Chapter I

) to record as the first of the Protestants to concern himself directly with the spiritual welfare of the Africans. Would that there were no such gap as that which exists between his going to Abyssinia in 1634 and that of the next Lutheran missionaries!

For purposes of Lutheran missionary study, we shall divide Africa into three sections: first, the West Coast; secondly, South Africa; thirdly, East Africa. As in the case of India we shall consider first the work of the German, then the work of the Scandinavian, then the work of the American Lutherans.

THE GERMAN SOCIETIES

THE WEST COAST.

[Sidenote: The Spirit of Faith.] To the eastern side of the so-called Gold Coast went in 1828 the _Basel Society_ to begin a costly work. “Sober and patient”--thus Doctor Warneck describes them. Opposed to them were superstition, dense ignorance, a fearful climate, to say nothing of all the difficulties produced by colonial politics.

Between 1828 and 1842 the society sent to the West Coast of Africa seventeen ministers, ten of whom died within one year, two others in three years, and three returned to their native country confirmed invalids. Yet steadily they pressed from the coast into the still darker interior, working among the Ga, Chi and Ashanti negroes. In Africa there are few native tribes which have a written language, hence the first work of the substantial missionary is to create one. Wars among the natives and wars among the great nations disturbed the mission, but the work went on in spite of all obstacles. After thirty years of labor three hundred and sixty-seven Christians were counted, after sixty years eighteen thousand. Station after station has been founded, school after school established. A theological seminary trains the natives to preach, the famous Basel industrial enterprises train their hands and eyes, and medical missionaries heal their bodies and show them how to live in cleanliness and decency.

[Sidenote: “The Door-Keeper of the Gold Coast.”] Among the most devoted heroes of this mission, was _Andrew Riis_, a Lutheran. At one time when three or four missionaries had died and persecution had dimmed somewhat the lamp of faith, he was advised to return to Europe. But he would listen to no such advice. Sending back the message, “I will remain”, he went farther into the interior. Presently there arrived two other missionaries and with them the young woman to whom Riis was engaged. When the two newly arrived missionaries died, Riis was left once more, the only “door-keeper” on the Gold Coast. Now he sailed for Europe, not to give up the mission but to rouse the home churches to its support. Successful in this effort, he returned to the field and the mission began anew, now quickly to become prosperous.

The changed conditions in this dark land are described in a German missionary journal.

[Sidenote: A City Transformed.] “In June, 1869, the missionary Ramseyer, of the Basel Missionary Society, was dragged as a prisoner into Abetifi, then a city of Ashantee, with his wife and child. They spent three days in a miserable hut, with their feet in chains. Human sacrifices were then common in Abetifi, which was under the tyrannical rule of the Ashantee chieftains. To-day, in the same streets, under the same shady trees, instead of the bloody executioner going his rounds, a Christian congregation gathers together every Sunday. Christian hymns, such as, “Who will be Christ’s Soldier?” ring joyfully through the streets. The people come out of their houses, the chieftain is invited; he comes with his suite and listens to the joyful tidings of salvation. And it is not vain; many have become the disciples of Jesus. Many even dare to tell their fellow-countrymen in the streets what joy and peace they have found in Him.”

In 1896 the Basel mission opened its eleventh station at Kumassi. It has twenty-four thousand three hundred church members with a school roll of nearly eight thousand pupils. There are thirty-six missionaries and forty-three other Europeans who direct the industrial and commercial work. The mission extends from Ashanti beyond the Volta River.

[Sidenote: The Beauty of Nature and the Depredation of Mankind.] The Basel mission has also a flourishing work in the German colony of Kamerun, among the Bantu negroes. The beauty of the land in which they work and the human misery are described by one of the missionaries. “It is a beautiful wild country which often reminds us of Switzerland; on all sides we see chains of mountains separated by deep valleys, roaring torrents, foaming waterfalls, and forests of palm trees reaching to the highest summits. How many times our hearts have leaped for joy at the glory of the scene! And, on the other hand, what a sorrow it is to see humanity fallen so low! The inhabitants of this paradise live in a real hell, always in unspeakable dread of evil spirits and of death. The dying often quit this world with cries of terror. The different tribes fight constantly with one another. Their moral condition is incredible. There are actually certain localities which exchange their dead in order to devour them.”

How vividly this description brings to our minds a danger not often considered at home, the fearful effect which constant sight of the most hideous immorality upon the missionary who is himself but a man. God be thanked that they hold fast to all that is pure, thinking, in the midst of monstrous crimes, of those things which are lovely!

The Basel Society has here thirteen main stations which extend nearly a hundred miles into the interior. Here there are sixty-three European missionaries. The Christian community numbers twelve thousand.

The _Gossner Mission_, whose chief work is in India, resolved in 1914 to send missionaries to Central Kamerun. Just before the outbreak of the war four missionaries were sent out to make preliminary studies.

On the Slave Coast the _North German_ or _Bremen Society_ has had a mission since 1847. This society has no mission school of its own, but draws its workers from the mission school at Basel. Its African mission has been continued only at enormous sacrifice. In fifty years sixty-five men and women died. The climate is dangerous, the hearts of the natives are stubborn. The territory in which the mission is situated is partly German and partly English, a fact which causes not only political but linguistic complications since German must be the language of one section, English of the other.

[Illustration: CENTRAL CHINA LUTHERAN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, SHEKOW, HUPEH, CHINA.]

[Illustration: CHAPEL AND MISSION HOMES, CHIKUNGSHAN, CHINA. (UNITED NORWEGIAN)]

Nevertheless, the Bremen missionaries have persisted. To-day they have nine stations with a staff of twenty-eight, and over ten thousand native Christians. A thorough study has been made of the language, customs and religion of the people, who belong to the Evhe tribe.

Assisting in the work of the Bremen Society are deaconesses. The lives of these godly women have had a marvelous effect especially upon the native women.

SOUTH AFRICA.

[Sidenote: A Land of Many Nations.] By South Africa we mean the great southern portion of the continent extending from Cape Town up to the Zambesi River, which flows toward the east and the Congo which flows toward the west. Here, in addition to the native tribes who are chiefly Hottentots, Bushmen and Bantus, Kaffirs and Zulus, are large settlements of whites, who, unable to go beyond this section on account of the climate, are more and more steadily making the country their own. Their presence, as may easily be imagined, complicates and makes immensely difficult all mission work. To this fertile land, rich in gold, diamonds and other minerals, have gone naturally the adventurous and in many cases the wicked of other nations. There have been already fearful struggles between native and foreigner, black and white. When we realize that among the five hundred and seventy-five thousand baptized native Christians, one hundred and twenty thousand are Lutherans, our interest in the sadly complicated situation becomes keen.

[Sidenote: The Missionary Press.] The first German society to work in South Africa was the _Rhenish_ which, like the Basel Society, is not wholly Lutheran. This society in 1829 established stations first in Nama Land, then in Herero Land, then in Ovambo Land. Here we have another record of opposition, of native wars, of indifference. The mission station lies almost entirely in the German colony. It has in all fifty-two missionaries. The number of Christians is now more than twenty-six thousand. Here also, the Germans have translated and taught with the greatest care. The press is constantly used to bind together the scattered Christians in the sparsely settled districts, two monthly religious papers, one in the Nama, the other in the Herero language, being published.

[Sidenote: A Labor Not in Vain.] Says Doctor Warneck: “It has been a laborious work of patience that the missionaries have done in these great countries, industrially so poor,--a work made difficult by the great inconstancy of the Hottentots and the strong opposition of the Herero, as well as by the entanglements of war,--and more than once in Herero Land the workers were on a point of withdrawing. But German fidelity at last carried the day. Now the whole of the great region from the Orange River to beyond Walfisch Bay, far into the interior of Great Nama Land and Herero Land and even up to Ovambo Land is covered with a network of stations. All the points that could be occupied have been made mission stations and the whole population has been brought under the educative and civilizing influence of Christianity.”

The Rhenish Society has also a mission in the southern part of Cape Colony. Its first station was at Stellenbosch, near Cape Town, established in 1829.

The society has now in all a membership of twenty-one thousand four hundred Christians. A number of its churches are financially independent. Here as everywhere there are discouraging backslidings into the old sins of drunkenness and impurity, but even so the light has shone and will shine with increasing brightness.

[Sidenote: The Discovery of Diamonds.] The _Berlin Missionary Society_ began work in South Africa in 1834, first among the Koranna people between the Orange and Vaal Rivers, and later, in 1838, in Cape Colony itself, its first station being at Peniel. At first few foreigners penetrated into this district between the Orange and the Vaal, but in 1870 when diamonds were discovered, Cape Colony, in spite of the protests of the Orange Free State to which it had belonged, annexed it. At once thousands of adventurers poured in, both black and white. In 1860 the missionaries went north into the Transvaal.

The Berlin Mission is the largest in South Africa. Its last report names fifty-eight stations and one thousand sub-stations. The Christian community, which numbers sixty thousand is organized in five synods of Cape Colony, the Zulu-Xosa district, Orange River Colony, South Transvaal and North Transvaal.

Among the notable Lutheran missionaries of the Berlin South African mission have been _Merensky_, a famous writer upon missionary subjects, _Grützer_, who gave forty-nine years of devoted service to the mission, _Wuras_, who gave fifty and Doctor _D. Kropf_ who did valuable work as a translator.

Another Berlin missionary of large achievement describes his early experience, writing in 1889:

“After having worked myself weary through the week, when on Sunday I saw these wild men of the wilderness sitting before me, absolute obtuseness toward everything divine, together with mockery and brutal lusts written on their faces, I sometimes lost all disposition to preach. Those fluent young preachers who not only like to be heard, but to hear themselves, ought to be sometimes required to ascend the pulpit before such an assemblage. There is not the least thing there to lift up the preacher of the Divine Word or to come to the help of his weakness. As when a green, fresh branch laid before the door of a glowing oven shrivels up at once, such has sometimes been my experience when I had come full of warm devotion, before the Kaffirs, and undertaken to preach. I have sometimes wished that I had never become a missionary. Once the hour of Sunday services again approached. The sun was fearfully hot, and I felt weary in body and soul. My unbelieving heart said: ‘Your preaching is for nothing’, and Beelzebub added a lusty amen. The Kaffirs were sitting in the hut waiting for me. ‘I’ll not preach to-day’, said I to my wife, but she looked at me with her angelic eyes, lifted her finger, and said gravely: ‘William, you will do your duty. You will go and preach’. I seized Bible and hymn book, and loitered to church like an idle boy creeping unwillingly to school. I began, preluding on the violin, the Kaffirs grunting. I prayed, read my text, and began to preach with about as much fluency as stuttering Moses. Yet soon the Lord loosened the band of my tongue, and the fire of the Holy Ghost awakened me out of my sluggishness. I spoke with such fervor concerning the Lamb of God, that taketh away the sin of the world, that if that sermon has quickened no heart of a hearer yet my own was profoundly moved.”

The writer, Missionary Posselt, lived to baptize one thousand Kaffirs.

[Sidenote: The Progress of Tropical Medical Treatment.] One of the interesting developments in the Berlin Society mission has been the great decrease in sickness, owing to the progress of tropical medical treatment. No employee of the society, whether missionary, wife of missionary or artisan, is sent to Africa without a thorough course in tropical hygiene. To those faithful scientists who discovered the cause of malaria is ascribed the success of the Panama canal; no less are they to be thanked for the continued life and work of many missionaries.

The _Hermannsburg Mission_ entered South Africa in 1854. Its field is located among the Zulus in Natal where there are twenty-one stations and twelve thousand eight hundred Christians, and among the Bechunas in the Transvaal where there are twenty-eight stations and sixty-one thousand Christians.

[Sidenote: The Ship “Candace.”]. We have learned in