warming and ventilating.
6. For directions to workmen, &c., in the wood and stone carving departments.
7. For purchase of stock on behalf of Government.
8. For procuring casts from the best examples of mediæval carving, &c.
9. For extra designs after the original plans were made.
10. For miscellaneous services, resisting unfair claims of contractors, &c.
It appears to my Lords, that with the exception of any charge which Sir Charles Barry may be able to show he is entitled to for conducting the ventilation and lighting of the houses of Parliament, all the other charges were fairly to be included in the commission of the architect.
Looking, however, at the question as a whole, and desirous to put an end to these long disputed points, and after having consulted the Board of Works, the following offer was made to Mr. White, as acting for Sir C. Barry, on the 26th of May last, with a view finally to settle all questions as to commission, measurement, and all other claims, up to the 2nd of October, 1853, to which date the closed accounts extended.
1st. That a commission of 3 per cent. should be allowed on the entire outlay of 1,506,845_l._, up to the 2nd of October, 1853.
2nd. That a remuneration for measurement upon the whole of the works included in that outlay should be paid at the rate of 1 per cent.
3rd. That these commissions should cover all demands of every kind whatsoever for the past, the services for warming, lighting, and ventilating alone excepted, which should be dealt with separately, and upon their own merits.
4th. That the remuneration of Sir Charles Barry for the future should be fixed at
Three per cent. commission on the outlay as architect, and 1 per cent. for measurement upon all works to which measurement applies; and that no furniture, &c. should in future be furnished by Sir C. Barry except by the special order of the Treasury.
After numerous further interviews and discussions with Mr. White, that gentleman, on the part of Sir Charles Barry, declined the terms of settlement thus offered, and pressed again the claims for the extra services performed.
My Lords having again referred Sir C. Barry’s claims for a report to the Board of Works, and having very carefully reviewed the whole case, continue to be of opinion that the terms herein stated are not only fair but liberal; that they include all remuneration to which Sir C. Barry is justly entitled for the services he has performed, and that their Lordships could not extend the same consistently with their duty to the public.
Considering, moreover, that this matter has gone on for nearly twenty years without any distinct understanding being arrived at, notwithstanding the efforts of every successive Board of Treasury to do so, my Lords are of opinion that it is inconsistent with the public interests that it should be any longer delayed; and they therefore, as far as they are concerned, must record these terms as their final decision upon the questions at issue. They are pleased, consequently, to direct that no further payment be made on account until a final settlement of the past, and an agreement as to the future, are concluded.
Let a copy of this Minute be forwarded to Sir Charles Barry, and to the Board of Works.
(_f_). REPLY OF SIR C. BARRY OF FEBRUARY, 1856.
From SIR CHARLES BARRY to JAMES WILSON, Esq., M.P.
Old Palace Yard, 9 February, 1856.
SIR,--I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 5th instant, enclosing copy of a Minute of the Lords Commissioners of her Majesty’s Treasury, dated the 29th ultimo, on the subject of my claims as the architect of the New Palace at Westminster.
As there are some passages in that Minute that appear to be founded upon a misapprehension of what has passed, I am anxious to call your attention to several of the explanations which I have already given in my letters and communications on the subject.
1st. With respect to the employment of the late Mr. Pugin, I have already stated, with reference to a claim made by their Lordships for a set-off on my commission for moneys paid to him, that he was not employed upon any duties that devolve upon me as the architect of the New Palace, inasmuch as all designs for that building have emanated from myself, but as the superintendent of the wood-carving department, in carrying my designs into effect, to which office he was appointed by the Government at a salary.
2ndly. With reference to the measurement of the work, I have already explained, that a portion of it was executed by my own clerks of works, and not, as stated in their Lordships’ Minute, by the officers of the Board of Works.
3rdly. That as the mention which is made of the furniture in the Minute may possibly lead to an inference that I have been in the habit of supplying furniture to the New Palace, I am anxious to repeat, that I have only been employed to make the designs for it, see to the proper execution of the contract, and check the accounts.
With reference to the remark in their Lordships’ Minute, as to the duration of the misunderstanding between myself and the Government in respect of my claims, I have to observe, that one of my greatest hardships has been the constant delays and postponements which have occurred in the consideration of my case; and that, during a period of more than 15 years, I have made every effort in my power to effect a settlement upon fair and honourable terms, and have constantly urged, without effect, the propriety of a reference by which I should have been perfectly willing to abide.
Lastly, I would beg to notice an omission in their Lordships’ Minute on the subject of Mr. White’s reply to their last proposal on the 12th December last, and to observe, that he did not then decline to accept the principle of it, but, on the contrary, accepted it, reserving only a question of a portion of the extra services to which that principle does not apply, and for which he proposed a fixed sum, or a reference to arbitration, to which proposal no official answer has yet been returned.
With respect to the decision recorded in their Lordships’ Minute, I regret extremely that I cannot consider it to be worthy of the character which their Lordships assign to it, as being either fair or liberal, for the following reasons:--
1st. Because it appears to be founded upon reports and statements upon which I have not been furnished with the means of making any reply or observations.
2ndly. Because the remuneration proposed is at variance with the long-established custom of my profession, and is far from adequate, when the elaboration of the work upon which I am engaged, and the extraordinary difficulties and disadvantages which have attended its progress, are duly considered.
3rdly. Because it is also at variance with all past and present practice, in respect of the rate of professional remuneration paid by the Government for all other architectural and engineering works of the country.
4thly. Because it deprives me, not only of all remuneration whatever for many extra services, forming no part of my duties as the architect of the New Palace at Westminster, but also of the repayment of a considerable sum of money which I have disbursed on account of them; and,
Lastly. Because the several questions at issue, both those which are strictly professional as well as those which are of a legal character, can only, in my opinion, be fairly solved upon evidence before an arbitrator of high standing, such as those whom I have ventured to propose for the purpose, by whose decision I should be perfectly wiling to abide.
I remain, &c.,
(Signed) CHARLES BARRY.
(_g_). CONCLUSION OF TREASURY MINUTE OF JULY, 1856.
My Lords can arrive at no other conclusion on this part of the question than that Sir Charles Barry has failed altogether to establish his position, that the remuneration of 25,000_l._ awarded to him in 1838, amounted to 4 per cent. on the estimate then before the Board of Woods, &c.
My Lords now advert to the correspondence which passed in the following year on the subject.
It appears that when the Commissioners of Woods, &c. came to the conclusion communicated in their Report to the Treasury, of the 20th February, 1838, they had before them the detailed and verified estimates from which they had reason to believe that the building would be completed for the sum stated, subject to such considerable additions as must be made according to the report of their surveyors in respect to fittings and other works which had not been the subject of estimate. They, therefore, well knew the whole duty and labour which would devolve on the architect, and with this knowledge they stated their opinion that “the sum of 25,000_l._ would be a fair and liberal remuneration for the labour and responsibility to be imposed on Mr. Barry, in the _superintendence, direction and completion_ of the intended edifice.” In the opinion of my Lords these terms are not susceptible of any other interpretation than that such remuneration was intended to cover every service which would devolve upon the architect in the _completion_ of the building according to the estimates and specifications then before them, and the further contingent services; that it was proposed in lieu of the ordinary per-centage remuneration, and was intended to cover every charge, including that of measuring, which usually devolves on architects receiving such ordinary professional remuneration.
It is clear, also, that it was accepted by Sir Charles Barry on that understanding. When the Treasury Letter of the 25th February, 1839, was communicated to him, he requested to be informed of the principle on which the proposed sum had been recommended, in order that he might offer the Board of Woods, &c. a few observations on the subject. This application having been refused by the letter of the surveyor of the Board of 4th April, 1839, Sir Charles Barry addressed a letter to that officer on the 22nd April, 1839, in which he stated that he had no doubt that the proposed amount, _although far short of the customary remuneration which had hitherto been paid to architects for extensive works_, was considered by the Board to be liberal under all the circumstances of the case, and that with this impression he had no wish to do otherwise than bow to its decision. He expressed at the same time his opinion that the amount was very inadequate to the great labour and responsibility that would devolve upon him in the superintendence, direction, and _completion of the intended edifice_, and his trust that when that should be made manifest, there would not be any indisposition on the part of the Board to award to him the remainder of the remuneration which had hitherto been customary on similar occasions.
Three points are evident from this letter. First, that Sir Charles Barry accepted the proposed sum after a distinct refusal of explanation regarding the principle on which it was proposed. Secondly, that he was well aware at the time that it was far short of the customary remuneration to architects; and thirdly, that he also well understood that it was intended as the whole remuneration which he was to receive for the _superintendence, direction, and completion of the intended edifice_.
It is therefore too late for him now to raise questions regarding the principle on which the recommendation of the Board of Works in 1839 was based, and to found claims on the supposition that that Board had in view the payment to him of an amount equivalent to the customary remuneration of architects, when the only reservation contained in his letter of the 22nd April, 1839, was founded on the admitted fact that the proffered sum was considerably less than such an amount.
On reconsidering the whole circumstances, the only doubt which my Lords entertain is, whether they have not taken too liberal a view of the considerations by which the Board of Woods, &c. were influenced when they recommended the payment of the fixed sum of 25,000_l._; and whether, especially in admitting Sir Charles Barry’s claim to the payment of the expense of measuring, they have not gone beyond the intentions of the arrangement of 1839.
My Lords have, however, no disposition now to re-open this question, and they are prepared to give effect to the arrangement proposed in their Minute of the 29th January last. With this view they proceed to consider the Report of the First Commissioner of Works, of the 11th April last, regarding the two points which were reserved in that Minute for future settlement, viz.:--
1st. The amount of remuneration for services rendered in the warming, lighting, and ventilating arrangements connected with the New Palace.
2nd. The works upon which he should hereafter be allowed the commission of 1 per cent. on measuring.
On these two points the First Commissioner has made the following suggestions:--
“As to the first point, I am of opinion that Sir C. Barry is entitled to receive, as a remuneration for his services under that head, a payment of 4,925_l._; and I arrive at this amount by allowing him 300_l._ per annum from January 1840 to April 1847, in respect of the preparation of plans and estimates for the various schemes suggested by Dr. Reid, which were either abandoned or greatly modified previously to carrying into effect the existing arrangements, and 500_l._ per annum from April 1847 to November 1852, for a continuance of the same duties, and also for taking charge of the warming, ventilating, and lighting apparatus throughout the entire building, with the exception of the House of Commons.
“Upon the second point, I am of opinion that an allowance for measurement of 1 per cent. should, for the future, be made only upon such accounts as require the services of a surveyor for their preparation, unless the architect should be authorised in writing by the First Commissioner of this Board, and with the approval of your Lordships’ Board, to make any special charge for special services so authorised.”
My Lords concur in these recommendations, and desire that the First Commissioner of Works will govern himself thereby. They will be prepared, in compliance therewith, to direct the issue to Sir Charles Barry of 4,925_l._, in full satisfaction of his claim for services connected with the warming, lighting and ventilating arrangements, and on the understanding that the whole principle of remuneration for his services is now finally settled, as defined by the Minute of 29th January last, and the further directions now given, and that in order to prevent any misapprehension as to the future, Sir Charles Barry will enter into an undertaking with the Board of Works to complete the buildings for the rate of commission and remuneration for measurement therein provided for.
In bringing this matter to a conclusion, my Lords feel it right to observe, with reference to statements which Sir Charles Barry has advanced in contravention of the grounds of the decision of this Board, that when their Lordships agreed to a payment being made to him at the rate of 1 per cent. for measuring, they had before them a report from the Board of Works, from which it appeared that, if the measuring were conducted under the direction of that Board, the remuneration to professional measurers for the work would be made “by a commission varying from one-half to three-quarters per cent.” Their Lordships therefore consider that in allowing him 1 per cent. he will be afforded ample remuneration for any duties imposed upon him personally in connexion with the service of measuring. Their Lordships have also to observe that the principle proposed by the Board of Works, that the allowance for measuring should be made only on such accounts as require the services of a surveyor for their preparation, except under special circumstances, is not only right as respects works executed subsequently to the 2nd October, 1853, but would in strictness be applicable to past works. Their Lordships therefore feel that, in allowing him remuneration at the rate of 1 per cent. for measuring on the gross expenditure of 1,508,174_l._ on account of works certified by him up to the 2nd October, 1854, they will have conceded payments to him considerably exceeding the sum to which he would have been entitled for the mere duty of measuring, and that that sum will afford full remuneration for all the extra services referred to in the Minute of this Board of 29th January last, excepting only those connected with services for warming, lighting, and ventilating, for which a special payment is now directed.
Their Lordships have before them a certified statement prepared in the Office of Works, from which it appears that the proportion of the said expenditure of 1,508,174_l._, which represent works which would not require the services of a measurer, is 215,000_l._ Sir Charles Barry will receive under the arrangement sanctioned by this Board 1 per cent. on the latter sum, being 2,150_l._ above the amount to which he would be properly entitled for the actual service of measuring, and they consider that a payment of that amount will afford him ample remuneration for all the undefined extra services referred to.
Transmit copy of this Minute to Sir Charles Barry for his information.
Transmit also copy thereof to the First Commissioner of Works for his information and guidance.
HANG Whitehall Treasury Chambers, July, 1856.
(_h._) BRIEF REMARKS BY SIR C. BARRY, 1856.
HANG Brief statement of the grounds of difference between the Architect of the New Palace at Westminster and the Lords of the Treasury.
1. Because their Lordships have assumed to themselves the right in their own case to put a value upon the architect’s services, at variance with professional custom, and contrary both to law and equity.
2. Because that, whilst the ordinary rate of professional commission is far from an adequate remuneration for more than 20 years’ devotion of the architect’s life to the carrying into effect, under peculiarly trying circumstances and great responsibilities, a work so extensive, intricate, and elaborate, as the New Palace at Westminster, their Lordships’ offer involves a sacrifice on his part of at least 20,000_l._ of his accustomed commission, exclusive of interest of money upon payments unduly withheld, amounting to not less than 15,000_l._
3. Because the offer made by their Lordships, which is assumed to be in accordance with precedent, is really at variance with the allowance hitherto made to architects for all public buildings. For where they have been employed upon the whole of the duties undertaken by the architect of the New Palace of Westminster, the allowance has been _invariably_ 5, and in some instances equal to more than 5 per cent. upon the expenditure; and although, in some cases, architects have been paid less than 5 per cent., it is only when they have been relieved of the financial portion, which is by no means the least onerous of their duties and responsibilities.
4. Because, with one exception, their Lordships do not recognise several claims for extra services, which form no part of the duties of the architect of the New Palace, to which no payment by commission can apply, and upon which he has incurred a considerable outlay.
5. Because that, whilst, for the sake of avoiding all further contention with a Government and affecting an immediate settlement, the architect had consented to forego his full claims as to percentage by complying with the principle of their Lordships’ offer, and only awaited their promised explanation of its details, and an answer relative to a proposition made to them respecting a portion of his services which had not been recognised, their Lordships without any further communication with him, framed their Minute of the 29th January, 1856, containing a decision on the case, and immediately laid that and a previous Minute on the table of each House of Parliament, unaccompanied by the correspondence or any notice of the negotiation which led to them.
6. Because of the order contained in their Lordships’ Minute of the 29th of January, 1856, for withholding all further payments to the architect until he consented to a settlement upon their own terms, although by such terms it is admitted that a balance is due to him of 20,000_l._, and although a further sum on account of his claims is included in the vote for the current year.
And finally, because of their Lordships’ refusal hitherto of all offers that have been made by the architect of a reference of his claims to arbitration, which, it is obvious, is the only just mode of arriving at an impartial decision in all cases of difference, where both parties only wish for what is fair and reasonable.
(D.)
LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS
TO
THE MEMORIAL STATUE.
[I CANNOT refuse myself the pleasure of recording the names of those, who thus did honour to my father’s memory.--A. B.]
* * * * *
£ _s._ _d._ Ainslie, C., Esq. 3 3 0 Angell, S., Esq. 5 5 0 Ashpitel, A., Esq. 3 3 0 Banks, R. R., Esq. 10 10 0 Barr, E., Esq. 1 1 0 Barry, J., Esq. 20 0 0 Bayne, R., Esq. 1 1 0 Bell, Jas., Esq. 3 3 0 Bell, John, Esq. 1 1 0 Bellamy, T., Esq. 5 5 0 Booth, W. J., Esq. 2 2 0 Boulnois, W. A., Esq. 1 1 0 Boxall, W., Esq., R.A. 2 2 0 Brakspear, W. H., Esq. 2 2 0 Brandon, D., Esq. 5 5 0 Brodrick, Cuthbert, Esq. 5 0 0 Browne, J. H., Esq. 2 2 0 Bryce, D., Esq. 3 3 0 Bunning, J. B., Esq. 3 3 0 Burton, A., Esq. 1 1 0 Burton, D., Esq. 3 3 0 Carlisle, The Earl of, K .G. 10 0 0 Chalk, J., Esq. 1 1 0 Chatwin, J. A., Esq. 2 2 0 Clarke, G. S., Esq. 10 10 0 Clarke, Joseph, Esq. 1 1 0 Clutton, H., Esq. 2 2 0 Cockerell, C. R., Esq., R.A. (Trustee) 10 10 0 Cole, J. J., Esq. 2 12 6 Cooke, E. W., Esq., R.A. 2 2 0 Cowper, Rt. Hon. W. F., M.P. (Trustee) 10 0 0 Crace, J. G., Esq. 10 10 0 Cubitt and Co., Messrs. W. 5 5 0 Currey, H., Esq. 2 2 0 Cust, The Hon. Sir E., K.C.H. (Trustee) 10 10 0 Cuthell, A., Esq. 5 5 0 Dangerfield, H., Esq. 1 1 0 Darbishire, H. A., Esq. 1 1 0 Davies, J., Esq. 1 1 0 St. Pauls, The Dean of 5 0 0 De Ville, L., Esq. 2 2 0 Donaldson, T. L., Esq. 10 10 0 Eastlake, Sir C. L., P.R.A. (Trustee) 10 10 0 Edmeston, J., Esq. 1 1 0 Ferrey, B., Esq. 3 3 0 Feversham, Rt. Hon. Lord 10 10 0 Francis, Messrs. F. & H. 1 1 0 Fraser, J. W., Esq. 2 2 0 Friend, An Humble 1 1 0 Garling, H., Esq. 5 5 0 Gassiott, J. P., Esq. 10 10 0 Gibson, J., Esq. 10 10 0 Glyn, G. Carr, Esq., M.P. 1 1 0 Glyn, G. Grenfell, Esq., M.P. 1 1 0 Godwin, G., Esq. 3 3 0 Good, J. H., Esq. 1 1 0 Goodridge, A. S., Esq. 1 1 0 Goodridge, H. E., Esq. 1 1 0 Grissell, T., Esq. 21 0 0 Groves, F. H., Esq. 0 10 0 Gye, F., Esq. 5 5 0 Hardwick, P., Esq., R.A. 5 5 0 Hardwick, P. C., Esq. 5 5 0 Hawkes, W., Esq. 10 0 0 Hawkshaw, J., Esq. 10 10 0 Hayward, C. F., Esq. 1 0 0 Hayward, John, Esq. 10 0 0 Haywood, W., Esq. 1 1 0 Herbert, W., Esq. 5 5 0 Hesketh, R., Esq. 2 2 0 Hirst, J. H., Esq. 1 1 0 Holmes, E. N., Esq. 1 1 0 Hope, A. J. B. Beresford, Esq. 10 0 0 Humbert, A. J., Esq. 2 2 0 Hunt, H. A., Esq. 50 0 0 I’Anson, E., Esq. 3 3 0 Inman, W. S., Esq. 1 1 0 James, J., Esq. 5 5 0 Jay, J., Esq. 5 5 0 Jeakes, Messrs. 3 3 0 Jennings, J., Esq. 1 1 0 Jones, Owen, Esq. 5 5 0 Judge & Winstanley, Messrs. 2 2 0 Kendall, H. E., Esq. 1 1 0 Kendall, H. E., Jun., Esq. 1 1 0 Kennedy, G. P., Esq. 5 5 0 Kerr, R., Esq. 1 1 0 Knowles, J. T., Esq. 5 5 0 Knowles, J. T., Jun., Esq. 1 1 0 Knowles, G., Esq. 1 1 0 Lansdowne, The Marquis of, K.G. 10 0 0 Lawrence, C. B. 1 1 0 Lawrie, W. 0 7 0 Leicester, G. O., Esq. 1 1 0 Leslie & Whitely, Messrs. 1 3 0 Lewis, T. Hayter, Esq. 3 3 0 Lucas, Messrs. 100 0 0 M’Clean, J. R., Esq. 5 5 0 Maclise, D., Esq., R.A. 5 5 0 Mair, G. J. J., Esq. 1 1 0 Marochetti, Baron, A.R.A. 5 5 0 Martineau, E. H., Esq. 1 1 0 Marshall, W. Calder, Esq., R.A. 1 1 0 Mason, W. A., Esq. 1 1 0 Mayhew, C., Esq. 3 3 0 Middleton, Lady 20 0 0 Mocatta, D., Esq. 5 5 0 Morgan, G., Esq. 3 3 0 Murchison, Sir R. 10 10 0 Murray, J., Esq. 5 5 0 Nash, Edwin, Esq. 1 1 0 Nelson, Charles C., Esq. (Hon. Sec.) 3 3 0 Newcastle, the Duke of, K.G. 20 0 0 Newton, H. R., Esq. 1 1 0 Norton, J., Esq. 5 5 0 Parris, R., Esq. 5 5 0 Parsons, H., Esq. 1 1 0 Pearce, M., Esq. 1 1 0 Pennethorne, J., Esq. 3 3 0 Penrose, F. C., Esq. 1 1 0 Peto, Sir Morton, Bart., M.P. 21 0 0 Pickersgill, F. R., Esq., R.A. 5 5 0 Porter, F. W., Esq. 1 1 0 Poynter, A., Esq. 1 1 0 Prichard & Seddon, Messrs. 3 3 0 Pye, K. J., Esq. 2 2 0 Reeks, C. F., Esq. 1 1 0 Richardson, C. J., Esq. 1 1 0 Roberts, D., Esq., R.A. 5 5 0 Roberts, H., Esq. 1 0 0 Robins, E. C., Esq. 1 1 0 Rowsell, Rev. T. J. 1 1 0 Scott, G. Gilbert, Esq., R.A. 5 5 0 Shuttleworth, Sir J. K., Bart. 5 5 0 Slater, W., Esq. 1 1 0 Smart, Sir G. 2 2 0 Smirke, Sydney, Esq., R.A. 5 5 0 Smith, C. H., Esq. 1 1 0 Smith, Montagu, Esq., Q.C. 3 3 0 Smith, P. G., Esq. 1 1 0 Soden, J. R., Esq. 1 1 0 Spiers, R. P., Esq. 1 1 0 Stanley, Lord, M.P. 10 10 0 Strudwick, J. H., Esq. 5 5 0 Thompson, J. Esq. 1 1 0 Tite, W., Esq., F.R.S., M.P. (Trustee) 10 10 0 Tress, R., Esq. 2 2 0 Turner, J., Esq. 1 1 0 Tweedie, Dr. 10 10 0 Vulliamy, G., Esq. 2 2 0 Ware, C. N. Cumberlege, Esq. 5 5 0 Waring, J. B., Esq. 1 1 0 Weightman, J. G., Esq. 2 2 0 Whitely, H., Esq. 5 5 0 Wilkinson, Sir Gardner 3 0 0 Wilson, F. R., Esq. 2 2 0 Wolfe, J. L., Esq. 200 0 0 Wolfe, L. M., Esq. 20 0 0 Woodthorpe, E., Esq. 1 1 0 Workmen, (Clapham) 2 14 6 Wright, W., Esq. 2 2 0 Wyatt, M. Digby, Esq. (Hon. Sec.) 3 3 0 Wyatt, T. H., Esq. 5 5 0
THE END.
LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING CROSS.
[Illustration: ORIGINAL SKETCHES AND DESIGNS OF THE LATE SIR CHARLES BARRY. R.A.
PLAN OF SUGGESTED IMPROVEMENTS AND NEW STREETS IN, AND NEAR, WESTMINSTER IN REFERENCE TO THE NEW PALACE OF WESTMINSTER, THE CONCENTRATION OF THE GOVERNMENT OFFICES, AND THE TREATMENT OF THE THAMES EMBANKMENT. EXHIBITED IN THE YEAR 1857, AT WESTMINSTER HALL.
Maclure, Macdonald & Macgregor Lith.ᵀᴮ to the Queen, 17ᴮ. Great George Sᵀ. Westminster.
The Dark Hatching shews Public and important Buildings as now existing, thus
The Light Hatching outlined shews the new Streets and Buildings proposed along them, thus
The Thick Blue Edging shews the line of the existing Banks on each side of the River.]
* * * * *
ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON, _October, 1866_.
MR. MURRAY’S
GENERAL LIST OF WORKS.
ALBERT’S (THE PRINCE) SPEECHES AND ADDRESSES ON PUBLIC OCCASIONS: with an Introduction giving some Outlines of his Character. Portrait. 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._; or _Popular Edition_. Portrait. Fcap. 8vo, 1_s._
ABBOTT’S (REV. J.) Philip Musgrave; or, Memoirs of a Church of England Missionary in the North American Colonies. Post 8vo. 2_s._
ABERCROMBIE’S (JOHN) Enquiries concerning the Intellectual Powers and the Investigation of Truth. _14th Edition._ Fcap. 8vo. 6_s._ 6_d._
---- Philosophy of the Moral Feelings. _13th Edition._ Fcap. 8vo. 4_s._
ACLAND’S (REV. CHARLES) Popular Account of the Manners and Customs of India. Post 8vo. 2_s._
ÆSOP’S FABLES. A New Translation. With Historical Preface. By Rev. THOMAS JAMES. With 100 Woodcuts, by TENNIEL and WOLF. _50th Thousand._ Post 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._
AGRICULTURAL (THE) JOURNAL. Of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. 8vo. _Published half-yearly._
AIDS TO FAITH: a Series of Theological Essays. By various Writers. Edited by WILLIAM THOMSON, D.D., Archbishop of York. 8vo. 9_s._
AMBER-WITCH (THE). The most interesting Trial for Witchcraft ever known. Translated from the German by LADY DUFF GORDON. Post 8vo. 2_s._
ARCHITECTURE OF AHMEDABAD, with Historical Sketch and Architectural Notes by T. C. HOPE, and JAMES FERGUSSON, F.R.S. With 2 Maps, 120 Photographs, and 22 Woodcuts. 4to. 5_l._ 5_s._
---- BEJAPOOR, with Historical Sketch and Architectural Essay by Col. MEADOWS TAYLOR and JAS. FERGUSSON. With 2 Maps, 78 Photographs, and 13 Woodcuts. Folio. 10_l._ 10_s._
---- DHARWAR and MYSORE. With Historical Sketch and Architectural Essay by Col. MEADOWS TAYLOR and JAS. FERGUSSON. With 2 Maps, 100 Photographs, and numerous Woodcuts. Folio. 12_l._ 12_s._
ARMY LIST (THE). _Published Monthly by Authority._ 18mo. 1_s._ 6_d._
ARTHUR’S (LITTLE) History of England. By LADY CALLCOTT. _New Edition, continued to 1862._ Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._
ATKINSON’S (MRS.) Recollections of Tartar Steppes and their Inhabitants. Illustrations. Post 8vo. 12_s._
AUNT IDA’S Walks and Talks; a Story Book for Children. By a LADY. Woodcuts. 16mo. 5_s._
AUSTIN’S (JOHN) LECTURES ON JURISPRUDENCE; or, the Philosophy of Positive Law. 3 Vols. 8vo. 39_s._
---- (SARAH) Fragments from German Prose Writers. With Biographical Notes. Post 8vo. 10_s._
ADMIRALTY PUBLICATIONS; Issued by direction of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty:--
A MANUAL OF SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY, for the Use of Travellers. Edited by Sir JOHN F. HERSCHEL, and Rev. ROBERT MAIN. _Third Edition._ Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 9_s._
AIRY’S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE AT GREENWICH. 1836 to 1847. Royal 4to. 50_s._ each.
---- ASTRONOMICAL RESULTS. 1848 to 1858. 4to. 8_s._ each.
---- APPENDICES TO THE ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS.
1836.--I. Bessel’s Refraction Tables. } II. Tables for converting Errors of R.A. and N.P.D. } 8_s._ into Errors of Longitude and Ecliptic P.D. } 1837.--I. Logarithms of Sines and Cosines to every Ten } Seconds of Time. } 8_s._ II. Table for converting Sidereal into Mean Solar Time. } 1842.--Catalogue of 1439 Stars. 8_s._ 1845.--Longitude of Valentia. 8_s._ 1847.--Twelve Years’ Catalogue of Stars. 14_s._ 1851.--Maskelyne’s Ledger of Stars. 6_s._ 1852.--I. Description of the Transit Circle. 5_s._ II. Regulations of the Royal Observatory. 2_s._ 1853.--Bessel’s Refraction Tables. 3_s._ 1854.--I. Description of the Zenith Tube. 3_s._ II. Six Years’ Catalogue of Stars. 10_s._ 1856.--Description of the Galvanic Apparatus at Greenwich Observatory. 8_s._ 1862.--I. Seven Years’ Catalogue of Stars. 10_s._ II. Plan of the Building and Ground of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. } 3_s._ III. Longitude of Valentia. }
---- MAGNETICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 1840 to 1847. Royal 4to. 50_s._ each.
---- ASTRONOMICAL, MAGNETICAL, AND METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, 1848 to 1864. Royal 4to. 50_s._ each.
---- ASTRONOMICAL RESULTS. 1848 to 1864. 4to.
---- MAGNETICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS. 1848 to 1864. 4to. 8_s._ each.
---- REDUCTION OF THE OBSERVATIONS OF PLANETS. 1750 to 1830. Royal 4to. 50_s._
-------- LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. 1750 to 1830. 2 Vols. Royal 4to. 50_s._ each.
------------ 1831 to 1851. 4to. 20_s._
BERNOULLI’S SEXCENTENARY TABLE. _London_, 1779. 4to.
BESSEL’S AUXILIARY TABLES FOR HIS METHOD OF CLEARING LUNAR DISTANCES. 8vo.
----FUNDAMENTA ASTRONOMIÆ: _Regiomontii_, 1818. Folio. 60_s._
BIRD’S METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING MURAL QUADRANTS. _London_, 1768. 4to. 2_s._ 6_d._
---- METHOD OF DIVIDING ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS. _London_, 1767. 4to. 2_s._ 6_d._
COOK, KING, AND BAYLY’S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS. _London_, 1782. 4to. 21_s._
ENCKE’S BERLINER JAHRBUCH, for 1830. _Berlin_, 1828. 8vo. 9_s._
GROOMBRIDGE’S CATALOGUE OF CIRCUMPOLAR STARS. 4to. 10_s._
HANSEN’S TABLES DE LA LUNE. 4to. 20_s._
HARRISON’S PRINCIPLES OF HIS TIME-KEEPER. PLATES 1797. 4to. 5_s._
HUTTON’S TABLES OF THE PRODUCTS AND POWERS OF NUMBERS. 1781. Folio. 7_s._ 6_d._
LAX’S TABLES FOR FINDING THE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. 1821. 8vo. 10_s._
LUNAR OBSERVATIONS at GREENWICH. 1783 to 1819. Compared with the Tables, 1821. 4to. 7_s._ 6_d._
MASKELYNE’S ACCOUNT OF THE GOING OF HARRISON’S WATCH. 1767. 4to. 2_s._ 6_d._
MAYER’S DISTANCES of the MOON’S CENTRE from the PLANETS. 1822, 3_s._; 1823, 4_s._ 6_d._; 1824 to 1835, 8vo. 4_s._ each.
---- THEORIA LUNÆ JUXTA SYSTEMA NEWTONIANUM. 4to. 2_s._ 6_d._
---- TABULÆ MOTUUM SOLIS ET LUNÆ. 1770. 4to. 5_s._
---- ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE AT GOTTINGEN, from 1756 to 1761. 1826. Folio. 7_s._ 6_d._
NAUTICAL ALMANACS, from 1767 to 1870. 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._ each.
-------- SELECTIONS FROM THE ADDITIONS up to 1812. 8vo. 5_s._ 1834-54. 8vo. 5_s._
-------- SUPPLEMENTS, 1828 to 1833, 1837 and 1838. 8vo. 2_s._ each.
-------- TABLE requisite to be used with the N.A. 1781. 8vo. 5_s._
POND’S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS. 1811 to 1835. 4to. 21_s._ each.
RAMSDEN’S ENGINE for DIVIDING MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS. 4to. 5_s._
---- ENGINE for DIVIDING STRAIGHT LINES. 4to. 5_s._
SABINE’S PENDULUM EXPERIMENTS to DETERMINE THE FIGURE OF THE EARTH. 1825. 4to. 40_s._
SHEPHERD’S TABLES for CORRECTING LUNAR DISTANCES. 1772. Royal 4to. 21_s._
---- TABLES, GENERAL, of the MOON’S DISTANCE from the SUN, and 10 STARS. 1787. Folio. 5_s._ 6_d._
TAYLOR’S SEXAGESIMAL TABLE. 1780. 4to. 15_s._
---- TABLES OF LOGARITHMS. 4to. 3_l._
TIARK’S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS for the LONGITUDE of MADEIRA. 1822. 4to. 5_s._
---- CHRONOMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS for DIFFERENCES of LONGITUDE between DOVER, PORTSMOUTH, and FALMOUTH. 1823. 4to. 5_s._
VENUS and JUPITER: OBSERVATIONS of, compared with the TABLES. _London_, 1822. 4to. 2_s._
WALES’ AND BAYLY’S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS. 1777. 4to. 21_s._
WALES’ REDUCTION OF ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 1764-1771. 1788. 4to. 10_s._ 6_d._
BARBAULD’S (MRS.) Hymns in Prose for Children. With 112 Original Designs. Small 4to. 5_s._ Or _Fine Paper_, 7_s._ 6_d._
BARROW’S (SIR JOHN) Autobiographical Memoir. From Early Life to Advanced Age. Portrait. 8vo. 16_s._
---- Life, Exploits, and Voyages of Sir Francis Drake. With numerous Original Letters. Post 8vo. 2_s._
BARRY (SIR CHARLES) Life of an Architect. By Rev. Alfred Barry, D.D. With Portrait and Illustrations. 8vo. (_Nearly Ready._)
BATES’ (H. W.) Records of a Naturalist on the River Amazons during eleven years of Adventure and Travel. _Second Edition._ Illustrations. Post 8vo. 12_s._
BEES AND FLOWERS. Two Essays. By Rev. Thomas James. Reprinted from the “Quarterly Review.” Fcap. 8vo. 1_s._ each.
BERTHA’S Journal during a Visit to her Uncle in England. Containing a Variety of Interesting and Instructive Information. _Seventh Edition._ Woodcuts. 12mo. 7_s._ 6_d._
BIRCH’S (SAMUEL) History of Ancient Pottery and Porcelain: Egyptian, Assyrian, Greek, Roman, and Etruscan. With 200 Illustrations. 2 Vols. Medium 8vo. 42_s._
BLUNT’S (REV. J. J.) Undesigned Coincidences in the Writings of the Old and New Testament, an Argument of their Veracity: containing the Books of Moses, Historical and Prophetical Scriptures, and the Gospels and Acts. _9th Edition._ Post 8vo. 6_s._
---- History of the Church in the First Three Centuries. _Third Edition._ Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- Parish Priest; His Duties, Acquirements and Obligations. _Fourth Edition._ Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- Lectures on the Right Use of the Early Fathers. _Second Edition._ 8vo. 15_s._
---- Plain Sermons Preached to a Country Congregation. _Second Edition._ 3 Vols. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ each.
---- Essays on various subjects. 8vo. 12_s._
BISSET’S (ANDREW) History of England during the Interregnum, from the Death of Charles I. to the Battle of Dunbar, 1648-50. Chiefly from the MSS. in the State Paper Office. 8vo. 15_s._
BERTRAM’S (JAS. G.) Harvest of the Sea: a Contribution to the Natural and Economic History of British Food Fishes. With 50 Illustrations. 21_s._
BLAKISTON’S (CAPT.) Narrative of the Expedition sent to explore the Upper Waters of the Yang-Tsze. Illustrations. 8vo. 18_s._
BLOMFIELD’S (BISHOP) Memoir, with Selections from his Correspondence. By his Son. _2nd Edition._ Portrait, post 8vo. 12_s._
BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER. Illustrated with Coloured Borders, Initial Letters, and Woodcuts. A new edition. 8vo. 18_s._ cloth; 31_s._ 6_d._ calf; 36_s._ morocco.
BORROW’S (GEORGE) Bible in Spain; or the Journeys, Adventures, and Imprisonments of an Englishman in an Attempt to circulate the Scriptures in the Peninsula. 3 Vols. Post 8vo. 27_s._; or _Popular Edition_, 16mo, 3_s._ 6_d._
---- Zincali, or the Gipsies of Spain; their Manners, Customs, Religion, and Language. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 18_s._; or _Popular Edition_, 16mo, 3_s._ 6_d._
---- Lavengro; The Scholar--The Gipsy--and the Priest. Portrait. 3 Vols. Post 8vo. 30_s._
---- Romany Rye; a Sequel to Lavengro. _Second Edition._ 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 21_s._
---- WILD WALES: its People, Language, and Scenery. _Popular Edition._ Post 8vo. 6_s._
BOSWELL’S (JAMES) Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. Including the Tour to the Hebrides. Edited by Mr. CROKER. Portraits. Royal 8vo. 10_s._
BRACE’S (C. L.) History of the Races of the Old World. Post 8vo. 9_s._
BRAY’S (MRS.) Life of Thomas Stothard, R.A. With Personal Reminiscences. Illustrated with Portrait and 60 Woodcuts of his chief works. 4to.
BREWSTER’S (SIR DAVID) Martyrs of Science; or, Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Kepler. _Fourth Edition._ Fcap. 8vo. 4_s._ 6_d._
---- More Worlds than One. The Creed of the Philosopher and the Hope of the Christian. _Eighth Edition._ Post 8vo. 6_s._
---- Stereoscope: its History, Theory, Construction, and Application to the Arts and to Education. Woodcuts. 12mo. 5_s._ 6_d._
---- Kaleidoscope: its History, Theory, and Construction, with its Application to the Fine and Useful Arts. _Second Edition._ Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 5_s._ 6_d._
BRITISH ASSOCIATION REPORTS. 8vo.
York and Oxford, 1831-32, 13_s._ 6_d._ Cambridge, 1833, 12_s._ Edinburgh, 1834, 15_s._ Dublin, 1835, 13_s._ 6_d._ Bristol, 1836, 12_s._ Liverpool, 1837, 16_s._ 6_d._ Newcastle, 1838, 15_s._ Birmingham, 1839, 13_s._ 6_d._ Glasgow, 1840, 15_s._ Plymouth, 1841, 13_s._ 6_d._ Manchester, 1842, 10_s._ 6_d._ Cork, 1843, 12_s._ York, 1844, 20_s._ Cambridge, 1845, 12_s._ Southampton, 1846, 15_s._ Oxford, 1847, 18_s._ Swansea, 1848, 9_s._ Birmingham, 1849, 10_s._ Edinburgh, 1850, 15_s._ Ipswich, 1851, 16_s._ 6_d._ Belfast, 1852, 15_s._ Hull, 1853, 10_s._ 6_d._ Liverpool, 1854, 18_s._ Glasgow, 1855, 15_s._ Cheltenham, 1856, 18_s._ Dublin, 1857, 15_s._ Leeds, 1858, 20_s._ Aberdeen, 1859, 15_s._ Oxford, 1860, 25_s._ Manchester, 1861, 15_s._ Cambridge, 1862, 20_s._ Newcastle, 1863, 25_s._ Bath, 1864, 18_s._ Birmingham, 1865, 25_s._
BROUGHTON’S (LORD) Journey through Albania and other Provinces of Turkey in Europe and Asia, to Constantinople, 1809-10. _Third Edition._ Illustrations. 2 Vols. 8vo. 30_s._
---- Visits to Italy. _3rd Edition._ 2 vols. Post 8vo. 18_s._
BRITISH (MURRAY) CLASSICS. A Series of Standard English Authors, printed from the most correct text, and edited with notes. 8vo.
_Already Published._
I. GOLDSMITH’S WORKS. Edited by PETER CUNNINGHAM, F.S.A. Vignettes. 4 Vols. 30_s._
II. GIBBON’S DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. Edited by WILLIAM SMITH, LL.D. Portrait and Maps. 8 Vols. 60_s._
III. JOHNSON’S LIVES OF THE ENGLISH POETS. Edited by PETER CUNNINGHAM, F.S.A. 3 Vols. 22_s._ 6_d._
IV. BYRON’S POETICAL WORKS. Edited, with Notes. 6 vols. 45_s._
_In Preparation._
LIFE AND WORKS OF POPE. Edited by REV. WHITWELL ELWIN.
HUME’S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Edited, with Notes.
LIFE AND WORKS OF SWIFT. Edited by JOHN FORSTER.
LIFE AND WORKS OF DRYDEN. Edited, with Notes.
BUBBLES FROM THE BRUNNEN OF NASSAU. BY AN OLD MAN. _7th Edition_, with Illustrations. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
BUNYAN (JOHN) and Oliver Cromwell. Select Biographies. By ROBERT SOUTHEY. Post 8vo. 2_s._
BURGON’S (Rev. J. W.) Memoir of Patrick Fraser Tytler. _Second Edition._ Post 8vo. 9_s._
---- Letters from Rome. Illustrations. Post 8vo. 12_s._
BURN’S (COL.) Dictionary of Naval and Military Technical Terms, English and French, and French and English. _Fourth Edition._ Crown 8vo. 15_s._
BURR’S (G. D.) Instructions in Practical Surveying, Topographical Plan Drawing, and on sketching ground without Instruments. _Fourth Edition._ Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 6_s._
BUTTMAN’S LEXILOGUS; a Critical Examination of the Meaning of numerous Greek Words, chiefly in Homer and Hesiod. Translated by Rev. J. R. FISHLAKE. _Fifth Edition._ 8vo. 12_s._
---- CATALOGUE OF IRREGULAR GREEK VERBS. With all the Tenses extant--their Formation, Meaning, and Usage, accompanied by an Index. Translated, with Notes, by Rev. J. R. FISHLAKE. _Fifth Edition._ Revised by Rev. E. VENABLES. Post 8vo.
BUXTON’S (SIR FOWELL) Memoirs. With Selections from his Correspondence. By his Son. Portrait. 8vo. 15_s._ _Abridged Edition._ Portrait. Fcap. 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._
---- (CHARLES, M.P.) IDEAS OF THE DAY ON POLICY. _A New and Enlarged Edition._ 8vo.
BYRON’S (LORD) Life, Letters, and Journals. By THOMAS MOORE. Plates. 6 Vols. Fcap. 8vo. 18_s._
---- Life, Letters, and Journals. By THOMAS MOORE. Portraits. Royal 8vo. 9_s._
---- Poetical Works. Portrait. 6 Vols. 8vo. 45_s._
---- Poetical Works. Plates. 10 Vols. Fcap. 8vo. 30_s._
---- Poetical Works. 8 Vols. 24mo. 20_s._
---- Poetical Works. Plates. Royal 8vo. 9_s._
---- Poetical Works. Portrait. Crown 8vo. 6_s._
---- Childe Harold. With 80 Engravings. Small 4to. 21_s._
---- Childe Harold. 16mo. 2_s._ 6_d._
---- Childe Harold. Vignettes. 16mo. 1_s._
---- Childe Harold. Portrait. 16mo. 6_d._
---- Tales and Poems. 24mo. 2_s._ 6_d._
---- Miscellaneous. 2 Vols. 24mo. 5_s._
---- Dramas and Plays. 2 Vols. 24mo. 5_s._
---- Don Juan and Beppo. 2 Vols. 24mo. 5_s._
---- Beauties. Poetry and Prose. Portrait. Fcap. 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
CARNARVON’S (LORD) Portugal, Gallicia, and the Basque Provinces. From Notes made during a Journey to those Countries. _Third Edition._ Post 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
---- Recollections of the Druses of Lebanon. With Notes on their Religion. _Third Edition._ Post 8vo. 5_s._ 6_d._
CAMPBELL’S (LORD) Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal of England. From the Earliest Times to the Death of Lord Eldon in 1838. _Fourth Edition._ 10 Vols. Crown 8vo. 6_s._ each.
---- Lives of the Chief Justices of England. From the Norman Conquest to the Death of Lord Tenterden. _Second Edition._ 3 Vols. 8vo. 42_s._
---- Shakspeare’s Legal Acquirements Considered. 8vo. 5_s._ 6_d._
---- Life of Lord Chancellor Bacon. Fcap. 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._
---- (GEORGE) Modern India. A Sketch of the System of Civil Government. With some Account of the Natives and Native Institutions. _Second Edition._ 8vo. 16_s._
---- India as it may be. An Outline of a proposed Government and Policy. 8vo. 12_s._
---- (THOS.) Short Lives of the British Poets. With an Essay on English Poetry. Post 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
CALLCOTT’S (LADY) Little Arthur’s History of England. _New Edition, brought down to the present time._ With Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._
CASTLEREAGH (THE) DESPATCHES, from the commencement of the official career of the late Viscount Castlereagh to the close of his life. Edited by the MARQUIS OF LONDONDERRY. 12 Vols. 8vo. 14_s._ each.
CATHCART’S (SIR GEORGE) Commentaries on the War in Russia and Germany, 1812-13. Plans. 8vo. 14_s._
CAVALCASELLE AND CROWE’S History of Painting in Italy, from the Second to the Sixteenth Century, from recent researches, as well as from personal inspection of the Works of Art in that Country. With 100 Illustrations. Vols. I. to III. 8vo. 63_s._
---- Notices of the Lives and Works of the Early Flemish Painters. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 12_s._
CHILD (G. CHAPLIN, M.D.) Benedicite; or, Song of the Three Children; being Illustrations of the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of the Creator. 2 Vols. Fcap. 8vo.
CHORLEY’S (H. F.) STUDIES OF THE MUSIC OF MANY NATIONS; including the Substance of a Course of Lectures delivered at the Royal Institution. 8vo. (_In the Press_)
CHURTON’S (ARCHDEACON) Gongora. An Historical Essay on the Age of Philip III. and IV. of Spain. With Translations. Portrait. 2 Vols. Small 8vo. 15_s._
CICERO: HIS LIFE AND TIMES. With his Character viewed as a Statesman, Orator, and Friend. With a Selection from his Correspondence and Orations. By WILLIAM FORSYTH, Q.C. _New Edition._ With Illustrations. 8vo.
CLIVE’S (LORD) Life. By REV. G. R. GLEIG, M.A. Post 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
COLCHESTER (LORD). The Diary and Correspondence of Charles Abbott, Lord Colchester, Speaker of the House of Commons, 1802-1817. Edited by his Son. Portrait. 3 Vols. 8vo. 42_s._
COLERIDGE (SAMUEL TAYLOR). Specimens of his Table-Talk. _New Edition._ Portrait. Fcap. 8vo. 6_s._
COLONIAL LIBRARY. [See Home and Colonial Library.]
COOK’S (Rev. Canon) Sermons Preached at Lincoln’s Inn Chapel, and on Special Occasions. 8vo. 9_s._
COOKERY (MODERN DOMESTIC). Founded on Principles of Economy and Practical Knowledge, and adapted for Private Families. By a Lady. _New Edition._ Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 5_s._
CORNWALLIS (THE) Papers and Correspondence during the American War,--Administrations in India,--Union with Ireland, and Peace of Amiens. Edited by CHARLES ROSS. _Second Edition._ 3 Vols. 8vo. 63_s._
COWPER’S (MARY, COUNTESS) Diary while Lady of the Bedchamber to Caroline Princess of Wales, 1714-20. Edited by Hon. SPENCER COWPER. _Second Edition._ Portrait. 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
CRABBE’S (REV. GEORGE) Life, Letters, and Journals. By his SON. Portrait. Fcap. 8vo. 3_s._
---- Life and Poetical Works. Plates. 8 Vols. Fcap. 8vo. 24_s._
---- Life and Poetical Works. Plates. Royal 8vo. 7_s._
CROKER’S (J. W.) Progressive Geography for Children. _Fifth Edition._ 18mo. 1_s._ 6_d._
---- Stories for Children, Selected from the History of England. _Fifteenth Edition._ Woodcuts. 16mo. 2_s._ 6_d._
---- Boswell’s Life of Johnson. Including the Tour to the Hebrides. Portraits. Royal 8vo. 10_s._
---- Essays on the Early Period of the French Revolution. 8vo. 15_s._
---- Historical Essay on the Guillotine. Fcap. 8vo. 1_s._
CROMWELL (OLIVER) and John Bunyan. By ROBERT SOUTHEY. Post 8vo. 2_s._
CROWE’S AND CAVALCASELLE’S Notices of the Early Flemish Painters; their Lives and Works. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 12_s._
---- History of Painting in Italy, from 2nd to 16th Century. Derived from Historical Researches as well as inspection of the Works of Art in that Country. With 100 Illustrations. Vols. I. II. and III. 8vo. 21_s._ each.
CUMMING’S (R. GORDON) Five Years of a Hunter’s Life in the Far Interior of South Africa; with Anecdotes of the Chace, and Notices of the Native Tribes. _New Edition._ Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 5_s._
CUNNINGHAM’S (ALLAN) Poems and Songs. Now first collected and arranged, with Biographical Notice. 24mo. 2_s._ 6_d._
CURETON (REV. W.). Remains of a very Ancient Recension of the Four Gospels in Syriac, hitherto unknown in Europe. Discovered, Edited, and Translated. 4to. 24_s._
CURTIUS’ (PROFESSOR) Student’s Greek Grammar, for the use of Colleges and the Upper Forms. Translated under the Author’s revision. Edited by DR. WM. SMITH. Post 8vo.
---- Smaller Greek Grammar for the use of the Middle and Lower Forms, abridged from the above. 12mo. 3_s._ 6_d._
----First Greek Course; containing Delectus, Exercise Book, and Vocabularies. 12mo. 3_s._ 6_d._
CURZON’S (HON. ROBERT) ARMENIA AND ERZEROUM. A Year on the Frontiers of Russia, Turkey, and Persia. _Third Edition._ Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- Visits to the Monasteries of the Levant. _Fifth Edition._ Illustrations. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
CUST’S (GENERAL) Annals of the Wars of the 18th & 19th Centuries. 9 Vols. Fcap. 8vo. 5_s._ each.
---- Lives and Characters of the Warriors of the 17th Century who have Commanded Fleets and Armies before the Enemy. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 16_s._
DARWIN’S (CHARLES) Journal of Researches into the Natural History of the Countries visited during a Voyage round the World. Post 8vo. 9_s._
---- Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection; or, the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. _Fourth Edition, revised._ Post 8vo. 14_s._
----Fertilization of Orchids through Insect Agency, and as to the good of Intercrossing. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 9_s._
---- Domesticated Animals and Cultivated Plants; or, the Principles of Variation, Inheritance, Re-version, Crossing, Inter-breeding, and Selection under Domestication. With Illustrations. Post 8vo. (_In Preparation._)
DAVIS’S (NATHAN) Visit to the Ruined Cities of Numidia and Carthaginia. Illustrations. 8vo. 16_s._
---- (SIR J. F.) Chinese Miscellanies: a Collection of Essays and Notes. Post 8vo. 6_s._
DAVY’S (SIR HUMPHRY) Consolations in Travel; or, Last Days of a Philosopher. _Fifth Edition._ Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 6_s._
---- Salmonia; or, Days of Fly Fishing. _Fourth Edition._ Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 6_s._
DELEPIERRE’S (OCTAVE) History of Flemish Literature. From the Twelfth Century. 8vo. 9_s._
DENNIS’ (GEORGE) Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria. Plates. 2 Vols. 8vo. 42_s._
DERBY’S (EDWARD, EARL OF) Translation of the Iliad of Homer into English Blank Verse. _Fifth Edition, Revised._ 2 Vols. 8vo. 24_s._
DE ROS’S (LORD) Memorials of the Tower of London. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
DIXON’S (W. HEPWORTH) Story of the Life of Lord Bacon. Portrait. Fcap. 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
DOG-BREAKING; the Most Expeditious, Certain, and Easy Method, whether great excellence or only mediocrity be required. With a Few Hints for those who Love the Dog and the Gun. By LIEUT.-GEN. HUTCHINSON. _Fourth Edition._ With 40 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. 15_s._
DOMESTIC MODERN COOKERY. Founded on Principles of Economy and Practical Knowledge, and adapted for Private Families. _New Edition._ Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 5_s._
DOUGLAS’S (GENERAL SIR HOWARD) Life and Adventures; From Notes, Conversations, and Correspondence. By S. W. FULLOM. Portrait. 8vo. 15_s._
---- Theory and Practice of Gunnery. _5th Edition._ Plates. 8vo. 21_s._
---- Military Bridges, and the Passage of Rivers in Military Operations. _Third Edition._ Plates. 8vo. 21_s._
---- Naval Warfare with Steam. _Second Edition._ 8vo. 8_s._ 6_d._
---- Modern Systems of Fortification. Plans. 8vo. 12_s._
DRAKE’S (SIR FRANCIS) Life, Voyages, and Exploits, by Sea and Land. By JOHN BARROW. _Third Edition._ Post 8vo. 2_s._
DRINKWATER’S (JOHN) History of the Siege of Gibraltar, 1779-1783. With a Description and Account of that Garrison from the Earliest Periods. Post 8vo. 2_s._
DU CHAILLU’S (PAUL B.) EQUATORIAL AFRICA, with Accounts of the Gorilla, the Nest-building Ape, Chimpanzee, Crocodile, &c. Illustrations. 8vo. 21_s._
DUFFERIN’S (LORD) Letters from High Latitudes, being some Account of a Yacht Voyage to Iceland, &c., in 1856. _Fourth Edition._ Woodcuts. Post 8vo.
---- Lispings from Low Latitudes, or the Journal of the Hon. Impulsia Gushington. With 24 Plates. 4to. 21_s._
DYER’S (THOMAS H.) History of Modern Europe, from the taking of Constantinople by the Turks to the close of the War in the Crimea. 4 Vols. 8vo. 60_s._
EASTLAKE’S (SIR CHARLES) Italian Schools of Painting. From the German of KUGLER. Edited, with Notes. _Third Edition._ Illustrated from the Old Masters. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 30_s._
EASTWICK’S (E. B.) Handbook for Bombay and Madras, with Directions for Travellers, Officers, &c. Map. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 24_s._
EDWARDS’ (W. H.) Voyage up the River Amazon, including a Visit to Para. Post 8vo. 2_s._
ELDON’S (LORD) Public and Private Life, with Selections from his Correspondence and Diaries. By HORACE TWISS. _Third Edition._ Portrait. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 21_s._
ELLIS (REV. W.) Visits to Madagascar, including a Journey to the Capital, with notices of Natural History, and Present Civilisation of the People. _Fifth Thousand._ Map and Woodcuts. 8vo. 16_s._
---- (MRS.) Education of Character, with Hints on Moral Training. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
ELLESMERE’S (LORD) Two Sieges of Vienna by the Turks. Translated from the German. Post 8vo. 2_s._
ELPHINSTONE’S (HON. MOUNTSTUART) History of India--the Hindoo and Mahomedan Periods. _Fifth Edition, Revised._ Map. 8vo. 18_s._
ENGEL’S (CARL) Music of the Most Ancient Nations; particularly of the Assyrians, Egyptians, and Hebrews; with Special Reference to the Discoveries in Western Asia and in Egypt. With 100 Illustrations. 8vo. 16_s._
ENGLAND (HISTORY OF) from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles, 1713-83. By LORD MAHON (Earl Stanhope). _Library Edition_, 7 Vols. 8vo. 93_s._; or _Popular Edition_, 7 Vols. Post 8vo. 35_s._
----From the First Invasion by the Romans, down to the Present Year of Queen Victoria’s Reign. By MRS. MARKHAM. _New and Cheaper Edition._ Woodcuts. 12mo. 4_s._
---- (THE STUDENT’S HUME). From the Invasion of Julius Cæsar to the Revolution of 1688. By DAVID HUME. Corrected and continued to 1858. Edited by WM. SMITH, LL.D. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- A Smaller History of England for Young Persons. By DR. WM. SMITH. Woodcuts. 18mo. 3_s._ 6_d._
---- Little Arthur’s History of England. By LADY CALLCOTT. Woodcuts. 18mo. 2_s._ 6_d._
ENGLISHWOMAN IN AMERICA. Post 8vo. 10s. 6_d._
ESKIMAUX and English Vocabulary, for Travellers in the Arctic Regions. 16mo. 3_s._ 6_d._
ESSAYS FROM “THE TIMES.” Being a Selection from the LITERARY PAPERS which have appeared in that Journal. _Seventh Thousand._ 2 vols. Fcap. 8vo. 8_s._
ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, TRANSACTIONS. New Series. Vols. I. to IV. 8vo.
EXETER’S (BISHOP OF) Letters to Charles Butler, on his Book of the Roman Catholic Church. _New Edition._ Post 8vo. 6_s._
FAMILY RECEIPT-BOOK. A Collection of a Thousand Valuable and Useful Receipts. Fcap. 8vo. 5_s._ 6_d._
FARRAR’S (REV. A. S.) Critical History of Free Thought in reference to the Christian Religion. Being the Bampton Lectures, 1862. 8vo. 16_s._
---- (F. W.) Origin of Language, based on Modern Researches. Fcap. 8vo. 5_s._
FEATHERSTONHAUGH’S (G. W.) Tour through the Slave States of North America, from the River Potomac to Texas and the Frontiers of Mexico. Plates. 2 Vols. 8vo. 26_s._
FERGUSSON’S (JAMES) Palaces of Nineveh and Persepolis Restored. Woodcuts. 8vo. 16_s._
---- History of Architecture in all Countries: from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. With 1200 Illustrations. 2 Vols. 8vo. Vol. I. 42_s._
---- History of the Modern Styles of Architecture: forming the Third and Concluding Volume of the above work. With 312 Illustrations. 8vo. 31_s._ 6_d._
---- Holy Sepulchre and the Temple at Jerusalem; being the Substance of Two Lectures delivered at the Royal Institution, 1862 and ’65. Woodcuts. 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
FISHER’S (REV. GEORGE) Elements of Geometry, for the Use of Schools. _Fifth Edition._ 18mo. 1_s._ 6_d._
----First Principles of Algebra, for the Use of Schools. _Fifth Edition._ 18mo. 1_s._ 6_d._
FLOWER GARDEN (THE). By REV. THOS. JAMES. Fcap. 8vo. 1_s._
FONNEREAU’S (T. G.) Diary of a Dutiful Son. Fcap. 8vo. 4_s._ 6_d._
FORBES’ (C. S.) Iceland; its Volcanoes, Geysers, and Glaciers. Illustrations. Post 8vo. 14_s._
FORSTER’S (JOHN) Arrest of the Five Members by Charles the First. A Chapter of English History re-written. Post 8vo. 12_s._
---- Grand Remonstrance, 1641. With an Essay on English freedom under the Plantagenet and Tudor Sovereigns. _Second Edition._ Post 8vo. 12_s._
---- Sir John Eliot: a Biography, 1590-1632. With Portraits. 2 Vols. Crown 8vo. 30_s._
---- Biographies of Oliver Cromwell, Daniel De Foe, Sir Richard Steele, Charles Churchill, Samuel Foote. _Third Edition._ Post 8vo. 12_s._
FORD’S (RICHARD) Handbook for Spain, Andalusia, Ronda, Valencia, Catalonia, Granada, Gallicia, Arragon, Navarre, &c. _Third Edition._ 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 30_s._
---- Gatherings from Spain. Post 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
FORSYTH’S (WILLIAM) Life and Times of Cicero. With Selections from his Correspondence and Orations. _New Edition._ Illustrations. 8vo.
FORTUNE’S (ROBERT) Narrative of Two Visits to the Tea Countries of China, 1843-52. _Third Edition._ Woodcuts. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 18_s._
---- Third Visit to China. 1853-6. Woodcuts. 8vo. 16_s._
---- Yedo and Peking. With Notices of the Agriculture and Trade of China, during a Fourth Visit to that Country. Illustrations. 8vo. 16_s._
FOSS’ (Edward) Judges of England. With Sketches of their Lives, and Notices of the Courts at Westminster, from the Conquest to the Present Time. 9 Vols. 8vo. 114_s._
FRANCE (HISTORY OF). From the Conquest by the Gauls to Recent Times. By Mrs. MARKHAM. _New and Cheaper Edition._ Woodcuts. 12mo. 4_s._
---- (THE STUDENT’S HISTORY OF). From the Earliest Times to the Establishment of the Second Empire, 1852. By W. H. PEARSON. Edited by WM. SMITH, LL.D. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
FRENCH (THE) in Algiers; The Soldier of the Foreign Legion--and the Prisoners of Abd-el-Kadir. Translated by Lady DUFF GORDON. Post 8vo. 2_s._
GALTON’S (FRANCIS) Art of Travel; or, Hints on the Shifts and Contrivances available in Wild Countries. _Third Edition._ Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
GEOGRAPHY, ANCIENT (THE STUDENT’S MANUAL OF). By Rev. W. L. BEVAN. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- MODERN (THE STUDENT’S MANUAL). By Rev. W. L. BEVAN. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. _In the Press._
---- Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 8vo.
GERMANY (HISTORY OF). From the Invasion by Marius, to Recent times. By Mrs. MARKHAM. _New and Cheaper Edition._ Woodcuts. 12mo. 4_s._
GIBBON’S (EDWARD) History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Edited, with Notes, by DEAN MILMAN and M. GUIZOT. _A New Edition._ Preceded by his Autobiography. And Edited, with Notes, by Dr. WM. SMITH. Maps. 8 Vols. 8vo. 60_s._
---- (The Student’s Gibbon); Being an Epitome of the above work, incorporating the Researches of Recent Commentators. By Dr. WM. SMITH. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
GIFFARD’S (EDWARD) Deeds of Naval Daring; or, Anecdotes of the British Navy. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
GOLDSMITH’S (OLIVER) Works. A New Edition. Printed from the last editions revised by the Author. Edited by PETER CUNNINGHAM. Vignettes. 4 Vols. 8vo. 3_s._
GLADSTONE’S (RIGHT HON. W. E.) Financial Statements of 1853, 60, 63, and 64; with Speeches on Tax-Bills and Charities. _Second Edition._ 8vo. 12_s._
----Farewell Address at the University of Edinburgh. _Fourth Edition._ 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._
---- Speeches on Parliamentary Reform in 1866. Post 8vo.
GLEIG’S (REV. G. R.) Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans. Post 8vo. 2_s._
---- Story of the Battle of Waterloo. Post 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
---- Narrative of Sale’s Brigade in Affghanistan. Post 8vo. 2_s._
---- Life of Robert Lord Clive. Post 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
---- Life and Letters of Sir Thomas Munro. Post 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
GONGORA; An Historical Essay on the Times of Philip III. and IV. of Spain. With Illustrations. By ARCHDEACON CHURTON. Portrait. 2 vols. Post 8vo. 15_s._
GORDON’S (SIR ALEX. DUFF) Sketches of German Life, and Scenes from the War of Liberation. From the German. Post 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
---- (LADY DUFF) Amber-Witch: A Trial for Witchcraft. From the German. Post 8vo. 2_s._
----French in Algiers. 1. The Soldier of the Foreign Legion. 2. The Prisoners of Abd-el-Kadir. From the French. Post 8vo. 2_s._
GOUGER’S (HENRY) Personal Narrative of Two Years’ Imprisonment in Burmah. _Second Edition._ Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 12_s._
GRAMMARS (LATIN and GREEK). See CURTIUS; SMITH; KING EDWARD VITH., &c. &c.
GREECE (THE STUDENT’S HISTORY OF). From the Earliest Times to the Roman Conquest. By WM. SMITH, LL. D. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- (A SMALLER HISTORY OF, FOR YOUNG PERSONS). By DR. WM. SMITH. Woodcuts. 16mo. 3_s._ 6_d._
GRENVILLE (THE) PAPERS. Being the Public and Private Correspondence of George Grenville, including his PRIVATE DIARY. Edited by W. J. SMITH. 4 Vols. 8vo. 16_s._ each.
GREY (EARL). The Correspondence of the late Earl Grey with King William IVth. and Sir Herbert Taylor, from November, 1830, to the Passing of the Reform Act in 1832. 8vo.
---- On Parliamentary Government and Reform; with Suggestions for the Improvement of our Representative System, and an Examination of the Reform Bills of 1859-61. _Second Edition._ 8vo. 9_s._
---- (SIR GEORGE). Polynesian Mythology, and Ancient Traditional History of the New Zealand Race. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
GRUNER’S (LEWIS) Brick and Terra-Cotta Buildings of Lombardy, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. From careful Drawings and Restorations. Engraved and printed in Colours. Illustrations. Small folio. _Nearly Ready._
GUIZOT’S (M.) Meditations on the Essence of Christianity, and on the Religious Questions of the Day. Post 8vo. 9_s._ 6_d._
---- Meditations on the Actual State of the Christian Religion. Post 8vo.
GROTE’S (GEORGE) History of Greece. From the Earliest Times to the close of the generation contemporary with the death of Alexander the Great. _Fourth Edition._ Maps. 8 vols. 8vo. 112_s._
---- PLATO, and the other Companions of Socrates. _Second Edition._ 3 Vols. 8vo.
---- (MRS.) Memoir of Ary Scheffer. Post 8vo. 8_s._ 6_d._
-------- Collected Papers. 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
HALLAM’S (HENRY) Constitutional History of England, from the Accession of Henry the Seventh to the Death of George the Second. _Seventh Edition._ 3 Vols. 8vo. 30_s._ Or Popular Edition, 3 Vols., Post 8vo, 18_s._
---- History of Europe during the Middle Ages. _Tenth Edition._ 3 Vols. 8vo. 30_s._ Or Popular Edition, 3 Vols., Post 8vo, 18_s._
---- Literary History of Europe, during the 15th, 16th and 17th Centuries. _Fourth Edition._ 3 Vols. 8vo. 36_s._ Or Popular Edition, 4 Vols. Post 8vo., 24_s._
---- Historical Works. Containing History of England,--Middle Ages of Europe,--Literary History of Europe. 10 Vols. Post 8vo. 6_s._ each.
---- (ARTHUR) Remains; in Verse and Prose. With Preface, Memoir, and Portrait. Fcap. 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
HAMILTON’S (JAMES) Wanderings in North Africa. With Illustrations. Post 8vo. 12_s._
HART’S ARMY LIST. (_Quarterly and Annually._) 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._ and 21_s._ each.
HANNAH’S (REV. DR.) Bampton Lectures for 1863; the Divine and Human Elements in Holy Scripture. 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
HAY’S (J. H. DRUMMOND) Western Barbary, its wild Tribes and savage Animals. Post 8vo. 2_s._
HEAD’S (SIR FRANCIS) Horse and his Rider. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 5_s._
---- Rapid Journeys across the Pampas. Post 8vo. 2_s._
---- Bubbles from the Brunnen of Nassau. Illustrations. Post 8vo.
---- Emigrant. Fcap. 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._
---- Stokers and Pokers; or, N.-Western Rail way. Post 8vo. 2_s._
---- (SIR EDMUND) Shall and Will; or, Future Auxiliary Verbs. Fcap. 8vo. 4_s._
HEBER’S (BISHOP) Journey through the Upper Provinces of India, from Calcutta to Bombay, with an Account of a Journey to Madras and the Southern Provinces. _Twelfth Edition._ 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 7_s._
---- Poetical Works, including Palestine, Europe, The Red Sea, Hymns, &c. _Sixth Edition._ Portrait. Fcap. 8vo. 6_s._
---- Hymns adapted to the Weekly Church Service of the Year. 16mo. 1_s._ 6_d._
HERODOTUS. A New English Version. Edited, with Notes and Essays, historical, ethnographical, and geographical, by Rev. G. RAWLINSON, assisted by SIR HENRY RAWLINSON and SIR J. G. WILKINSON. _Second Edition._ Maps and Woodcuts. 4 Vols. 8vo. 48_s._
HAND-BOOK--TRAVEL-TALK. English, French, German, and Italian. 18mo. 3_s._ 6_d._
---- NORTH GERMANY,--HOLLAND, BELGIUM, and the Rhine to Switzerland. Map. Post 8vo. 10_s._
---- KNAPSACK GUIDE--BELGIUM AND THE RHINE. Post 8vo. (_In the Press._)
---- SOUTH GERMANY, Bavaria, Austria, Styria, Salzberg, the Austrian and Bavarian Alps, the Tyrol, Hungary, and the Danube, from Ulm to the Black Sea. Map. Post 8vo. 10_s._
---- KNAPSACK GUIDE--THE TYROL. Post 8vo. (_In the Press._)
---- PAINTING. German, Flemish, and Dutch Schools. Edited by DR. WAAGEN. Woodcuts. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 24_s._
---- LIVES OF THE EARLY FLEMISH PAINTERS, with Notices of their Works. By CROWE and CAVALCASELLE. Illustrations. Post 8vo. 12_s._
---- SWITZERLAND, Alps of Savoy, and Piedmont. Maps. Post 8vo. 9_s._
---- KNAPSACK GUIDE--SWITZERLAND. Post 8vo. 5_s._
----FRANCE, Normandy, Brittany, the French Alps, the Rivers Loire, Seine, Rhone, and Garonne, Dauphiné, Provence, and the Pyrenees. Maps. Post 8vo. 10_s._
---- KNAPSACK GUIDE--FRANCE. Post 8vo. (_In the Press._)
---- PARIS AND ITS ENVIRONS. Map. Post 8vo. 5_s._
---- SPAIN, Andalusia, Ronda, Granada, Valencia, Catalonia, Gallicia, Arragon, and Navarre. Maps. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 30_s._
---- PORTUGAL, LISBON, &c. Map. Post 8vo. 9_s._
---- NORTH ITALY, Piedmont, Liguria, Venetia, Lombardy, Parma, Modena, and Romagna. Map. Post 8vo. 12_s._
---- CENTRAL ITALY, Lucca, Tuscany, Florence, The Marches, Umbria, and the Patrimony of St. Peter’s. Map. Post 8vo. 10_s._
---- ROME AND ITS ENVIRONS. Map. Post 8vo. 9_s._
---- SOUTH ITALY, Two Sicilies, Naples, Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Vesuvius. Map. Post 8vo. 10_s._
---- KNAPSACK GUIDE--ITALY. Post 8vo. 6_s._
---- SICILY, Palermo, Messina, Catania, Syracuse, Etna, and the Ruins of the Greek Temples. Map. Post 8vo. 12_s._
---- PAINTING. The Italian Schools. From the German of KUGLER. Edited by Sir CHARLES EASTLAKE, R.A. Woodcuts. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 30_s._
---- LIVES OF THE EARLY ITALIAN PAINTERS, AND PROGRESS OF PAINTING IN ITALY, from CIMABUE to BASSANO. By Mrs. JAMESON. _A New Edition._ Woodcuts. Post 8vo. _In the Press._
---- NORWAY, Map. Post 8vo. 5_s._
---- DENMARK, SWEDEN, and NORWAY. Maps. Post 8vo. 15_s._
HAND-BOOK--GREECE, the Ionian Islands, Albania, Thessaly, and Macedonia. Maps. Post 8vo. 15_s._
---- TURKEY, Malta, Asia Minor, Constantinople, Armenia, Mesopotamia, &c. Maps. Post 8vo.
---- EGYPT, Thebes, the Nile, Alexandria, Cairo, the Pyramids, Mount Sinai, &c. Map. Post 8vo. 15_s._
---- SYRIA AND PALESTINE, Peninsula of Sinai, Eidom, and Syrian Desert. Maps. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 24_s._
---- BOMBAY AND MADRAS. Map. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 24_s._
---- RUSSIA, POLAND, and FINLAND. Maps. Post 8vo. 12_s._
---- MODERN LONDON. A Complete Guide to all the Sights and Objects of Interest in the Metropolis. Map. 16mo. 3_s._ 6_d._
---- WESTMINSTER ABBEY. Woodcuts. 16mo. 1_s._
---- IRELAND--Dublin, Belfast, Donegal, Galway, Wexford, Cork, Limerick, Waterford, the Lakes of Killarney, Coast of Munster, &c. Maps. Post 8vo. 12_s._
---- KENT AND SUSSEX, Canterbury, Dover, Ramsgate, Sheerness, Rochester, Chatham, Woolwich, Brighton, Chichester, Worthing, Hastings, Lewes, Arundel, &c. Map. Post 8vo. 10_s._
---- SURREY AND HANTS, Kingston, Croydon, Reigate, Guildford, Winchester, Southampton, Portsmouth, and Isle of Wight. Maps. Post 8vo. 10_s._
---- BERKS, BUCKS, AND OXON, Windsor, Eton, Reading, Aylesbury, Uxbridge, Wycombe, Henley, the City and University of Oxford, and the Descent of the Thames to Maidenhead and Windsor. Map. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- WILTS, DORSET, AND SOMERSET, Salisbury, Chippenham, Weymouth, Sherborne, Wells, Bath, Bristol, Taunton, &c. Map. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- DEVON AND CORNWALL, Exeter, Ilfracombe, Linton, Sidmouth, Dawlish, Teignmouth, Plymouth, Devonport, Torquay, Launceston, Truro, Penzance, Falmouth, &c. Maps. Post 8vo. 10_s._
---- NORTH AND SOUTH WALES, Bangor, Carnarvon, Beaumaris, Snowdon, Conway, Menai Straits, Carmarthen, Pembroke, Tenby, Swansea, The Wye, &c. Maps. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 12_s._
---- GLOUCESTER, HEREFORD, AND WORCESTERSHIRE. Map. Post 8vo.
---- STAFFORD, DERBY, AND LEICESTERSHIRE. Map. Post 8vo. (_Just Ready._)
---- YORKSHIRE. Map. Post 8vo. (_Just Ready._)
---- THE LAKES. WESTMORELAND, CUMBERLAND, &c. Maps. Post 8vo. 6_s._ 6_d._
---- SOUTHERN CATHEDRALS OF ENGLAND--Winchester, Salisbury, Exeter, Wells, Chichester, Rochester, Canterbury. With 110 Illustrations. 2 Vols. Crown 8vo. 24_s._
---- EASTERN CATHEDRALS OF ENGLAND--Oxford, Peterborough, Norwich, Ely, and Lincoln. With 90 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 18_s._
---- WESTERN CATHEDRALS OF ENGLAND--Bristol, Gloucester, Hereford, Worcester, and Lichfield. With 50 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 16_s._
HOME AND COLONIAL LIBRARY. A Series of Works adapted for all circles and classes of Readers, having been selected for their acknowledged interest and ability of the Authors. Post 8vo. Published at 2_s._ and 3_s._ 6_d._ each, and arranged under two distinctive heads as follows:--
CLASS A.
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, AND HISTORIC TALES.
1. SIEGE OF GIBRALTAR. By JOHN DRINKWATER. 2_s._
2. THE AMBER-WITCH. By LADY DUFF GORDON. 2_s._
3. CROMWELL AND BUNYAN. By ROBERT SOUTHEY. 2_s._
4. LIFE OF SIR FRANCIS DRAKE. By JOHN BARROW. 2_s._
5. CAMPAIGNS AT WASHINGTON. By REV. G. R. GLEIG. 2_s._
6. THE FRENCH IN ALGIERS. By LADY DUFF GORDON. 2_s._
7. THE FALL OF THE JESUITS. 2_s._
8. LIVONIAN TALES. 2_s._
9. LIFE OF CONDE. By LORD MAHON. 3_s._ 6_d._
10. SALE’S BRIGADE. By REV. G. R. GLEIG. 2_s._
11. THE SIEGES OF VIENNA. By LORD ELLESMERE. 2_s._
12. THE WAYSIDE CROSS. By CAPT. MILMAN. 2_s._
13. SKETCHES OF GERMAN LIFE. By SIR A. GORDON. 3_s._ 6_d._
14. THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO. By REV. G. R. GLEIG. 3_s._ 6_d._
15. AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF STEFFENS. 2_s._
16. THE BRITISH POETS. By THOMAS CAMPBELL. 3_s._ 6_d._
17. HISTORICAL ESSAYS. By LORD MAHON. 3_s._ 6_d._
18. LIFE OF LORD CLIVE. By REV. G. R. GLEIG. 3_s._ 6_d._
19. NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY. By SIR F. B. HEAD. 2_s._
20. LIFE OF MUNRO. By REV. G. R. GLEIG. 3_s._ 6_d._
CLASS B.
VOYAGES, TRAVELS, AND ADVENTURES.
1. BIBLE IN SPAIN. By GEORGE BORROW. 3_s._ 6_d._
2. GIPSIES OF SPAIN. By GEORGE BORROW. 3_s._ 6_d._
3 & 4. JOURNALS IN INDIA. By BISHOP HEBER. 2 Vols. 7_s._
5. TRAVELS IN THE HOLY LAND. By IRBY and MANGLES. 2_s._
6. MOROCCO AND THE MOORS. By J. DRUMMOND HAY. 2_s._
7. LETTERS FROM THE BALTIC. By a LADY. 2_s._
8. NEW SOUTH WALES. By MRS. MEREDITH. 2_s._
9. THE WEST INDIES. By M. G. LEWIS. 2_s._
10. SKETCHES OF PERSIA. By SIR JOHN MALCOLM. 3_s._ 6_d._
11. MEMOIRS OF FATHER RIPA. 2_s._
12. 13. TYPEE AND OMOO. By HERMANN MELVILLE. 2 Vols. 7_s._
14. MISSIONARY LIFE IN CANADA. By REV. J. ABBOTT. 2_s._
15. LETTERS FROM MADRAS. By a LADY. 2_s._
16. HIGHLAND SPORTS. By CHARLES ST. JOHN. 3_s._ 6_d._
17. PAMPAS JOURNEYS. By SIR F. B. HEAD. 2_s._
18. GATHERINGS FROM SPAIN. By RICHARD FORD. 3_s._ 6_d._
19. THE RIVER AMAZON. By W. H. EDWARDS. 2_s._
20. MANNERS & CUSTOMS OF INDIA. By REV. C. ACLAND. 2_s._
21. ADVENTURES IN MEXICO. By G. F. RUXTON. 3_s._ 6_d._
22. PORTUGAL AND GALLICIA. By LORD CARNARVON. 3_s._ 6_d._
23. BUSH LIFE IN AUSTRALIA. By Rev. H. W. HAYGARTH. 2_s._
24. THE LIBYAN DESERT. By BAYLE ST. JOHN. 2_s._
25. SIERRRA LEONE. By a LADY. 3_s._ 6_d._
Each work may be had separately.
HANDBOOK OF FAMILIAR QUOTATIONS. From English Authors. _Third Edition._ Fcap. 8vo. 5_s._
HESSEY (REV. DR.). Sunday--Its Origin, History, and Present Obligations. Being the Bampton Lectures for 1860. _Second Edition._ 8vo. 16_s._ Or _Third and Popular Edition_. Post 8vo. 9_s._
HICKMAN’S (WM.) Treatise on the Law and Practice of Naval Courts-Martial. 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
HILLARD’S (G. S.) Six Months in Italy. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 16_s._
HOLLWAY’S (J. G.) Month in Norway. Fcap. 8vo. 2_s._
HONEY BEE (THE). An Essay. By REV. THOMAS JAMES. Reprinted from the “Quarterly Review.” Fcap. 8vo. 1_s._
HOOK’S (DEAN) Church Dictionary. _Ninth Edition._ 8vo. 16_s._
---- (THEODORE) Life. By J. G. LOCKHART. Reprinted from the “Quarterly Review.” Fcap. 8vo. 1_s._
HOPE’S (A. J. BERESFORD) English Cathedral of the Nineteenth Century. With Illustrations. 8vo. 12_s._
HORACE (Works of). Edited by DEAN MILMAN. With 300 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. 21_s._
---- (Life of). By DEAN MILMAN. Woodcuts, and coloured Borders. 8vo. 9_s._
HOUGHTON’S (LORD) Poetical Works. Fcap. 8vo. 6_s._
HUME’S (THE STUDENT’S) History of England, from the Invasion of Julius Cæsar to the Revolution of 1688. Corrected and continued to 1858. Edited by DR. WM. SMITH. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
HUTCHINSON (GEN.) on the most expeditious, certain, and easy Method of Dog-Breaking. _Fourth Edition._ Enlarged and revised, with 40 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 15_s._
HUTTON’S (H. E.) Principia Græca; an Introduction to the Study of Greek. Comprehending Grammar, Delectus, and Exercise-book, with Vocabularies. _Third Edition._ 12mo. 3_s._ 6_d._
IRBY AND MANGLES’ Travels in Egypt, Nubia, Syria, and the Holy Land. Post 8vo. 2_s._
JAMES’ (REV. THOMAS) Fables of Æsop. A New Translation, with Historical Preface. With 100 Woodcuts by TENNIEL and WOLF. _Forty-eighth Thousand._ Post 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._
JAMESON’S (MRS.) Lives of the Early Italian Painters, from Cimabue to Bassano, and the Progress of Painting in Italy. _New Edition._ With Woodcuts. Post 8vo.
JESSE’S (EDWARD) Gleanings in Natural History. _Eighth Edition._ Fcp. 8vo. 6_s._
JOHNS’ (REV. B. G.) Blind People; their Works and Ways. With Sketches of the Lives of some famous Blind Men. With Illustrations. Post 8vo.
JOHNSON’S (DR. SAMUEL) Life. By James Boswell. Including the Tour to the Hebrides. Edited by MR. CROKER. Portraits. Royal 8vo. 10_s._
---- Lives of the most eminent English Poets. Edited by PETER CUNNINGHAM. 3 vols. 8vo. 22_s._ 6_d._
KEN’S (BISHOP) Life. By a LAYMAN, Author of “Life of the Messiah.” _Second Edition._ Portrait. 2 Vols. 8vo. 18_s._
---- Exposition of the Apostles’ Creed. Extracted from his “Practice of Divine Love.” Fcap. 1_s._ 6_d._
---- Approach to the Holy Altar. Extracted from his “Manual of Prayer” and “Practice of Divine Love.” Fcap. 8vo. 1_s._ 6_d._
KENNEDY’S (GENERAL SIR J. SHAW) Notes on the Battle of Waterloo. With a Memoir of his Life and Services, and a Plan for the Defence of Canada. With Map and Plans. 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
KING’S (REV. C. W.) Antique Gems; their Origin, Use, and Value, as Interpreters of Ancient History, and as illustrative of Ancient Art. _Second Edition._ Illustrations. 8vo.
KING EDWARD VITH’S Latin Grammar; or, an Introduction to the Latin Tongue, for the Use of Schools. _Seventeenth Edition._ 12mo. 3_s._ 6_d._
----First Latin Book; or, the Accidence, Syntax, and Prosody, with an English Translation for the Use of Junior Classes. _Fifth Edition._ 12mo. 2_s._ 6_d._
KIRK’S (J. FOSTER) History of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Portrait. 2 Vols. 8vo. 30_s._
KERR’S (ROBERT) GENTLEMAN’S HOUSE; OR, HOW TO PLAN ENGLISH RESIDENCES, FROM THE PARSONAGE TO THE PALACE. With Tables of Accommodation and Cost, and a Series of Selected Views and Plans. _Second Edition._ 8vo. 24_s._
---- Ancient Lights; a Book for Architects, Surveyors, Lawyers, and Landlords. 8vo. 5_s._ 6_d._
KING GEORGE THE THIRD’S CORRESPONDENCE WITH LORD NORTH, 1769-82. Edited, with Notes and Introduction, by W. BODHAM DONNE. 2 vols. 8vo. (_Published by Permission._)
KUGLER’S Italian Schools of Painting. Edited, with Notes, by SIR CHARLES EASTLAKE. _Third Edition._ Woodcuts. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 30_s._
---- German, Dutch, and Flemish Schools of Painting. Edited, with Notes, by DR. WAAGEN. _Second Edition._ Woodcuts. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 24_s._
LAYARD’S (A. H.) Nineveh and its Remains. Being a Narrative of Researches and Discoveries amidst the Ruins of Assyria. With an Account of the Chaldean Christians of Kurdistan: the Yezedis, or Devil-worshippers; and an Enquiry into the Manners and Arts of the Ancient Assyrians. _Sixth Edition._ Plates and Woodcuts. 2 Vols. 8vo. 36_s._
⁂ A Popular Account of the above Work. With Illustrations. Post 8vo. 5_s._
---- Nineveh and Babylon; being the Result of a Second Expedition to Assyria. Plates. 8vo. 21_s._ On _Fine Paper_, 2 Vols. 8vo. 30_s._
⁂ A Popular Account of the above Work. With Illustrations. Post 8vo. (_In the Press._)
LESLIE’S (C. R.) Handbook for Young Painters. With Illustrations. Post 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
---- Autobiographical Recollections, with Selections from his Correspondence. Edited by TOM TAYLOR. Portrait. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 18_s._
LESLIE’S (C. R.) Life of Sir Joshua Reynolds. With an Account of his Works, and a Sketch of his Cotemporaries. By C. R. LESLIE and TOM TAYLOR. Portraits and Illustrations. 2 Vols. 8vo. 42_s._
LETTERS FROM THE BALTIC. By a LADY. Post 8vo. 2_s._
---- MADRAS. By a LADY. Post 8vo. 2_s._
---- SIERRA LEONE. By a LADY. Post 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
LEWIS’ (SIR G. C.) Essay on the Government of Dependencies. 8vo. 12_s._
---- Glossary of Provincial Words used in Herefordshire and some of the adjoining Counties. 12mo. 4_s._ 6_d._
---- (M. G.) Journal of a Residence among the Negroes in the West Indies. Post 8vo. 2_s._
LIDDELL’S (DEAN) History of Rome. From the Earliest Times to the Establishment of the Empire. With the History of Literature and Art. 2 Vols. 8vo. 28_s._
---- Student’s History of Rome, abridged from the above Work. With Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
LINDSAY’S (LORD) Lives of the Lindsays; or, a Memoir of the Houses of Crawfurd and Balcarres. With Extracts from Official Papers and Personal Narratives. _Second Edition._ 3 Vols. 8vo. 24_s._
LISPINGS from LOW LATITUDES; or, the Journal of the Hon. Impulsia Gushington. Edited by LORD DUFFERIN. With 24 Plates. 4to. 21_s._
LITTLE ARTHUR’S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. By LADY CALLCOTT. _150th Thousand._ With 20 Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._
LIVINGSTONE’S (DR.) Popular Account of his Missionary Travels in South Africa. Illustrations. Post 8vo. 6_s._
---- Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambezi and its Tributaries; and of the Discovery of Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa. 1858-64. By DAVID and CHARLES LIVINGSTONE. Map and Illustrations. 8vo. 21_s._
LIVONIAN TALES. By the Author of “Letters from the Baltic.” Post 8vo. 2_s._
LOCKHART’S (J. G.) Ancient Spanish Ballads. Historical and Romantic. Translated, with Notes. _New Edition._ Post 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._
LONDON’S (BISHOP OF) Dangers and Safeguards of Modern Theology. Containing Suggestions to the Theological Student under present difficulties. _Second Edition._ 8vo. 9_s._
LOUDON’S (MRS.) Instructions in Gardening. With Directions and Calendar of Operations for Every Month. _Eighth Edition._ Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 5_s._
LUCAS’ (SAMUEL) Secularia; or, Surveys on the Main Stream of History. 8vo. 12_s._
LUCKNOW: a Lady’s Diary of the Siege. Fcap. 8vo. 4_s._ 6_d._
LYELL’S (SIR CHARLES) Elements of Geology; or, the Ancient Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants considered as illustrative of Geology. _Sixth Edition._ Woodcuts. 8vo. 18_s._
---- Principles of Geology; or, the Recent Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants considered as illustrative of Geology. _Tenth Edition._ With Illustrations. Vol. I. 8vo. (_To be completed in Vols._)
---- Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man. _Third Edition._ Illustrations. 8vo. 14_s._
LYTTELTON’S (LORD) Ephemera. Post 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
LYTTON’S (LORD) Poems. _New Edition._ Post 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
---- Lost Tales of Miletus. _Second Edition._ Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
MACPHERSON’S (MAJOR S. C.) Memorials of Service in India, while Political Agent at Gwalior during the Mutiny, and formerly employed in the Suppression of Human Sacrifices in Orissa. Edited by his Brother. With Portraits and Illustrations. 8vo. 12_s._
MAHON’S (LORD) History of England, from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles, 1713-83. _Library Edition._ 7 Vols. 8vo. 93_s._ _Popular Edition_, 7 Vols. Post 8vo. 35_s._
---- Life of Condé, surnamed the Great. Post 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
---- Life of Belisarius. _Second Edition._ Post 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
---- Life of William Pitt, with Extracts from his MS. Papers. _Second Edition._ Portraits. 4 Vols. Post 8vo. 42_s._
---- Miscellanies. _Second Edition._ Post 8vo. 5_s._ 6_d._
----“Forty-Five;” a Narrative of the Rebellion in Scotland. Post 8vo. 3_s._
---- History of British India from its Origin till the Peace of 1783. Post 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
---- Spain under Charles the Second; 1690 to 1700. _Second Edition._ Post 8vo. 6_s._ 6_d._
----- Historical and Critical Essays. Post 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
---- Story of Joan of Arc. Fcap. 8vo. 1_s._
M‘CLINTOCK’S (CAPT. SIR F. L.) Narrative of the Discovery of the Fate of Sir John Franklin and his Companions in the Arctic Seas. _Twelfth Thousand._ Illustrations. 8vo. 16_s._
M‘CULLOCH’S (J. R.) Collected Edition of RICARDO’S Political Works. With Notes and Memoir. _Second Edition._ 8vo. 16_s._
MACDOUGALL’S (COL.) Modern Warfare as Influenced by Modern Artillery. With Plans. Post 8vo. 12_s._
MAINE (H. SUMNER) On Ancient Law: its Connection with the Early History of Society, and its Relation to Modern Ideas. _Third Edition._ 8vo. 12_s._
MALCOLM’S (SIR JOHN) Sketches of Persia. Post 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
MANSEL (REV. H. L.) Limits of Religious Thought Examined. Being the Bampton Lectures for 1858. _Fourth Edition._ Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
MANSFIELD (SIR WILLIAM) On the Introduction of a Gold Currency into India: a Contribution to the Literature of Political Economy. 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
MANTELL’S (GIDEON A.) Thoughts on Animalcules; or, the Invisible World, as revealed by the Microscope. _Second Edition._ Plates. 16mo. 6_s._
MANUAL OF SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY, Prepared for the Use of Officers and Travellers. By various Writers. Edited by Sir J. F. HERSCHEL and Rev. R. MAIN. _Third Edition._ Maps. Post 8vo. 9_s._ (_Published by order of the Lords of the Admiralty._)
MARKHAM’S (MRS.) History of England. From the First Invasion by the Romans, down to Recent Times. _New and Cheaper Edition._ Woodcuts. 12mo. 4_s._
---- History of France. From the Conquest by the Gauls, to Recent Times. _New and Cheaper Edition._ Woodcuts. 12mo. 4_s._
---- History of Germany. From the Invasion by Marius, to Recent Times. _New and Cheaper Edition._ Woodcuts. 12mo. 4_s._
---- (CLEMENTS, R.) Travels in Peru and India, for the purpose of collecting Cinchona Plants, and introducing Bark into India. Maps and Illustrations. 8vo. 16_s._
MARKLAND’S (J. H.) Reverence due to Holy Places. _Third Edition._ Fcap. 8vo. 2_s._
MARRYAT’S (JOSEPH) History of Modern and Mediæval Pottery and Porcelain. With a Description of the Manufacture. _Second Edition._ Plates and Woodcuts. 8vo. 31_s._ 6_d._
---- (HORACE) Jutland, the Danish Isles, and Copenhagen. Illustrations. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 24_s._
---- Sweden and Isle of Gothland. Illustrations. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 28_s._
MATTHIÆ’S (AUGUSTUS) Greek Grammar for Schools, abridged from the Larger Grammar. By Blomfield. _Ninth Edition._ Revised by EDWARDS. 12mo. 3_s._
MAUREL’S (JULES) Essay on the Character, Actions, and Writings of the Duke of Wellington. _Second Edition._ Fcap. 8vo. 1_s._ 6_d._
MAYNE’S (CAPT.) Four Years in British Columbia and Vancouver Island. Its Forests, Rivers, Coasts, and Gold Fields, and Resources for Colonisation. Illustrations. 8vo. 16_s._
MELVILLE’S (HERMANN) Typee and Omoo; or, Adventures amongst the Marquesas and South Sea Islands. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 7_s._
MILLS’ (REV. JOHN) Three Months’ Residence at Nablus, with an Account of the Modern Samaritans. Illustrations. Post 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
MILMAN’S (DEAN) Historical Works. 15 Vols. Post 8vo. 6_s._ each. Containing,
1. HISTORY OF THE JEWS. 3 Vols. 2. HISTORY OF EARLY CHRISTIANITY. 3 Vols. 3. HISTORY OF LATIN CHRISTIANITY. 9 Vols.
---- Character and Conduct of the Apostles considered as an Evidence of Christianity. 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
---- Translations from the Agamemnon of Æschylus and Bacchanals of Euripides; with Passages from the Lyric and Later Poets of Greece. With Illustrations, crown 8vo. 12_s._
---- Life and Works of Horace. With 300 Woodcuts. Vols. Crown 8vo. 30_s._
---- Poetical Works. Plates. 3 Vols. Fcap. 8vo. 18_s._
----Fall of Jerusalem. Fcap. 8vo. 1_s._
---- (CAPT. E. A.) Wayside Cross. A Tale of the Carlist War. Post 8vo. 2_s._
MEREDITH’S (MRS. CHARLES) Notes and Sketches of New South Wales. Post 8vo. 2_s._
MESSIAH (THE): A Narrative of the Life, Travels, Death, Resurrection, and Ascension of our Blessed Lord. By a LAYMAN. Author of the “Life of Bishop Ken.” Map. 8vo. 18_s._
MICHIE’S (ALEXANDER) Siberian Overland Route from Peking to Petersburg, through the Deserts and Steppes of Mongolia, Tartary, &c. Maps and Illustrations. 8vo. 16_s._
MODERN DOMESTIC COOKERY. Founded on Principles of Economy and Practical Knowledge and adapted for Private Families. _New Edition._ Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 5_s._
MOORE’S (THOMAS) Life and Letters of Lord Byron. Plates. 6 Vols. Fcap. 8vo. 18_s._
---- Life and Letters of Lord Byron. Portraits. Royal 8vo. 9_s._
MOTLEY’S (J. L.) History of the United Netherlands: from the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Years’ Truce, 1609. Embracing the English-Dutch struggle against Spain; and a detailed Account of the Spanish Armada. Portraits. 2 Vols. 8vo. 30_s._
MOUHOT’S (HENRI) Siam, Cambojia, and Lao; a Narrative of Travels and Discoveries. Illustrations. 2 vols. 8vo. 32_s._
MOZLEY’S (REV. J. B.) Treatise on Predestination. 8vo. 14_s._
---- Primitive Doctrine of Baptismal Regeneration. 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
MUNDY’S (GENERAL) Pen and Pencil Sketches in India. _Third Edition._ Plates. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- (ADMIRAL) Account of the Italian Revolution, with Notices of Garibaldi, Francis II., and Victor Emmanuel. Post 8vo. 12_s._
MUNRO’S (GENERAL SIR THOMAS) Life and Letters. By the REV. G. R. GLEIG. Post 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
MURCHISON’S (SIR RODERICK) Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains. With Coloured Maps, Plates, Sections, &c. 2 Vols. Royal 4to. 5_l._ 5_s._
---- Siluria; or, a History of the Oldest Rocks containing Organic Remains. _Fourth Edition._ Map and Plates. 8vo. (_In the Press._)
MURRAY’S RAILWAY READING. Containing:--
WELLINGTON. By LORD ELLESMERE. 6_d._ NIMROD ON THE CHASE. 1_s._ ESSAYS FROM “THE TIMES." 2 Vols. 8_s._ MUSIC AND DRESS. 1_s._ LAYARD’S ACCOUNT OF NINEVEH. 5_s._ MILMAN’S FALL OF JERUSALEM. 1_s._ MAHON’S “FORTY-FIVE." 3_s._ LIFE OF THEODORE HOOK. 1_s._ DEEDS OF NAVAL DARING. 3_s._ 6_d._ THE HONEY BEE. 1_s._ JAMES’ ÆSOP’S FABLES. 2_s._ 6_d._ NIMROD ON THE TURF. 1_s._ 6_d._ ART OF DINING. 1_s._ 6_d._ HALLAM’S LITERARY ESSAYS. 2_s._ MAHON’S JOAN OF ARC. 1_s._ HEAD’S EMIGRANT. 2_s._ 6_d._ NIMROD ON THE ROAD. 1_s._ CROKER ON THE GUILLOTINE. 1_s._ HOLLWAY’S NORWAY. 2_s._ MAUREL’S WELLINGTON. 1_s._ 6_d._ CAMPBELL’S LIFE OF BACON. 2_s._ 6_d._ THE FLOWER GARDEN. 1_s._ LOCKHART’S SPANISH BALLADS. 2_s._ 6_d._ TAYLOR’S NOTES FROM LIFE. 2_s._ REJECTED ADDRESSES. 1_s._ PENN’S HINTS ON ANGLING. 1_s._
MUSIC AND DRESS. By a LADY. Reprinted from the “Quarterly Review.” Fcap. 8vo. 1_s._
NAPIER’S (SIR CHAS.) Life; chiefly derived from his Journals and Letters. By SIR W. NAPIER. _Second Edition._ Portraits. 4 Vols. Post 8vo. 48_s._
---- (SIR WM.) Life and Letters. Edited by H. A. BRUCE, M.P. Portraits. 2 Vols. Crown 8vo. 28_s._
---- English Battles and Sieges of the Peninsular War. _Fourth Edition._ Portrait. Post 8vo. 9_s._
NAUTICAL ALMANACK. Royal 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._ (_By Authority._)
NAVY LIST. (_Published Quarterly, by Authority._) 16mo. 2_s._ 6_d._
NEW TESTAMENT (THE) Illustrated by a Plain Explanatory Commentary, and authentic Views of Sacred Places, from Sketches and Photographs. Edited by ARCHDEACON CHURTON, M.A., and REV. BASIL JONES, M.A. With 110 Illustrations. 2 Vols. Crown 8vo. 30_s._ cloth; 52_s._ 6_d._ calf; 63_s._ morocco.
NICHOLLS’ (SIR GEORGE) History of the English, Irish and Scotch Poor Laws. 4 Vols. 8vo.
---- (Rev. H. G.) Historical Account of the Forest of Dean. Woodcuts, &c. Post 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
NICOLAS’ (SIR HARRIS) Historic Peerage of England. Exhibiting the Origin, Descent, and Present State of every Title of Peerage which has existed in this Country since the Conquest. By WILLIAM COURTHOPE. 8vo. 30_s._
NIMROD On the Chace--The Turf--and The Road. Reprinted from the “Quarterly Review.” Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
OXENHAM’S (REV. W.) English Notes for Latin Elegiacs; designed for early Proficients in the Art of Latin Versification, with Prefatory Rules of Composition in Elegiac Metre. _Fourth Edition._ 12mo. 3_s._ 6_d._
OXFORD’S (BISHOP OF) Short Life of William Wilberforce. Condensed and Revised from the larger Biography. 8vo. (_In the Press._)
PARIS’ (Dr.) Philosophy in Sport made Science in Earnest; or, the First Principles of Natural Philosophy inculcated by aid of the Toys and Sports of Youth. _Ninth Edition._ Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
PEEL’S (SIR ROBERT) Memoirs. Edited by EARL STANHOPE and Right Hon. E. CARDWELL. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ each.
PENN’S (RICHARD) Maxims and Hints for an Angler and Chess-player. _New Edition._ Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 1_s._
PENROSE’S (F. C.) Principles of Athenian Architecture, and the Optical Refinements exhibited in the Construction of the Ancient Buildings at Athens, from a Survey. With 40 Plates. Folio. 5_l._ 5_s._
PERCY’S (JOHN, M.D.) Metallurgy of Iron and Steel; or, the Art of Extracting Metals from their Ores and adapting them to various purposes of Manufacture. Illustrations. 8vo. 42_s._
---- Metallurgy of Lead, Silver, Gold, Platinum, Tin, Nickel, Cobalt, Antimony, Bismuth, Arsenic, and other Metals. 8vo. (_In the Press._)
PHILLIPP (C. S. M.) On Jurisprudence. 8vo. 12_s._
PHILLIPS’ (JOHN) Memoirs of William Smith, the Geologist. Portrait. 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- Geology of Yorkshire, The Coast, and Limestone District. Plates. 4to. Part I., 20_s._--Part II., 30_s._
---- Rivers, Mountains, and Sea Coast of Yorkshire. With Essays on the Climate, Scenery, and Ancient Inhabitants. _Second Edition_, Plates. 8vo. 15_s._
PHILPOTTS’ (BISHOP) Letters to the late Charles Butler, on his “Book of the Roman Catholic Church.” _New Edition._ Post 8vo. 6_s._
POPE’S (ALEXANDER) Life and Works. _A New Edition._ Containing nearly 500 unpublished Letters. Edited, with a NEW LIFE, Introductions and Notes, by REV. WHITWELL ELWIN. Portraits. 8vo. (_In the Press._)
PORTER’S (REV. J. L.) Five Years in Damascus. With Travels to Palmyra, Lebanon and other Scripture Sites. Map and Woodcuts. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 21_s._
---- Handbook for Syria and Palestine: including an Account of the Geography, History, Antiquities, and Inhabitants of these Countries, the Peninsula of Sinai, Edom, and the Syrian Desert. Maps. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 24_s._
PRAYER-BOOK (Illustrated), with 1000 Illustrations of Borders, Initials, Vignettes, &c. Edited, with Notes, by REV. THOS. JAMES. Medium 8vo. 18_s._ cloth; 31_s._ 6_d._ calf; 36_s._ morocco.
PUSS IN BOOTS. With 12 Illustrations. By OTTO SPECKTER. 16mo. 1_s._ 6_d._ or Coloured, 2_s._ 6_d._
QUARTERLY REVIEW (THE). 8vo. 6_s._
RAMBLES among the Turkomans and Bedaweens of the Syrian Deserts. _Second Edition._ Post 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
RANKE’S Ecclesiastical and Political History of the Popes of Rome during the 16th and 17th Centuries. Translated from the German by SARAH AUSTIN. 3 Vols. 8vo.
RAWLINSON’S (REV. GEORGE) Herodotus. A New English Version. Edited with Notes and Essays. Assisted by SIR HENRY RAWLINSON and SIR J. G. WILKINSON. _Second Edition._ Maps and Woodcut. 4 Vols. 8vo. 48_s._
---- Historical Evidences of the truth of the Scripture Records stated anew. _Second Edition._ 8vo. 14_s._
----Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient World, Chaldæa, Assyria, Media, Babylonia, and Persia. Illustrations. 4 Vols. 8vo. 16_s._ each.
REJECTED ADDRESSES (THE). By JAMES AND HORACE SMITH. Fcap. 8vo. 1_s._
RENNIE’S (D. F.) British Arms in Peking, 1860; Kagosima, 1862. Post 8vo. 12_s._
---- Peking and the Pekingese: Being a Narrative of the First Year of the British Embassy in China. Illustrations. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 24_s._
---- Story of Bhotan and the Dooar War; including Sketches of a Residence in the Himalayas and Visit to Bhotan in 1865. Map and Woodcut. Post 8vo. 12_s._
REYNOLDS’ (SIR JOSHUA) Life and Times. Commenced by C. R. LESLIE, R.A., continued and concluded by TOM TAYLOR. Portraits and Illustrations. 2 Vols. 8vo. 42_s._
---- Descriptive Catalogue of his Works. With Notices of their present owners and localities. By TOM TAYLOR and CHARLES W. FRANKS. With Illustrations. Fcap. 4to. (_In the Press._)
RICARDO’S (DAVID) Political Works. With a Notice of his Life and Writings. By J. R. M’CULLOCH. _New Edition._ 8vo. 16_s._
RIPA’S (FATHER) Memoirs during Thirteen Years’ Residence at the Court of Peking. From the Italian. Post 8vo. 2_s._
ROBERTSON’S (CANON) History of the Christian Church, from the Apostolic Age to the Death of Boniface VIII., A.D. 1122-1304. 3 Vols. 8vo.
ROBINSON’S (REV. DR.) Later Biblical Researches in the Holy Land. Being a Journal of Travels in 1852. Maps. 8vo. 15_s._
---- Physical Geography of the Holy Land. Post 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
ROME (THE STUDENT’S HISTORY OF). FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EMPIRE. By DEAN LIDDELL. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- (A SMALLER HISTORY OF, FOR YOUNG PERSONS). By WM. SMITH, LL.D. Woodcuts. 16mo. 3_s._ 6_d._
ROWLAND’S (DAVID) Manual of the English Constitution; Its Rise, Growth, and Present State. Post 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
---- Laws of Nature the Foundation of Morals. Post 8vo. 6_s._
RUNDELL’S (MRS.) Domestic Cookery, adapted for Private Families. _New Edition._ Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 5_s._
RUSSELL’S (J. RUTHERFURD) History of the Heroes of Medicine. Portraits. 8vo. 14_s._
RUXTON’S (GEORGE F.) Travels in Mexico; with Adventures among the Wild Tribes and Animals of the Prairies and Rocky Mountains. Post 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
SALE’S (SIR ROBERT) Brigade in Affghanistan. With an Account of the Defence of Jellalabad. By REV. G. R. GLEIG. Post 8vo. 2_s._
SALLESBURY’S (EDWARD) The Children of the Lake. A Poem. Fcap. 8vo.
SANDWITH’S (HUMPHRY) Siege of Kars. Post 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
SCOTT’S (G. GILBERT) Secular and Domestic Architecture, Present and Future. _Second Edition._ 8vo. 9_s._
---- (REV. ROBERT, D.D., Master of Baliol) Sermons, preached before the University of Oxford. Post 8vo. 8_s._ 6_d._
SCROPE’S (G. P.) Geology and Extinct Volcanoes of Central France. _Second Edition._ Illustrations. Medium 8vo. 30_s._
SHAW’S (T. B.) Student’s Manual of English Literature. Edited, with Notes and Illustrations, by DR. WM. SMITH. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- Specimens of English Literature. Selected from the Chief English Writers. Edited by WM. SMITH, LL.D. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
SIERRA LEONE; Described in Letters to Friends at Home. By A LADY. Post 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
SIMMONS (CAPT. T. F.) on the Constitution and Practice of Courts-Martial; with a Summary of the Law of Evidence as connected therewith, and some Notice of the Criminal Law of England, with reference to the Trial of Civil Offences. _5th Edition._ 8vo. 14_s._
SOUTH’S (JOHN F.) Household Surgery; or, Hints on Emergencies. _Seventeenth Thousand._ Woodcuts. Fcp. 8vo. 4_s._ 6_d._
SMILES’ (SAMUEL) Lives of British Engineers; from the Earliest Period to the Death of Robert Stephenson; with an account of their Principal Works, and a History of Inland Communication in Britain. Portraits and Illustrations. 3 Vols. 8vo. 63_s._
---- Lives of Boulton and Watt. Comprising a History of the invention and Introduction of the Steam Engine. With Portraits and 70 Illustrations. 8vo. 21_s._
---- Story of George Stephenson’s Life, including a Memoir of Robert Stephenson. With Portraits and 70 Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 6_s._
---- James Brindley and the Early Engineers. With Portrait and 50 Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 6_s._
---- Self-Help. With Illustrations of Character and Conduct. Post 8vo. 6_s._
-------- Translated into French as a Reading-Book for Schools. Post 8vo. 5_s._
---- Industrial Biography: Iron-Workers and Tool Makers. A companion volume to “Self-Help.” Post 8vo. 6_s._
---- Workmen’s Earnings--Savings--and Strikes. Fcap. 8vo. 1_s._ 6_d._
SOMERVILLE’S (MARY) Physical Geography. _Fifth Edition._ Portrait. Post 8vo. 9_s._
---- Connexion of the Physical Sciences. _Ninth Edition._ Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 9_s._
STANLEY’S (DEAN) Sinai and Palestine, in Connexion with their History. Map. 8vo. 14_s._
---- Bible in the Holy Land. Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._
---- St. Paul’s Epistles to the Corinthians. 8vo. 18_s._
---- History of the Eastern Church. Plans. 8vo. 12_s._
---- Jewish Church. First and Second Series. 8vo. 16_s._ each.
---- Historical Memorials of Canterbury. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- Memorials of Westminster Abbey. 8vo.
---- Sermons in the East, with Notices of the Places Visited. 8vo. 9_s._
---- Sermons on Evangelical and Apostolical Teaching. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- ADDRESSES AND CHARGES OF BISHOP STANLEY. With Memoir. 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
SOUTHEY’S (ROBERT) Book of the Church. _Seventh Edition._ Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- Lives of Bunyan and Cromwell. Post 8vo. 2_s._
SPECKTER’S (OTTO) Puss in Boots. With 12 Woodcuts. Square 12mo. 1_s._ 6_d._ plain, or 2_s._ 6_d._ coloured.
SMITH’S (DR. WM.) Dictionary of the Bible; its Antiquities, Biography, Geography, and Natural History. Illustrations. 3 Vols. 8vo. 105_s._
---- Concise Bible Dictionary, for Families and Students. Illustrations. Medium 8vo. 21_s._
---- Smaller Bible Dictionary, for Schools and Young Persons. Illustrations. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- Dictionary of Christian Antiquities: from the Times of the Apostles to the Age of Charlemagne. Illustrations. Medium. 8vo. (_In preparation._)
---- Biblical and Classical Atlas. Small folio. (_In preparation._)
---- Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. Woodcuts. 8vo. 42_s._
---- Smaller Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, compiled from the above Work. Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Woodcuts. 3 Vols. 8vo. 5_l._ 15_s._ 6_d._
-------- Greek and Roman Geography. Woodcuts. 2 Vols. 8vo. 80_s._
---- Classical Dictionary for Schools, compiled from the above works. With 750 Woodcuts. 8vo. 18_s._
---- Smaller Classical Dictionary, abridged from the above Work. Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- Complete Latin-English Dictionary for Schools. With Tables of the Roman Calendar, Measures, Weights, and Money. 8vo. 21_s._
---- Smaller Latin-English Dictionary, abridged from the above Work. 12mo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- Latin-English Vocabulary; for Phædrus, Cornelius Nepos, and Cæsar. _2nd Edition._ 12mo. 3_s._ 6_d._
---- Copious English-Latin Dictionary, compiled from original sources. 8vo. and 12mo. (_In the Press._)
---- Smaller Classical Mythology for Schools. With Illustrations. 12mo. 3_s._ 6_d._
---- Principia Latina--Part I. A Grammar, Delectus, and Exercise Book, with Vocabularies. _6th Edition._ 12mo. 3_s._ 6_d._
-------- Part II. A Reading-book of Mythology, Geography, Roman Antiquities, and History. With Notes and Dictionary. _3rd Edition._ 12mo. 3_s._ 6_d._
-------- Part III. A Latin Poetry Book. Hexameters and Pentameters; Eclog. Ovidianæ; Latin Prosody &c. _2nd Edition._ 12mo. 3_s._ 6_d._
-------- Part IV. Latin Prose Composition. Rules of Syntax, with Examples, Explanations of Synonyms, and Exercises on the Syntax. _Second Edition._ 12mo. 3_s._ 6_d._
-------- Part V. Short Tales and Anecdotes for Translation into Latin. 12mo. 3_s._
---- Student’s Greek Grammar for the Higher Forms. By Professor CURTIUS. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- Smaller Greek Grammar, abridged from the above Work. 12mo. 3_s._ 6_d._
---- Student’s Latin Grammar for the Higher Forms. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- Smaller Latin Grammar, abridged from the above Work. 12mo. 3_s._ 6_d._
STANHOPE’S (EARL) History of England, from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles, 1713-83. _Library Edition._ 7 vols. 8vo. 93_s._ _Or Popular Edition._ 7 vols. Post 8vo. 5_s._ each.
---- History of British India, from its origin till the Peace of 1783. Post 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
----“Forty-Five;” a Narrative of the Rebellion in Scotland. Post 8vo. 3_s._
---- Spain under Charles the Second. Post 8vo. 6_s._ 6_d._
---- Historical and Critical Essays. Post 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
---- Life of William Pitt. With Extracts from his MS. Papers. _Second Edition._ Portraits. 4 Vols. Post 8vo. 42_s._
---- Miscellanies. _Second Edition._ Post 8vo. 5_s._ 6_d._
---- Life of Belisarius. Post 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
---- Life of Condé. Post 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
STUDENT’S HUME. A History of England from the Invasion of Julius Cæsar to the Revolution of 1688. By DAVID HUME. Corrected and continued to 1858. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ Questions on, 2_s._
⁂ A Smaller History of England. 12mo. 3_s._ 6_d._
---- HISTORY OF FRANCE; from the Earliest Times to the Establishment of the Second Empire, 1852. By W. H. PEARSON, M.A. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- HISTORY OF GREECE; from the Earliest Times to the Roman Conquest. With the History of Literature and Art. By WM. SMITH, LL.D. Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ (Questions, 2_s._)
⁂A SMALLER HISTORY OF GREECE. 12mo. 3_s._ 6_d._
---- HISTORY OF ROME; from the Earliest Times to the Establishment of the Empire. With the History of Literature and Art. By Dean LIDDELL. Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
⁂A SMALLER HISTORY OF ROME. 12mo. 3_s._ 6_d._
---- GIBBON; an Epitome of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Incorporating the Researches of Recent Commentators. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- MANUAL OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. By REV. W. L. BEVAN, M.A. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
-------- MODERN GEOGRAPHY. By Rev. W. L. BEVAN. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. (_In the Press._)
-------- OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. Maps and Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ each.
-------- NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY. Maps and Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
-------- MORAL PHILOSOPHY. By W. FLEMING, D.D. Post 8vo.
-------- ENGLISH LANGUAGE. By GEO. P. MARSH. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
-------- ENGLISH LITERATURE. By T. B. SHAW, M.A. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- SPECIMENS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. Selected from the Chief Writers. By THOMAS B. SHAW, M.A. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
---- BLACKSTONE: a Systematic Abridgment of the Entire Commentaries. By R. MALCOLM KERR, LL.D. Post, 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
ST. JOHN’S (CHARLES) Wild Sports and Natural History of the Highlands. Post 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._
---- (BAYLE) Adventures in the Libyan Desert and the Oasis of Jupiter Ammon. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 2_s._
STEPHENSON (GEORGE and ROBERT). The Story of their Lives. By SAMUEL SMILES. With Portraits and 70 Illustrations. Medium. 8vo. 21_s._ Or Popular Edition, Post 8vo. 6_s._
STOTHARD’S (THOS.) Life. With Personal Reminiscences. By Mrs. BRAY. With Portrait and 60 Woodcuts. 4to. 21_s._
STREET’S (G. E.) Gothic Architecture in Spain. From Personal Observations during several journeys through that country. Illustrations. Medium 8vo. 50_s._
---- Brick and Marble Architecture of Italy in the Middle Ages. Plates. 8vo. 21_s._
SULLIVAN’S (SIR EDWARD) Conquerors, Warriors, and Statesmen of India; an Historical Narrative of the most Important Events, from the Invasion of Mahmoud of Ghizni to that of Nadir Shah. 8vo.
SWIFT’S (JONATHAN) Life, Letters, Journals, and Works. By JOHN FORSTER. 8vo. (_In Preparation._)
SYME’S (PROFESSOR) Principles of Surgery. _5th Edition._ 8vo. 12_s._
TAIT’S (BISHOP) Dangers and Safeguards of Modern Theology, containing Suggestions to the Theological Student under Present Difficulties. 8vo. 9_s._
TAYLOR’S (HENRY) Notes from Life, in Six Essays on Money, Humility and Independence, Wisdom, Choice in Marriage, Children, and Life Poetic. Fcap. 8vo. 2_s._
THOMSON’S (ARCHBISHOP) Sermons, Preached in the Chapel of Lincoln’s Inn. 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
THREE-LEAVED MANUAL OF FAMILY PRAYER; arranged so as to save the trouble of turning the Pages backwards and forwards. Royal 8vo. 2_s._
TREMENHEERE’S (H. S.) The Franchise a Privilege and not a Right, proved by the Political Experience of the Ancients. Fcap. 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._
TRISTRAM’S (H. B.) Great Sahara. Wanderings South of the Atlas Mountains. Map and Illustrations. Post 8vo. 15_s._
TWISS’ (HORACE) Public and Private Life of Lord Chancellor Eldon, with Selections from his Correspondence. Portrait. _Third Edition._ 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 21_s._
TYLOR’S (E. B.) Researches into the Early History of Mankind, and the Development of Civilization. Illustrations. 8vo. 12_s._
TYNDALL’S (JOHN) Glaciers of the Alps. With an account of Three Years’ Observations and Experiments on their General Phenomena. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 14_s._
TYTLER’S (PATRICK FRASER) Memoirs. By REV. J. W. BURGON M.A. 8vo. 9_s._
VAUGHAN’S (REV. DR.) Sermons preached in Harrow School. 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
WAAGEN’S (DR.) Treasures of Art in Great Britain. Being an Account of the Chief Collections of Paintings, Sculpture, Manuscripts, Miniatures, &c. &c., in this Country. Obtained from Personal Inspection during Visits to England. 4 Vols. 8vo.
VAMBERY’S (ARMINIUS) Travels in Central Asia, from Teheran across the Turkoman Desert on the Eastern Shore of the Caspian to Khiva, Bokhara, and Samarcand in 1863. Map and Illustrations. 8vo. 21_s._
WELLINGTON’S (THE DUKE OF) Despatches during his various Campaigns. Compiled from Official and other Authentic Documents. By COL. GURWOOD, C.B. 8 Vols. 8vo. 21_s._ each.
---- Supplementary Despatches, and other Papers. Edited by his SON. Vols. I. to XII. 8vo. 20_s._ each.
---- Selections from his Despatches and General Orders. By COLONEL GURWOOD. 8vo. 18_s._
---- Speeches in Parliament. 2 Vols. 8vo. 42_s._
WILKINSON’S (SIR J. G.) Popular Account of the Private Life, Manners, and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians. _New Edition._ Revised and Condensed. With 500 Woodcuts. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 12_s._
---- Handbook for Egypt.--Thebes, the Nile, Alexandria, Cairo, the Pyramids, Mount Sinai, &c. Map. Post 8vo. 15_s._
---- (G. B.) Working Man’s Handbook to South Australia; with Advice to the Farmer, and Detailed Information for the several Classes of Labourers and Artisans. Map. 18mo. 1_s._ 6_d._
WILSON’S (BISHOP DANIEL) Life, with Extracts from his Letters and Journals. By Rev. JOSIAH BATEMAN. _Second Edition._ Illustrations. Post 8vo. 9_s._
---- (Gen^{L.} Sir Robert) Secret History of the French Invasion of Russia, and Retreat of the French Army, 1812. _Second Edition._ 8vo. 15_s._
---- Private Diary of Travels, Personal Services, and Public Events, during Missions and Employments in Spain, Sicily, Turkey, Russia, Poland, Germany, &c. 1812-14. 2 Vols. 8vo. 26_s._
---- Autobiographical Memoirs. Containing an Account of his Early Life down to the Peace of Tilsit. Portrait. 2 Vols. 8vo. 26_s._
WORDSWORTH’S (CANON) Journal of a Tour in Athens and Attica. _Third Edition._ Plates. Post 8vo. 8_s._ 6_d._
---- Pictorial, Descriptive, and Historical Account of Greece, with a History of Greek Art, by G. SCHARF, F.S.A. _New Edition._ With 600 Woodcuts. Royal 8vo. 28_s._
BRADBURY, EVANS, AND CO., PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] This is the case, for example, in respect of some valuable information as to the works at Trentham Hall.
[2] The “fils d’un simple ouvrier” in M. Hittorf’s ‘Éloge’ is therefore erroneous.
[3] Thus, for example, he notes over and over again the curious contrast of dirt, bad drainage, and bad paving in the Paris of that day, with the external brilliancy of the city, so unlike anything he had ever seen in England. It was, it seemed, symbolical of the state of the country, in which apparent peace and gaiety covered much political stagnation and discontent with the Bourbons, breaking out, as he himself experienced, into personal insult to Englishmen in out-of-the-way places.
[4] Thus at Rome he writes of the great staircase at the Vatican: “The columns stepping up one after another, and the cornice and entablature following the rise of the steps, have to my mind an unnatural, and therefore a disgusting, appearance.”
[5] At a small town in Italy, having stopped for sketching purposes without his passport, he found his bedroom invaded by a file of soldiers who insisted on his leaving instantly. But they retired before a resolute refusal and a drawn pistol, and contented themselves with posting a sentinel at the door.
[6] Criticisms on special buildings are better deferred till the period of his return.
[7] The Toledo at Naples is noticed as “the finest street, _except the High Street of Oxford_, I ever saw.”
[8] The difficulty of travelling at that time is curiously illustrated here. They had to search at Bari for a vessel, and at last to cross in a small felucca, bearing and deserving the ominous name of Le Anime di Purgatorio.
[9] For this remark I am indebted to Sir C. Eastlake.
[10] At Smyrna (for example) the houses of English merchants were scattered along the coast, and almost all the trade engrossed by them.
[11] At Bondroon (Halicarnassus) not even the governor dared to allow them to inspect the castle; and when they rowed under the walls to see the famous marbles embedded in them, and just “whitewashed in expectation of the Capudan Pasha,” they were ordered off by the soldiers on pain of death.
[12] He had received a similar offer at Corfu from Mr. Bonar, but with this important difference, that no copies were to be taken. On this ground it was thankfully but unhesitatingly refused.
[13] Several of these were afterwards engraved in Finden’s ‘Illustrations of the Bible.’
[14] The Chapel of the Nativity at Bethlehem seems (as usual) to have struck them most for simple solemnity, and Naplous (Shechem) for natural beauty, with its fertile plain and the “whole town full of roses.”
[15] In his house they found a volume of Palladio, given him by a Coptic patriarch, and highly prized.
[16] In after years Mr. Barry published the results of his observations in an article in the ‘Architectural Dictionary’ on Baalbec. It describes the ruins with great minuteness, and is an excellent specimen of his accuracy of observation and clearness of description. It speaks of the three Temples as having great magnificence and “exuberance of decoration,” notices the “breaking of the entablature over each projecting columnar pier,” as producing, especially in the circular temple, “great movement in the skyline of the building, and a very picturesque effect,” and criticizes the style of decoration as showing much imagination and power. The description was written some thirty-five years after his visit, but it seemed as though drawn up on the spot.
[17] The Bourbon _régime_ was detested, and its wretchedness aggravated by the recollections of English rule; why England did not keep the island the Sicilians could not conceive.
[18] Here they saw a famous telescope of Ramsden’s, as to which they were told that, “if it should be injured there was no one in the whole island who could repair it.”
[19] From this point, almost to the end of his career, much of this memoir is based on MS. notes supplied by Mr. Wolfe.
[20] MS. notes, _W_.
[21] He adds, “The Egyptians, who made such use of colossal figures, being fully aware of their tendency to diminish the apparent size of the building, always placed at their feet other figures of the natural size, to give the true scale.”
[22] It ought to be known that fountains, not unlike these in design, and not much inferior in magnificence, would, if means had permitted, have been made in Trafalgar Square.
[23] In his only design for a grand portico (that for the Town-hall at Birmingham) this principle was fully carried out.
[24] At Vicenza, as many of Palladio’s works were scattered about in out-of-the-way places in the neighbourhood, he hired a crazy gig, and without a guide, in spite of bad roads and worse information, he managed to hunt out every one. At the (so-called) “House of Palladio” there was some foliage which he wished to sketch by artificial light; he got ladders and torches, and proceeded with his work till he was stopped by the police.
[25] This was a point which often struck him in many cases of restoration or new buildings where colour and gilding were only
## partially employed. He insisted that in this partial and incomplete
use lay the real cause of gaudiness or tawdry effect. Of all the new buildings at Munich, the one which he admired must was the Royal Chapel, because in it the decoration was thoroughly and perfectly carried out.
[26] I find (for example) that in 1822 he was commissioned to make a copy of his drawing of the Zodiac at Esneh for H.R.H. the Duke of Sussex.
[27] In November, 1832, he contributed several sketches for the engravings in Finden’s Bible Illustrations, but these give little idea of the style of his original sketches.
[28] Church architects seem to have been beset then, as now, by the tendency of their clients to extensive requirements on very limited resources. He speaks of a clergyman, who had some negotiation with him at this time, “as an Evangelical preacher, with a great idea of building churches for nothing.”
[29] He had previously made designs for the alteration of Stoke Newington church.
[30] He used to retaliate by reference to Mr. Pugin’s early work at Windsor Castle, which certainly gave him full opportunity for retort.
[31] An amusing incident occurred on this occasion. The freemasons of the parish claimed the right of laying the stone, which the clergy not unnaturally contested. After the ceremony began, music was heard in the distance, and down came a body of freemasons in full costume, ready to take all by storm. The workmen were prepared to resist; but a parley ensued, and the freemasons allowed the ceremony to go on without disturbance, on condition of performing their own mystic rites afterwards.
[32] This design was not carried out. But I believe it was the only design of the kind among those sent in by the competing architects. As a matter of fact, the whole competition was practically set aside, in favour of a firm, who offered to unite the functions of architect and builder, and erect a building in Anglesey marble for whatever other firms might ask for its erection in stone. The building carried out by them is a Greek temple. The feelings of the competing architects may be easily imagined, for these are the things which make competition a thankless and sometimes a hopeless work.
[33] At a much later period, as will be seen, he made a Greek design for the proposed Law Courts in Lincoln’s-inn-Fields. Here also the requirements for the true application of Greek principles of architecture were fulfilled by the circumstances of the case.
[34] After the completion of the church he returned to the charge. As late as 1841 I find a notice of his designing a spire to be added to the existing tower.
[35] They cost 11,890_l._, 10,947_l._, and 11,535_l._ respectively, sums which many a church architect would consider liberal now.
[36] On these points, as may be expected, he differed widely from his friend Mr. Pugin, and warm discussions of principle often arose in consequence.
[37] I can remember his calling attention to the octagonal form of Sta. Maria della Salute at Venice as capable of supplying a hint for English church-building, and referring to certain forms of Norman and Early English, as well fitted, by their spaciousness and unity of effect, for our congregational requirements.
[38] Mr. Ferguson, in his ‘History of Architecture,’ notes in the same way the prominence of the cornice as the characteristic feature of Mr. Barry’s Italian; but, by a slight chronological error, refers to the alteration of the College of Surgeons, designed in 1833, as the earliest instance of it, and to the Travellers’ Club as a later design.
[39] Studies and examples of the Modern School of English Architecture, by W. H. Leeds. (Weale, 1839.)
[40] ‘The Revue de l’Architecture,’ edited by M. César Daly, contained in vol. i., 1840, pp. 333, 334, a careful description (with illustrations) of the Travellers’ Club. Its criticism concludes as follows:--“Le défaut qu’on peut adresser avec raison au plus grand nombre des travaux d’architecture en Angleterre, est le peu de soin apporté dans l’étude des détails; sous ce rapport M. Charles Barry forme une exception. Il suffit d’examiner la feuille des détails du monument qui nous occupe pour y reconnaître les qualités d’un artiste consciencieux, qui étudie toutes les parties en elles-mêmes et dans leur rapport avec l’ensemble.”
[41] Extracted from a paper read at the Institute of British Architects, May 21st, 1860, by M. Digby Wyatt, Esq., V.P.
[42] On this point, it was remarked by the ‘Building News,’ immediately after his death (May 18th, 1860),--“It is the perfection of invention to invest with novelty that which is old, to adapt what has hitherto been useless, to make artistic that which is commonplace, and to impart life and beauty to dead forms. Greater inventive powers are required to accomplish this transformation than perhaps to devise new forms, which will never move or have their being.... Critics who prefer the charge of copyism against him probably mistake eccentricity for originality; in that sense Sir Charles was never original, for he was never eccentric.”
[43] A list, which is believed to be complete, is added in the Appendix.
[44] See p. 9 of Mr. Digby Wyatt’s Memoir, already referred to.
[45] It happened curiously enough that he was near being employed for the new building of the Carlton Club, adjoining and rivalling the Reform Club. He was invited by the committee to enter a select competition for it; and when he declined to do so, and the appointment of architect was put to the vote, Messrs. Basevi and Smirke were preferred only by a slight majority (220 votes against 210).
[46] The only example of an original building in which he afterwards employed it was Cliefden. At the Board of Trade the necessity of the case led him to employ the columns of the old design as an engaged order. But though he was not entirely consistent in practice, the “astylar” principle of design still continued to be regarded by him us absolutely the best.
[47] It ought to be noted, that the position of the building, which on the Pall Mall side is very unfavourable, and the exact line of its front were determined in reference to a plan for the extension of Pall Mall into the Green Park, having the Marble Arch as its entrance to the Park. A plan of this proposed alteration is given in