Part 5

Akron, O. 69,067 Alameda, Cal. 23,383 Albany, N. Y. 100,253 Allentown, Pa. 51,913 Altoona, Pa. 52,127 Amsterdam, N.Y. 31,267 Anderson, Ind. 22,476 Atlanta, Ga. 154,839 Atlantic City, N.J. 46,150 Auburn, N. Y. 34,668 Augusta, Ga. 41,040 Aurora, Ill. 29,807 Austin, Tex. 29,860 Baltimore, Md. 558,485 Bangor, Me. 24,803 Battle Creek, Mich. 25,267 Bay City, Mich. 45,166 Bayonne, N. J. 55,545 Beaumont, Tex. 20,640 Belleville, Ill. 21,122 Bellingham, Wash. 24,298 Berkeley, Cal. 40,434 Binghamton, N. Y. 48,443 Birmingham, Ala. 132,685 Bloomington, Ill. 25,768 Boston, Mass. 670,585 Bridgeport, Conn. 102,054 Brockton, Mass. 56,878 Brookline, Mass. 27,792 Buffalo, N. Y. 423,715 Burlington, Ia. 24,324 Burlington, Vt. 20,468 Butler, Pa. 20,728 Butte, Mont. 39,165 Calumet, Mich. 30,000 Cambridge, Mass. 104,839 Camden, N. J. 94,538 Canton, O. 50,217 Cedar Rapids, Ia. 32,811 Central Falls, R.I. 22,754 Charleston, S. C. 58,833 Charleston, W. Va. 22,996 Charlotte, N. C. 34,014 Chattanooga, Tenn. 44,604 Chelsea, Mass. 32,452 Chester, Pa. 38,537 Chicago, Ill. 2,185,283 Chicopee, Mass. 25,401 Cincinnati, O. 363,591 Cleveland, O. 560,663 Clinton, Ia. 25,577 Cohoes, N. Y. 24,709 Colorado Spa, Col. 29,078 Columbia, S. C. 26,319 Columbus, Ga. 20,554 Columbus, O. 181,511 Concord, N. H. 21,497 Council Bluffs, Ia. 29,292 Covington, Ky. 53,270 Cranston, R. I. 21,107 Cumberland, Md. 21,839 Dallas, Tex. 92,104 Danbury, Conn. 20,234 Danville, Ill. 27,871 Danville, Va. 19,020 Davenport, Ia. 43,028 Dayton, O. 116,577 Decatur, Ill. 31,140 Denver, Col. 213,381 Des Moines, Ia. 86,368 Detroit, Mich. 465,766 Dubuque, Ia. 38,494 Duluth, Minn. 78,466 East Liverpool, O. 20,387 Easton, Pa. 28,523 East Orange, N.J. 34,371 East St. Louis, Ill. 58,547 Elgin, Ill. 25,976 Elizabeth, N. J. 73,409 Elmira, N. Y. 37,176 El Paso, Tex. 39,279 Erie, Pa. 66,525 Evanston, Ill. 24,978 Evansville, Ind. 69,647 Everett, Mass. 33,484 Everett, Wash. 24,814 Fall River, Mass. 119,295 Fitchburg, Mass. 37,826 Flint, Mich. 38,550 Fort Smith, Ark. 23,975 Fort Wayne, Ind. 63,933 Fort Worth, Tex. 73,312 Fresno, Cal. 24,892 Galesburg, Ill. 22,089 Galveston, Tex. 36,981 Gloucester, Mass. 24,398 Gloversville, N.Y. 20,642 Gr'd Rapids, Mich. 112,571 Green Bay, Wis. 25,236 Hamilton, O. 35,279 Hammond, Ind. 20,925 Harrisburg, Pa. 64,186 Hartford, Conn. 98,915 Haverhill, Mass. 44,115 Hazleton, Pa. 25,452 Hoboken, N. J. 70,324 Holyoke, Mass. 57,730 Houston, Tex. 78,800 Huntington, W. Va. 31,161 Indianapolis, Ind. 233,650 Jackson, Mich. 31,433 Jackson, Miss. 21,262 Jacksonville, Fla. 57,699 Jamestown, N. Y. 31,297 Jersey City, N. J. 267,779 Johnstown, Pa. 55,482 Joliet, Ill. 34,670 Joplin, Mo. 32,073 Kalamazoo, Mich. 39,437 Kansas City, Kan. 82,331 Kansas City, Mo. 248,381 Kenosha, Wis. 21,371 Kingston, N. Y. 25,908 Knoxville, Tenn. 36,346 La Crosse, Wis. 30,417 Lafayette, Ind. 20,081 Lancaster, Pa. 47,227 Lansing, Mich. 31,229 Lawrence, Mass. 85,892 Lewiston, Me. 26,247 Lexington, Ky. 35,099 Lima, O. 30,508 Lincoln, Neb. 43,973 Little Rock, Ark. 45,941 Lorain, O. 28,883 Los Angeles, Cal. 319,198 Louisville, Ky. 223,928 Lowell, Mass. 106,294 Lynchburg, Va. 29,494 Lynn, Mass. 89,336 McKeesport, Pa. 42,694 Macon, Ga. 40,665 Madison, Wis. 25,531 Malden, Mass. 44,404 Manchester, N.H. 70,063 Mansfield, O. 20,768 Medford, Mass. 23,150 Memphis, Tenn. 131,105 Meriden, Conn. 27,265 Meridian, Miss. 23,285 Milwaukee, Wis. 373,857 Minneapolis, Minn. 301,408 Mobile, Ala. 51,521 Moline, Ill. 24,199 Montclair, N. J. 21,550 Montgomery, Ala. 38,136 Mt Vernon, N. Y. 30,919 Muncie, Ind. 24,005 Muskegon, Mich. 24,062 Muskogee, Okla. 25,278 Nashua, N. H. 26,005 Nashville, Tenn. 110,364 New Albany, Ind. 20,629 Newark, N. J. 347,469 Newark, O. 25,404 New Bedford, Mass. 96,652 New Britain, Conn. 43,916 New Brunswick, N. J. 23,388 Newburgh, N. Y. 27,805 New Castle, Pa. 36,280 New Haven, Conn. 133,605 New Orleans, La. 339,075 Newport, Ky. 30,309 Newport, R. I. 27,149 Newport News, Va. 20,205 New Rochelle, N.Y. 28,867 Newton, Mass. 39,806 New York, N. Y. 4,766,883 Niagara Falls, N.Y. 30,445 Norfolk, Va. 67,452 Norristown, Pa. 27,875 North Adams, Mass. 22,019 Norwich, Conn. 20,367 Oakland, Cal. 150,174 Ogden, Utah 25,580 Oklahoma, Okla. 64,205 Omaha, Neb. 124,096 Orange, N. J. 29,030 Oshkosh, Wis. 33,062 Oswego, N. Y. 23,368 Ottumwa, Ia. 22,012 Paducah, Ky. 22,760 Pasadena, Cal. 30,291 Passaic, N. J. 54,773 Paterson, N. J. 125,600 Pawtucket, R. I. 51,622 Pensacola, Fla. 22,982 Peoria, Ill. 66,950 Perth Amboy, N.J. 32,121 Petersburg, Va. 24,127 Philadelphia, Pa. 1,549,008 Pittsburgh, Pa. 533,905 Pittsfield, Mass. 32,121 Plainfield, N. J. 20,550 Portland, Me. 58,571 Portland, Ore. 207,214 Portsmouth, O. 23,481 Portsmouth, Va. 33,190 Pottsville, Pa. 20,236 Poughkeepsie, N.Y. 27,936 Providence, R. I. 224,326 Pueblo, Col. 44,395 Quincy, Ill. 36,587 Quincy, Mass. 32,642 Racine, Wis. 38,002 Reading, Pa. 96,071 Richmond, Ind. 22,324 Richmond, Va. 127,628 Roanoke, Va. 34,874 Rochester, N. Y. 218,149 Rockford, Ill. 45,401 Rock Island, Ill. 24,335 Rome, N. Y. 20,497 Rutland, Vt. 13,546 Sacramento. Cal. 44,696 Saginaw, Mich. 50,510 St. Cloud, Minn. 10,600 St. Joseph, Mo. 77,403 St. Louis, Mo. 687,029 St. Paul, Minn. 214,744 Salem, Mass. 43,697 Salt Lake City, Utah 92,777 San Antonio, Tex. 96,614 San Diego, Cal. 39,578 San Francisco, Cal. 416,912 San Jose, Cal. 28,946 Savannah, Ga. 65,064 Schenectady, N.Y. 72,826 Scranton. Pa. 129,867 Seattle, Wash. 237,194 Sheboygan, Wis. 26,398 Shenandoah, Pa. 25,774 Shreveport, La. 28,015 Sioux City, Ia. 47,828 Somerville, Mass. 77,236 South Bend, Ind. 53,684 South Omaha, Neb. 26,259 Spokane, Wash. 104,402 Springfield, Ill. 51,678 Springfield, Mass. 88,926 Springfield, Mo. 35,201 Springfield, O. 46,921 Stamford, Conn. 25,138 Steubenville, O. 22,391 Stockton, Cal. 23,253 Superior, Wis. 40,384 Syracuse, N. Y. 137,249 Tacoma, Wash. 83,743 Tampa, Fla. 37,782 Taunton, Mass. 34,259 Terre Haute, Ind. 58,157 Toledo, O. 168,497 Topeka, Kan. 43,684

Berlin, Ont. 15,196 Brantford. Ont. 23,132 Calgary, Alberta 43,704 Charlottet'n, P. E. I. 11,203 Chatham, Ont. 10,770 Edmonton, Alberta 24,900 Fort William, Ont. 16,499 Galt, Ont. 10,299 Glace Bay, N. S. 16,562 Guelph, Ont. 15,175 Halifax, N. S. 46,619 Hamilton, Ont. 81,969 Hull, Que. 18,222 Kingston, Ont. 18,874 Lachine, Que. 10,699 London, Ont. 46,300 Maisonneuve, Que. 18,684 Moncton, N. B. 11,345 Montreal, Que. 470,480 Moose Jaw, Sask. 13,823 New Westminster, B. C. 13,199 Ottawa, Ont. 87,062 Owen Sound, Ont. 12,558 Peterborough, Ont. 18,360 Port Arthur, Ont. 11,220 Quebec, Que. 78,190 Regina, Sask. 30,213 St. Catharines, Ont. 12,484 St. John, N. B. 42,511 St. Johns, Que. 6,500 St. Thomas, Ont. 14,054 Saskatoon, Sask. 12,004 Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. 10,984 Sherbrooke, Que. 16,405 South Vancouver, B. C. 16,126 Stratford, Ont. 12,946 Sydney, N. S. 17,723 Three Rivers, Que. 13,691 Toronto, Ont. 376,538 Vancouver, B. C. 100,401 Victoria, B. C. 31,660 Westmount, Que. 14,579 Windsor, Ont. 17,829 Winnipeg, Man. 136,035

=Law.=--Every one within the United States is amenable: first, to the laws laid down by the Constitution of the United States; secondly, to any laws which may be made by Congress; thirdly, to State laws; fourthly, to county law; fifthly, to local ordinances passed by the city or town. No local ordinance can be enforced if it is contrary to the law of the State, and no State law holds if it is at variance with the Constitution of the United States. The Supreme Court of each State passes upon the constitutionality of all laws made within the State, and the Supreme Court of the United States is the final Court of appeal. A law made by Congress is not valid if it is declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States, nor may any State law be enforced if the Supreme Court of that State considers it unconstitutional.

(Exclusive of the United States)

Leading Cities of the World

Alexandria, Egypt 383,934 Amsterdam, Neth. 564,186 Antwerp, Belgium 310,903 Bangkok, Siam 600,000 Barcelona, Spain 533,000 Belfast, Ireland 387,000 Berlin, Germany 2,040,148 Birmingham, Eng. 565,000 Bombay, India 776,000 Bordeaux, France 257,638 Bremen, Germany 214,861 Breslau, Germany 470,904 Bristol, England 378,000 Brussels, Belgium 630,000 Budapest, Hung. 812,728 Buenos Aires, Ar. 1,200,000 Cairo, Egypt 692,657 Calcutta, India 1,026,987 Canton, China 900,000 Changchau, China 500,000 Charlottenburg, Germany 239,559 Chingtu, China 1,000,000 Christiania, Nor. 229,101 Chungking, China 600,000 Constantinople, Turkey 1,125,000 Copenhagen, Den. 450,000 Damascus, Turkey in Asia 225,000 Dresden, Ger. 516,990 Dublin, Ireland 394,528 Edinburgh, Scot. 350,000 Florence, Italy 205,589 Fuchau, China 624,000 Genoa, Italy 234,710 Glasgow, Scot. 865,000 Hague, Netherlds. 256,719 Haidarabad, Ind. 448,446 Hangchau, China 600,000 Hamburg, Ger. 802,793 Hankau, China 870,000 Havana, Cuba 297,159 Hongkong, China 421,499 Hull, England 275,552 Kief, Russia 319,000 Kyoto, Japan 441,460 Lanchau, China 500,000 Leeds, England 456,787 Leicester, England 228,132 Leipzig, Germany 503,672 Lisbon, Portugal 356,009 Liverpool, Eng. 758,203 London, Eng. 4,866,480 Lyons, France 459,099 Madras, India 509,346 Madrid, Spain 539,835 Manchester, Eng. 710,687 Manila, Phil. Isl. 219,928 Marseilles, France 491,161 Melbourne, Aus. 538,000 Mexico, Mexico 450,000 Milan, Italy 593,938 Montreal, Canada 267,730 Moscow, Russia 1,359,254 Munich, Germany 538,983 Naples, Italy 563,540 Osaka, Japan 995,945 Palermo, Italy 309,694 Paris, France 2,714,068 Peking, China 1,600,000 Portsmouth, Eng. 201,975 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 900,000 Rome, Italy 560,726 St Petersburg, Russia 1,678,000 Santiago, Chile 400,000 Sao Paulo, Brazil 340,000 Shanghai, China 651,005 Sheffield, Eng. 470,948 Siangtan, China 850,000 Singan, China 875,000 Smyrna, Turkey in Asia 201,000 Stockholm, Swed. 337,460 Suchau, China 500,000 Sydney, Australia 550,600 Tientsin, China 750,000 Tokyo, Japan 2,221,458 Toronto, Canada 208,040 Trieste, Austria 205,130 Tunis, Tunis. 227,519 Vienna, Austria 2,021,052 Warsaw, Russia 756,426 Winnipeg, Canada 150,000 Wuchang, China 800,000 Yokohama, Japan 392,871

=Liquor and Wine Industry.=--The United States produces about 101,000,000 gallons of whisky, about 2,700,000 gallons of rum, about 3,400,000 gallons of gin, 24,500,000 gallons of alcohol, and about 14,000,000 gallons of commercial alcohol,--a total of about 175,500,000 gallons. The United States produces over 2,000,000 gallons of malt liquors and nearly 57,000,000 gallons of wine annually.

=Literature.=--Literature is not, and probably never will be, satisfactorily defined. Broadly speaking, it is any form of written or printed words upon any subject. More specifically defined, the term "literature" would apply to essays, poetry, stories, and other works of fiction of the grade acceptable to the best magazines and book publishers. Works of history may be called literature, and scientific works come under this classification; but historical writers are usually called historians, and scientific writers are known as scientists. Story writers are usually classified as novelists, and newspaper writers as journalists. A book, commonly, if not technically, speaking, is a volume usually bound in board covers and containing one hundred or more pages, but it may be a book if there are only a dozen pages with covers of paper.

=Magnetic Poles.=--The magnetic poles are not, as most people suppose, identical with the geographical poles, the north magnetic pole being south of the geographical North Pole, and the south magnetic pole being north of the geographical South Pole. The north magnetic pole is located at about 77° 59´, and the south at about 72° 23´.

=Mammoth Cave.=--Mammoth Cave, probably the best known of similar freaks of Nature, is located in Kentucky, and has a length of nine miles. It contains many avenues, chambers, domes, lakes, rivers, and waterfalls. Echo River, inside of the cave, is 3/4 of a mile in length, from a few feet to 200 ft. wide, and has a depth of from 10 to 30 ft. It is well filled with fish, none of which have eyes.

=Meat Industry.=--There are, in the United States, about 1650 slaughter houses employing nearly 110,000 people with about $4,000,000 capital invested. The annual product of the meat industry is not far from $1,400,000,000.

=Medicine Chests.=--Every one should maintain a medicine chest or shelf containing simple remedies, but these should never be selected without the advice of a physician. Thousands of persons injure themselves by self-dosing. When in the slightest doubt, visit or call your doctor. Most ailments can be prevented or cured by a skillful physician, but if allowed to run they may result seriously or fatally. Do not take chances with yourself.

=Microscope.=--The first microscope is said to have been invented by a Dutchman in 1590, but its invention has been attributed to Galileo in 1610. The microscope has been perfected until a millionth part of a grain of blood may be detected by means of the spectrum lens.

=Mineral Industry.=--The minerals mined in the United States every year have a value of about $904,000,000.

=Mining Industry.=--Nearly 1,140,000 men are engaged in the mines of the United States, over 90 per cent of whom are wage earners.

=Moon.=--The moon is the earth's only satellite. It circles around the earth every 27 days, 7 hours, and 43.2 minutes, on the average; but because its motion is common with the earth around the sun, the mean duration of the lunar month is 29 days, 12 hours, 44.05 minutes. The distance from the earth to the moon is from 238,850 to 252,820 miles, although at times the moon is only 216,477 miles from the earth. The moon's diameter is 2,162 miles. The surface of the moon contains about 14,685,000 square miles, or about four times the area of Europe. The moon, although very much smaller than the planets, exerts a stronger attractive force on the earth because of its nearness. The moon is, unscientifically speaking, drawing everything on the earth towards it, while at the same time the earth is exerting the same attractive force upon the moon. Because of this, the oceans, being composed of water, which is easily movable, respond and move with the moon, causing the tides. This same attractive force is brought to bear upon the earth itself, but because it is of greater density it is not perceptibly affected. Theoretically, every lake and pond has a tide, but the motion of the water is too slight to be measured. The moon is supposed to possess neither atmosphere nor water. Thousands of ages ago the lunar surface was subjected to terrible volcanic actions which forced the land into ridges, some of them supposed to exceed 20,000 feet in height, and rents and depressions of corresponding depths. The surface of the moon appears to be desolate and to be unfitted to support any form of life.

=Mortality.=--About 15 people out of every thousand of the population of the United States die during each year. The percentage of male deaths is somewhat larger than that of female, due to accidents. The annual death rate per thousand is: 13.7 in Los Angeles, 15 in San Francisco, 17 in Denver, 19 in Washington, D. C., 14.6 in Chicago, 14.3 in Indianapolis, 15.5 in Louisville, 20.2 in New Orleans, 18.7 in Baltimore, 16.8 in Boston, 14.0 in Detroit, 10.7 in Minneapolis, 11.4 in St. Paul, 14.4 in Kansas City, 15.8 in St. Louis, 14.7 in Omaha, 16 in New York, 16.5 in Cincinnati, 12.9 in Cleveland, 16.4 in Philadelphia, 15.8 in Pittsburgh, 20.1 in Memphis.

=Mortgages.=--A mortgage is a bill-of-sale from the owner of property to another competent to hold property. The one giving the mortgage is called the mortgagee, and the one to whom it is made is known as the mortgagor. A mortgage differs from a bill-of-sale in that the mortgagor cannot obtain ownership of the property mortgaged, unless the amount involved is not paid him at the expiration of the mortgage, or the interest is not met. All mortgages must be registered. Mortgaged property cannot be moved, altered, or changed without the consent of the mortgagor. The property, unless it is land, should be insured, and the insurance policy made payable to the mortgagor in case of loss by fire, but the mortgagor can collect only that part of the insurance money which represents the amount of the mortgage. Should the mortgagee fail to pay interest at the period stated in the mortgage, or should he be unable or refuse to liquidate the mortgage at its expiration, the mortgagor cannot seize the property except by act of law. It must be advertised and sold at auction. If the mortgaged property brings a price lower than the face of the mortgage, the mortgagor loses the difference, and has to bear the expense of foreclosure. If more than the face of the mortgage is realized, the mortgagee is entitled to what is received, less the face of the mortgage and the expenses of foreclosure.

=Natural Gas.=--A gas generated underground, and due to chemical action beneath the earth's surface. It is found in various parts of the world, and is used for fuel and illuminating, largely for the former.

=Naturalization.=--Any foreigner or alien, except those of the Mongolian or Brown Race, may become a citizen of the United States, and be entitled to every privilege granted to natural-born citizens, except that he cannot become President or Vice-President of the United States. An alien cannot make application for naturalization or citizenship until he is 18 years of age, and he cannot apply for his Second or Final Paper of Naturalization until he has lived in the United States for at least five years, and he must make his Declaration of Intention two or more years before he applies for his Second or Final Paper. The applicant must be a resident of the State in which he makes petition for naturalization not less than one year, and have lived at least four years additional in the same State, or in some other State. He must make application to the United States District Court in the State in which he lives. The cost of becoming naturalized is less than $5.00. A married woman does not have to be naturalized if her husband has become a citizen of the United States, and the children of the naturalized parents become citizens at 21 years of age without taking out naturalization papers. Full particulars regarding the process of naturalization are very plainly and explicitly stated in a book entitled "How to Obtain Citizenship," by Nathaniel C. Fowler, Jr.

=Newspapers.=--A newspaper is a periodical issued as often as once a week, and contains the news of the day, either local or general, or both. The majority of newspapers are of four or eight pages, but often the number of pages run as high as 24, or even 72, and occasionally 100 pages are issued at a time. In the United States and Canada, there are published over 2,600 daily newspapers, about 75 tri-weekly, a little less than 650 semi-weekly, considerable more than 17,000 weekly. Of other periodicals, about 60 are published every two weeks, somewhat less than 300 semi-monthly, more than 3,000 monthly, about 80 bi-monthly, and less than 250 quarterly. Periodicals published less often than once a week are not considered newspapers, although they may contain news.

=New York Stock Exchange.=--A single seat, carrying with it membership in the New York Stock Exchange, has been sold for as much as $96,000, and the lowest price recorded is $49,500.

=Nicknames of States.=--Alabama, "Cotton State"; Alaska, "Eldorado of the North"; Arkansas, "Bear"; California, "Golden Land"; Colorado, "Centennial State"; Connecticut, "Nutmeg"; Delaware, "Blue Hen" and "Diamond State"; Florida, "Gulf" and "Flowery State"; Georgia, "Cracker State"; Indiana, "Hoosier State"; Iowa, "Hawkeye"; Kansas, "Prairie"; Kentucky, "Blue Grass State"; Louisiana, "Creole State"; Maine, "Pine Tree State"; Maryland, "Old Line State"; Massachusetts, "Old Bay State"; Michigan, "Lake State"; Minnesota, "Gopher State"; Mississippi, "Bayou State"; Missouri, "Bullion State"; Montana, "Mountain State"; Nebraska, "Black Water State"; Nevada, "Silver State"; New Hampshire, "Granite State"; New Jersey, "Red Mud State"; New York, "Empire State"; North Carolina, "Old North State"; North Dakota, "Cyclone State"; Ohio, "Buckeye State"; Oklahoma, "Boomer State"; Oregon, "Beaver State"; Pennsylvania, "Keystone State"; Rhode Island, "Little Rhody"; Tennessee, "Old Franklin State"; South Carolina, "Palmetto State"; South Dakota, "Blizzard State"; Texas, "Lone-Star State"; Utah, "Mormon State"; Vermont, "Green Mountain State"; Virginia, "Old Dominion"; West Virginia, "Panhandle State"; Wisconsin, "Badger State".

=Nitroglycerine.=--Nitroglycerine is made of common glycerine mixed with strong nitric and sulphuric acids, and is extremely explosive and dangerous. It has to be exploded by concussion or shock, and not by fire. It is used for blasting and other purposes, and occasionally is taken in very small doses as a medicine, but never should be used medicinally except by the advice of a physician who should be present when it is taken.

=Notes.=--A note should be signed in ink, but a pencil signature is good in law. A note is not payable on demand unless it so states. A note may be payable to order or to bearer. If payable to order, and transferred, it must be endorsed. The endorser of a note is liable for its payment, if the maker of it does not pay it. Each signer of a joint note is liable for the full amount. Notes do not bear interest unless so stated. "Value received" should be written in every note, but it is not essential.

=Ocean Ownership.=--The ocean is common property, and no one has any legal title to it, except that each country has jurisdiction over the sea within three miles of the shore, but these three miles are usually reckoned from promontories, and not necessarily from the coast-line, so that a nation may have control of a vast area of water and several hundred miles from shore.

=Old Time Ships.=--The glory of the American merchant service, so far as sailing vessels are concerned, has passed into history. Comparatively few sailing vessels, save coasting schooners, ply the seas, as steam has taken the place of sail. The majority of old ship captains are either dead or commanding ocean liners or coastwise steamers. In the old days, sailing clipper ships made the trip from New York to San Francisco in one hundred days, while the voyage of ordinary ships was two or three times as long. The old ship "Lightning" sailed from Boston to Liverpool at a greater speed than that obtained by any steamship of its day, the vessel often logging over 500 miles in 24 hours, and it made the trip in a little less than 14 days. The "James Baines" sailed from Boston to Liverpool in 12 days and 6 hours, and broke the sailing record between these two ports. The same vessel made the trip from Liverpool to Melbourne, Australia, in 63 days and returned in 69 days. The "Red Jacket" sailed from New York to Liverpool in 13 days, 1 hour, and 25 minutes. The "Flying Cloud" and "Andrew Jackson" sailed from New York to San Francisco in 89 days, and the "Sea Witch" made the trip from Canton, China, to New York in 74 days, 14 hours. These early clipper ships were quite small, many of them not being over 200 tons. The first large clipper ship was the "Ann McKim," which was 43 ft. long, and 493 tons burden. Subsequent sailing vessels of enormous size were built, the "John Bertram" having a tonnage of 1080, the "Gamecock" 1,320, the "Staghound" 1,535, the "Flying Cloud" 1,783, the "Staffordshire" 1,817, the "Sovereign of the Seas" 2,421 tons, and the "Great Republic" 4,555 tons.

=Palmistry.=--The study of the lines of the palm, which the ancients believed indicated character and future. Palmistry is to-day practiced by three classes of people: (1) professional palmists, most of whom are charlatans; (2) as a diversion; (3) by superstitious people who believe in it. A scientific study of the subject does not furnish any evidence that the lines of the hand have any special significance, and no scientific person gives them any credence.