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# The American Journal of Archaeology, 1893-1 ### By Various

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THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHÆOLOGY AND OF THE HISTORY OF THE FINE ARTS

VOLUME VIII

1893

_PRINCETON_: THE BUSINESS MANAGER _LONDON_: TRÜBNER & CO. _PARIS_: E. LEROUX _TURIN_, _FLORENCE_ and _ROME_: E. LOESCHER _LEIPZIG_: KARL W. HIERSEMANN.

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EDITORS.

_Managing Editor_: Prof. A.L. FROTHINGHAM, Jr., of Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.

_Literary Editor_: Prof. H.N. FOWLER, of Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.

_Editorial Committee on behalf of the Archæological Institute_: Prof. A.C. MERRIAM, of Columbia College; Mr. T.W. LUDLOW, of Yonkers, N.Y.

_Publication Committee for the Papers of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens_: Prof. A.C. MERRIAM, of Columbia College; Mr. T.W. LUDLOW, of Yonkers, N.Y.

_Business Manager_: Prof. ALLAN MARQUAND, of Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.

All literary contributions should be addressed to the Managing Editor; all business communications to the Business Manager.

CONTRIBUTORS.

The following are among the contributors to past volumes:

M.E. BABELON, Conservateur an Cabinet des Médailles, National Library, Paris Prof. W.N. BATES, of Harvard University, Cambridge. Mr. SAMUEL BESWICK, Hollidaysburg, Pa. Mr. CARLETON L. BROWNSON, of Yale University, New Haven. Prof. CARL D. BUCK, of University of Chicago, Ill. Dr. A.A. CARUANA, Librarian and Director of Education, Malta Mr. JOSEPH T. CLARKE, Harrow, England. Dr. NICHOLAS E. CROSBY, Princeton University. Mr. HERBERT F. DE COU. Dr. WILHELM DÖRPFELD, Secretary German Archæological Institute, Athens. M. ÉMILE DUVAL, Director of the Musée Fol, Geneva. Dr. M.L. EARLE, of Barnard College, New York. Prof. ALFRED EMERSON, of Cornell University. Mr. ANDREW FOSSUM, of St. Olaf College, Northfield, Mass. Prof. HAROLD N. FOWLER, of Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Prof. A.L. FROTHINGHAM, Jr., of Princeton University. Dr. A. FURTWÄNGLER, Professor of Archæology in the University of Berlin. Page iii Mr. ERNEST A. GARDNER, Director of the British School of Archæology, Athens. Padre GERMANO DI S. STANISLAO, Passionista, Rome. Mr. WM. H. GOODYEAR, Curator, Brooklyn Institute. Prof. W. HELBIG, former Secretary of the German Archæological Institute, Rome. Prof. GUSTAV HIRSCHFELD, of Königsberg, Prussia. Dr. GEO. B. HUSSEY, of University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb. Dr. ALBERT L. LONG, of Robert College, Constantinople. Prof. ALLAN MARQUAND, of Princeton University. Comte de MARSY, Director of the Soc. Franc. d'Archéologie, _Bulletin Monumental_, _etc._ Prof. ORAZIO MARUCCHI, member of Archæol. Commission of Rome, _etc._ Prof. A.C. MERRIAM, of Columbia College. Prof. G. MASPERO, former Director of Antiq., Egypt; Prof. at Collège de France, Paris. M. JOACHIM MENANT, of Rouen, France. Mr. WILLIAM MERCER, of Gainsborough, England. Prof. ADOLPH MICHAELIS, of the University of Strassburg. Prof. WALTER MILLER, of Leland Stanford, Jr., University, Palo Alto, Cal. Prof. THEODOR MOMMSEN, Berlin. M. EUGÈNE MÜNTZ, Librarian and Conservateur of the École des Beaux-Arts, Paris. A.S. MURRAY, Keeper of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum. Prof. CHARLES E. NORTON, of Harvard University, Cambridge. Rev. JOHN P. PETERS, Director of the Babylonian Expedition, New York City. Mr. JOHN PICKARD, Professor in the University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. Mr. THEO. J. PINCHES, of the British Museum, London. Prof. WM. C. POLAND, of Brown University, Providence, R.I. Mr. W.M. RAMSAY, Professor in the University of Aberdeen. Dr. FRANZ V. REBER, Professor in the University and Polytechnic of Munich, _etc._ M. SALOMON REINACH, Conservateur of the Musée National de St. Germain. Prof. RUFUS B. RICHARDSON, of Dartmouth College, Hanover. Prof. JOHN C. ROLFE, of University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Dr. TH. SCHREIBER, Prof. of Archæol. in the Univ., and Director of Museum, Leipzig. Mr. ROBERT SEWELL, Madras Civil Service, F.R.G.S., M.R.A.S. Mrs. CORNELIUS STEVENSON, Curator Museum University of Pa., Philadelphia. Prof. FRANK B. TARBELL, of University of Chicago, Ill. Mr. S.B.P. TROWBRIDGE, of New York. Dr. CHARLES WALDSTEIN, of Cambridge University, England. Dr. WM. HAYES WARD, President Am. Oriental Society, and Ed. _Independent_, N.Y. Mr. HENRY S. WASHINGTON. Prof. J.R. WHEELER, University of Vermont, Burlington. Dr. PAUL WOLTERS, Secretary of the German Archæological Institute at Athens. Hon. JOHN WORTHINGTON, U.S. Consul at Malta. Prof. J.H. WRIGHT, of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. The Director and Members of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens.

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PROGRAM.

The JOURNAL treats of the various branches of archæology and art history--Oriental, Classic, Christian and Early Renaissance. Its original articles are predominantly classic on account of the fact that it has become the official organ of the ARCHÆOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA and of the AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS, and the JOURNAL will aim to further the interests for which the Institute and the School were founded. In it are published the reports on all the excavations undertaken in Greece and elsewhere by the Institute and the School, and the studies carried on independently by the Directors and members of the School. By decision of the Council of the Archæological Institute the JOURNAL has been distributed during 1893 to all members of the Institute, and the same distribution will be made during 1894.

Beside articles the JOURNAL contains CORRESPONDENCE, BOOK NOTICES AND REVIEWS AND ARCHÆOLOGICAL NEWS. It is its aim to give notices of all important publications recently issued, sometimes written expressly for the JOURNAL, sometimes summarized from authorized reviews in other publications.

The department in which the JOURNAL stands quite alone is the RECORD OF DISCOVERIES AND INVESTIGATIONS. While all periods and all countries are represented, special attention is given to Egypt, Greece and Italy. Not merely are the results of actual excavations chronicled, but everything in the way of novel views and investigations as expressed in books and periodicals is noted. In order to secure thoroughness, more than one hundred periodicals are consulted and utilized. By these various methods, all important work is concentrated and made accessible in a convenient but scholarly form, equally suited to the specialist and to the general reader.

It has been the aim of the editors that the JOURNAL, besides giving a survey of the whole field of archæology, should be international in character. Its success in this attempt is shown by the many noted European writers whose contributions have appeared in its pages during the past eight years. Such are: MM. Babelon, de Marsy, Maspero, Menant, Müntz and Reinach for France: MM. Dörpfeld, Furtwängler, Hirschfeld, Michaelis, Mommsen, Schreiber and Wolters for Germany; MM. Gardner, Murray, Pinches and Ramsay for England, _etc._

The JOURNAL is published quarterly and forms, each year, a volume of between 500 and 600 pages royal 8vo, illustrated with Page v colored, heliotype, phototype, half-tone and other plates and numerous figures. The yearly subscription is $5.00 for America; and for countries of the Postal Union, 27 francs, 21 shillings or marks, post-paid.

Vol. I, containing 489 pages, 11 plates and 16 figures; Vol. II, containing 521 pages; 14 plates and 46 figures; Vol. III, containing 531 pages, 33 plates and 19 figures; Vol. IV, containing 550 pages, 20 plates and 19 figures; Vol. V, containing 534 pages, 13 plates and 55 figures; Vol. VI, containing 612 pages, 23 plates and 23 figures; Vol. VII, containing 578 pages; 26 plates and 8 figures; Vol. VIII, containing 631 pages, 18 plates and 26 figures--will be sent bound for $5.50, unbound for $5.00.

Vol. I has lately been out of print, but will be reprinted shortly in view of the increasing demand for back volumes; all who desire to complete their sets should send in their application.

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CONTENTS OF VOLUME VIII, 1893.

No. 1. JANUARY--MARCH. PAGE. I.--_THE TEMPLE OF THE ACROPOLIS BURNT BY THE PERSIANS_, By HAROLD N. FOWLER, 1

II.--_NOTES ON THE SUBJECTS OF GREEK TEMPLE-SCULPTURES_, By F.B. TARBELL and W.N. BATES, 18

III.--_PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS_. I.--_THE RELATION OF THE ARCHAIC PEDIMENT RELIEFS FROM THE ACROPOLIS TO VASE-PAINTING_, By CARLETON L. BROWNSON, 28 II.--_THE FRIEZE OF THE CHORAGIC MONUMENT OF LYSIKRATES AT ATHENS_, By HERBERT F. DE COU, 42 III.--_DIONYSUS_ [Greek: en Limnais], By JOHN PICKARD, 56

CORRESPONDENCE. _Hunting della Rabbia Monuments in Italy_, By ALLAN MARQUAND, 83

REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. M. COLLIGNON, _Histoire de la Sculpture Grecque_, By A.M. 87 HEINRICH BRUNN, _Griechische Götterideale_, By A.M. 89

ARCHÆOLOGICAL NEWS. AFRICA (Egypt, Ethiopia, Algeria and Tunisia); ASIA (Hindustan, Thibet, China, Central Asia, Arabia, Babylonia, Persia, Syria, Armenia, Caucasus, Asia Minor), By A.L. FROTHINGHAM, Jr., 154

No. 2. APRIL--JUNE.

I.--_SOME UNPUBLISHED MONUMENTS BY LUCA DELLA ROBBIA_, By ALLAN MARQUAND, 153

II.--_EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY_, By SAMUEL BESWICK, 171

III.--_A SERIES OF CYPRIOTE HEADS IN THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM_, By A.C. MERRIAM, 184

IV.--_A TABLET REFERRING TO DUES PAID TO THE TEMPLE OF THE SUN AT SIPPARA_, By THEO. G. PINCHES, 190

V.--_A SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTION FROM ATHENS_, By WM. CAREY POLAND, 191

VI.--_PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS_. I.--_SOME SCULPTURES FROM THE ARGIVE HERAEUM_ (reprinted), By CH. WALDSTEIN, 199 II.--_EXCAVATIONS AT THE HERAEUM OF ARGOS_, By CARLETON L. BROWNSON, 206 Page vii

CORRESPONDENCE. MONTEFALCO IN UMBRIA, By WM. MERCER, 226 LETTERS FROM GREECE, By F.B. TARBELL, 230

REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. ORIENTAL ARCHÆOLOGY, 239 CLASSICAL ARCHÆOLOGY, 246

ARCHÆOLOGICAL NEWS. AFRICA (Egypt, Central Africa, Algeria); ASIA (China, Cambodia, Asia Minor); EUROPE (Greece, Italy, Sicily, France, Spain), By A.L. FROTHINGHAM, Jr., 251

No. 3. JULY-SEPTEMBER.

I.--_NOTES OF EASTERN TRAVEL_, By JOHN P. PETERS, 325

II.--_THE TOPOGRAPHY OF SPARTA_, By NICHOLAS E. CROSBY, 335

III.--_THE NEATHERD IN THE ART OF THE MYCENÆAN PERIOD_, By GEORGE B. HUSSEY, 374

IV.--_FASTIGIUM IN PLINY_, N.H. XXXV, 152, By HAROLD N. FOWLER, 381

V.--_PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS_. I.--_EXCAVATIONS IN THE THEATRE AT SICYON IN 1891_, By M.L. EARLE, 388 II.--_FURTHER EXCAVATIONS AT THE THEATRE OF SICYON IN 1891_, By C.L. BROWNSON and C.H. YOUNG, 397

III.--_REPORT ON EXCAVATIONS AT SPARTA IN 1893_, By CH. WALDSTEIN and Z.M. PATON, 429

VI.--_NOTES ON ROMAN ARTISTS OF THE MIDDLE AGES_. IV. _THE CLOISTER OF THE LATERAN BASILICA_, By A.L. FROTHINGHAM, Jr., 437

VII.--_SOME INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ORIENT_, By A.C. MERRIAM, 448

REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. CLASSICAL ARCHÆOLOGY, 456 CHRISTIAN ARCHÆOLOGY, 461 RENAISSANCE, 465

No. 4. OCTOBER-DECEMBER.

I.--_A HISTORY OF THE AKROPOLIS AT ATHENS_, By WALTER MlLLER, 473

ARCHÆOLOGICAL NEWS. AFRICA (Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia); ASIA (Hindustan, Thibet, China, Central Asia, Western Asia, Babylonia, Assyria, Syria, Phoeornicia, Palestine); EUROPE (Italy), By A.L. FROTHINGHAM, Jr., 557

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ALPHABETICAL TABLE.

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS, PAPERS OF: I. The relation of the archaic pediment reliefs from the Akropolis to vase painting, 28 II. The frieze of the choragic monument of Lysikrates at Athens, 42 III. Dionysus [Greek: en Lemnais]. 56 IV. A Sepulchral inscription from Athens, 191 V. Some Sculptures from the Argive Heræum, 199 VI. Excavations at the Heræum of Argos, 205 VII. Excavations in the Theatre at Sicyon in 1891, 388 VIII. Further Excavations at the Theatre of Sicyon in 1891, 397 IX. Report on Excavations at Sparta in 1893, 410 X. Report on Excavations between Schenochori and Koutzopodi, Argolis, in 1893, 429

ARCHÆOLOGICAL NEWS: Abyssinia, 586 Africa (Central), 254, 586 Algeria, 113, 255, 588 Arabia, 131, 602 Armenia, 146 Asia (Central), 128 Asia (Western), 604 Asia Minor, 147, 256 Assyria, 609 Babylonia, 181, 606 Cambodia, 256 Caucasus, 146 China, 127, 256, 600 Crete, 270 Egypt, 91, 253, 557 Ethiopia, 111 France, 309 Greece, 257 Hindustan, 118, 589 Italy, 272, 620 Mongolia, 601 Palestine, 614 Persia, 134 Sicily, 293 Syria, 140, 610 Thibet, 127, 598 Tunisia, 114, 588

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BATES (W.N., and F.B. Tarbell). Notes on the subjects of Greek Temple Sculptures, 18

BESWICK (Samuel). Egyptian Chronology, 171

BROWNSON (Carleton L.). The relation of the archaic pediment reliefs from the Akropolis to vase-painting, 28 Excavations at the Heræum of Argos, 205 (and C.H. Young). Further Excavations at the Theatre of Sicyon in 1891, 397

CROSBY (Nicholas E.). The Topography of Sparta, 335

DE COU (Herbert F.). The frieze of the Choragic monument of Lysikrates at Athens, 42

EARLE (M.L.). Excavations in the Theatre at Sicyon in 1891, 388

FOWLER (Harold N.). The temple of the Akropolis burnt by the Persians, 1 Fastigium in Pliny, N.H. XXXV, 152. 381 Reviews and Notices of Books: History of Art in Phrygia, Lydia, Caria and Lycia, by Perrot and Chipiez; and History of Art in Persia, by the same, 239 Excursions in Greece to recently explored sites, etc., by Charles Diehl, 249

FROTHINGHAM (A.L., Jr.). Notes on the Roman Artists of the Middle Ages, IV. The Cloister of the Lateran Basilica, 437 Archæological News, 91, 251, 559

MARQUAND (Allan). Some unpublished monuments by Luca della Robbia, 153 Correspondence: Hunting Della Robbia monuments in Italy, 83 Reviews and Notices of Books; Histoire de la Sculpture Grecque, by Max Collignon, 87 Griechische Götterideale, by Heinrich Brunn, 89

MEADER (C.L. and Ch. Waldstein). Report on Excavations at Sparta in 1893, 410

MERCER (William). Correspondence: Montefalco in Umbria, 226

MERRIAM (A.C.). A series of Cypriote heads in the Metropolitan Museum, 184 Some inscriptions from the Orient, 448

MILLER (Walter). A History of the Akropolis of Athens, 473

PATON, (J.M. and Ch. Waldstein). Report on Excavations between Schenochori and Koutzopodi, Argolis, in 1893, 429

PETERS (John P.). Notes of Eastern Travel, 325

PICKARD (John). Dionysus [Greek: en Limnais], 56

POLAND (Wm. Carey). A Sepulchral inscription from Athens, 191

TARBELL (Frank B. and W.N. Bates). Notes on the subjects of Greek Temple Sculptures, 18 Correspondence: Letters from Greece, 230

WALDSTEIN (Charles). Some Sculptures from the Argive Heræum (reprinted), 199

YOUNG (C.H. and C.L. Brownson). Further Excavations at the Theatre of Sicyon in 1891, 397

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PLATES.

I.--The Typhon Pediment of the Akropolis, 28-41

II-III.--The frieze of the Choragic Monument of Lysikrates, 42-55

XIII.--Hyponomos and Stage of the Theatre, Sicyon, 388-409

XIV.--Cloister of S. John Lateran, Rome, 437-447

XV.--Plan of the Akropolis at Athens, | | XVI.--Sections of the Akropolis Excavations,| |- 473-556 XVII.--Herakles and the Old Man of the Sea, | | XVIII.--Figure of Athena from a pediment, |

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FIGURES.

Bull on a Babylonian contract tablet, 190

Fac-simile of Sepulchral inscription from Athens, 192

General Sketch-plan of Sparta, 338

Sketch-plan of the Agora, Sparta, 341

" " Street called Apheta, Sparta, 345

" " Skias Street, Sparta, 349

" " Western part of Sparta, 354

" " Road from Booneta to Limnaion, Sparta, 365

" " Akropolis, Sparta, 368

Bull in a fresco at Tiryns, 374

Bull from tomb at Gizeh, Egypt, 376

Bull from Presse d'Avennes, 376

Egyptian vintage scene, Gizeh, 377

Bull on Vaphio Cup, 378

Hyponomos in the theatre at Sicyon, plans and sections, 389

End of conduit, etc., in theatre, Sicyon, 394

Two stone blocks, theatre, Sicyon, 406

Section of wall AA, Sicyon, 308

Plan of circular building, Sparta, 411

Section through wall, Sparta, 415

Enlarged plan of poros blocks, Sparta, 418

Some poros blocks in detail, Sparta, 420

View of walls, Sparta, 426

Plan of Excavations between Schenochori and Kontzopodi, 430

The Pelargikon restored, 489

The serpent (Echidna) in the poros pediment, Akropolis, Athens, 497

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PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS.

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHÆOLOGY.

Vol. VIII. JANUARY-MARCH, 1893. No. I.

THE TEMPLE ON THE ACROPOLIS BURNT BY THE PERSIANS.

The excavations conducted by the Greek Archæological Society at Athens from 1883 to 1889 have laid bare the entire surface of the Acropolis, and shed an unexpected light upon the early history of Attic art. Many questions which once seemed unanswerable are now definitively answered, and, on the other hand, many new questions have been raised. When, in 1886, Kabbadias and Dörpfeld unearthed the foundations of a great temple close by the southern side of the Erechtheion, all questions concerning the exact site, the ground-plan, and the elevation of the great temple of Athena of the sixth century B.C. were decided once for all.[1] On these points little or nothing can be added to what has been done, and Dörpfeld's results must be accepted as final and certain.

[Footnote 1: DÖRPFELD, Preliminary Report, _Mitth. Ath._, X, p. 275; Plans and restorations, _Antike Denkmäler_, I, pls. 1, 2; Description and discussion, _Mitth. Ath._, XI, p. 337.]

The history of the temple presents, however, several questions, some of which seem still undecided. When was the temple built? Was it all built at one time? Was it restored after its destruction by the Persians? Did it continue in use after the erection of the Parthenon? Was it in existence in the days of Pausanias? Did Pausanias mention it in his description of the Acropolis? Conflicting answers to nearly all of these questions Page 2 have appeared since the discovery of the temple. Only the first question has received one and the same answer from all. The material and the technical execution of the peripteros, entablature, _etc._, of the temple show conclusively that this part, at least, was erected in the time of Peisistratos.[2] We may therefore accept so much without further discussion. Of the walls of the cella and opisthodomos nothing remains, but the foundations of this part are made of the hard blue limestone of the Acropolis, while the foundations of the outer part are of reddish-gray limestone from the Peiraieus. The foundations of the cella are also less accurately laid than those of the peripteros. These differences lead Dörpfeld to assume that the naos itself (the building contained within the peristyle) existed before the time of Peisistratos, although he does not deny the possibility that builders of one date may have employed different materials and methods, as convenience or economy dictated.[3] Positive proof is not to be hoped for in the absence of the upper walls of the naos, but probability is in favor of Dörpfeld's assumption, that the naos is older than the peristyle, _etc._[4] It is further certain, that this temple was called in the sixth century B.C. [Greek: to Ecatômpedon]( see below p. 9). So far, we have the most positive possible evidence--that of the remains of the temple itself and the inscription giving its name. The evidence regarding the subsequent history of the temple is not so simple.

[Footnote 2: DÖRPFELD, _Mitth. Ath._, XI, p. 349.]

[Footnote 3: _Mitth. Ath._, XI, p. 345.]

[Footnote 4: On the other hand, see PETERSEN, _Mitth. Ath._, XII, p. 66.]

Dörpfeld (_Mitth. Ath._, XII, p. 25 ff.) arrives at the following conclusions: (1) The temple was restored after the departure of the Persians; (2) it was injured by fire B.C. 406; (3) it was repaired and continued in use; (4) it was seen and described by Pausanias I. 24.3 in a lost passage. Let us take up these points in inverse order. The passage of Pausanias reads in our texts:--[Greek: Lelectai de moi kai proteron (17.1), ôs Athenaiois perissoteron ti e tois allois es ta theia esti spoudes, prôtoi men gar Athenan eponomasan Erganen prôtoi d'acôlous Ermas... omou de sphisin en tô naô Spoudaiôn daimôn estin.] Dörpfeld marks a lacuna between [Greek: Ermas] and Page 3 [Greek; omou], as do those editors who do not supply a recommendation. Dörpfeld, however, thinks the gap is far greater than has been supposed, including certainly the mention and probably the full description of the temple under discussion. His reasons are in substance about as follows: (1) Pausanias has reached a point in his periegesis where he would naturally mention this temple, because he is standing beside it,[5] and (2) the phrase [Greek: omou de sphisin en tô naô Spoudaiôn estin] implies that a temple has just been mentioned. These are, at least, the main arguments, those deduced from the passage following the description of the Erechtheion being merely accessory.

Now, if Pausanias followed precisely the route laid down for him by Dörpfeld (_i.e._, if he described the two rows of statues between the Propylaia and the eastern front of the Parthenon, taking first the southern and then the northern row), he would come to stand where Dörpfeld suggests. If, however, he followed some other order (_e.g._, that suggested by Wernicke, _Mitth._, XII, p. 187), he would not be where Dörpfeld thinks. Pausanias does not say that the statues he mentions are set up in two rows.[6] It may be that the Acropolis was so thickly peopled with statues that each side of the path was bordered with a double or triple row, or that the statues were not arranged in rows at all, and that Pausanias merely picks out from his memory (or his Polemon) a few noticeable figures with only general reference to their relative positions. Be this as it may, the assumption that Pausanias, when he mentions the [Greek Spoudaiôn] (or [Greek: spoudaiôn]) [Greek: daimôn] is standing, or imagines that he stands, beside the old temple rests upon very slight foundations.

[Footnote 5: DÖRPFELD'S arguments for the continued existence of the temple, without which his theory that Pausanias mentioned it must of course fall to the ground, will be discussed below. It seemed to me advisable to discuss the Pausanias question first, because, if he mentioned the temple, it must have existed, if not to his time, at least to that of Polemon or of his other (unknown) authority.]

[Footnote 6: The most than can be deduced from the use of [Greek: peran] (c. 24.1) is, that the statues were on both sides of the path.]