Chapter XLIX
., it is stated that in 1796 'a pottery for the manufacture of stone-ware was established at Bean Hill, which continued in operation far into the present century, seldom, however, employing more than four or five hands.' In Morse's 'Gazetteer,' 1797, we read, under Norwich, that the inhabitants manufacture 'stone and earthen ware.' In the _Norwich_ (Connecticut) _Gazette_, September 15, 1796, we find this advertisement of a pottery, which appears to have been in operation by a Mr. Lathrop prior to 1796, and is, without doubt, the one referred to by Miss Caulkins and Dr. Morse:
"'C. POTTS & SON, informs the Public, that they have lately established a Manufactory of EARTHEN WARE at the shop formerly improved by Mr. Charles Lathrop, where all kinds of said Ware is made and sold, either in large or small quantities, and warranted good.'
"A memorial of Samuel Dennis, dated New Haven, October 9, 1789, to the General Assembly of Connecticut, shows 'that he is acquainted with the potter's business, and is about to erect a stone-pottery; and there is in this country a plenty of clay which he presumes of the same kind with that from which the queen's-ware of Staffordshire is usually made; and that he wishes to erect a pottery for the purpose of manufacturing the finer kinds of ware usually made in Staffordshire, particularly the queen's-ware,' and he asks the aid of the State in founding the works. His memorial was negatived, and it does not appear whether he went on with his project.
"Isaac Hanford, of Hartford, Connecticut, took out a patent, January 20, 1800, for a new method of making bricks, tiles, and pottery-ware in general, and of discharging the moulds. Nothing further is known of his work; but coarse pottery has, from the beginning of the century, been made in Hartford. Prior to 1800 a pottery was in existence at Stonington, Connecticut, managed by Adam States, who was succeeded in the business, after 1804, by his sons, Adam and Joseph. They made jugs, butter-pots, jars of all sizes, and some small wares with handles, uniformly of soft pottery, usually gray in color, with salt-glaze. Contemporary with this was a pottery at Norwalk, Connecticut, which made red wares of soft pottery in many forms. We learn from a lady, whose memory extends back to 1804, that it made jars and pots of all sizes, teapots, mugs, and large milk-pans, then in common use among the farmers in Connecticut, glazed with a lead-glaze, the color deep red with flashes of black, probably caused by smoke in the firing. Other potteries produced wares similar to the Stonington and Norwalk.
"From a report of the Secretary of the Treasury (Mr. Gallatin), made in 1810, it appears that the exports of 'coarse earthen-ware' exceeded the imports. In this report the secretary says that progress has been made in the manufacture of 'queen's and other earthen ware,' and that 'a sufficient quantity of the coarser species of pottery was made everywhere. Four manufactories of a finer kind had lately been established which made ware resembling that of Staffordshire.' Dr. Dwight, in his 'Travels' (1822), after quoting the above, states that he had gained access to the reports from Massachusetts and Connecticut, upon which the secretary's report had been founded, and gives among the manufactures of Connecticut for the year, potteries, twelve; 'value of earthen and stone ware, thirty thousand seven hundred and forty dollars;' and for Massachusetts, 'earthen-ware, eighteen thousand seven hundred dollars.'
"Before the end of the last century direct trade had been established between the United States and China, and Oriental porcelain began to make its appearance in America. The English trade increased rapidly in the early part of the present century, and English manufacturers had begun to decorate pottery with American subjects for the American market. Porcelain seems to have been decorated at Lowestoft with American designs, for special orders, before 1800.
"From 1810 to 1830 great quantities of English pottery, especially blue and white wares, were imported. Much of this was decorated with American views, buildings, landscapes, and pictures of public events, the principal exporters in England being J. and R. Clews, of Cobridge, and the Ridgways, of Shelton."
[Illustration: FIG. 162.--_The "Washington Pitchers."_]
The "Washington Pitchers" were made at this period by the English potters, and were shipped here and sold in great numbers. They are now much prized, but are not uncommon. Few of them have any merit as works of art, being intended only to please the patriotic sentiment of the country.
The smaller one of our illustration (Fig. 162) contains the best picture of Washington of any I have seen painted upon porcelain, and is really an excellent engraving after Stuart's great picture.
It is said to have been made in England, by order of a Philadelphia dealer, in 1801. Both of these pitchers are in the Historical Society of Philadelphia.
The larger one is more patriotic and less artistic. Around the portrait are entwined the names of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Vermont, Kentucky--fifteen States, and fifteen stars.
On the front is the eagle, and the patriotic Latin, _E pluribus unum_. Also the name of the owner, James Taylor, M. D. On the other side, in an oval, is some poetry, made in England for our use, as follows:
"As he tills your rich glebe the old peasant shall tell, While his bosom with Liberty glows, How your WARREN expired, how MONTGOMERY fell, And how WASHINGTON humbled your foes."
The _intentions_ of the poet we may accept as good, even if slightly mercenary.
One more brief extract will complete this history:
"In 1847 a factory was established in Bennington, Vermont, by Messrs. Lyman and Fenton, and continued in operation till about 1860. Pottery was made in various forms, with good enamel; bisque or Parian wares were produced, and soft-paste porcelain of good quality, well decorated. So far as is at present known, this was the first American factory which has attempted to make figures of men and animals. A peculiar enamel seems to have been patented by Mr. Fenton, of this firm, which was used on some of the pottery. The impressed mark on pottery of this class was arranged in a circle, 'Lyman, Fenton and Co., Fenton's Enamel, Patented 1849, Bennington, Vermont.'
"Some time prior to 1829 a factory was established in Jersey City, New Jersey, by persons not now known (said to be French), which made porcelain. No mark was used, but we are indebted to Messrs. Rouse and Turner, the present proprietors, for fragments of the porcelain made prior to 1829, which is hard paste of fair quality. The enterprise was not successful, and in 1829 David Henderson and Co. bought the works, and carried them on under the name of the American Pottery Company. They made white and brown potteries, decorating the former with prints, and the latter with colored enamels and raised work; and also a translucent pottery, which is apparently a natural soft-paste porcelain. Their mark was 'American Pottery Company, Jersey City, New Jersey,' in a circle, stamped in the paste. They executed work for druggists and other dealers in New York, printing labels on their jars, boxes, etc. A favorite pattern was a brown pottery pitcher, the handle a hound, the surface covered with a raised representation of a hunt. It was made in various sizes, and is still produced, with a changed form of the same decoration. In 1855 Messrs. Rouse and Turner became proprietors of the factory, and have since carried it on with much success, producing granite, Rockingham, and stone wares, plain and decorated, for table and general use. They use clay obtained from Woodbridge, New Jersey, and another clay from Bath, South Carolina; and occasionally a clay from Glen Cove, Long Island, which contains silex. Their stone-wares are made by the mixing of certain clays, without the addition of other substances. They use no mark on their fabrics.
"Important works are now in operation at Baltimore, Maryland, and at Trenton, New Jersey, making varieties of pottery, plain and decorated, and stone-wares of excellent quality."
At the Exhibition at Philadelphia good exhibitions were made by Messrs. Otto and Brewer, Mercer Pottery Company, James Moses and Isaac Davis, of Trenton; also by Laughlin Brothers, of East Liverpool, Ohio.
Some twenty firms, mostly from Trenton, were collected in the southeast corner of the Main Building, where they made a creditable display of what is known as the "white granite" ware, so useful and so detestable; thick, that it may resist the hostility of the Milesian maiden, clumsy because of that, without color or decoration of any kind, and cheap: can we expect or demand much? Looking more carefully, we found in Otto and Brewer's exhibit a modeler named Broome, who had made some base-ball players which were full of life and spirit; also some unglazed vases which had excellence of form and precision of modeling and decoration, showing that good things may be done here. In Fig. 163 we show one of the Parian vases designed by Broome, who only needs encouragement to develop into excellence. James Moses, too, had some white-and-gold work which was good. Isaac Davis, one of these granite-potters, had ventured to turn his cups with a sense of good form, and with a thin lip from which one might drink without being reminded of the horse-trough; he must beware lest it should not pay!
[Illustration: FIG. 163.--_Parian Vase._]
Laughlin Brothers, of Ohio, had a good show of the same kind of wares, and they had also a decorated dinner-set which was good. They had more than this, in that they promised us something. They are using feldspars, kaolins, clays, silexes, from various parts of the United States, and believe we have the best and the greatest variety to be found in any country; but besides these a new clay or mineral, as they think, has been found in Missouri, which promises to be of infinite value. It is cheap, is easily ground and mixed, and imparts to the body a creamy softness and a beauty which add much to the production. That this is true was shown in some of the cups made with it. Moreover, as Mr. Laughlin states, several of the best porcelain-makers of Europe are seriously contemplating the propriety of establishing themselves on this shore of the sea, and putting to use these kaolinic treasures. And why not? With cheap clays, cheap fuels, cheap foods, may we not begin to supply ourselves, if not some of the rest of the world, with the finest productions of the potter's wheel? And it would seem a good thing for us to do.
APPENDIX.
BOOKS UPON POTTERY AND PORCELAIN.
The following synopsis of works on "pottery and porcelain," for which we are indebted to Mr. G. W. Wales, will be found useful and interesting:
GENERAL HISTORICAL TREATISES.--Jacquemart, "History of the Ceramic Art"--a descriptive philosophical study of the pottery of all ages and nations, profusely illustrated in aquatint and woodcut, and containing one thousand marks and monograms; Semper, "Der Stil in den Künsten," in the second volume treats of ceramics, and is a well-illustrated, comprehensive, and useful hand-book; Mareschal, "La Faïence Populaire au 18me Siècle," has one hundred and twelve colored plates, mostly of French and Delft porcelain; Maze, "Recherches sur la Céramique" is illustrated by photographs, and has a list of marks and monograms; Burty, "Chefs-d'OEuvre des Arts Industriels," gives a popular account of ceramics, well illustrated (there is a translation by Chaffers); Stallknecht's papers on "Artistic Pottery and Porcelain" give also an account of the articles in the Vienna Exposition of 1875; Treadwell's "Manual" is a brief popular work; Hall, "Bric-à-brac Hunter." One of the best works in English is Marryat's "History," well illustrated, in colors. So also is Graesse's "Guide de l'Amateur," a very complete collection, in fac-simile, of marks and monograms. Chaffers's "Keramic Gallery," besides historical notices and descriptions, gives several hundred photographs of rare and curious specimens of these arts.
Besides these works, devoted especially to ceramics, it will be well to refer to the following, selected out of many books treating generally of the arts of the middle ages, most of them illustrated in the best style, in which may be found chapters or short treatises on pottery and porcelain, with admirable illustrations adapted for use as designs for decoration: Sommerard's "Arts au Moyen Âge," plates; Villemin, "Monumens Français;" Lenoir, "Musée des Monumens Français;" Lacroix, "Arts of the Middle Ages;" Louandre, "Arts Somptuaires;" "Instrumenta Ecclesiastica;" Racinet, "L'Ornement Polychrome;" Jones, "Grammar of Ornament;" Bedford, "Treasury of Ornamental Art;" Newbery, "Gleanings from Ornamental Art;" Chenavard, "Album de l'Ornamentiste;" "Tradesman's Book of Ornamental Designs;" Wyatt, "Industrial Arts of the Nineteenth Century;" Durand, "Recueil et Parallèles des Edifices de tout Genre;" South Kensington Museum, "Industrial Arts;" "Photographs from the British Museum;" Labarte, "Arts Industriels au Moyen Âge;" Zahn, "Ornamentmalerei."
MANUFACTURE.--The following books treat more particularly of the processes of manufacture of pottery and porcelain, only incidentally touching the artistic history. They are mostly in French, viz.: Brongniart, "Traité des Arts Céramiques," two volumes of text and one of plates. This is well illustrated, and cited by all writers on the subject as high authority. Figuier, in the first volume of the "Merveilles de l'Industrie," which treats both sides of the subject, is very fully illustrated as regards both the manufacture and the art-history of glass, pottery, and porcelain. Other briefer treatises are those by Guillery, Bastenaire-Daudenart, Boyer, and a treatise on pottery (Paris, 1772), in volume ii. of the "Description des Arts et Métiers." In English: Tomlinson's "Brief History," from the "Encyclopædia Britannica;" and Arnoux, in volume iii. of Bevans's "British Manufacturing Industries." See also Turgau, "Les Grandes Usines de France," for history of the Sèvres porcelain; Denistoun, "Dukes of Urbino," volume iii., page 382, for an account of the manufacture of maiolica in the duchy of Urbino; Rosina, "Memoria sulle Stoviglie," on manufacture of utensils and analysis of clays in the Lombardo-Venetian territory.
The following books give some practical instructions on painting, enameling, etc.: Tilton, "Designs and Instructions for decorating Pottery;" Snell, "Practical Instructions;" "Art Recreations;" Gessart, "Art of Enameling;" Sutherland, "Practical Guide;" Reboulleau.
MARKS AND MONOGRAMS.--Chaffers's "Marks and Monograms," which contains also an historical essay on English pottery, with illustrations; also his "Collector's Hand-book"--a concisely-arranged volume of fac-similes of marks, a supplement to the work just named; Mareschal, "Iconographie de la Faïence"--a dictionary of ceramic artists and marks, with colored illustrations of the different styles; Hooper and Phillips, "Manual"--a dictionary of easy reference; Demmin, "Guide de l'Amateur de Faïences" (two volumes)--a comprehensive, illustrated work of high authority; Bohn's "Guide to Knowledge of Pottery and Porcelain," containing also a priced catalogue of the Bernal collection, and an essay; Maze, "Recherches," illustrated by photographs; Meteyard's "Wedgwood Hand-book"--a thorough history of this exquisite ware. See also a work by the same author, for admirable photographs of Wedgwood's principal works, and Fortnum's "Catalogue of Maiolica."
The following books treat of the history of pottery and porcelain of different countries and periods:
ENGLAND.--For a sketch of the art of pottery in England, see the introductory chapters of volume i. of Eliza Meteyard's "Life of Josiah Wedgwood;" her "Wedgwood Hand-book," which gives marks, monograms, priced catalogues, and a glossary of technical terms. The same author has recently (1876) published "Wedgwood and his Works," admirably illustrated with photographs of his more important works; also "Wedgwood Memorial," likewise beautifully illustrated. Prefixed to Chaffers's "Marks and Monograms" is an Essay on the Vasa Fictilia of England;" Jewitt's "Life of Wedgwood" contains also a "History of the Early Potteries of Staffordshire," well illustrated; Haslem's "Old Derby China," illustrated in color, gives a full account of this ware and of the principal workmen, with marks and price-lists; Binns's "Century of Potting in Worcester" gives in an appendix a sketch of Celtic, Roman, and Mediæval pottery in Worcestershire. See also "Wedgwood, an Address by W. E. Gladstone" (1863); Boyer, "Traité sur l'Origine, les Progrès et l'État actuel des Manufactures de Porcelaine et de Faïence en Angleterre"--one of the excellent Roret manuals of arts and trades.
FRANCE.--Mareschal, "Faïence Populaire au 18me Siècle," with one hundred and twelve finely-colored plates, mostly of French and Delft ware (Paris, 1872); Pottier, "Histoire de la Faïence de Rouen" (1870), two volumes, quarto--an elaborate and finely-illustrated treatise; Pouy, "Les Faïences d'Origine Picarde" (1872), with colored plates and marks; Forestié, "Les Anciennes Faienceries de Montauban," and other places in the department of Tarn-et-Garonne. On the pottery of the Gauls, see Du Cleuzion, "Poterie Gauloise." A publication by the Arundel Society gives fine photographs of twenty examples of "Henri-Deux ware" from the South Kensington Museum.
ITALY, GERMANY, SPAIN, ETC.--On "maiolica," see the history by Passeri, treating of the products of Pesaro and Urbino, and of the works of Giorgio da Gubbio. On "maiolica and Italian faience," see the splendidly-illustrated works by Delange and Sauzay, "Monographe de l'OEuvre de Bernard Palissy" (Paris, 1872); and the "Recueil de Faïences Italiennes" of the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries (Paris, 1869), by Delanges, Darcel, and Bornemann. Fortnum's "Maiolica;" also his "Catalogue of Maiolica, Hispano-Moresco, Persian, Damascus, and Rhodian wares in the South Kensington Museum," finely illustrated in color, and giving marks and monograms; "Centennial Exposition Catalogue of the Castellani Collection;" Beckwith's "Majolica and Fayence" (New York, 1877) is a concise and useful general treatise on ceramics, containing much information in small space, with numerous photo-engraved illustrations; Drake's "Notes on Venetian Ceramics;" Riaño, "Catalogue of Art Objects of Spanish Production in the South Kensington Museum;" De Jorio, "Galleria de' Vasi, Real Museo Borbonico;" "Le Secret des Vraies Porcelaines de la Chine et de Saxe" (1752); Robinson, "Catalogue of the Soulages Collection." Asselineau, "Meubles et Objets divers du Moyen Âge" gives specimens of Palissy and Flemish ware. Lazari, "Notizie della raccolta Correr di Venezia."
ORIENTAL AND SAVAGE RACES.--Alabaster, "Chinese Art Objects in South Kensington Museum;" Audsley and Bowes, "Keramic Art," now in course of publication, splendidly illustrated with colored plates by Racinet; Jarves, "Glimpse at the Art of Japan;" Schweinfurth, "Artes Africanæ;" Hartt, "Manufacture of Pottery among Savage Races." On the _cloisonné_ enamels of China, see appendix to Julien's "Industries de l'Empire Chinois." On "Chinese porcelain decoration," consult "Owen Jones's Examples of Chinese Ornament," giving one hundred fine colored plates, from examples at South Kensington.
TILES.--Nichols's "Examples of Decorative Tiles, in fac-simile, chiefly in Original Size;" chapter entitled "Céramique," by Riocreux and Jacquemart, in volume iv. of Lacroix's "Moyen Âge et la Renaissance," which contains a bibliography of ceramics.
ANCIENT POTTERY.--Birch's "History of Ancient Pottery" treats of Assyrian, Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Etruscan, Celtic, Teutonic, and Scandinavian pottery, and is fully illustrated. It contains also a list of the principal collections of ancient pottery. One of the best works is Millingen's "Ancient Unedited Monuments," giving excellent colored illustrations of painted Greek vases. Other valuable works are those of Inghirami, "Pitture di Vasi Etrusche," four volumes quarto, with fine outlines of Greek vase-decoration, some in color; a very beautifully-illustrated work (in color) is that of the Count of Syracuse, "Notizia dei Vasi dipinti rinvenuti a Cuma;" see also Lucien Bonaparte's "Museum Étrusque;" Donati, "Della Maniera d'interpretare le Pitture ne' Vasi fittili antichi;" "Description of the Ancient Terra-Cottas in the British Museum," illustrated by line-engravings; Stackelberg, "Die Gräber der Hellenen," giving plates of urns, vases, bass-reliefs, etc.; Dumont, "Inscriptions Céramiques de Grèce;" Fabroni, "Vasi fittili aretini;" Kramer, "Ueber den Styl und die Herkunft der bemalten griechischen Thongefässe;" De Sanctis, "Vasi antichi della Collezione Hamilton," with outline illustrations; G. Gerhard, "Vases Grecs relatifs aux Mystères," outline illustrations; Gerhard, "Etruskische und kampanische Vasenbilder" (Berlin, 1843), with finely-colored illustrations of vases; Gerhard, "Auserlesene griechische Vasenbilder" (Berlin, 1856), two volumes text, two volumes plates, quarto, also admirably illustrated; Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge, part iii., "Fictile Vases;" Schliemann, "Trojanische Alterthümer;" "British Museum Catalogue of Greek and Etruscan Vases," with outlines; "Catalogue of the St. Petersburg Imperial Collection of Vases in the Ermitage," with sixteen plates of outlines; Inghirami, "Etrusco Museo Chinsino," copperplate outlines; "Engravings of Ancient Vases in the Collection of Sir William Hamilton" (Naples, 1791), three volumes folio.
On Egyptian pottery consult Wilkinson's "Ancient Egyptians;" and the splendid illustrated volumes of Champollion, Lepsius, and Belzoni, for illustrations from the monuments.
BIOGRAPHY.--Jouveaux, "Histoire de trois Potiers Celèbres," biographical sketches of Palissy, Wedgwood, and Böttger; "Lessons from Noble Lives" (Palissy); see C. C. Perkins's "Tuscan Sculptors," volume i., for a chapter on "Luca della Robbia," also in Vasari; Vasari, volume xiii., page 72, "Vita di Battista Franco." For a list of books of reference on "ceramics," see Chaffers's "Marks and Monograms."
INDEX.
A PAGE
Abbey, Richard, Potter, 312
Abderrahman III., 83
African Pottery, 65
Alabastron, 47
_A la corne_, 146
Alchemists, The, 230
Alcora Porcelain, 287
Alexander Severus, Emperor, 172
Alhambra, The, 83
---- Vase of the, 84
Amateur Painters, 298
Amatorii, 104
American Pottery, 23
Amphora, 18, 40, 46
Amstel Porcelain, 321
Andreoli, Maestro Giorgio, 113
Andrews, W. L., 185
Antonibon, Potter, 281
Apostle Mugs, 75
Arabic Pottery, 90
Arabs of Spain, The, 72, 81
Arcesilaus, Cup of, 51
Archaic Man, 14
---- Style, 41
Arezzo, 27
Art in Decoration, 236
---- Japanese, 225
---- Oriental, Character of, 190, 206
Aryballos, 35, 46
Aspasia, House of, 45, 58
Assyrians, Glazed Ware of, 70
Athenian Prize-Vase, 49
Augustus II., Elector of Saxony, 231
Avery, S.P., 92. 189, 195, 200, 210, 216, 222
Aztec Civilization, 21
B
Baireuth, 75
Baldassini, Painter, 279
Balearic Islands, 95
Bamboo, Wedgwood's, 168
Banko Ware, 225
Barberini Vase, 171
Barbizôt, M., 149
Barlow, S. L. M., 270, 296
Basalt, Wedgwood's, 168, 171
Bavarian Porcelain, 249
Beauvais Pottery, 141
Beccheroni, Painter, 279
Beckford, Mr., 195
Belgium, 319
Bellarmine, Cardinal, 76
Bellarmins, 76
Belleek, 149
Belmont, A., 270
Bennington Potteries, 339
Bentley, Mr., 167
Berlin Porcelain, 242
Bernal Sale, The, 131, 141, 240, 244, 247, 250, 251, 295, 298
Betts, F. J., 76
Billingsly, Potter, 310
Binns, R. W., Potter, 289, 306
Birch, Mr., 41, 70
Bloor, Potter, 297
Blue, Celestial, 181, 193
---- Cobalt, 190
---- Dragon Decoration, 311
---- Japanese, 218
Bonnin, Potter, 331
Boston Museum of Arts, 86
Böttger, J., 231
Boucher, Painter, 261
Bow and Chelsea, Confusion between, 292
---- Porcelain, 290
Bramelds, The, Potters, 313
Breslau, Pottery Monument in, 80
Brianchon, M., 149
Bricks, Glazed, 70
Bristol Porcelain, 309
British Museum, 211
Broeck, Village of, 159
Bromfield and Son, Potters, 317
Brongniart, Alexandre, 41, 270
Bronze Age, 16
Brown-Westhead, Moore and Co., Potters, 317
Brunswick Porcelain, 249
Bryant, Mr., 30
Buen Retiro Porcelain, 286
Burke, Edmund, 309
Burlingame, Mrs. Anson, 182, 184, 186, 189
C
Caistre, 26
Calle, Raffaelle del, 104
Calpis, 46
Cameos, Wedgwood's, 168
Campanienne Vase, 49
Cantheros, 46
Capo di Monte Porcelain, 282
Carl Theodor, Elector Palatine, 249
Castel-Durante, 116
Catherine II. of Russia, 166
Caughley Porcelain, 311
Caulkins's History of Norwich, 336
_Céladon_, The Color, 195
Celestial-Blue Porcelain, 181, 193
Centennial Exhibition, 22, 25, 63, 130, 227, 340
Ceramicus, The, 32
Cesnola Collection, 24
Chaffers, G. W., 136, 161, 235, 290, 299, 302
Chamberlain, Potter, 307
Champion, Potter, 309
Chantilly Porcelain, 257
Chapelet, M., 149
Charles, Duke of Brunswick, 250
Charles IV., King, 283
Charlotte, Queen, 166
Charlottenburg, 244
Cheap Work, 164
Chelsea Porcelain, 293
China, Egg-shell, 197, 220
---- Mandarin, 221
Chinese Porcelain, 175
Classification of Greek Pottery, 41
Clay Figures, 63
Clays, American, 340
---- Cornwall, 308
Clerissy, Antoine, 146
Cleuziou, M., 27
Cloisonné Work, 221, 316
Coalport Porcelain, 312
Coblentz, 77
Coffee-pots, 158
Coke, Potter, 310
Collections of Pottery, 53
Collinot, M., 149
Colors, Chemical, 266
Connecticut Potteries, Early, 338
Conrad, 139
Content, The God of, 176
Cooking Animal, Man a, 14
Cookworthy, Potter, 308
Copelands, The, Potters, 313
Copenhagen Porcelain, 326
Corean Porcelain, 210
Cornwall Clays, 308
Cortez, 20
Cotyle, 46
Counterfeit Chinese Porcelain, 300
Counterfeit Maiolica, 119
---- Porcelain, 227
Couthon, 51
Couverte, 69
Cozzi, Potter, 280
Crackle, 197, 219
Craft, Painter, 291
Crater, 47
Cruche, 47
Crusades, Effects of, 96
Cup of Arcesilaus, 51
---- of Samos, 26
Custode, Pierre, 139
Cyathos, 46
Cylix, 47
Cyrenaica, 37
Cyrene, 51
D
Damascus Pottery, 89
Daniell, H. and R., Potters, 314
Daniell, Thomas, Painter, 166
Daniells and Son, Potters, 318
Danish Pottery, 67
Dark Ages, The, 96
Decadence Style, 41
Deck, M., 152
Decoration, Early, 18, 23
---- Japanese, 215
---- Sèvres, 260
---- Symbolic, 186
Delft, 97, 153
Della Robbia, Andrea, 101
---- Luca, 93, 99
Demmin, M., 41, 126, 155, 328
Denmark, Porcelain of, 326
Dennis, Potter, 336
Derby Porcelain, 297
Dinner-Service, Remarkable, 166
Dinner-Services, Delft, 157
Diogenes, Tub of, 62
Dixwell, J. J., 62
Doccia Porcelain, 277
Dog of Fo, The, 187
Doulton Stone-ware, 77
Dragon, The, 188
Dresden Figure-pieces, 235
---- Porcelain, 230
Dress, Greek, 56
Drinking-Cups, Inscriptions on, 27
Druggists' Pots, 117
Duesbury, Potter, 294, 297
Dutch Pottery, 153
---- Trade with Japan, 223
Dwight, Dr., 337
E
Earthen-ware, 97
---- English, 161
Edgeworth, Maria, 162
Egg-shell China, 197
Egyptian Art, 33
---- Red Ware, 65
---- Tombs, Porcelain in, 179, 203
---- Water-Colors, 63
---- Glazed Ware of, 70
Elers, Messrs., 162
Elizabethan Ware, 162
Elizabeth Petrovna, Empress, 328
Enamel, 69
Enameling, 197
_En camaïeu_, 146
England, Porcelains of, 288
---- Want of Invention in, 293
English Pottery, 67, 161
Engobe, 52, 73, 98
Entrecolles, Père d', 205
Etruscan Vases, 37, 62
Exhibition, Philadelphia, 22, 25, 63
F
Factories, Japanese Porcelain, 227
Faenza, 117
Faience, 97, 117
---- d'Oiron, 131
Faience, Japanese, 223
Figuier, M., 28
Figures, Porcelain, 283, 291, 308, 339
Figurines attributed to Palissy, 129
Fine Style, The, 41
Fischer, Potter, 247
Flandre, Grès de, 73
Flaxman, 168
Fleur-de-Lis Mark, 283, 286
Flight and Barr, Potters, 306
Florentine Porcelain, 274
Flowers, Porcelain, 258
Fong-hoang, The, 187
Fontana Family, 108
---- Orazio, 104, 109
Foresi, Dr., 274
Fortnum, Mr., 88
France, Porcelain of, 253
Franco, Battista, 104
Frankenthal Porcelain, 249
Franks, A. W., 195, 201, 207
Frederick the Great, 231
Free-Trade Fanaticism, 211
French Faience, 138
French Sprig Decoration, 310
Fulham Pottery, 162
Fürstenburg Porcelain, 249
Furstler, Painter, 246
G
Gallatin, Secretary, 337
Gallic Pottery, 28
Gardner, Potter, 330
German Pottery, 28, 74
---- Glazed Pottery, 78
---- Tribes, The, 78
---- Work, Lack of Taste in, 163
Gibson, Henry, Mr., 316
Ginori, Factory of, 112
---- The, 277
Gioanetti, Potter, 281
Giorgio, Maestro, 113
Giustiniani, Factory of, 112
Gladstone, Mr., 173
Glaze, Definition of, 69
---- Value of, 72
Glazed Bricks, 70
---- Pottery, 78, 81
Glazes in Porcelain, 195
Gouffier, Claude, 135
Grains-of-rice Cups, 197
Granada, 83
Graybeards, 76
Greek Dress, 56
---- Fret, 18, 47
---- House, The, 30, 54
---- Man, The, 60
---- Pottery, Classification of, 41
---- Vase, The, 29
---- Vases, Varnish of, 71
---- Woman, The, 54
Greenpoint Porcelain, 334
Grès de Flandre, 73
Grinnell, Mrs. R. M., 100
Gubbio Maiolica, 112, 113
Gulena, 330
H
Haarlem, 154
Hague, Porcelain of The, 322
Haguenau Pottery, 148
Haines and Co., Potters, 311
Hanford, Potter, 337
Hangest, Madame Hélène de, 133
Hannong, Potter, 148, 249
Hart, Charles Henry, 331
Hartford Pottery, 337
Haviland, Messrs, 150
Heard, Mr., 194
Henderson and Co., Potters, 340
Henri-Deux Ware, 131, 136
Henry III. of France, 124
Herculaneum, 59
---- Porcelain, 312
Herend Porcelain, 247
Hetairai, The, 57
Hewelcke, Potter, 280
Hirschvogel, 80
Hispano-Moresque Ware, 86
Hizen, Porcelains of, 228
Höchst Porcelain, 248
Hoe, Robert, Jr., 191, 210
Holland, 319
Holland, Importation of Porcelain to, 219
Homer's Heroes, Palaces of, 30
Höroldt, 234
House, The Greek, 30, 54
Huguenots, 123
Hungarian Porcelain, 247
Hydria, 47
I
Idols, Mexican, 20
Italian Maiolicas at the Philadelphia Exhibition, 121
Italian Porcelain, 274
---- Renaissance, 96
Ives, Mrs. Moses, 146
J
Japanese Art, 214, 225
---- Figures, 64
---- Porcelain, 210
Jasper, Wedgwood's, 168
Jewels in Decoration, 267
Jewett, Mr., 173
Johnson, Dr., 295
Julia Mammæa, 172
K
Kaga Ware, 223, 228
Kalpis, 47
Kändler, 234
Kantharos, 46
Kaolin, 78, 178, 205, 232, 234
Katosiro-ouyi-mon, 210
Kauffmann, Angelica, 238
Kelebe, 46
Kensington Museum, 211
Keramicus, The, 32
King-te-Chin, City of, 180, 203
Kioto Ware, 225, 228
Korzic Porcelain, 330
Kotyle, 47
Krater, 47
Kruche, 47
Kyathos, 47
Kylin, The, 188
Kylix, 47
L
Lacquer, Japanese, 220
Lacustrine Dwellings, 15
Lafon, M., 151
Lake-Dwellers, 15
Lambeth Pottery, 162
Lamprecht, Painter, 246
Lanceray, Bronze-founder, 328
Lang, Baron von, 327
Laughlin Brothers, Potters, 342
Laurin, M., 149
Layard, 70
Leighton, Frederick, 88, 94, 224
Lekythos, 47, 50
Lille Porcelain, 323
Limoges Porcelain, 258
---- Pottery, 150
Lindencher, M., 151
Lindus Pottery, 89
Longbeards, 76
Louis Philippe, 269
Louis XIV, 143, 261
Lowestoft Porcelain, 299
Luson, Potter, 299
Lustres, 83, 114, 116
Lyman and Fenton, Potters, 339
Lyons, Mr., 269
M
Madrid Porcelain, 286
Maiolica, 87, 95, 97
Majorca, 87
Malaga, 85
Man, The Greek, 60
Mandarin China, 221
Marcolini, Count, 241
Marco Polo, 179, 204
Maria Theresa, 245
Marks, Alcora, 287
---- Amstel, 322
---- Berlin, 245
---- Bow, 292
---- Bristol, 310
---- Capo di Monte, 286
---- Caughley, 311
---- Chamberlain's, 308
---- Chantilly, 257
---- Chelsea, 297
---- Chinese, 207
---- Clignancourt, 255
---- Copeland, 314
---- Copenhagen, 327
---- on Delft, 160
---- Derby, 299
---- Dresden, 241
---- Frankenthal, 249
---- Fulda, 252
---- Fürstenburg, 250
---- Höchst, 248
---- Japanese Symbolic, 215
---- Kronenburg, 251
---- Lille, 323
---- Limbach, 252
---- Limoges, 258
---- Ludwigsburg, 251
---- Maiolica, 119
---- Marieberg, 326
---- Marseilles, 256
---- Moscow, 330
---- Nantgarw, 310
---- New Hall, 312
---- Niderviller, 257
---- Nove, 282
---- Nymphenburg, 251
---- Nyon, 252
---- Orleans, 256
---- Paris, 257
---- Plymouth, 309
---- Porcelain, 325
---- Rockingham, 313
---- Russian, 329
---- Sceaux-Penthièvre, 257
---- Sèvres, 272
---- St.-Cloud, 254
---- Strasbourg, 256
---- Swansea, 311
---- Symbolic, 200
---- The Hague, 323
---- Tournay, 324
---- Turin, 281
---- Turner, 311
---- Valenciennes, 256
---- of Vezzi and Cozzi, 280
---- Vienna, 247
---- Vincennes, 271
---- Weesp, 321
---- Worcester, 306
---- Zurich, 252
Marryat, Mr., 155, 174, 301
Marseilles Pottery, 148
Massachusetts Potteries, Early, 338
Matthews, Mr., 270
Mayence Porcelain, 248
Medicean Porcelain, 274
Medici, Lorenzo de', 195, 204
---- The, 275
Meissen Porcelain, 230
Melchior, Painter, 249
Menecy-Villeroy Porcelain, 255
Meteyard, Miss, 168, 172
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 24, 120, 384
Mexican Pottery, 20, 66
Mezza-Maiolica, 98
Mintons, The, Potters, 314
Mitchell, Dr., 270
Monument of Pottery, 80
Moorish Pottery, 72
Moors in Spain, 82
Morris, Potter, 331
Moscow Porcelain, 330
Mosque of Omar, 89
Mounds, Western, 22
Moustiers Pottery, 146
Müller, Potter, 327
Murrhine Vases, Ancient, 204
Musée Céramique at Sèvres, 270
Museum of Arts, Boston, 86, 120
N
_Nacre_, 149
Nanking-Blue Porcelain, 181
Nanking Tower, 177
Nantgarw Porcelain, 310
Naples, Pottery from, 64
Napoleon I., 324
Nelson, Lord, 307
Nevers Faience, 139
New Hall Porcelain, 312
New Jersey Potteries, Early, 340
Niderviller Porcelain, 257
Nigg, Painter, 246
Nimrúd, Palace at, 70
Northern Europe, Porcelains of, 319
Norwalk Pottery, 337
Norwich Pottery, 336
Nottingham Ware, 335
Nove Porcelain, 281
Nymphenburg Porcelain, 250
O
OEnochoe, 47
Olery, Maître, 146
Olpe, 46
Omar, Mosque of, 89
Onyx, Wedgwood's, 168
Oporto Porcelain, 287
Oriental Art, Character of, 190, 206, 236
Ornaments of Delft-ware, 158
Owari Porcelain, 228
Oxybaphon, 46
P
Painters, Amateur, 298
---- at Worcester, 304
Palaces of Homer's Heroes, 30
Palissy, Bernard, 123
Panathenaic Festival, 149
_Pâte dure_, 233, 253
_Pâte tendre_, 233, 253
_Pâte-sur-pâte_, 315
Peabody Museum, 22
Peach Decoration, Japanese, 225
Pelice, 45
Pellipario Family, 109
Pepys's Diary, 158, 161
Perger, Painter, 246
Pericles, 58
Persian Pottery, 90
Peruvian Pottery, 22
Pesaro, 98
Peter the Great, 327
---- the Hermit, 96
Pe-tun-tse, 178, 205, 233
Phallus, 23
Pharmaceutical Emblems, 118
Phiale, 46
Philadelphia Art School, 211
---- Exhibition, 22, 25, 63, 130, 227, 340
---- Industrial Museum, 316
---- Porcelain, 331
Piccolpasso, Book of, 116
Pindar, 40
Pinxton Porcelain, 310
Pipe Clay, 134
Pithos, 62
Pizarro, 22
Place, Francis, Potter, 314
Plumbiferous Glaze, 98, 161
Plymouth Porcelain, 308
Poland, Porcelain of, 330
Pompadour, Madame de, 258
Pompeii, 59
Popoff, Potter, 330
Porcelain Biscuit, Wedgwood's, 168
Porcelain, _Céladon_, 195
---- of Central Europe, 229
---- of China, 175
---- Chrysanthemo-Pæonienne, 182
---- Colors of, 180, 194
---- Discovery of, 178
---- Earliest European, 230
---- in Egyptian Tombs, 179, 203
---- of England, 288
---- Famille-rose, 185
---- Famille-vert, 184
---- Flowers, 258
---- of France, 253
---- Imperial Yellow, 195
---- Importation of Chinese, 204
---- Japanese, 210, 227
---- Manufacture, Sites of, 202
---- Manufacture in China, 201
---- Mode of making in China, 205
---- of Northern Europe, 319
---- Painting, 196
---- Origin of Word, 203
---- of Southern Europe, 274
---- Styles of Japanese, 214
---- Tower at Nanking, 177
---- of the United States, 331
---- Variegated-leaved, 219
---- Varieties of Chinese, 181
Portland Vase, 171
Portuguese Trade with Japan, 222
Potteries, Greek, 53
Potter's Art, Antiquity of, 13
---- Wheel, 19, 34
Pottery, Chinese, 178
---- Monument of, 80
Pottier, M. André, 132
Pottle-pot, 77
Poutai, Chinese God, 64, 176
Prices of Henri-Deux Ware, 136
---- of Wedgwood Ware, 174
Prime, William C., 76, 89, 92, 100, 282, 244, 285, 287, 296, 306, 307, 334
Prizes for Victors, 48
Prize Vase, Athenian, 49
Prochoos, 46
Protestant Persecutions in France, 123
Pruyn, J. V. L., 270, 300, 302
Q
Queen Elizabeth's Housekeeping, 161
Queen's Ware, Wedgwood's, 166
R
Raffaelle Ware, 106
Reindeer Age, 15
Reticulated Cups, 197
Rhode Island, Rouen Pottery in, 146
Rhodian Pottery, 87
Rhyton, 47
Ringler, Potter, 249
Ritter, 99
Robinson, Mr. J. C., 133
Rockingham Porcelain, 312
Rockwell, Mrs., 218
Roman Pottery, 124, 27, 161
Rörstrand, 325
Rose, John, Potter, 312
Rose, Painter, 300
Rothschild, Baron, 267, 276
Rouen Pottery, 142, 255
Rouse and Turner, Potters, 340
Roux, Maître, 146
Rovigo, Francisco Xanto Avelli da, 104, 108
Ruch, Painter, 327
Ruel, Durand, M., 149
Russia, Porcelain of, 327
S
Saladin, Porcelain sent by, 204
Salt-glaze, 73, 162
Salzmann, Mr., 89
Samian Ware, 25
Samos, Cup of, 26
Sappho, 57
Sarcophagus of Pottery, 80
Sarreguemines Pottery, 149
Satsuma Ware, 224, 228
Saxon Porcelain, 230
Sceaux-Penthièvre, 257
---- Marks, 257
School Education, 163
Ségange, M. Broc de, 139
Seipsius, Painter, 327
Sèvres Marks, 273
---- Porcelain, 258
Sgraffiato Ware, 119
Sheffield, Lord, 335
Shelton Porcelain, 312
Simplicity, Greek, 265
Six-mark Porcelain, 192
Skyphos, 46
Slip, 98
Smith and Sons, Potters, 334
Socrates, 61
Solon, Painter, 315
Spanish Pottery, 64
Spode, Josiah, Potter, 313
---- Porcelain, 313
Sprimont, Potter, 293
Staffordshire Potteries, 174
Stamnos, 45
Stanniferous Glaze, 72, 83, 93, 98
States, Potter, 337
St.-Cloud Porcelain, 254
Steel, Daniel, 166
Steen, Jan, 155
Stenzel, 245
Stoke-upon-Trent, 162
Stone Age, 15
Stone-ware, 161
Stonington Pottery, 337
St. Petersburg, 327
Strasbourg Pottery, 148
Stratford-le-Bow, 290
Swansea Porcelain, 311
Sweden, Porcelain of, 324
Symbolic Animals, Chinese, 187
---- Colors, Chinese, 188
---- Marks, 200
T
Table-Furniture, Early American, 334
Taiping Rebels, 178, 181
Tea and Teapots, 158
Tea-Services, Delft, 157
Terra-Cotta, Wedgwood's, 167
Terraglia Faience, 281
_Terre de Pipe_, 73, 134
Tiffany and Co., 306, 316
Tiles, Dutch, 160
---- Moorish, 83
---- Persian or Arabic, 92
Toltecs, 21
Tombs, Egyptian, 71
---- Relics from, 31
Tournay Porcelain, 323
Trenton Potteries, 341
Treviso Porcelain, 281
Tripods, 70
Tschirnhaus, 231
Tucker and Hemphill, Potters, 332
Tuppi, Painter, 279
Turin Porcelain, 281
Turkey, Porcelain sold in, 246, 299, 303
Turkish Pottery, 65
Turner, Thomas, Potter, 311
Turquoise-Blue Porcelain, 193
Tver Porcelain, 330
Tyg, 162
U
Unglazed Pottery, 63
United States, Pottery and Porcelain of the, 331
Urban VIII., Pope, 172
Urbino, 102
V
Valencia, 86
Van der Meer, 155
Vandervelde, William, 155
Variegated-leaved Porcelain, 219
Varnish, 69
Varsanni, Painter, 246
Vase, Alhambra, 84
---- Etruscan, 62
---- Great Numbers of, 53
---- Greek, 29
---- Pictures on, 61
---- Sèvres, 263
Venice Porcelain, 279
Vermont Potteries, Early, 339
Vezzi, Potter, 279
Vienna Exposition, 181
---- Porcelain, 245
Vincennes Porcelain, 259
Violins, Delft, 157
Virginia Clays, 290
W
Wales, George W., 90, 94, 146, 185, 238, 269, 285, 296, 302, 306, 326
Wall, Dr., 303
Wallace, Sir Richard, 112, 315
Washington Pitchers, 338
Watcombe Pottery, 67
Water-Coolers, 63
Wech, Painter, 246
Wedgwood, Josiah, 163, 333
Wedgwoods, The, Potters, 314
Wedgwood Ware, Prices of, 174
Weesp Porcelain, 321
Wegeley, Mr., 242
Wheel, Potter's, 19
Wilkinson, Sir Gardiner, 70
Williams, H. D., 220
Willow-Pattern, 311
Woman, The Greek, 54
Worcester Porcelain, 303
Wyman, Miss, 185
X
Xantippe, 61
Xanto, 104, 108
Z
Zeuxis, 44
THE END.
* * * * *
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FOOTNOTES:
[1] _See_ Demmin, "Guide," etc., p. 130.
[2] "La Poterie Gauloise, Description de la Collection Charvet," par Henri du Cleuziou, Paris, 1872.
[3] Birch's "History of Ancient Pottery."
[4] "Guide de l'Amateur de Faïences et Porcelaines."
[5] "Traité des Arts céramiques."
[6] Published at Nevers in 1863.
[7] Demmin says that MM. Jauffret et Mouton are at work there still.
[8] Earthen-ware.
[9] "Histoire de la Porcelaine Chinoise."
[10] Marryat, "Pottery and Porcelain."
[11] Jacquemart.
[12] From a Chinese dictionary quoted by Jacquemart.
[13] This mandarin porcelain Mr. A. W. Franks, the latest writer on the subject, believes was made in China; and thus he differs from Jacquemart.
[14] The crown thus becomes three shillings and sixpence sterling.
[15] "Marks and Monographs of Pottery and Porcelain," G. W. Chaffers.
[16] Bohn's Catalogue.
[17] An article made of fire-clay, to place the china in when being burnt.
* * * * *
Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
and and that time=> and that time {pg 7}
Louis Phillippe=> Louis Philippe, {pg 269}