CHAPTER V

—The Magical Control of the Weather

[847] See above, pp. 214 _sq._

[848] W. Mannhardt, _Antike Wald- und Feldkulte_, p. 342, note. The heathen Swedes appear to have mimicked thunder, perhaps as a rain-charm, by means of large bronze hammers, which they called Thor’s hammers. See Saxo Grammaticus, _Historia Danica_, lib. xiii. p. 630, ed. P. E. Müller; Olaus Magnus, _Historia_, iii. 8.

[849] K. v. Bruchhausen, in _Globus_, lxxvi. (1899) p. 253. There seem to be two villages in Wallachia that bear the name of Ploska. The reference may be to one of them.

[850] C. F. H. Campen, “De Godsdienstbegrippen der Halmaherasche Alfoeren,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxvii. (1882) p. 447.

[851] J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_, p. 114.

[852] G. A. J. Hazen, “Kleine bijdragen tot de ethnografie en folklore van Java,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xlvi. (1903) p. 298.

[853] R. Parkinson, _Im Bismarck Archipel_, p. 143. Compare Joachim Graf Pfeil, _Studien und Beobachtungen aus der Südsee_ (Brunswick, 1899), pp. 139 _sq._

[854] J. Owen Dorsey, “Omaha Sociology,” _Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1884), p. 347. Compare Charlevoix, _Voyage dans l’Amérique septentrionale_, ii. 187.

[855] _Lettres édifiantes et curieuses_, Nouvelle Edition, vii. 29 _sq._

[856] C. Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_ (London, 1903), i. 180, 330.

[857] J. Macdonald, _Religion and Myth_ (London, 1893), p. 10.

[858] J. B. Labat, _Relation historique de l’Éthiopie occidentale_, ii. 180.

[859] M. Merker, _Rechtsverhältnisse und Sitten der Wadschagga_ (Gotha, 1902), p. 34 (_Petermanns Mitteilungen_, Ergänzungsheft. No. 138).

[860] Fr. Stuhlmann, _Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika_ (Berlin, 1894), p. 588.

[861] R. Sutherland Rattray, Some _Folk-lore Stories and Songs in Chinyanja_ (London, 1907), pp. 118 _sq._

[862] E. Doutté, _Magie et Religion dans l’Afrique du Nord_, p. 583.

[863] W. Weston, in _The Geographical Journal_, vii. (1896) p. 143; _id._, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxvi. (1897) p. 30; _id._, _Mountaineering and Exploration in the Japanese Alps_, p. 161. The ceremony is not purely magical, for it is intended to attract the attention of the powerful spirit who has a small shrine on the top of the mountain.

[864] J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their Folklore_ (London, 1901), p. 333. Some of the ancient processions with ships may perhaps have been rain-charms. See J. Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,⁴ i. 213–220; Pausanias, i. 29. 1, with my note.

[865] Tournier, _Notice sur le Laos Français_ (Hanoi, 1900), p. 80. In the temple of the Syrian goddess at Hierapolis on the Euphrates there was a chasm into which water was poured twice a year by people who assembled for the purpose from the whole of Syria and Arabia. See Lucian, _De dea Syria_, 12 sq. The ceremony was perhaps a rain-charm. Compare Pausanias, i. 18. 7, with my notes.

[866] Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 313 _sq._

[867] A. W. Howitt, “On Australian Medicine-Men,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xvi. (1887) p. 35; _id._, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 398.

[868] R. Salvado, _Mémoires historiques sur l’Australie_ (Paris, 1854), p. 262.

[869] W. Stanbridge, “On the Aborigines of Victoria,” _Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London_, N.S., i. (1861) p. 300. This use of fire to make rain is peculiar. By analogy we should expect it rather to be resorted to as a mode of stopping rain. See below.

[870] P. B. Noskow j, _Maqrizii de valle Hadhramaut libellus arabice editus et illustratus_ (Bonn, 1866), pp. 25 _sq._

[871] T. C. Hodson, “The Native Tribes of Manipur,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxi. (1901) p. 308.

[872] Rascher, “Die Sulka,” _Archiv für Anthropologie_, xxix. (1904) p. 225; R. Parkinson, _Dreissig Jahre in der Südsee_, pp. 196 _sq._

[873] _Indian Antiquary_, xxiv. (1895) p. 359.

[874] A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 398.

[875] Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 315.

[876] J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” p. 345 (_Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. i. part iv.).

[877] J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their Folklore_, p. 333.

[878] A. C. Kruijt, “Regen lokken en regen verdrijven bij de Toradja’s van Midden Celebes,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xliv. (1901) p. 2.

[879] J. Crevaux, _Voyages dans l’Amérique du Sud_ (Paris, 1883), p. 276.

[880] E. M. Gordon, _Indian Folk Tales_ (London, 1908), p. 20; _id._ in _Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal_, New Series, i. (1905) p. 183.

[881] W. E. Roth, _Ethnological Studies among the North-West-Central Queensland Aborigines_ (Brisbane and London, 1897), p. 167.

[882] W. E. Roth, _op. cit._ p. 168; _id._, _North Queensland Ethnography, Bulletin No. 5_ (Brisbane, 1903), p. 10.

[883] S. Gason, “The Dieyerie Tribe,” _Native Tribes of South Australia_, pp. 276 _sqq._; A. W. Howitt, “The Dieri and other Kindred Tribes of Central Australia,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xx. (1891) pp. 91 _sq._; _id._, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, pp. 394–396. As to the Mura-muras, see A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, pp. 475 _sqq._, 779 _sqq._

[884] A. W. Howitt, “The Dieri and other Kindred Tribes of Central Australia,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xx. (1891) pp. 92 _sq._; _id._, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, pp. 396, 744.

[885] A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, pp. 396 _sq._

[886] J. Kreemer, “Regenmaken, Oedjoeng, Tooverij onder de Javanen,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xxx. (1886) p. 113.

[887] Coulbeaux, “Au pays de Menelik: à travers l’Abyssinie,” _Missions Catholiques_, xxx. (1898) p. 455.

[888] 1 Kings xviii. 28. From the whole tenour of the narrative it appears that the real contest between Elijah and the prophets of Baal was as to which of them should make rain in a time of drought. The prophets of Baal wrought magic by cutting themselves with knives; Elijah wrought magic by pouring water on the altar. Both ceremonies alike were rain-charms. Compare my note on the passage in _Passages of the Bible chosen for their Literary Beauty and Interest_, Second Edition (London, 1909), pp. 476 _sq._

[889] Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 294–296, 630 _sq._

[890] F. J. Gillen, in _Report of the Work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia_, part iv., Anthropology (London and Melbourne, 1896), pp. 177–179; Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 189–193.

[891] As to the connexion of the plover with rain in Central Australia, see above, p. 259. It is curious that the same association has procured for the bird its name in English, French (_pluvier_, from the Latin _pluvia_), and German (_Regenpfeifer_). Ornithologists are not agreed as to the reason for this association in the popular mind. See Alfred Newton, _Dictionary of Birds_ (London, 1893–1896), pp. 730 _sq._

[892] A. C. Haddon, “The Ethnography of the Western Tribe of Torres Straits,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xix. (1890) p. 401; _Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits_, v. 350.

[893] W. W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, p. 108.

[894] Fr. Boas, in _Fifth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, p. 51 (separate reprint from the _Report of the British Association for 1889_).

[895] Fr. Boas, _loc. cit._; _id._ in _Sixth Report On the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, pp. 58, 62 (separate reprint from the _Report of the British Association for 1890_); _id._ in _Eleventh Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, p. 5 (separate reprint from the _Report of the British Association for 1896_).

[896] Fr. Boas, in _Sixth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, pp. 39 _sq._ (separate reprint from the _Report of the British Association for 1890_).

[897] _British Central Africa Gazette_, No. 86 (vol. v. no. 6), 30th April 1898, p. 3.

[898] Fr. Boas, _loc. cit._

[899] _Narrative of the Adventures and Sufferings of John R. Jewitt_ (Middletown, 1820), pp. 173 _sq._ (p. 198, Edinburgh, 1824).

[900] J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” pp. 310 sq. (_Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. i. part iv.). The Lillooet Indians of British Columbia also believed that twins were the real offspring of grizzly bears. Many of them said that twins were grizzly bears in human form, and that when a twin died his soul went back to the grizzly bears and became one of them. See J. Teit, “The Lillooet Indians,” (Leyden and New York, 1906), p. 263 (_Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. ii. part v.).

[901] Father Baudin, “Le Fétichisme ou la religion des Nègres de la Guinée,” _Missions Catholiques_, xvi. (1884) p. 250.

[902] J. Spieth, _Die Ewe Stämme_ (Berlin, 1906), pp. 204, 206.

[903] Fr. Boas, in _Sixth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, p. 92 (separate reprint from the _Report of the British Association for 1890_). The instrument by which the twins make fine weather appears to be a bull-roarer. Compare J. Teit, “The Shuswap” (Leyden and New York, 1909), pp. 586 _sq._ (_Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. ii. part vii.): “Twins were believed to be endowed with powers over the elements, especially over rain and snow. If a twin bathed in a lake or stream, it would rain.”

[904] Mark iii. 17. If James and John had been twins, we might have suspected that their name of Boanerges had its origin in a superstition like that of the Peruvian Indians. Was it in the character of “sons of thunder” that the brothers proposed to call down fire from heaven on a Samaritan village (Luke ix. 54)?

[905] P. J. de Arriaga, _Extirpacion de la idolatria del Piru_ (Lima, 1621), pp. 16 _sq._, 32, 33, 119, 130, 132.

[906] H. A. Junod, _Les Ba-ronga_ (Neuchâtel, 1898), pp. 412, 416 _sqq._ The reason for calling twins “Children of the Sky” is obscure. Are they supposed in some mysterious way to stand for the sun and moon?

[907] Dudley Kidd, _Savage Childhood_ (London, 1906), p. 47.

[908] P. Reichard, “Die Wanjamuesi,” _Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin_, xxiv. (1889), pp. 256 _sq._ Another African superstition as to twins may here be mentioned. On the Slave Coast when a woman has brought forth stillborn twins, she has a statue made with two faces and sets it up in a corner of her house. There she offers it fowls, bananas, and palm-oil in order to obtain the accomplishment of her wishes, and especially a knowledge of the future. See _Missions Catholiques_, vii. (1875) p. 592. This suggests that elsewhere two-faced images, like those of Janus, may have been intended to represent twins.

[909] M. N. Venketswami, “Superstitions among Hindus in the Central Provinces,” _Indian Antiquary_, xxviii. (1899) p. 111.

[910] _The Grihya-Sûtras_, translated by H. Oldenberg, part ii. (Oxford, 1892) pp. 72 _sq._ (_Sacred Books of the East_, vol. xxx.); H. Oldenberg, _Die Religion des Veda_, pp. 420 _sq._

[911] G. G. Batten, _Glimpses of the Eastern Archipelago_ (Singapore, 1894), pp. 68 _sq._

[912] A. C. Kruijt, “Regen lokken en regen verdrijven bij de Toradja’s van Midden Celebes,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xliv. (1901) pp. 8–10.

[913] Rev. W. O’Ferrall, “Native Stories from Santa Cruz and Reef Islands,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxiv. (1904), p. 225.

[914] Lucy M. J. Garnett, _The Women of Turkey and their Folklore: The Christian Women_, pp. 123 _sq._

[915] W. Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, pp. 329 _sqq._; J. Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,⁴ i. 493 _sq._; W. R. S. Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, pp. 227 _sqq._; W. Schmidt, _Das Jahr und seine Tage in Meinung und Brauch der Romänen Siebenbürgens_, p. 17; E. Gerard, _The Land beyond the Forest_, ii. 13; _Folk-lore_, i. (1890) p. 520.

[916] _The Graphic_, September 9, 1905, p. 324; Dr. Emil Fischer, “Paparuda und Scaloian,” _Globus_, xciii. (1908) pp. 14 _sq._

[917] W. Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 329.

[918] G. F. Abbott, _Macedonian Folklore_ (Cambridge, 1903), pp. 118 _sq._

[919] W. R. S. Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, p. 228; W. Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, pp. 329 _sq._

[920] See above, pp. 260 _sq._ This perpetual turning or whirling movement is required of the actors in other European ceremonies of a superstitious character. See below, vol. ii. pp. 74, 80, 81, 87. I am far from feeling sure that the explanation of it suggested in the text is the true one. But I do not remember to have met with any other.

[921] Father H. S. Moore, in _The Cowley Evangelist_, May 1908, pp. 111 _sq._

[922] M. Abeghian, _Der armenische Volksglaube_ (Leipsic, 1899), pp. 93 _sq._

[923] J. Rendel Harris, MS. notes of folklore collected in the East.

[924] Rendel Harris, _op. cit._

[925] S. I. Curtiss, _Primitive Semitic Religion To-day_, p. 114.

[926] A. Jaussen, _Coutumes des Arabes au pays de Moab_ (Paris, 1908), pp. 326, 328.

[927] J. Polek, “Regenzauber in Osteuropa,” _Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde_, iii. (1893) p. 85. For the bathing of the priest compare W. Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 331, note 2.

[928] W. Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 331.

[929] R. F. Kaindl, “Zauberglaube bei den Rutenen in der Bukowina und Galizien,” _Globus_, lxi. (1892) p. 281.

[930] M. Abeghian, _Der armenische Volksglaube_ (Leipsic, 1899), p. 93.

[931] E. Doutté, _Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du Nord_, p. 584.

[932] J. G. F. Riedel, “De Minahasa in 1825,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xviii. 524.

[933] A. C. Kruijt, “Regen lokken en regen verdrijven bij de Toradja’s van Midden Celebes,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xliv. (1901) pp. 1 _sq._

[934] M. Joustra, “De Zending onder de Karo-Batak’s,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xli. (1897) p. 158.

[935] _North Indian Notes and Queries_, iii. p. 134, § 285.

[936] W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India_ (Westminster, 1896), i. 73 _sq._

[937] J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabauer der Padangsche Bovenlanden,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xxxix. (1890) p. 93.

[938] Sarat Chandra Mitra, “On some Ceremonies for producing Rain,” _Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay_, iii. (1893) pp. 25, 27; _id._, in _North Indian Notes and Queries_, v. p. 136, § 373.

[939] _Panjab Notes and Queries_, i. p. 102, § 791.

[940] W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India_ (Westminster, 1896), i. 74 _sq._

[941] Sarat Chandra Mitra, “On Vestiges of Moon-worship in Behar and Bengal,” _Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay_, ii. 598 _sq._

[942] _Panjab Notes and Queries_, ii. p. 42, § 256; W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India_ (Westminster, 1896), i. 16 _sq._; Sarat Chandra Mitra, in _Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay_, ii. 597 _sq._; _id._, in _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_, N.S. xxix. (1897) p. 482.

[943] W. W. Hunter, _Orissa_ (London, 1872), ii. 140 _sq._; W. Crooke, _op. cit._ i. 17.

[944] W. Logan, _Malabar_ (Madras, 1887), i. 161 _sq._; E. Thurston, _Castes and Tribes of Southern India_, vii. 287; L. K. Anantha Krishna Iyer, _The Cochin Tribes and Castes_, i. (Madras, 1909) p. 238.

[945] R. F. Kaindl, _Die Huzulen_ (Vienna, 1894), p. 63; _id._, “Viehzucht und Viehzauber in den Ostkarpaten,” _Globus_, lxix. (1896) p. 386.

[946] A. Cabaton, _Nouvelles Recherches sur les Chams_ (Paris, 1901), p. 48.

[947] Boecler-Kreutzwald, _Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und Gewohnheiten_, pp. 90 _sq._

[948] E. Krause, “Abergläubische Kuren und sonstiger Aberglaube in Berlin und nächster Umgebung,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xv. (1883) p. 87.

[949] Theophrastus, _Historia plantarum_, vii. 3. 3, ix. 8. 8; Plutarch, _Quaest. Conviv._ vii. 2. 3; Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xix. 120.

[950] Palladius, _De re rustica_, iv. 9; Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xix. 120.

[951] Theophrastus, _Historia plantarum_ ix. 8. 8.

[952] Lactantius, _Divin. Institut._ i. 21; Apollodorus, _Bibliotheca_, ii. 5. 11. 8; Philostratus, _Imagines_, ii. 24; Conon, in Photius, _Bibliotheca_, p. 132, ed. Bekker. Lactantius speaks of the sacrifice of a pair of oxen, Philostratus of the sacrifice of a single ox.

[953] “Die Pschawen und Chewsurier im Kaukasus,” _Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde_, N.F. ii. (1857) p. 75.

[954] M. Abeghian, _Der armenische Volksglaube_ (Leipsic, 1899), p. 93.

[955] J. Reinegg, _Beschreibung des Kaukasus_, ii. (Hildesheim and St. Petersburg, 1797), p. 114. Among the Abchases of the Western Caucasus girls make rain by driving an ass into a river, placing a puppet dressed as a woman on a raft, and letting the raft float down stream. See N. von Seidlitz, “Die Abchasen,” _Globus_, lxvi. (1894) pp. 75 _sq._

[956] W. Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 553; E. Gerard, _The Land beyond the Forest_, ii. 40.

[957] _Panjab Notes and Queries_, iii. pp. 41, 115, §§ 173, 513.

[958] _North Indian Notes and Queries_, i. p. 210, § 1161.

[959] Sarat Chandra Mitra, “On the Har Paraurī, or the Behari Women’s Ceremony for producing Rain,” _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland_, N.S. xxix. (1897) pp. 471–484; _id._, in _Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay_, iv. No. 7 (1898), pp. 384–388.

[960] Sarat Chandra Mitra, “On some Ceremonies for producing Rain,” _Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay_, iii. 25. On these Indian rain-charms compare W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India_ (Westminster, 1896), i. 68 _sqq._ Mr. E. S. Hartland suggests that such customs furnish the key to the legend of Lady Godiva (_Folklore_, i. (1890) pp. 223 _sqq._). Some of the features of the ceremonies, though not the ploughing, reappear in a rain-charm practised by the Rajbansis of Bengal. The women make two images of Hudum Deo out of mud or cow-dung, and carry them away into the fields by night. There they strip themselves naked, and dance round the images singing obscene songs. See (Sir) H. H. Risley, _The Tribes and Castes of Bengal: Ethnographic Glossary_ (Calcutta, 1891–92), i. 498. Again, in time of drought the Kapu women of Southern India mould a small figure of a naked human being to represent Jokumara, the rain-god. This they place in a mock palanquin and go about for several days from door to door, singing indecent songs and collecting alms. Then they abandon the figure in a field, where the Malas find it and go about with it in their turn for three or four days, singing ribald songs and collecting alms. See E. Thurston, _Castes and Tribes of Southern India_, iii. 244 _sq._ We have seen (pp. 267 _sq._) that lewd songs form part of an African rain-charm. The link between ribaldry and rain is not obvious to the European mind.

[961] T. C. Hodson, “The Native Tribes of Manipur,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxi. (1901) pp. 302 _sq._

[962] B. Houghton, in _Indian Antiquary_, xxv. (1896) p. 112.

[963] C. Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_ (London, 1903), i. 330.

[964] G. Turner, _Samoa_, pp. 345 _sq._

[965] Father Lambert, in _Missions Catholiques_, xxv. (1893) p. 116; _id._, _Mœurs et superstitions des Néo-Calédoniens_ (Nouméa, 1900), pp. 297 _sq._

[966] W. R. S. Ralston, _The Songs of the Russian People_, pp. 425 _sq._; P. v. Stenin, “Ueber den Geisterglauben in Russland,” _Globus_, lvii. (1890) p. 285.

[967] Aristophanes, _Clouds_, 373.

[968] M. Abeghian, _Der armenische Volksglaube_, p. 93.

[969] J. Rendel Harris, MS. notes.

[970] R. H. Elliot, _Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore_ (London, 1871), i. 76 _sq._

[971] A. C. Kruijt, “Regen lokken en regen verdrijving bij de Toradja’s van Central Celebes,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xliv. (1901) p. 6, citing v. Baarda.

[972] Mela, _Chorographia_, iii. 106.

[973] A. C. Kruijt, _op. cit._ pp. 3 _sq._

[974] Above, p. 268.

[975] Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_ (London, 1904), p. 115.

[976] Missionar P. H. Brincker, “Beobachlungen über die Deisidämonie der Eingeborenen Deutsch-Südwest-Afrikas,” _Globus_, lviii. (1890) p. 323; _id._, in _Mitteilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin_, iii. (1900) Dritte Abteilung, p. 89.

[977] A. Caulin, _Historia coro-graphica natural y evangelica dela Nueva Andalucia, Provincias de Cumaña, Guayana y Vertientes del Rio Orinoco_, p. 92.

[978] J. J. M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_, iii. 918 _sqq._

[979] Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 314 _sq._

[980] Spencer and Gillen, _op. cit._ p. 311.

[981] G. B. Grinnell, _Blackfoot Lodge Tales_, p. 262.

[982] J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians,” p. 374 (_Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. i.

## part iv.).

[983] E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” _Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, part i. (Washington, 1899) p. 446.

[984] J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their Folklore_ (London, 1901), p. 334.

[985] (Sir) J. G. Scott, _Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States_, part ii. vol. ii. (Rangoon, 1901) p. 280.

[986] T. C. Hodson, “The Native Tribes of Manipur,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxi. (1901) p. 308.

[987] H. Oldenberg, _Die Religion des Veda_, p. 507.

[988] Fr. A. Jaussen, “Coutumes arabes,” _Revue Biblique_, April 1903, p. 248. Elsewhere the same writer describes this ceremony as a mode of putting a stop to cholera. See his _Coutumes des Arabes au pays de Moab_ (Paris, 1908), p. 362. To pass between the pieces of a sacrificial victim is a form of oath (Genesis xv. 9 _sqq._; Jeremiah xxxiv. 18; Dictys Cretensis, _Bell. Trojan._ i. 15; R. Moffat, _Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa_, p. 278) or of purification (Plutarch, _Quaestiones Romanae_, 111; Apollodorus, _Bibliotheca_, iii. 13. 7; Livy, xl. 6; E. Casalis, _The Basutos_, p. 256; S. Krascheninnikow, _Beschreibung des Landes Kamtschatka_, pp. 277 _sq._). Compare my note on Pausanias, iii. 20. 9.

[989] B. F. Matthes, “Over de _âdá’s_ of gewoonten der Makassaren en Boegineezen,” _Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen_, Afdeeling Letterkunde, Derde Reeks, ii. (Amsterdam, 1885) p. 169.

[990] G. A. J. Hazeu, “Kleine bijdragen tot de ethnografie en folklore van Java,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xlvi. (1903) p. 298.

[991] A. Hillebrandt, _Vedische Opfer und Zauber_ (Strasburg, 1897), p. 120.

[992] E. Doutté, _Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du Nord_, p. 583.

[993] Acosta, _History of the Indies_, bk. v. ch. xxviii. (vol. ii. p. 376, Hakluyt Society).

[994] J. Shooter, _The Kafirs of Natal and the Zulu Country_ (London, 1857), pp. 212 _sqq._

[995] O. Baumann, _Durch Massailand zur Nilquelle_ (Berlin, 1894), p. 188.

[996] H. Cole, “Notes on the Wagogo of German East Africa,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) p. 325.

[997] L. Decle, _Three Years in Savage Africa_ (London, 1898), p. 154.

[998] A. L. van Hasselt, _Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra_, pp. 320 _sq._; J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabauer der Padangsche Bovenlanden,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xxxix. (1890) p. 93.

[999] E. T. Dalton, _Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 88.

[1000] _Folklore Journal, edited by the Working Committee of the South African Folklore Society_, i. (1879) p. 34.

[1001] J. S. G. Gramberg, “Eene maand in de binnenlanden van Timor,” _Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen_, xxxvi. p. 209; H. Zondervan, “Timor en de Timoreezen,” _Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_. Tweede Serie, v. (1888) Afdeeling, meer uitgebreide artikelen, pp. 402 _sq._

[1002] C. Wiese, “Beiträge zur Geschichte der Zulu im Norden des Zambesi, namentlich der Angoni,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xxxii. (1900) p. 198.

[1003] W. Weston, _Mountaineering and Exploration in the Japanese Alps_ (London, 1896), pp. 162 _sq._; _id._, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxvi. (1897) p. 30; _id._, in _The Geographical Journal_, vii. (1896) pp. 143 _sq._

[1004] A. Caulin, _Historia Coro-graphica natural y evangelica dela Nueva Andalucia, Provincias de Cumaña, Guayana y Vertientes del Rio Orinoco_, p. 96; _Colombia, being a geographical, etc., account of the country_, i. 642 _sq._; A. Bastian, _Die Culturländer des alten Amerika_, ii. 216.

[1005] D. Forbes, “On the Aymara Indians of Bolivia and Peru,” _Journal of the Ethnological Society of London_, ii. 237, note. On the supposed relation of the frog or toad to water in America, see further E. J. Payne, _History of the New World called America_, i. 420 _sq._, 425 _sqq._ He observes that “throughout the New World, from Florida to Chile, the worship of the frog or toad, as the offspring of water and the symbol of the water-spirit, accompanied the cultivation of maize” (p. 425). A species of water toad is called by the Araucanians of Chili _genco_, “which signifies lord of the water, as they believe that it watches over the preservation and contributes to the salubrity of the waters” (J. I. Molina, _Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili_, London, 1809, i. 179).

[1006] Mary E. B. Howitt, _Folklore and Legends of some Victorian Tribes_ (in manuscript). The story is told in an abridged form by Dr. A. W. Howitt (_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xviii. (1889) pp. 54 _sq._).

[1007] Above, p. 255.

[1008] J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” _Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. i. part iv. (April 1900) p. 346; A. Kuhn, _Sagen, Gebräuche und Märchen aus Westfalen_, ii. p. 80, § 244; E. Gerard, _The Land beyond the Forest_, ii. 13.

[1009] M. N. Venketswami, “Superstitions among Hindus in the Central Provinces,” _Indian Antiquary_, xxviii. (1899) p. 111. Compare E. Thurston, _Castes and Tribes of Southern India_, iv. 387.

[1010] _North Indian Notes and Queries_, iii. p. 134, § 285; W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India_ (Westminster, 1896), i. 73.

[1011] _Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal_, lxxii., part 3, Anthropology (Calcutta, 1904), p. 39.

[1012] E. Thurston, _Castes and Tribes of Southern India_, iii. 245.

[1013] E. Thurston, _op. cit._ iv. 387.

[1014] M. Bloomfield, “On the ‘Frog-hymn,’ Rig Veda, vii. 103,” _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, xvii. (1896) pp. 173–179.

[1015] A. L. Waddell, “Frog-Worship among the Newars,” _The Indian Antiquary_, xxii. (1893) pp. 292–294. The title Bhûmînâtha, “Lord or Protector of the Soil,” is specially reserved for the frog. The title Paremêsvara is given to all the Newar divinities.

[1016] _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, 9th edition, _s.v._ “Frog,” ix. 796. For an instance of a frog thus caught in a drought and made to disgorge its hoard of water, see E. Aymonier, _Voyage dans le Laos_ (Paris, 1895–1897), ii. 284 _sq._

[1017] J. Macdonald, “Manners, Customs, Superstitions, and Religions of South African Tribes,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xix. (1890) p. 295.

[1018] H. von Wlislocki, _Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Zigenner_ (Münster i. W., 1891), pp. 64 _sq._

[1019] W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India_ (Westminster, 1896), i. 76.

[1020] W. Crooke, _op. cit._ i. 74.

[1021] W. Weston, _Mountaineering and Exploration in the Japanese Alps_ (London, 1896), p. 162.

[1022] L. J. B. Bérenger-Féraud, _Les Peuplades de la Sénégambie_ (Paris, 1879), p. 291.

[1023] R. Lange, “Bitten um Regen in Japan,” _Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde_, iii. (1893) pp. 334 _sq._ Compare W. G. Aston, _Shinto_ (London, 1905), p. 153. However, the throwing of the dragon into the waterfall may be a homoeopathic charm rather than a punishment.

[1024] H. H. Bancroft, _Native Races of the Pacific States_, i. 520.

[1025] Huc, _L’Empire chinois_⁴ (Paris, 1862), i. 241.

[1026] Mgr Rizzolati, in _Annales de la Propagation de la Foi_, xvi. (1844) p. 350; Mgr Retord, _ib._ xxviii. (1856) p. 102. In Tonquin also a mandarin has been known to whip an image of Buddha for not sending rain. See _Annales de l’Association de la Propagation de la Foi_, iv. (1830) p. 330.

[1027] Huc, _L’Empire chinois_,⁴ i. 241 _sq._

[1028] _Lettres édifiantes et curieuses_, Nouvelle Édition, xviii. 210.

[1029] J. Bertrand, in _Annales de la Propagation de la Foi_, xxii. (1850) pp. 351–355; W. W. Rockhill, _The Land of the Lamas_ (London, 1891), p. 311.

[1030] Rev. E. Z. Simmons, “Idols and Spirits,” _Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal_, xix. (1888) p. 502.

[1031] Mgr Bruguière, in _Annales de l’Association de la Propagation de la Foi_, v. (1831), p. 131.

[1032] Brien, “Aperçu sur la province de Battambang,” _Cochinchine Française: excursions et reconnaissances_, No. 25 (Saigon, 1886), pp. 6 _sq._

[1033] G. Vuillier, “La Sicile, impressions du présent et du passé,” _Tour du monde_, lxvii. (1894) pp. 54 _sq._ Compare G. Pitrè, _Usi e costumi, credenze e pregiudizi del popolo siciliano_, iii. (Palermo, 1889) pp. 142–144. As to St. Francis of Paola, who died in 1507 and was canonised by Leo X. in 1519, see P. Ribadeneira, _Flos Sanctorum, cioè Vite de’ Santi_ (Venice, 1763), i. 252 _sq._; Th. Trede, _Das Heidentum in der römischen Kirche_, iii. 45–47; G. Pitrè, _Feste patronali in Sicilia_ (Turin and Palermo, 1900), pp. 49 _sqq._ He was sent for by Louis XI. of France, and his fame as a worker of miracles is still spread over all the south of Italy. With the entertainments given in honour of St. Francis of Paola to wheedle rain out of him we may compare the shadow-plays or puppet-shows given by the Javanese and the comedies played by the Chinese for the same purpose. See T. S. Raffles, _History of Java_ (London, 1817), i. 477; G. A. J. Hazen, “Kleine bijdragen tot de ethnografie en de folklore van Java,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xlvi. (1903) pp. 299 _sq._; Huc, _L’Empire chinois_⁴ (Paris, 1862), i. 241.

[1034] J. Biddulph, _Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh_ (Calcutta, 1880), p. 95.

[1035] Albîrûnî, _The Chronology of Ancient Nations_, translated and edited by C. E. Sachau (London, 1879), p. 235. This and the following passage were pointed out to me by my late friend, W. Robertson Smith.

[1036] Albîrûnî, _loc. cit._

[1037] Gervasius von Tilbury, _Otia Imperialia_, ed. F. Liebrecht, pp. 41 _sq._

[1038] Giraldus Cambrensis, _Topography of Ireland_, ch. 7. Compare W. Mannhardt, _Antike Wald- und Feldkulte_, p. 341 note.

[1039] J. Lecœur, _Esquisses du Bocage Normand_, ii. 79.

[1040] L. J. B. Bérenger-Féraud, _Superstitions et survivances_, i. 473.

[1041] Le R. P. Cadière, “Croyances et dictons populaires de la Vallée du Nguôn-son, Province de Quang-binh (Annam),” _Bulletin de l’École Française d’Extrême-Orient_, i. (Hanoi, 1901) pp. 204 _sq._

[1042] C. Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_, ii. 194.

[1043] H. Callaway, _Religious System of the Amazulu_, part. iv. (1870), pp. 407 _sq._

[1044] Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_, pp. 117 _sq._

[1045] E. Reclus, _Nouvelle Géographie Universelle_, xii. 100.

[1046] _North Indian Notes and Queries_, iii. p. 135, § 285; W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India_ (Westminster, 1896), i. 77.

[1047] A. C. Kruijt, “Regen lokken en regen verdrijven bij de Toradja’s van Midden Celebes,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xliv. (1901) p. 2.

[1048] Rasmussen, _Additamenta ad historiam Arabum ante Islamismum_, pp. 67 _sq._; I. Goldziher, _Muhammedanische Studien_ (Halle a. S., 1888–1890), i. 34 _sq._

[1049] J. Wellhausen, _Reste arabischen Heidentums_, p. 157 (first edition).

[1050] J. B. Labat, _Relation historique de l’Éthiopie occidentale_, ii. 180.

[1051] H. Ternaux-Compans, _Essai sur l’ancien Cundinamarca_ (Paris, n.d.), p. 42.

[1052] G. Turner, _Samoa_, p. 145.

[1053] A. L. P. Cameron, “Notes on some Tribes of New South Wales,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xiv. (1885) p. 362. For other uses of quartz-crystal in ceremonies for the making of rain, see above, pp. 254, 255.

[1054] A. L. P. Cameron, _loc. cit._ Compare E. M. Curr, _The Australian Race_, ii. 377.

[1055] E. Clement, “Ethnographical Notes on the Western Australian Aborigines,” _Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie_, xvi. (1904) pp. 5 _sq._

[1056] Rascher, “Die Sulka,” _Archiv für Anthropologie_, xxix. (1904) p. 225. Compare R. Parkinson, _Dreissig Jahre in der Südsee_, p. 196.

[1057] T. C. Hodson, “The _genna_ amongst the Tribes of Assam,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxvi. (1906) p. 96.

[1058] W. G. Aston, _Shinto_ (London, 1905), p. 330.

[1059] Fr. Stuhlmann, _Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika_ (Berlin, 1894), p. 654.

[1060] _Indian Notes and Queries_, iv. p. 218, § 776; W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India_ (Westminster, 1896), i. 75 _sq._

[1061] J. Rendel Harris, MS. notes.

[1062] W. R. Paton, in _Folklore_, xii. (1901) p. 216.

[1063] G. Timkowski, _Travels of the Russian Mission through Mongolia to China_ (London, 1827), i. 402 _sq._

[1064] C. H. Cottrell, _Recollections of Siberia_ (London, 1842), p. 140.

[1065] W. Radloff, _Aus Sibirien_ (Leipsic, 1884), ii. 179 _sq._

[1066] _The American Antiquarian_, viii. 339. Vivid descriptions of the scenery and climate of Arizona and New Mexico will be found in Captain J. G. Bourke’s _On the Border with Crook_ (New York, 1891); see, for example, pp. 1 _sq._, 12 _sq._, 23 _sq._, 30 _sq._, 34 _sq._, 41 _sqq._, 185, 190 _sq._ See also C. Mindeleff, in _Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, part 2 (Washington, 1898), pp. 477–481.

[1067] M. Abeghian, _Der armenische Volksglaube_, p. 94.

[1068] J. Rhys, _Celtic Heathendom_, p. 184; J. Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,⁴ i. 494; L. J. B. Bérenger-Féraud, _Superstitions et survivances_, iii. 190 _sq._ Compare A. de Nore, _Coutumes, mythes et traditions des provinces de France_, p. 216; San Marte, _Die Arthur Sage_, pp. 105 _sq._, 153 _sqq._

[1069] J. Rhys, _Celtic Heathendom_, pp. 185 _sq._, quoting an earlier authority.

[1070] J. Rhys, _op. cit._ p. 187. The same thing is done at the fountain of Sainte Anne, near Gevezé, in Brittany. See P. Sébillot, _Traditions et superstitions de la Haute-Bretagne_, i. 72.

[1071] G. Herve, “Quelques superstitions de Morvan,” _Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris_, 4me série, iii. (1892) p. 530.

[1072] Bérenger-Féraud and de Mortillet, in _Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris_, 4me série, ii. (1891) pp. 306, 310 _sq._; L. J. B. Bérenger-Féraud, _Superstitions et survivances_, i. 427.

[1073] Le Brun, _Historie critique des pratiques superstitieuses_ (Amsterdam, 1733), i. 245 _sq._; L. J. B. Bérenger-Féraud, _Superstitions et survivances_, i. 477. For more examples of such customs in France see P. Sébillot, _Le Folk-lore de France_, ii. 376–378.

[1074] Lamberti, “Relation de la Colchide ou Mingrélie,” _Voyages au Nord_, vii. 174 (Amsterdam, 1725).

[1075] H. S. Hallett, _A Thousand Miles on an Elephant in the Shan States_ (Edinburgh and London, 1890), p. 264.

[1076] Martin, “Description of the Western Islands of Scotland,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_, iii. 594.

[1077] R. H. Codrington, _The Melanesians_, p. 201.

[1078] J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabauer der Padangsche Bovenlanden,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indië_, xxxix. (1890) p. 86. As to the cat in rain-making ceremonies, see above, pp. 289, 291.

[1079] Myron Eels, “The Twana, Chemakum, and Klallam Indians of Washington Territory,” _Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institute for 1887_, p. 674.

[1080] As to such prayers, see Pausanias, ii. 25. 10; Marcus Antoninus, v. 7; Petronius, 44; Tertullian, _Apolog._ 40, compare 22 and 23; P. Cauer, _Delectus Inscriptionum Graecarum_,² No. 162; H. Collitz und F. Bechtel, _Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-Inschriften_, No. 3718; Ch. Michel, _Recueil d’inscriptions grecques_, No. 1004; O. Luders, _Die dionysischen Künstler_ (Berlin, 1873), pp. 26 _sq._

[1081] Pausanias, viii. 38. 4.

[1082] See above, p. 248.

[1083] Antigonus, _Histor. mirab._ 15 (_Scriptores rerum mirabilium Graeci_, ed. A. Westermann, pp. 64 _sq._). Antigonus mentions that the badge of the city was a representation of the chariot with a couple of ravens perched on it. This badge appears on existing coins of Crannon, with the addition of a pitcher resting on the chariot (B. V. Head, _Historia Numorum_, p. 249). Hence A. Furtwängler conjectured, with great probability, that a pitcher full of water was placed on the real chariot when rain was wanted, and that the spilling of the water, as the chariot shook, was intended to imitate a shower of rain. See A. Furtwängler, _Meisterwerke der griechischen Plastik_, pp. 257–263.

[1084] Above, pp. 248, 251.

[1085] Apollodorus, i. 9. 7; Virgil, _Aen._ vi. 585 _sqq._; Servius on Virgil, _l.c._

[1086] Festus, _s.vv. aquaelicium_ and _manalem lapidem_, pp. 2, 128, ed. C. O. Müller; Nonius Marcellus, _s.v. trullum_, p. 637, ed. Quicherat; Servius on Virgil, _Aen._ iii. 175; Fulgentius, “Expos. serm. antiq.” _s.v. manales lapides_, _Mythogr. Lat._ ed. Staveren, pp. 769 _sq._ It has been suggested that the stone derived its name and its virtue from the _manes_ or spirits of the dead (E. Hoffmann, in _Rheinisches Museum für Philologie_, N.F. l. (1895), pp. 484–486). Mr. O. Gilbert supposes that the stone was hollow and filled with water which was poured out in imitation of rain. See O. Gilbert, _Geschichte und Topographie der Stadt Rom im Altertum_, ii. (Leipsic, 1885) p. 154 note. His suggestion is thus exactly parallel to that of Furtwängler as to the pitcher at Crannon (above, p. 309 note 6). Compare W. Warde Fowler, _Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic_ (London, 1899), pp. 232 _sq._

[1087] Nonius Marcellus, _s.v. aquilex_, p. 69, ed. Quicherat. In favour of taking _aquilex_ as rain-maker is the use of _aquaelicium_ in the sense of rain-making. Compare K. O. Müller, _Die Etrusker_, ed. W. Deecke, ii. 318 _sq._

[1088] Diodorus Siculus, v. 55.

[1089] Philochorus, cited by Athenaeus, xiv. 72, p. 656 A.

[1090] Among the Barotse, on the upper Zambesi, “the sorcerers or witch-doctors go from village to village with remedies which they cook in great cauldrons to make rain” (A. Bertrand, _The Kingdom of the Barotsi_, London, 1899, p. 277).

[1091] Phylarchus, cited by Athenaeus, xv. 48, p. 693 E F. If the conjectural reading τοῖς Ἐμεσηνοῖς were adopted in place of the manuscript reading τοῖς Ἕλλησιν, we should have to suppose that the custom was not observed by the Greeks, but by the people of Emesa in Syria, where there was a famous worship of the sun. But Polemo, the highest authority in such matters, tells us that the Athenians offered “sober” sacrifices to the sun and to other deities (Schol. on Sophocles, _Oed. Colon_, 100); and in a Greek inscription found at Piraeus we read of offerings to the sun and of three “sober altars,” by which no doubt are meant altars on which wine was not poured. See Ch. Michel, _Recueil d’inscriptions grecques_, No. 672; Dittenberger, _Sylloge inscriptionum Graecorum_,² No. 631; E. S. Roberts, _Introduction to Greek Epigraphy_, ii. No. 133; _Leges Graecorum sacrae_, ed. J. de Prott et L. Ziehen, ii. No. 18. In the passage of Athenaeus, accordingly, the reading τοῖς Ἐμεσηνοῖς, which has been rashly adopted by the latest editor of Athenaeus (G. Kaibel), may be safely rejected in favour of the manuscript reading.

[1092] Peter Jones, _History of the Ojebway Indians_, p. 84.

[1093] W. Smyth and F. Lowe, _Narrative of a Journey from Lima to Para_ (London, 1836), p. 230. An eclipse either of the sun or the moon is commonly supposed by savages to be caused by a monster who is trying to devour the luminary, and accordingly they discharge missiles and raise a clamour in order to drive him away. See E. B. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_,² i. 328 _sqq._

[1094] J. Gumilla, _Histoire de l’Orénoque_ (Avignon, 1758), iii. 243 _sq._

[1095] S. Krascheninnikow, _Beschreibung des Landes Kamtschatka_ (Lemgo, 1766), p. 217.

[1096] A. G. Morice, “The Western Dénés, their Manners and Customs,” _Proceedings of the Canadian Institute, Toronto_, Third Series, vii. (1888–89) p. 154.

[1097] A. Moret, _Le Rituel du culte divin journalier en Égypte_ (Paris, 1902), pp. 90 _sq._; _id._, _Du caractère religieux de la royauté pharaonique_ (Paris, 1902), p. 98.

[1098] Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, 52. The Esquimaux of Bering Strait give the name of “the sun’s walking-stick” to the vertical bar in a parhelion. See E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” _Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, part i. (Washington, 1899) p. 449.

[1099] Father Lambert, in _Missions Catholiques_, xii. (1880) p. 216; _id._, _Mœurs et superstitions des Néo-Calédoniens_ (Nouméa, 1900), pp. 193 _sq._; Glaumont, “Usages, mœurs et coutumes des Néo-Calédoniens,” _Revue d’ethnographie_, vii. (1889) p. 116.

[1100] Father Lambert, in _Missions Catholiques_, xxv. (1893) p. 116; _id._, _Mœurs et superstitions des Néo-Calédoniens_ (Nouméa, 1900), pp. 296 _sq._ The magic formula differs slightly in the two passages; in the text I have followed the second.

[1101] T. Arbousset et F. Daumas, _Voyage d’exploration au nord-est de la Colonie du Cap de Bonne-Espérance_ (Paris, 1842), pp. 350 _sq._ For the kinship with the sacred object (totem) from which the clan takes its name, see _ibid._ pp. 350, 422, 424. Other people have claimed kindred with the sun, as the Natchez of North America (_Voyages au nord_, v. 24) and the Incas of Peru.

[1102] G. Kurze, “Sitten und Gebräuche der Lengua-Indianer,” _Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena_, xxiii. (1905) p. 17.

[1103] R. H. Codrington, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, x. (1881) p. 278; _id._, _The Melanesians_ (Oxford, 1891), p. 184.

[1104] Above, pp. 291 _sq._

[1105] G. Turner, _Samoa_, p. 346. See above, p. 284.

[1106] P. J. Arriaga, _Extirpacion de la idolatria del Piru_ (Lima, 1621), p. 37.

[1107] A. d’Orbigny, _Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale_, iii. (Paris and Strasburg, 1844) p. 24.

[1108] V. Solomon, “Extracts from Diaries kept in Car Nicobar,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) p. 213.

[1109] _Satapatha-Brâhmana_, translated by J. Eggeling, part i. p. 328 (_Sacred Books of the East_, vol. xii.).

[1110] E. J. Payne, _History of the New World called America_, i. (Oxford, 1892) pp. 520–523; K. Th. Preuss, in _Verhandlungen der Berliner anthropologischen Gesellschaft_, November 15, 1902, pp. (449) _sq._, (457) _sq._; _id._, “Die Feuergötter als Ausgangspunkt zum Verständnis der mexikanischen Religion,” _Mitteilungen der anthropolog. Gesellschaft in Wien_, xxxiii. (1903) pp. 157 _sq._, 163. A Mexican legend relates how in the beginning the gods sacrificed themselves by fire in order to set the sun in motion. See B. de Sahagun, _Histoire générale des choses de la Nouvelle Espagne_, bk. vii. ch. 2, pp. 478 _sqq._ (French trans. by Jourdanet and Simeon).

[1111] Festus, _s.v._ “October equus,” p. 181, ed. C. O. Müller.

[1112] 2 Kings xxiii. 11. Compare H. Zimmern, in E. Schrader’s _Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament_³ (Berlin, 1902), pp. 369 _sq._

[1113] Pausanias, iii. 20. 4.

[1114] Xenophon, _Cyropaed._ viii. 3. 24; Philostratus, _Vit. Apollon._ i. 31. 2; Ovid, _Fasti_, i. 385 _sq._; Pausanias, iii. 20. 4. Compare Xenophon, _Anabasis_, iv. 5. 35; Trogus Pompeius, i. 10. 5.

[1115] Herodotus, i. 216; Strabo, xi. 8. 6. On the sacrifice of horses see further S. Bochart, _Hierozoicon_, i. coll. 175 _sqq._; Negelein, in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xxxiii. (1901), pp. 62–66. Many Asiatics held that the sun rode a horse, not a chariot. See Dittenberger, _Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum_,² No. 754, with note⁴.

[1116] A. Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, iv. 174. The name of the place is Andahuayllas.

[1117] Th. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_², i. 250.

[1118] Mr. Fison’s letter is dated August 26, 1898.

[1119] H. R. Schoolcraft, _The American Indians_ (Buffalo, 1851), pp. 97 _sqq._; _id._, _Oneota_ (New York and London, 1845), pp. 75 _sqq._; W. W. Gill, _Myths and Songs of the South Pacific_, pp. 61 _sq._; G. Turner, _Samoa_, pp. 200 _sq._

[1120] Fr. Boas, “The Eskimo of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay,” _Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History_, xv. (1901) p. 151.

[1121] G. Zündel, “Land und Volk der Eweer auf der Sclavenküste in Westafrika,” _Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin_, xii. (1877) p. 411. We have met with a somewhat similar charm in North Africa to bring back a runaway slave. See above, p. 152.

[1122] J. Chalmers, _Pioneering in New Guinea_ (London, 1887), p. 172.

[1123] Aeneas Sylvius, _Opera_ (Bâle, 1571), p. 418 [wrongly numbered 420]; A. Thevet, _Cosmographie universelle_ (Paris, 1575), ii. 851.

[1124] R. Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, ii. 334; E. M. Curr, _The Australian Race_, i. 50.

[1125] Fancourt, _History of Yucatan_, p. 118; Brasseur de Bourbourg, _Histoire des nations civilisées du Mexique et de l’Amérique-Centrale_, ii. 51.

[1126] S. L. Cummins, “Sub-tribes of the Bahr-el-Ghazal Dinkas,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxiv. (1904) p. 164.

[1127] (_South African_) _Folklore Journal_, vol. i. part i. (Capetown, 1879) p. 34; Dudley Kidd, _Savage Childhood_ (London, 1906), pp. 147 _sq._; Rev. E. Gottschling, “The Bawenda,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxv. (1905) p. 381.

[1128] E. J. Eyre, _Journals of Expeditions of Discovery into Central Australia_ (London, 1845), ii. 365. The Ovakumbi of Angola place a stone in the fork of a tree as a memorial at any place where they have learned something which they wish to remember. See Ch. Wunenberger, “La Mission et le royaume de Humbé,” _Missions Catholiques_, xx. (1888) p. 270.

[1129] E. M. Curr, _The Australian Race_, iii. 145.

[1130] K. Vetter, _Komm herüber und hilf uns! oder die Arbeit der Neuen-Dettelsauer Mission in Deutsch Neu-Guinea_, ii. (Barmen, 1898) p. 29; _id._, in B. Hagen’s _Unter den Papua’s_ (Wiesbaden, 1899), p. 287.

[1131] W. W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, pp. 92 _sq._

[1132] G. M. Dawson, “Notes on the Shuswap People of British Columbia,” _Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada_, ix. (1901, pub. 1902) section ii. p. 38.

[1133] J. G. Gmelin, _Reise durch Sibirien_ (Göttingen, 1751–52), ii. 510.

[1134] C. H. Cottrell, _Recollections of Siberia_ (London, 1842), p. 140.

[1135] J. Owen Dorsey, “Omaha Sociology,” _Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1884), p. 241; _id._, “A Study of Siouan Cults,” _Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1894), p. 410.

[1136] G. M. Dawson, “On the Haida Indians of the Queen Charlotte Islands,” _Geological Survey of Canada, Report of Progress for 1878–1879_, p. 124 B.

[1137] W. Powell, _Wanderings in a Wild Country_ (London, 1883), p. 169.

[1138] O. Dapper, _Description de l’Afrique_ (Amsterdam, 1686), p. 389.

[1139] _Mission scientifique du Cap Horn_, vii. (Paris, 1891) p. 257.

[1140] J. Richardson, _A Dictionary of Persian, Arabic, and English_, New Edition (London, 1829), pp. liii. _sq._

[1141] _Relations des Jésuites_, 1636, p. 38 (Canadian reprint). On the other hand, some of the New South Wales aborigines thought that a wished-for wind would not rise if shell-fish were roasted at night (D. Collins, _Account of the English Colony in New South Wales_, London, 1804, p. 382).

[1142] J. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees,” _Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1891), pp. 387 _sq._

[1143] _Annales de l’Association de la Propagation de la Foi_, iv. (1830) p. 482.

[1144] C. M. Pleyte, “Ethnographische Beschrijving der Kei Eilanden,” _Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_, Tweede Serie, x. (1893) p. 827.

[1145] R. H. Codrington, _The Melanesians_, pp. 200, 201.

[1146] J. Palmer, quoted by R. H. Codrington, _The Melanesians_, p. 201, note.

[1147] Dudley Kidd, _Savage Childhood_ (London, 1906), p. 151.

[1148] B. Hagen, _Unter den Papua’s_ (Wiesbaden, 1899), p. 269.

[1149] W. Monckton, “Some Recollections of New Guinea Customs,” _Journal of the Polynesian Society_, v. (1896) p. 186.

[1150] J. G. Dalyell, _The Darker Superstitions of Scotland_, p. 248.

[1151] Fr. Boas, in _Sixth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, p. 26 (separate reprint from the _Report of the British Association for 1890_).

[1152] A. C. Haddon, _Head-hunters_, p. 60; _Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits_, vi. (Cambridge, 1908) pp. 201 _sq._

[1153] Martin, “Description of the Western Islands of Scotland,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_, iii. 627; Miss C. F. Gordon Cumming, _In the Hebrides_, pp. 166 sq.

[1154] W. Fraser, in Sir John Sinclair’s _Statistical Account of Scotland_, viii. (Edinburgh, 1793) p. 52, note.

[1155] Boecler-Kreutzwald, _Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und Gewohnheiten_ (St. Petersburg, 1854), pp. 105 _sq._

[1156] A. C. Haddon, “The Ethnography of the Western Tribe of Torres Straits,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xix. (1890), pp. 401 sq.; _Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits_, v. (Cambridge, 1904), pp. 351 _sq._

[1157] _Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits_, v. 352.

[1158] Mary E. B. Howitt, _Folklore and Legends of some Victorian Tribes_ (in manuscript).

[1159] See above, p. 263.

[1160] H. Egede, _Description of Greenland_, second edition (London, 1818), p. 196, note.

[1161] Hesychius and Suidas, _s.v._ ἀνεμοκοῖται; Eustathius, on Homer, _Od._ x. 22, p. 1645. Compare J. Töpffer, _Attische Genealogie_, p. 112, who conjectures that the Eudanemi or Heudanemi at Athens may also have claimed the power of lulling the winds.

[1162] Eunapius, _Vitae sophistarum: Aedesius_, p. 463, Didot edition.

[1163] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xviii. 294. Compare _Geoponica_, ii. 18.

[1164] Olaus Magnus, _Gentium septentr. hist._ iii. 15.

[1165] Boecler-Kreutzwald, _Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und Gewohnheiten_, pp. 107 _sq._

[1166] Dana, _Two Years before the Mast_, ch. vi.

[1167] J. Scheffer, _Lapponia_ (Frankfort, 1673), p. 144; J. Train, _Account of the Isle of Man_, ii. 166; Miss C. F. Gordon Cumming, _In the Hebrides_, pp. 254 _sq._; Ch. Rogers, _Social Life in Scotland_, iii. 220; Sir W. Scott, _Pirate_, note to ch. vii.; Miss M. Cameron, in _Folklore_, xiv. (1903) pp. 301 _sq._ Compare Shakespeare, _Macbeth_,

## Act i. Sc. 3, line 11. “But, my loving master, if any wind will not

serve, then I wish I were in Lapland, to buy a good wind of one of the honest witches, that sell so many winds there and so cheap” (Izaac Walton, _Compleat Angler_, ch. v.).

[1168] J. G. Lockhart, _Memoirs of the Life of Sir Walter Scott_, iii. 203 (first edition).

[1169] C. Leemius, _De Lapponibus Finmarchiae, etc., commentatio_ (Copenhagen, 1767), p. 454.

[1170] Homer, _Odyssey_, x. 19 _sqq._ It is said that Perdoytus, the Lithuanian Aeolus, keeps the winds enclosed in a leathern bag; when they escape from it he pursues them, beats them, and shuts them up again. See E. Veckenstedt, _Die Mythen, Sagen und Legenden der Zamaiten_ (Litauer), i. 153. The statements of this writer, however, are to be received with caution.

[1171] J. Chalmers, _Pioneering in New Guinea_, p. 177.

[1172] Lieut. Herold, in _Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten_, v. (1892) pp. 144 _sq._; H. Klose, _Togo unter deutscher Flagge_ (Berlin, 1899), p. 189.

[1173] Rev. J. Macdonald, _Religion and Myth_ (London, 1893), p. 7.

[1174] Fr. Boas, “The Central Eskimo,” _Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1888), p. 593.

[1175] _Arctic Papers for the Expedition of 1875_ (Royal Geographical Society), p. 274.

[1176] J. Murdoch, “Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition,” _Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1892), pp. 432 _sq._

[1177] M. Bloomfield, _Hymns of the Atharva-Veda_, p. 249 (_Sacred Books of the East_, vol. xlii.); W. Caland, _Altindisches Zauberritual_, p. 128.

[1178] Father Livinhac, in _Annales de la Propagation de la Foi_, liii. (1881) p. 209.

[1179] J. Perham, “Sea Dyak Religion,” _Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society_, No. 10 (December 1882), pp. 241 _sq._; H. Ling Roth, _The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo_, i. 201; A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _In Centraal Borneo_ (Leyden, 1900), ii. 180 _sq._ The people of Samarcand used to beat drums and dance in the eleventh month to demand cold weather, and they threw water on one another. See E. Chavannes, _Les Tou-Kiue (Turcs) Occidentaux_ (St. Petersburg, 1903), p. 135.

[1180] J. G. Campbell, _Superstitions of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland_ (Glasgow, 1900), pp. 24 _sq._

[1181] P. Sébillot, _Coutumes populaires de la Haute-Bretagne_, pp. 302 _sq._

[1182] Holzmayer, “Osiliana,” _Verhandlungen der gelehrten Estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat_, vii. 2, p. 54.

[1183] A. Kuhn und W. Schwartz, _Norddeutsche Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche_, p. 454, § 406; Von Alpenburg, _Mythen und Sagen Tirols_, pp. 262, 365 _sq._; W. Mannhardt, _Die Götter der deutschen und nordischen Völker_ (Berlin, 1860), p. 99; _id._, _Antike Wald- und Feldkulte_, p. 85; Boecler-Kreutzwald, _Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und Gewohnheiten_, p. 109; F. S. Krauss, _Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Südslaven_, p. 117. In some parts of Austria and Germany, when a storm is raging, the people open a window and throw out a handful of meal, saying to the wind, “There, that’s for you, stop!” See A. Peter, _Volksthümliches aus österreichisch-Schlesien_, ii. 259; J. Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,⁴ p. 529; Zingerle, _Sitten Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes_,² p. 118, § 1046. Similarly an old Irishwoman has been seen to fling handfuls of grass into a cloud of dust blown along a road, and she explained her behaviour by saying that she wished to give something to the fairies who were playing in the dust (_Folklore_, iv. (1893) p. 352). But these are sacrifices to appease, not ceremonies to constrain the spirits of the air; thus they belong to the domain of religion rather than to that of magic. The ancient Greeks sacrificed to the winds. See P. Stengel, “Die Opfer der Hellenen an die Winde,” _Hermes_, xvi. (1881) pp. 346–350; and my note on Pausanias, ii. 12. 1.

[1184] J. G. Kohl, _Die deutsch-russischen Ostseeprovinzen_, ii. 278.

[1185] G. Kurze, “Sitten und Gebräuche der Lengua-Indianer,” _Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena_, xxiii. (1905) p. 17.

[1186] F. de Azara, _Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale_, ii. 137.

[1187] P. Lozano, _Descripcion chorographica del Gran Chaco_ (Cordova, 1733), p. 71; Charlevoix, _Histoire du Paraguay_, ii. 74; Guevara, _Historia del Paraguay_, p. 23 (in P. de Angelis’s _Coleccion de obras y documentos_, etc., ii., Buenos Ayres, 1836); D. de Alvear, _Relacion geografica e historica de la provincia de Misiones_, p. 14 (P. de Angelis, _op. cit._ iv.).

[1188] W. A. Henry, “Bijdrage tot de Kennis der Bataklanden,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xvii. 23 _sq._

[1189] A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _Quer durch Borneo_, i. (Leyden, 1904) p. 97.

[1190] R. Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, i. 457 _sq._; compare _id._, ii. 270; A. W. Howitt, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xiii. (1884) p. 194, note; Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 632.

[1191] W. Cornwallis Harris, _The Highlands of Ethiopia_ (London, 1844), i. 352. Compare Ph. Paulitschke, _Ethnographie Nord-ost-Afrikas: die geistige Cultur der Danâkil, Galla und Somâl_ (Berlin, 1896), p. 28. Even where these columns or whirlwinds of dust are not attacked they are still regarded with awe. The Ainos believe them to be filled with demons; hence they will hide behind a tree and spit profusely if they see one coming (J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their Folklore_, p. 385). In some parts of India they are supposed to be _bhuts_ going to bathe in the Ganges (Denzil C. J. Ibbetson, _Settlement Report of the Panipat, Tahsil, and Karnal Parganah of the Karnal District_, p. 154). The Chevas and Tumbucas of South Africa fancy them to be the wandering souls of sorcerers (_Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde_, vi. (Berlin, 1856) pp. 301 _sq._). The Baganda and the Pawnees believe them to be ghosts (J. Roscoe in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) p. 73; G. B. Grinnell, _Pawnee Hero-Stories and Folk-tales_, p. 357). Californian Indians think that they are happy souls ascending to the heavenly land (Stephen Powers, _Tribes of California_, p. 328). Once when a great Fijian chief died, a whirlwind swept across the lagoon. An old man who saw it covered his mouth with his hand and said in an awestruck whisper, “There goes his spirit!” (Rev. Lorimer Fison, in a letter to the author, dated August 26, 1898).

[1192] Herodotus, iv. 173; Aulus Gellius, xvi. 11. The Cimbrians are said to have taken arms against the tide (Strabo, vii. 2. 1).

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