Part 9

A Dutch landscape painter, who flourished about 1650 and died at Amsterdam in 1690. His subjects are mountainous landscapes, with travellers or banditti, and hunting pieces.

POMPEO BATTONI (1708-1787).

Born at Lucca; died at Rome. An Italian painter, son of a goldsmith. He was sent to Rome, where he studied under Sebastian Conca, and Agostino Masucci. He was more employed in portraits than historical works.

JAN BEERESTRATEN (1622-1687).

Dutch painter, born and died at Amsterdam. He painted landscapes.

CORNELIUS BEGA (1620-1664).

Born at Haerlem. He studied under Adrian Ostade, and became the ablest painter of his school. His pictures, like those of Ostade, represent Dutch peasants regaling and amusing themselves, and the interiors of Dutch cottages.

JOSEPH L. H. BELLANGÉ (1800-1866).

French painter, born and died at Paris. He was influenced by the wars of the 1st Napoleon and painted mostly military scenes.

THEODORE VAN BERGEN (1645-1689).

Born at Haerlem. A Dutch painter of landscapes and cattle. Studied under Adrian Vandevelde and was his ablest scholar.

NICHOLAS BERGHEM (1620-1683).

Born at Haerlem. A Dutch painter, the son of Peter Class van Haerlem. It is difficult to say how the name Berghem or Berchem originated. He studied first under his father and subsequently under John van Goyen and also John Baptist Weenix.

PIETRO BERRETINI (1596-1669).

Born at Cortona; died at Rome. Called Da Cortona and was a Florentine painter and architect. He studied under Baccio Ciarpi, but gained more advantage from the study of the works of Raphael and Caravaggio.

ALBERT BIERSTADT (1830-1902.)

Born in Düsseldorf, Germany, and in 1831 came with his parents to New Bedford, Mass. In 1853 he returned to Düsseldorf and studied painting there and in Rome. In 1857 he returned to the United States and made an extended tour in the West, especially Colorado and California. He died in New York City.

THOMAS BIRCH (1787-1851).

Born in London, England, the son of William Birch. Was brought to this country in 1794 when seven years of age. His father was his instructor. He lived and died in Philadelphia and was a landscape and marine painter.

ABRAHAM BLOEMAERT (1564-1658).

Born at Gorcum. He was a Dutch historical and landscape painter and engraver, who studied under Joseph de Beer.

JOHANNES FRANCIS VAN BLOEMEN (1662-1740).

Born at Antwerp; died at Rome. A Flemish landscape painter, who went to Italy when very young and remained there all his life. Studied under Goubau and was called Orizonti.

PETRUS VAN BLOEMEN (1657-1719.)

Born at Antwerp. He visited Rome for improvement, where the Flemings called him Standard, from his painting occasionally charges of cavalry. He returned to Antwerp, and in 1699 was made director of the Academy.

JAMES BOGLE (1817-1873).

Born in Georgetown, S. C.; died in Brooklyn, N. Y. Came to New York 1836, and entered the studio of Professor Morse. He confined himself to portrait painting.

FERDINAND BOL (1611-1681).

Born at Dort. A Dutch historical and portrait painter and engraver. His family removed to Amsterdam where he studied under Rembrandt, whose style he imitated.

JOSEPH BONOMI (1796-1878).

Born at Rome and died at London. An English sculptor and draftsman, the son of Giuseppe Bonomi.

JOHN AND ANDREW BOTH.

These Dutch painters were brothers. They were natives of Utrecht, John, the elder, being born about 1610 and died after 1662. Andrew died 1645. They learned the elements of design from their father, who was a painter on glass, but afterwards studied under A. Bloemaert.

SANDRO OR ALESSANDRO BOTTICELLI (1447-1510).

A Florentine painter and engraver. He studied under Filippo Lippi and subsequently visited Rome, where he executed several important works for Sixtus IV.

FRANÇOIS BOUCHER (1703-1770).

A Parisian painter and engraver. He studied under François Le Moine, and was appointed court painter. He succeeded best in pastoral subjects.

SEBASTIEN BOURDON (1616-1671).

Born at Montpellier; died at Paris. A French painter and engraver who studied the elements of design with his father.

PETER BOUT (1658-1731).

Born at Brussels; he painted in conjunction with Boudewyns, whose landscapes he ornamented with figures, representing assemblies, merrymakings and similar subjects.

EDWARD AUGUSTUS BRACKETT (1819- ).

Sculptor, born in Vassalborough, Me. He began his career in 1838 and produced portrait busts of prominent persons.

WILLIAM BRADFORD (1827-1892).

Born in New Bedford, Mass. Began by painting ships and coast scenes of New England and British North America, and later extended his studies to the Arctic regions.

RENIER BRAKENBURG (1650-1702).

Born at Haerlem. A Dutch painter who studied first under Mommers, a landscape painter, and afterwards under Bernard Schendel. His subjects, representing merrymakings and drunken assemblies, are similar to those of Schendel.

LEONARD BRAMER (1596-1674).

Born and died at Delft. He was a Dutch painter and painted night pieces, with towns on fire and caverns, in the manner of Rembrandt. His principal works were historical subjects of a small size.

LUDOVICO BREA.

A painter of the Genoese school, and a native of Nice. It is not mentioned under whom he studied. He resided at Genoa from 1483 to 1513.

QUIRINUS BREKELENKAM.

A Dutch painter who lived about 1650. He studied under Gerard Douw and followed the style of that master and of Rembrandt. His works represent Dutch cottages with figures.

AGNOLO BRONZINO (1502-1572).

A Florentine painter, and favorite scholar of Jacopo Carrucci, whom he assisted in some works. He imitated Michael Angelo.

ADRIAN BROWER (1605-1638).

Born at Haerlem; died at Antwerp. A Dutch painter of poor parentage. Francis Hals offered to take him into his school, which he gladly accepted. He was a friend of Adrian Ostade and Rubens.

JOHN H. I. BROWERE (1792-1834).

Sculptor, a student in Columbia University, and later studied painting under Archibald Robinson. After visiting Europe he returned to New York in 1819 and took up modelling. He devoted a great amount of time in forming a collection of busts which he executed of the most noted men in the country, prominent in history.

DAVID BROWN.

A pupil of George Moreland, whose works he imitated. He exhibited landscapes at the Royal Academy from 1792 to 1797.

GEORGE LORING BROWN (1814-1889.)

Born and died in Boston, Mass. He attended the Franklin School and became an engraver's apprentice. He studied under Washington Allston, and while in Paris under Eugene Isabey.

HENRY KIRKE BROWN (1814-1886).

Sculptor, born in Leyden, Mass., and died in Newburgh, N. Y. He studied painting under Chester Harding, of Boston, and then took up sculpture, executing portrait busts in Albany. He executed many statues of notable persons for various states.

JOHN BRUEGHEL (1568-1625).

Born at Brussels, the son of Peter Brueghel the elder. He commenced miniature painting, but afterwards studied oil painting under Peter Goekint.

CHARLES LE BRUN (1619-1690).

A Parisian painter, son of a sculptor. He was placed in the school of Simon Vouet, and went to Italy, where he was assisted in his studies by N. Poussin. In 1662 he commenced his great work of the Battles of Alexander, which gained him an immense reputation.

BUONAMICO BUFFALMACCO (1262-1340).

A Florentine painter who studied under Andrea Taffi. He painted in the dry, Gothic style of the immediate followers of Cimabue.

WILLIAM DE BUYTENWEG (1600-1640).

Born at Rotterdam. Houbraken calls him Geestige Willem (William the Gay). His principal work was the Triumph of William, Prince of Orange.

PAOLO CALIARI (1528-1588).

Born at Verona. He was of the Venetian school and called Paolo Veronese. He was placed in the school of his uncle, Antonio Badile.

ANTONIO CANAL (CANALETTO) (1697-1768).

A Venetian painter whose father was a scene painter, and he was brought up in the same profession. He went to Rome, where he designed the grand remains of antiquity. Returning to Venice, he chose as his subjects interior views.

ANNIBALE CARACCI (1560-1609).

A Bolognese painter, studied under his cousin, Lodovico, who advised him to study the works of Correggio.

FRANCIS B. CARPENTER (1830-1900).

Born in Homer, N. Y. He was mostly self-taught. He removed to New York in 1851 and was a portrait painter, having painted many distinguished men.

JUAN CARRENNO DE MIRANDA (1614-1685).

Born at Abiles, in Asturias. A Spanish painter, who studied at Madrid under P. de las Cuevas and afterwards under Bartolomé Roman. He died at Madrid.

JOHN W. CASILEAR (1811-1893).

Born in New York, and began studying at the age of fifteen under Peter Maverick, the engraver, after whose death he became a bank note engraver. He took up oil painting and went to Europe to study in 1840 and again in 1857. He died at Saratoga, N. Y.

ANDREA DEL CASTAGNO (1390-1457).

A painter of Castagno in Tuscany. Bernardetto de Medici placed him under Masaccio. After leaving that master he became one of the most distinguished artists of the day.

GIUSEPPE CERACCHI (1760-1801).

Italian sculptor; came to Philadelphia in 1791 and made busts of eminent men. In 1800, having joined in a plan to assassinate the first Consul of Italy, he, with the intention of carrying out the design, proposed to undertake a statue of him. The plot was detected and he was guillotined.

GIUSEPPE CESARI (1568-1640).

Born at the Castle of Arpino in Naples; died at Rome. Pope Gregory XIII. placed him in the school of Nicolo Pomerancio.

PHILIP DE CHAMPAGNE (1602-1674).

Born at Brussels; died at Paris. At the age of nineteen he went to Paris, and received most assistance from Fouquières, who lent him some of his drawings.

SIR FRANCIS CHANTREY (1781-1841).

Sculptor, born at Norton in Derbyshire, England, and was apprenticed as a carver in Sheffield. Later he established himself as a modeller in clay in Dublin, then Edinburgh and finally in London. He executed chiefly sepulchral monuments and busts. In 1837 he was knighted.

JOHN GADSBY CHAPMAN (1808-1889).

Born in Alexandria, Va., and went to Italy to study. He settled in New York and became a successful engraver and illustrator. In 1848 he returned to Italy and had his studio in Rome.

JEAN BAPTISTE SIMEON CHARDIN (1701-1779).

Born and died at Paris. A French painter who distinguished himself by painting conservation pieces of a domestic character.

GIO CIMABUE (1240-1302).

Born at Florence and of noble descent. He has been credited with rescuing the art from its gross and barbarous state, and he has been called the father of modern painters.

SHOBAL VAIL CLEVENGER (1812-1843).

Sculptor, born near Middletown, Butler Co., Ohio; died at sea. He was first occupied as a stone cutter in Cincinnati and was induced by David Guio to carve busts in freestone. He came to New York and executed several notable busts. In 1840 he went to Rome.

JEAN HENRI DE COENE (1798-1866).

Belgian painter of genre and historical subjects, born at Nederbrakel; he was a pupil of David and of Paelinck. He became professor in the Brussels Academy, and died in that city.

THOMAS COLE (1801-1848).

Born in Bolton-le-Moor, England; died near Catskill, N. Y. His father emigrated to the United States in 1819 and settled in Ohio, where Thomas Cole took lessons from a painter named Stein. In 1825 he removed to New York and became associated with Durand and Trumbull. He founded the "Hudson River School" and became one of the best American landscape painters. He made several visits to Europe.

WILLIAM COLLINS (1787-1847).

English painter, born and died at London. Studied under Moreland and in the Royal Academy. In 1836 he visited Italy, where he studied for two years.

JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY (1737-1815).

Born in Boston, Mass.; died in London. He was essentially a portrait painter. In 1774 he went to England, and after a visit to Italy, settled in London.

GONZALES COQUES (1614-1684).

Born and died at Antwerp. A Flemish painter who learned the elements of the art from Peeter Brueghel III., and then studied under David Ryckaert, the elder.

CORREGGIO, _see_ ALLEGRI, ANTONIO.

JACQUES COURTOIS (1621-1676).

Called Il Borgognone; was born at St. Hippolyte, in Franche Conté, and died at Rome. He was the son of an obscure artist, who taught him the elements of design.

NICHOLAS COUSTOU (1658-1733).

French sculptor, born at Lyons and died at Paris. He studied at Paris under his uncle, Coysevox, and later at Rome. At the age of twenty-three he won the grand prize of the Royal Academy, which entitled him to the royal pension.

LUCAS CRANACH (1472-1553).

A German painter and engraver, born at Cranach, whose family name it is believed was Sunder. He was burgomaster of Wittenberg and was a friend of Luther and Melanchthon. Was a pupil of his father, and died at Weimar.

CHRISTOPHER PEARSE CRANCH (1813-1892).

Born in Alexandria, Va.; entered the ministry in 1835, from which he retired in 1842 to study art. He studied in France and Italy, returning to New York. Was also an author. He died at Cambridge, Mass.

THOMAS CRAWFORD (1814-1857).

Sculptor, born in New York City; died in London. At the age of nineteen he entered the studios of Frazer and Launitz in New York, and in 1834 went abroad and lived in Rome thereafter. He executed many notable works.

THOMAS S. CUMMINGS (1804-1894).

Born in England; came to New York in infancy. He studied with Henry Inman and became a miniature portrait painter. Was a founder of the National Academy and in 1838 was commissioned Brigadier General of Militia by Gov. Seward.

ALBERT CUYP (1620-1691).

A Dutch painter, born at Dort, son of Jacob Gerritze Cuyp, who taught him the elements of design. He became an excellent landscape painter.

JACOB GERRITZE CUYP (1594-1652).

Born at Dort and studied under A. Bloemaert. He was one of the founders of the Academy at Dort in 1642. His works were greatly surpassed by his son.

ABRAHAM DELANOY, JR.

A native of New York, who studied art under Benjamin West at London and in January, 1771, advertised his profession as a portrait painter in the New York newspapers. Six months later he advertised again, as selling various articles of merchandise as well as "most kinds of painting done as usual, at reasonable rates." In his latter days Dunlap says he was poor and dependent on sign-painting for his support. He died about 1786.

ANTONIO DELLO (1603- ).

An Italian historical painter, born at Florence, who assisted in the execution of great works in the Escurial in 1658.

BALTHAZAR DENNER (1685-1749).

German painter, born at Hamburg, who excelled in mechanical execution of painting. The faculty of imitation and German patience constituted the whole merit of this artist.

JEAN BAPTISTE DESCAMPS (1706-1791).

Born at Dunkirk, and studied under his uncle, Louis Coypel, after which he went to Paris and entered the school of Largillière. He established a school of design at Rouen.

ANSON DICKINSON (1780- ).

Born in Litchfield, Conn., and worked as a silversmith. He became a miniature painter and removed to New York.

CHRISTIAN WILLIAM ERNEST DIETRICH (1712-1774).

A German artist, born at Weimar and died at Dresden. He learned the first principles from his father and afterwards studied under Alex. Thiele, a landscape painter. Was also an engraver of reputation.

JOHN DIXEY ( -1820).

Sculptor, born in Dublin, Ireland, and educated in London. He was a student of the Royal Academy and came to America in 1789. He was vice-president of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts and lived many years in New York.

SIMON VAN DER DOES (1653-1717).

Born at Amsterdam, son of Jacob van der Does, who instructed him in the art, adopting the same style of painting as his father, in subjects and manner.

CARLO DOLCI (1616-1686).

Born at Florence, and studied under Jacopo Vignali. His best works were chiefly confined to heads of the Saviour and the Virgin and to Madonnas.

DOMENICHINO (1581-1641).

His real name was Domenico Zampieri; born at Bologna and received his first instructions from Denis Calvart and then in the Academy of the Caracci, where Guido and Albano were then students.

JOHN DONCKER (1610- ).

A Dutch painter, born at Gouda, who had great abilities but died prematurely.

GERARD DOUW (1613-1675).

Born at Leyden, the son of a glazier, and received his first instructions in drawing from Dolendo, the engraver, and later a pupil of Rembrandt.

GUILLAM DUBOIS (1622-1680).

A Dutch landscape painter, born and died at Amsterdam, and painted in the style of Ruysdael.

THOMAS SPENCE DUCHÉ (1766- ).

Born in Philadelphia about 1766, and was the pupil of Benjamin West. Dunlap says, "little is known" of him.

WILLIAM DUNLAP (1766-1839).

Born in Perth Amboy, N. J.; died in New York City. He was engaged in artistic, dramatic and literary work. He came to New York in 1777 and painted portraits. In 1784 he went to London and studied with Benjamin West.

JOSEPH SIFFREIN DUPLESSIS (1725-1802).

Born at Carpentras, France. He was placed under Imbert at Chartreuse. In 1745 he entered the school of Subleyras at Rome. At the age of twenty-seven he went to Paris and was admitted to the Royal Academy. He was appointed keeper of the Museum at Versailles.

ASHER B. DURAND (1796-1886).

Born at Jefferson, N. J., and died in South Orange, N. J. He first took instructions from his father in engraving and in 1812 was apprenticed to Peter Maverick in New York City, whose partner he became, rising to the highest rank in that profession. He then turned his attention to painting landscapes in oil as well as portraits. In 1826 he was one of the founders of the National Academy of Design and its President from 1845 to 1861.

ALBRECHT DÜRER (1471-1528).

Born at Nuremberg. He was the son of a skillful goldsmith, who taught him the rudiments of design; subsequently he studied under Martin Hapse and Michael Wolgemut. He was most famous as an engraver.

JOSEF LAURENS DYCKMANS (1811-1888).

Flemish painter, born at Lierre. Pupil of Tielemans and Wappers. Painted genre pictures and small portraits, and was professor in the Antwerp Academy.

JAMES EARLE (1761-1798).

Born in Leicester, Mass., and died in Charleston, S. C. He painted portraits in Charleston, S. C., and died suddenly of yellow fever when he was preparing to return to England.

RALPH EARLE (1751-1801).

Born in Leicester, Mass.; died in Bolton, Conn. He painted portraits in Connecticut in 1775 and after the Revolution went to England, where he studied under Benjamin West, returning to the United States in 1786. His American historical paintings are among the first ever executed by an American artist.

FRANCIS W. EDMONDS (1806-1863).

Born in Hudson, N. Y.; died at Bronxville. He was a bank cashier in his native city and in New York City until 1855. During this time he studied at the National Academy of Design. While Secretary of the American Bank Note Company he designed several pictures which were engraved on notes printed by that establishment.

GERBRANDT VANDEN EECKHOUT (1621-1674).

A Dutch painter, born at Amsterdam, who studied in the school of Rembrandt and became a great portrait painter.

CHARLES L. ELLIOTT (1812-1868).

Born in Scipio, N. Y.; died in Albany, N. Y. About 1834 he came to New York and was a pupil of Trumbull and later of Quidor. He painted numerous portraits of eminent men.

JUAN ANTONIO ESCALANTE (1630-1670).

Spanish painter, born at Cordova, who studied under Francisco Rizi, but imitated the style of Tintoretto. He died at Madrid.

JAN VAN EYCK (1380-1440.)

A Flemish painter, native of Maes-Eyck, on the river Maes. He was a brother of Hubert van Eyck. They established themselves at Bruges and founded the Flemish school, and are credited with inventing oil painting.

GAUDENZIO FERRARI (1484-1550).

An Italian painter, student of Perugino, says one writer, while others say he first studied under Stefano Scotto and then under Bernardino Luini.

ODVARDO FIALETTI (1573-1638).

Born at Bologna; died at Venice. He first studied under Gio. Battista Cremonini and then in the school of Tintoretto.

GEORGE W. FLAGG (1816-1897).

Born in New Haven, Conn. He studied with his uncle, Washington Allston. Under the patronage of Luman Reed he spent three years in Europe to study. After living six years in London he returned to New Haven and subsequently removed to New York City.

JARED BRADLEY FLAGG (1820-1899).

Born in New Haven, Conn. Studied with his brother, George W. Flagg and Washington Allston. He first settled in Hartford, Conn., and in 1849 removed to New York. He entered the ministry, but after ten years of that life returned to his former profession.

ALBERT FLAMEN.

A Flemish painter and engraver who was born in Bruges and established himself at Paris from 1648 to 1664. He possessed greater abilities for engraving than for painting.

SAMUEL FOLWELL (1765-1813).

He probably came from New England and died in Philadelphia, where he was a miniature painter as well as a cutter of silhouettes and a "worker in hair." He conducted a school in that city for a time and engraved portraits and book plates.

CHARLES DE LA FOSSE (1636-1716).

Born at Paris, the son of a goldsmith, he studied under Charles Le Brun and later studied the works of Titian and Veronese. He became a distinguished colorist of the French school.

JACQUES FOUQUIÈRES (1580-1659).

A Flemish landscape painter, born at Antwerp and died at Paris. Studied under Josse Momper and John Brueghel.

LEONARD DE FRANCE (1735-1805).

Flemish painter, born at Liége, who studied under J. B. Coclers. He was appointed first professor in the Academy of the Fine Arts at Liége.

FRANCIS FRANCKEN (1542-1616).

Called the Elder. Flemish painter, born at Antwerp, who studied under Francis Floris. He painted historical subjects.

MARTIN FREMINET (1567-1619).

Born and died in Paris. He was the son of an obscure painter. When he visited Rome, formed a friendship with Giuseppe Cesari, but followed the style of Michael Angelo.

SIGMUND FREUDENBERGER (1745-1801).

Born at Berne, was a pupil of Em. Handmann, and then studied under Wille, Boucher, Greuze and Röslin. He painted and engraved Swiss life scenes.

JAMES FROTHINGHAM (1788-1864).

Born in Charlestown, Mass., and died at Brooklyn, N. Y. He began life as a chaise painter in his father's chaise manufactory, from which he developed into a successful portrait painter.

JOHN FYT (1609-1661).

A Flemish painter, born at Antwerp; was distinguished for painting animals, especially dogs. Pupil of Frans Snyders.

BARENT GAAL (1650-1703).

Dutch painter, born at Haerlem; studied under Philip Wouwermans and painted horse-fairs, battles and hunting-pieces.

TADDEO GADDI (1300-1366).

An Italian painter and architect, born in Florence. He was the son of Gaddo Gaddi, who first instructed him. Later he studied in the school of Giotto.

THOMAS GAINSBOROUGH (1727-1788).

An English painter of portraits and landscapes who was born at Suffolk. He received instructions from Gravelot and Hayman.

JOHN VAN GEEL (1631-1698).

A Dutch painter, and scholar of Gabriel Metzu, whose style he imitated. Born and died at Rotterdam.

NICHOLAS VAN GELDER.

Was an animal painter of the Netherlands, who flourished in the seventeenth century.

GENTILESCHI, _see_ LOMI.

JEAN L. T. A. GERICAULT (1791-1824).

A French painter, born at Rouen, who studied under Carle Vernet and afterwards in the School of Guerin. He died at Paris.

FRANÇOIS REGIS GIGNOUX (1816-1882).

Born in Lyons, France; died in Paris. He studied art in the Academy of St. Pierre at Lyons and in the School of Fine Arts at Paris. In 1844 he came to the United States and opened a studio in Brooklyn, N. Y., returning to France in 1870.

GROVE SHELDON GILBERT (1805-1885).

Born in Clinton, N. Y.; died in Rochester. Studied medicine for a time but decided to take up art. For several years he painted in Fort Niagara and Toronto, settling in Rochester in 1834. He painted mostly portraits.

GIORGIONE, _see_ BARBARELLI, GIORGIO.

GIOTTINO, _see_ STEFANO, TOMMASO.

GIOTTO DI BONDONE (1276-1337).

An Italian painter and architect, born at Vespignano. He attracted the attention of Cimabue, under whom he studied and surpassed.

JAN GLAUBER (1646-1726).

A landscape painter, born at Utrecht, Holland, of German parents. He entered the School of Nicholas Berghem and later went to Rome. He settled at Amsterdam and formed a friendship with Gerard de Lairesse.

HENRY GOLTZIUS (1558-1617).

A Dutch painter and engraver, born at Mulbrecht, who acquired the elements of design from his father, afterward studying engraving under Theodore Cuernhert.

HUBERT GOLTZIUS (1526-1583).