CHAPTER XIX

MUSK OX

BY WARBURTON PIKE

In a work dealing with the sport of the present day there is no necessity to inquire into the past history of the Musk Ox (_Ovibos moschatus_), or to speak of its extensive distribution during the early ages of the world. It is enough to pay a visit to the South Kensington Museum and wonder at the specimens of musk-ox heads dug out of the brick earth at Maidenhead and Ilford, differing but slightly from the bleached heads that may be picked up any day in the Barren Ground, and leave to scientists the task of describing the methods by which prehistoric man hunted the musk ox in what is now the pleasant valley of the Thames. I shall only attempt to describe the musk ox of to-day, and give a short account of the manner in which many of them are annually killed by the Northern Indians.

Whoever invented the word _ovibos_ to classify the musk ox hit the nail squarely on the head, and this single word describes so exactly the strange mixture of sheep and bull that there is little left to be said upon the subject. I am indebted to Messrs. Rowland Ward & Co. for the following dimensions, which were taken from an adult bull, not a

## particularly large one, but a fair average specimen:--

ft. ins. Length from nose to tip of tail 6 0 Height from ground to shoulder 4 2 Height from ground to top of rump 3 10 Height from ground to belly 1 10 Round body over hair 5 9½ Depth of base of horn 1 1¼ Length of hair under neck 1 10 Length of hair under belly 1 0

The long hair is never shed, but underneath it lies a thick fleece, which comes off every year and hangs in sheets from the rocks and small bushes against which the animals have been rubbing; and herein lies the distinction between a prime musk-ox robe and one killed out of season. The hair varies from brown to black in different parts of the body, but a saddle of light yellow shows up very conspicuously in the middle of the back. The cows are smaller than the bulls, and their horns never grow together into the solid boss that is to be seen in the case of a bull at the age of six years. In the young, the horns grow straight out from the head after the manner of a barn-yard calf, and do not show the downward curve till the second year.

The present range of the musk ox is limited to the North American continent and the outlying islands in the Arctic Ocean; it is perhaps best defined as lying to the north and east of a line drawn from the mouth of the Mackenzie river to Fort Churchill on Hudson Bay. Latitude 60° is generally accepted as its southern boundary, whilst the musk ox seems capable of existing very far north, as some are recorded to have been killed on Grinnell Land, latitude 82° 27´, within a mile of the winter quarters of H.M.S. ‘Alert,’ in July 1876, but I can find no record of any having been seen in Greenland.

Now, all these places are necessarily hard of access, and to make a successful musk-ox hunt means spending many months in northern latitudes, and undergoing the hardships and risks which Arctic explorers have found only too plentiful in crossing the Barren Ground. A mistaken theory exists among the officers of the Hudson Bay Company, that the musk ox come into the woods in the winter; but as a matter of fact the Indians have to push out far beyond the timber, hauling wood for fuel on their dog-sleighs, and as the robes are not prime till the snow has fallen and the cold is intense, it will be easily understood that the difficulty of getting out to the musk-ox country, finding a band, and hauling in the robes, is a thing to be well considered before starting. In addition to this, it must be remembered that if a party of men and dogs fail to find their game when they are far from timber, the chances are ten to one that nobody will reach the woods alive, as the caribou which roam the Barren Ground in vast herds during the summer seek the better shelter of the thick forest directly the winter sets in, and it is perfectly impossible to haul sufficient provisions for men and dogs in addition to fuel.

My personal experience of the musk ox is derived from two expeditions, one in the autumn and early winter and the other in summer, which I made with some half-breeds from Fort Resolution, a Hudson Bay trading post on the south shore of the Great Slave Lake. We left with canoes in the middle of August, and after travelling 150 miles towards the north-east end of the lake, portaged over a range of mountains on the north shore, and passing through a chain of small lakes reached the end of the dwarf timber by the middle of September. At this point, roughly three hundred miles from Resolution, we established a permanent camp, and, reduced to four in number, set out on foot into the Barren Ground, expecting to find musk ox at any time. We travelled hard towards the north, but only fell in with two solitary bulls, both of which were killed; the rutting season was just coming on, and the bulls were apparently seeking the cows. Winter was approaching, the small lakes were frozen up and the ground covered with snow; we were unprovided with dogs and all the outfit necessary for winter travel, and were forced to abandon the hunt, reaching our camp after three weeks’ absence early in October. On this journey we found the caribou plentiful, and had little trouble from short rations.

The next five weeks were passed at the edge of the woods, and it was well on in November when we started on another expedition; this time I went with a band of Yellow Knife Indians, as most of the half-breeds had deserted. Six sleighs hauled by twenty-four dogs carried a supply of firewood sufficient for three weeks with the strictest economy, and a little dried meat which was to last us till we reached the musk ox. Luckily, we had left a few meat caches on our first trip, or I think we could hardly have made a successful hunt, as men and dogs require more than the usual rations in the excessive cold which prevails in the Barren Ground during the early winter. After ten days’ fair travelling, with some delays from wind storms and the trouble of cutting the meat caches out of the ice in which we had stored them, just as we had come to the end of our provisions two bands of musk ox were discovered. By rough guessing, one band contained a hundred and the other sixty animals, bulls and cows of all ages. The usual methods of winter hunting were employed, and a wholesale slaughter began; the dogs let loose from the sleighs rounded up as many of the animals as they could hold, and, going close up, we killed them as easily as cattle at the shambles.

The musk ox took no notice of the men, and seemed to suppose that the dogs were their only danger; and it is to be presumed that by herding together in this manner they resist the attacks of wolves, which follow the caribou, and probably make an attempt on the musk ox when the more timid caribou are scarce. The animals we killed were all in good condition, and an examination of their stomachs showed that they had been feeding on the different mosses that grow in profusion in the Barren Ground. The snow had drifted away from the ridges, leaving the ground bare in many places, so that the moss was easily obtainable without pawing away the snow.

We killed over forty, as the Indians were, of course, anxious to get as many robes as they could haul, to trade for ammunition and blankets at the Fort, and after we had loaded the sleighs with skins and meat we made the best of our way back to the woods, which we reached on December 2, after various mishaps through getting lost and the dogs playing out in the soft snow. Shortly afterwards we fell in with the caribou again, and reached Fort Resolution a few days before Christmas.

The short Arctic summer was at its height when I saw the musk ox again, at the head waters of the Great Fish river, after a long and tedious journey with dog sleighs, and as we spent six weeks in the heart of the Barren Ground I had every opportunity to notice the habits of these strange animals. Between the hunting grounds of the Yellow Knives and those of the Esquimaux, farther down stream, lies a debatable land of perhaps sixty miles in width, which affords the musk ox a sanctuary, and here there were scattered bands in every direction. At this season the big bulls were usually found alone, the cows and calves keeping together in small bands of ten to twenty. Their natural increase seems to be small, and calves were scarce in proportion to the number of cows. The Indians told me that a cow only calves once in two years, and this is probably true, as among the animals that we killed for food we found none that had lost a calf.

I have often been asked whether the flesh of the musk ox is good to eat, but people do not reflect that in the north, where the supply of provisions is uncertain, any kind of food is good. A fat cow killed in the fall hardly smells or tastes of musk, and I think its flesh would be palatable anywhere; but an old bull, especially in the rutting season, is a thing to be palmed off on your neighbour if there is any choice in the matter. The flesh of the calves we found insipid, and, eaten as it was without bread or vegetables, it failed to satisfy the appetite or to keep up the strength.

In the summer the musk ox live almost entirely on the green leaves of the small willows that grow in patches in the Barren Ground, and do not in this part of the country confine themselves entirely to moss all the year round, as I have seen stated. They fatten up in a wonderful manner during the short time they have for feasting, and begin the winter in splendid condition, though, according to the Indians, they are poor enough at the time of the spring hunt in April.

In summer hunting no dogs are used, but the still more destructive method of driving the musk ox into the water is often put into practice. When a band is discovered, a convenient place is chosen for the slaughter, and piles of rocks adorned with coats and gun-covers are set up a short distance apart, at right angles to the small lake that has been selected. Men are stationed at intervals to head the animals off, while others, making a détour, start the band in the right direction. On coming to the barricade the animals are afraid to pass the line of rocks, and, seeing themselves surrounded, take to the water as their best chance. Then the little canoes are launched and the whole band is quickly exterminated. The musk ox is a poor swimmer. He seems to have some difficulty in keeping his head above water, and never leaves the land except under compulsion.

If the animals are at a long distance from water, or only one or two are required for meat, they are easily approached under cover of the rolling ground, and, being naturally of an unwary disposition, are a sure prey for the Indian if he can persuade his long muzzle-loader to go off at the right moment. It might naturally be supposed that the musk ox is being rapidly exterminated, but I doubt if this is really the case. The head of the Great Fish River has always been the summer hunting ground of the Yellow Knives; and yet their chief told me that he had never known these animals more numerous than at the present day, and certainly a great many were killed while we were waiting for the ice in the river to break up. But this is only the edge of the musk-ox country: the rocky wilderness stretches far towards the north and east to the Arctic Ocean, uninhabited except by a few wandering Esquimaux close to the coast. Into this desert the winter hunters can never penetrate, as it lies too far beyond the tree-line to admit of wood being hauled on dog-sleighs. It is true that the number of hides exported by the Hudson Bay Company is greater than it used to be, but this is easily accounted for by the fact that the robes have increased in value, and the price now paid to the Indians in the north is sufficient to encourage them to haul the skins to the Fort, instead of using them for moccasins, as was formerly the case.

In spite of the many stories that the Indians told me, and the evident dread in which they hold the musk ox, I could not see anything to justify the belief that it is a dangerous animal to attack. I never saw anything resembling a charge, although I have often been close up to a badly wounded bull on purpose to see if there was any truth in these reports. But the Indians are given to superstition, and attribute miraculous powers to the musk ox, and probably the ferocious appearance of an old bull has worked upon their timid imaginations till they are ready to believe thoroughly in these traditions.

On expeditions of this kind there is really no sport in the ordinary acceptance of the term, and under any circumstances the musk ox is so easily approached that one soon tires of the slaughter; the same thing applies to the caribou, which are sometimes found in almost incredible numbers in the Barren Ground in summer or the woods in winter. But it is never a certainty that the game will be forthcoming when most required for meat, and the knowledge that starvation, even to the last extremes, may come upon you at any time, goes far to counterbalance the tameness of the sport when once you have reached the land of plenty. Sufficient excitement and danger will always be found in penetrating the little known desert of the north to satisfy the most enthusiastic sportsman explorer.

[Illustration]

FOOTNOTES

[1] Another seems to have been evolved recently, if I may draw that inference from a highly-coloured print I see in the shop-windows intituled: ‘An African rhinoceros hunt.’ A gentleman, on a fiery rearing steed, is engaging the enemy at very close quarters, and, unless he is a left-handed gunner, on the impossible side, as he is riding in the same direction as his quarry, and at its _near_ shoulder. He may not be answerable for this position of affairs; it looks awkward, but he appears content, and holds his gun firmly by the middle, muzzle in air. The rhinoceros is the interesting figure in the picture, for he is _mailed_, like the Asiatic variety, and is either a late discovery, or an escaped specimen from the travelling show of some African Wombwell.

Rhinoceroses are puzzles to others besides artists. An old yeoman farmer, many years ago, lay dying near my house; to amuse him I sent some sketches and odds and ends, and received a message thanking me, but putting me straight as to those _two_-horned creatures being rhinoceroses; the rhinoceros had but _one_ horn, he had seen it in a book, and it was no use my saying it had two, for it hadn’t. I suggested to him that we wanderers, who went far afield for hunting and shooting, had a hand in making the books, but he wouldn’t have it, and died a firm believer in one horn.

[2] To my face the Kafirs always called me ‘Tlaga,’ which, I believe, means ‘on the look-out,’ wary, like game; behind my back, I have been told, I was called ‘Bones,’ from my leanness.

[3] I know in the representations on the medals of Faustina and of Septimius Severus the ears are African, though the bodies and heads are Indian; but these were struck nearly 400 years after Carthaginian times, when the whole known world had been ransacked by the Romans for beasts for their public shows; and I still think it possible that the Carthaginians--the great traders and colonisers of old--may have obtained elephants through some of their colonies, from India.

[4] Sir S. Baker tells me these prices are altered now, and that in 1892 elephant ivory fetches from 12_s._ to 18_s._ a pound, and hippo’s only from 5_s._ to 10_s._, as the dentists have given up using it.

[5] Mr. Wolf’s sketch does not quite bear out this statement; when he was drawing it I forgot to mention the peculiarity. I am, however, able to indicate it in the illustration, thanks to the courtesy of Mr. Caterson Smith, who altered the plate in accordance with my suggestion.

[6] I have said but little of our dogs, but they deserve mention. I never shot with them; but besides guarding the camp from surprise, they were invaluable, as in this instance, in helping us to pick up a wounded lion, or in telling us the whereabouts of a hard-hit ambushed buffalo--in this illustration the dog in the lion’s mouth was the Kafir’s, and the other two were the best I ever had (the likenesses are admirable). I have known them hold a lion at bay for nearly an hour, the larger one heading him continually, and the little rough Skye-looking fellow running in at intervals, nipping him in the rear, and then scuttling off at full speed.

[7] We _heard_ of a third antelope which was said to burrow, but we never saw it. Has any later traveller anything to say about it? or is it a myth? The Kafirs were precise enough in their description.

[8] Here, again, my description must have been defective, and Mr. Wolf had not then been introduced to Jumbo, or the forelegs of the elephants would have been longer, the backs more sloping, the ears larger, and the facial angle less; but it is a beautiful piece of drawing and reproduces the surroundings and heated atmosphere most wonderfully.

[9] Since writing the above I find this subject has been discussed by the learned, and a decision arrived at unfavourable to the oryx; but I let my remarks stand, for I do not know that anything has been said on the glyphs in profile theory: the idea was first started in my mind by a conversation with the son of a late Bishop of Jerusalem.

[10] Zereba.

[11] This was one of many disappointments from the same cause, as at the time I was using a consignment of cartridges lately received from England, out of which 45 per cent. missed fire; and after I had had rather a disagreeable encounter with an old bull-buffalo, and had twice failed to stop a charging rhinoceros, my nerve was so shaken that I gave up using the 8-bore until I had sent to the coast for and received another lot (Messrs. Eley’s) which I had left behind, and which never once failed me, although they had been in the country, and in a moist atmosphere, over two years.

[12] Since this was written the roan antelope has been killed near the coast by Mr. Jenner. It is evidently very local.

[13] The small _Celalolophus_ from Uganda has lately been described as a new species of _C. equatorialis_.

[14] It has now been verified from specimens obtained by Captain W. H. Williams, R.A.

[15] Tradition puts this bear at 1,900 lbs., but Mr. John Coles writes me that he saw the bear exhibited by a man named Adams in San Francisco; it was then said to weigh 1,500 lbs., and Mr. Coles adds, ‘I never heard any doubt expressed as to its weight.’--C. P.-W.

[16] Cf. W. Pike’s _Barren Grounds of Northern Canada_.

INDEX TO THE FIRST VOLUME

Abbot, Dr., 309

Abyssinian oribi, 299

Adda, East Africa, 170, 276, 306

Africa. _See_ East Africa and South Africa

Aigoceros niger (Harris’s black buck potoquan), 65

Alaska, game in, 348; bears, 354, 359-362; the home of the grizzly, 365; black bear, 369, 372; goats, 392; moose, 398; deer, 423

Alexander, Colonel G. D., 369

Alligators, South African, 132; killing man, 132; tricked by dogs, 133

Amazon, the, 425

America. _See_ North America

Ant, African, works of the, 109

Antelopes, South African, 41, 75; East African, 169, 186, 194, 198, 199, 230; stalking, 280; illustrative diagrams of three stalks, 281-283; list of those found in open plains and in bush, 285; eland, 286; the brindled or blue wildebeest, 289; Coke’s and Lichtenstein’s hartebeest, 290; Jackson’s hartebeest, 291; the topi, 291; Damalis Hunteri, 292; roan, 292; sable, 293; oryx, 293; the Kobus Kob, 296; lesser reedbuck, 297; Grant’s gazelle, 298; Thomson’s gazelle, 298; Peters’ gazelle, 299; oribi, 300; steinbuck, 301; waterbuck, 303; Sing-Sing, 304; greater and lesser kudu, 304; bush-buck, 306; impala, 306; L. Walleri, 307; the duyker, 308; blue buck, 309; klipspringer, 309; the paa, 310; Grave Island gazelle, 310; the sitatunga, 311; North American, 393; their approaching extinction in America, 403

Ant-hills, 109

Anthrax, 186, 217, 305

Anticosti Island, black bears in, 355

Ant-lion, the, 109

Arctic Ocean, 418, 429, 434

Argentine Republic, deer in the, 426

Arpa (Heracleum lanatum), 358

Arusha-wa-Chini, East Africa, 218, 230, 254, 277

Ashnola country, North America, 384

Askari (East African caravan soldiers), 177-181, 313

Assineboia, 394

Athi plains, East Africa, 168, 289, 312

Athi river, 169, 270, 304

Baboons, 136

Bad Lands, North America, 381

Bagamoyo, East Africa, 166

Bakaa, the (South African tribe), 74, 82, 152

Bakalahari desert, South Africa, 87, 126, 130

Ba-Katla, the (South African tribe), 47, 56, 152

Ba-Katla, valley of the, South Africa, 41

Baker, Lady, 34

Baker, Sir Samuel W., his biographical sketch of William Cotton Oswell, 26-31; urges Oswell to write his sporting career, 32; experience with the Purdey gun, 34; on elephant shooting, 81; on the price of elephant ivory, 85 note; on lions, 94, 324, 328; on native methods of snaring game, 257

Ba-Lala, the (degenerate Kafirs), 86, 100, 123

Baldwin, Captain, on bears, 373

Ba-Mungwato, the (South African tribe), 66, 71-73, 123, 152

Baobab tree (Adansonia digitata), 83

Ba-Quaina, the (South African tribe), 78, 112, 133, 135

Barolongs, the (South African tribe), 107

Barren Ground caribou (C. tarandus arcticus), 396, 418; musk ox, 430-434

Barter goods for East Africa, 179-181

Baths, portable, 162

Battery, for big game shooting, 28, 33, 155-158, 182, 219, 235, 246, 268, 273, 284, 308, 332

Ba-Wangketsi, the (South African tribe), 56, 59, 112, 135, 149

Bears, North American, 19, 21-24; various species, 351; the grizzly, 351; colour, 353; claws, 354; dens, 356; hibernation, 356; cinnamon, 355, 356, 362; food, 357-360; nocturnal habits, 357; size and weight, 360, 361; ferocity, 362; sight, 363; vitality, 364; hunting, 365-368: the black bear, 351, 353-357; price of hide, 369: use of dogs in hunting, 372; habits, 374; tracks of the grizzly and black, 374; skins, 375

Beaver, 408

Bechuana, the, as elephant hunters, 110; their mode of trapping animals in the hopo (pit), 112

Bechuanaland, 314

Bedson, Colonel, 376, 380

Bedsteads and bedding for a sporting expedition in East Africa, 162

Beetles, horned, 323

Bengal, 373

‘Big Game of North America,’ 349, 353, 392

Big game shooting, its justification, 2; wholesale slaughter, 3; qualities of a successful sportsman, 5; advantage of a knowledge of natural history, 6; hints on stalking, 8; ‘sign,’ 10; the Indian scout, 11; sighting game, 12; dealing with wounded game, 13, 15; killing and packing venison, 15; still hunting, 17, 18; language of the woods, 19; woodland shooting, 20; night shooting, 22; use of dogs, 24

Bighorn (Ovis montana), North American, its haunts, 381; stalking, 387; weight, 389

Binocular glasses, 158

Birds (African), instinct of, anecdote of, 134

Bird-Thompson, Mr., 304

Bison, North American, 376; habits and chase, 377; extinction, 403

Black bear (Ursus americanus), 351, 353-357, 369-375

Black-tail (Cervus columbianus), 419, 423

Blue buck, 309

Boers, 97; their manner of killing elephants, 111; influence over the black races, 151; English attitude towards, 151

Bomas (zerebas), 173

Boots, English shooting, 18

Borili (rhinoceros), 42, 44

Boscowitz’s store, Victoria, British Columbia, 361, 371, 375

Brayos river, North America, 369

Bridge River country, British Columbia, 391

British Columbia, bears in, 23, 347, 351, 354, 359, 369, 371, 375, 390; moose, 398; wapiti, 403; woodland caribou, 415; mule deer, 419; white-tail, 421

British Columbian Museum, 416

British Museum, 426

British South Africa Company, 333

Bubalis leucoprymnus (hartebeest), 291

Bucking horses, Cape, 105

Buffalo, South African, herds of, 41; courage, 51; baffling attack by lions, 52; its charge, 54; vengeful nature, 54; stampeding, 55; three lions attacking one, 90; its tender spot, 95; a swarm of, 96; -- East African, destroyed by anthrax, 186, 217; vitality, 203; ferocity, 214; hunting, 216; large numbers formerly, 217; habits, 218; stalking, 219-225; birds attendant on, 225; best mode of killing, 225-229; a typical instance of the animal’s cunning and ferocity, 230-235; prey for lions, 243-245, 248, 288, 322

Bul-bul, the, 197

Buphaga erythrorhyncha (birds attendant on rhinoceros), 225, 252

Bura natives (African tribe), 172

Burros, 25

Burroughs & Wellcome’s medicine chests, 163

Bush cuckoo (Centropus monachus), 197

Bush-buck, 306

Bush francolin, 197

Bushmen, locust food of, 38; digging for water, 39; advice regarding lions, 93; honesty, 101; as sportsmen, 110; powers of restraining thirst, 124; sketches of the oryx in their caves, 129; mode of boring for water, 130; capacity for absorbing water, 137; mode of stalking the ostrich, 278

Bustard (Otis kori), 167, 200

Bute Inlet, British Columbia, 392

California, 394

Camp gear, 161

Canada, game laws of, 346; moose hunting, 399; caribou, 415-418

Canada geese, 366

Cannibalism in South Africa, 146

Cape horses, 105

Cape oryx, 130

Caravan, the sportsman’s, 176; duties of the headman, 176; the soldiers, 177; the porters, 178-181; goods for barter, 179; food, 180; number of armed men required, 181; arms and ammunition, 182; gun-bearers, 183

Carbines, 182

Caribou, North American, 347, 348; woodland (C. tarandus), 396; measurements, 415; haunts, 416; character, 417; food, 417; Barren Ground (C. tarandus arcticus), 396, 418, 431, 432, 434

Caribou fly, 416

Carosses of cat-skins, 135

Cassiar, 385

Caton, Mr., 349; on the cervidæ of North America, 396, 397, 406

Cats, 135

Cayuses, 24

Celalolophus (Uganda antelope), 309, note

Central America, big game in, 425, 427

Cervus acapulcensis, 396

Cervus paludosus, 426

Chaco of Paraguay, the, deer in, 426

Champagne, use of, in cases of over-exertion, 164

Chapman’s ‘Wild Spain,’ 22

Cheetah, East African, 169, 301-303

Cheroa (East African oryx), 293

Cheyenne, 404

Chilcotin country, the, 403, 420

Chipmunks, 409

Chobé river, South Africa, 83, 143, 145, 153; slave traders on, 146

Chooi (natural salt pan), 37, 39, 126

Chukuru (rhinoceros), 45

Churchill, Lord Randolph, 327

Ciervo, the, 426, 427

Cinnamon bear, 355, 356, 362

Clarkson, Mr., 317, 318

Claytonia carolineana (Indian potato), 357

Clear Water river, Idaho, 398

Climate of East Africa, 311

Clothing for sporting, 23

Coat, sporting, 158

Cock, Mr., 107

Coke’s hartebeest, 167, 290

Coles, John, on the grizzly, 360

Collies, 24

Colorado, still hunting in, 17, 24; State protection of sheep, 346; food for bears in, 359; grizzlies, 362; antelopes, 394, 395; wapiti, 403-406; black-tail, 419, 423

Colorado river, 369

Columbian black-tailed deer (C. columbianus), 396

Compasses, 158

Coope, Jesser, 322, 323

Cooper, Frank, 385, 402

Cording’s ‘Payne-Gallwey’ waterproof, 160

Cowitchan Lake, Vancouver Island, 424

Cradock, 106

Crocodile, 86

Cuckoo, the, 197

Curtis, Colonel, 316

Dacota, North, 377

Damalis Hunteri, 292

Damalis jimela (topi), 292

Damalis senegalensis, 292

‘Deer of America,’ 396

Deer, North American, varieties of, 396; moose, 396-402; wapiti, 402-414; caribou, 415-419; mule, 419-421; white-tail, 421; black-tail, 423

Delamere, Lord, 316, 327

Diseases in East Africa, 312

Dodge, Colonel, on buffalo, 376, 378; on the wapiti, 406

Dogs used in hunting, 24, 64, 66, 69-71, 120, 123, 126, 332, 372, 430-434; native, tricking alligators, 133

Doreta, East Africa, 290

Dress, sporting, 158-161

Duck, 187

Duruma country, East Africa, 311

Duyker, 167, 285, 308, 309

Eagles, 395

East Africa, sport to-day in, 154; guns suitable, 155-158; game districts and routes, 160-172; camp gear, 161-163; stores, 163; goods for barter, 165; elephant stalking, 166-168; length of marches, 172, 173; water, 173; details of a sportsman’s caravan, 176-184; hints on stalking, 185-203; the wind, 187; early morning, 195; elephant hunting, 204-213; buffalo hunting, 214-235; the lion, his appearance, habits, and chase, 236-250; stalking and killing rhinoceros, 251, 268; hippopotamus, 269-274; giraffe, 275-277; ostrich, 277, 278; stalking antelopes, 279-284; list of antelopes, 285; eland, 286; brindled or blue wildebeest, 289; Coke’s, Lichtenstein’s and Jackson’s hartebeest, 290, 291; topi, 291; Damalis Hunteri, 292; roan antelope, 292; sable antelope, 293; oryx, 293; Kobus Kob, 296; lesser reedbuck, 297; Grant’s gazelle, 298; Thomson’s gazelle, 298; Peters’ gazelle, 299; oribi, 300; the steinbuck, 301; cheetahs, 301; waterbuck, 303; Sing-Sing, 304; greater and lesser kudu, 304; bush-buck, 306; impala, 306; L. Walleri, 307; duyker, 308; blue buck, 309; klipspringer, 309; paa, 310; Grave Island gazelle, 310; sitatunga, 311; character of climate, 311; snakes, &c., 312; expenses of an expedition, 312; lions, 315

Edgelow, Dr., 333-335, 339, 342

Edgington’s ‘Wissmann’ tent, 161

Edmonds’ menagerie, Warrington, 328

Egrets (Herodias garzetta), 225

Eland, South African, 49, 51, 107, 108; East African, 174, 190-193, 231, 286-289

Elephant, South African, guns suitable for hunting, 33; digging for water, 39; uncouth appearance and habits, 75; pitfalls for catching, 76; releasing trapped comrades, 76; wariness, 77; climbing and swimming powers, 77; size of ears and head, 78; range of habitat, 79; length of years, 79; height, 80; killing on horseback, 81; mothers and calve, 82; treeing crocodiles, 86; an experiment with fried trunk, 98; a good day’s kill, 99; Kafirs drinking water from stomach, 100; Kafirs delivering ivory, 100; Bechuana and Bushman modes of hunting, 110, 111; Boer manner of killing, 111; effects on natives of eating flesh, 116; panic-stricken, 127; baby elephant killed by lion, 128; a grand assemblage, 129; narrow escape of Oswell from charge, 140; -- East African, best shot to kill, 202; quarters in dry weather, 205; destructive pranks, 205, 206; tracking, 207; a typical hunt, 209-212; easy stalking, 212

Eley, Messrs, 268

Elgeyo, East Africa, 182, 218, 291

Elk, Irish, 402, 403

Ellwood’s Shikar hat, 160

English Bay, Kodak Island, 361

Entomological Society, the, Oswell’s lecture at, 114

Equus montanus (hill zebra), 65

Esquimaux, 434

Euphorbia-trees, 153

Express bullets, 155

Express rifle, 155-157, 192, 273, 276, 288, 289, 364, 423. _See_ Battery

Fannin, John, Curator of the British Columbian Museum, 349, 350, 392, 415

Fever, 174

Florican (Otis canicollis), 186, 197

Foot-gangers (locusts), 38

Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake, 430, 432

Francolin (F. coquei), 174, 186, 197

Frazer river, British Columbia, 351, 382, 386

Frere Town, 310

Galapagos Islands, 426

Galla country, 290, 293, 299

Gama (C. campestris), 426, 427

Gazella Grantii, 199-201, 255, 278, 282, 293, 298, 299

Gazella Petersi, 299

Gazelles, East African, 167, 186, 199-201, 255, 278, 282, 293, 298, 299, 310

Geddes, Mr., 330

Gedge, Mr., 217, 273, 290, 293, 296, 311

Geese, East African, 187; Canada, 366

Gemsbok (Oryx capensis), 129, 130

Geographical Society of Paris, award medal to Oswell, 114

Gérard, M., on lions, 94

Gerenook (Lithocranius Walleri) 285

Ghazu colorado (South American deer), 427

Ghazu vira (South American swamp deer), 427

Gibbs, George, of Bristol, 332

Giraffe, South African, 48, 84, 108; East African, 174; haunts, 275, 276; effect of eating its meat, 275, 276

Glendive, Missouri, 376

Glossina morsitans (tsétsé fly), 113

Gnus, 41

Goat, Rocky Mountain (Haploceros montanus), 390-392

Golbanti (Tana river), 170

Gordon Cumming, 30, 314

Gourd, the bitter desert, 136

Graham, Captain (resident magistrate of Umtali), 319, 333-335, 339

Grant, Captain, 304

Grant’s gazelle. _See_ Gazella Grantii

Grass antelope, 301

Grass fires, 40

Grave Island gazelle (N. moschatus), 310

Great Fish river, 432, 434

Great Lakes, North America, 369

Great Slave Lake, Canada, 378, 430, 432

Greater kudu, 304

Greenfield, T. W. H., 245

Greenland, 430

Grinnell Land, 430

Grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis), the, 351; colour and shape, 353; claws, 354; den of, 356; hibernation, 356; food, 357-360; nocturnal habits, 357; size and weight, 360, 361; ferocity, 362; sight, 363; vitality, 364; hunting in Alaska, 365-368; 417, 418

Guanaco, 425, 426

Guinea-fowl (Numida coronata), the, 174, 186, 197

Gulu Gulu, East Africa, 293

Gun-bearers, native, 183

Gunnison, Colorado, 394

Guns. _See_ Battery

Hantam horses, 106

Harris, Sir W. Cornwallis, on South African big game shooting, 36; on lions, 94; on the plenitude of game in South Africa, 314

Harris’s black buck potoquan, 65

Hartebeest, the, 41, 50, 166, 167, 174, 231, 283, 287; Coke’s, 290; Jackson’s, 291; Lichtenstein’s, 290

Harting, J. E., 351, 378

Hartley Hills, Mashonaland, 329, 333, 337, 342

Harvey, Sir Robert, 242, 278, 300, 308

Head-dress, 160

Headman, duties of, to a sporting expedition in East Africa, 176; 313

Herodias garzetta (egret), 225

Hibbs, Mr., on the moose, 397

Hill zebra (Equus montanus), 65

Hippopotamus, South African, the, 84; a battue, 85; tusks, 85; mode of hunting by natives, 112, 113; -- East African, 169; haunts, 269; food, 270; its shooting considered as a sport, 271; cunning, 272

Hippotragus Bakeri, 292

Hobley, Mr., 304

Holland & Holland, 157, 284

Hope Mountains, North America, 355

Hopo (pit), for trapping wild animals, 112

Horn of the rhinoceros, 45

Horses, sickness of, 87; value of, in African sporting, 103; number required for a shooting expedition, 104; price, 106; used in hunting big game, 185

Hottentots, 72

Hudson Bay, 418, 429

Hudson Bay Company, 369, 370, 430, 434

Hudson, Mr., on South American game, 426, 427

Humpies (Onchorhynchus gorbuscha), 360

Hunter, H. C. V., 209, 277, 292, 300

Hunter’s antelope, 169

Hyænas, 43, 108, 195, 238

Idaho, 398; wapiti in, 403

Imitation ostrich, 278

Impala (antelope), 169, 174, 230, 231, 306, 325

Indian scouts, 11; secret of their success, 13; mode of packing venison, 15

Interpreters, 313

Ishah (steinbuck), 301

Jackals, 75, 108, 196

Jackson, F. J., on stalking the rhinoceros, 3; on the battery for sporting in East Africa, 155-158; on dress, 158-161; on camp gear, 161-163; on stores, 163-165; on game districts and routes, 166-175; on the caravan and its adjuncts, 176-184; his hints on stalking and driving, 185-203; stalking bull eland, 190-193; driving antelope, 198-200; device of the imitation ostrich, 200; on where to place the shot, 202; hunting elephants, 205; in a typical elephant hunt, 208; in company with Mr. Hunter, 209-213; shooting buffalo, 214-230; a buffalo hunt in the Arusha-wa-Chini district, 230-235; lion killing, 236-250; personal experiences of the rhinoceros, 251-268; views on hippo-hunting, 269-274; on ostriches and giraffes, 275-278; description of East African antelopes, 279-311; on the climate of East Africa, 311

Jackson’s hartebeest, 166, 291

Jaguar, South American, 426, 427

James, H. A., 421

Jenner, Mr., 292, note

Jilori, East Africa, 270

John (Selous’ waggon driver), 335-343

John Thomas (Oswell’s Africander servant), sketch of his career, 56-59; sporting incidents connected with, 68, 69, 70, 80, 88, 98, 99, 104, 124, 127, 135

Johnson, Frank, 333, 334

Johnson & Co.’s stores, Mashonaland, 333, 342

Jones, Mr., attacked by a lioness, 318

Joyce’s copper caps, 126

Kafirs, South African, their eating powers, 41, 83; use of the horn of the rhinoceros, 45; rain doctors, 46; idea of a sportsman, 48; heroism of a woman, 48; fear of buffaloes, 50; their devotion, 57; mode of entrapping elephants, 76; kindness in camp, 96; honesty, 100; drinking water from elephants’ stomachs, 100; recuperative power from wounds, 121; gratitude, 122; their kraals, 135

Kahe, East Africa, 227, 309

Kalahari country, South Africa, 80, 110

Kalahari desert, 152, 314

Kampi ya Simba, East Africa, 263

Kapite plains, East Africa, 168

Karki cloth, 158

Kati, Matabeleland, 329

Kau (on the Ozi), 170, 269

Kavirondo, East Africa, 182, 270, 274, 296, 299, 308

Kegl, Count E. de, 237

Kennedy, Admiral, on South American game, 425-427

Kiboko (hippopotamus), 269

Kiboso, East Africa, 209

Kibwezi, Ukambani, 260

Kidong valley, East Africa, 223

Kidudwe, East Africa, 293

Kifaru (rhinoceros), 251

Kikavo river, East Africa, 167

Kikuyu, East Africa, 205

Kilimanjaro, game at and near, 155, 168, 174, 200, 201, 205, 209, 238, 245, 258, 277, 289, 290, 293, 297, 299, 303, 307, 309

Kimangelia, 181

King of the beasts, the true, 74

Kingfisher (Halcyon chelicutensis), 197

Kipini, East Africa, 269

Kisigao, East Africa, 170, 238, 276, 286, 304

Klipspringer (antelope), 309

Knickerbockers, 159

Kobus Kob (antelope), 296

Kolobeng, South Africa, Livingstone’s station, 119, 126, 132, 144

Kongoni (hartebeest), 231, 290

Koodoo, South African, 316

Kootenay country, the, North America, 376

Koro-koro, East Africa, 269

Kudu, greater and lesser, 169, 276, 304, 305

Kungu (lesser kudu), 304

Kuru (waterbuck), 303

Kuruman (Moffat’s station), 37, 40, 152

Lachmé (tame elephant), 79

Laings Nek, 151

Lake Baringo, East Africa, 169, 182, 197, 217, 270, 271, 286, 290, 291, 299, 304, 306

Lake Elmateita, East Africa, 306

Lake Jipi, East Africa, 270, 297

Lake Kamadou, South Africa, 109, 113, 122, 126, 153

Lake Naivasha, East Africa, 217, 270, 291, 298, 306, 312

Lake Nakuro, East Africa, 286

Lake ’Ngami, South Africa, 27, 54, 57, 114, 119, 122, 124, 126, 131, 149, 152

Lake Rudolph, East Africa, 277

Lake Ruzenwori, East Africa, 205

Lampson, C. M., & Co., 370, 375

Lampson, Sir George, 368

Lamu, East Africa, 170, 218, 292, 300, 309, 310

Langora, East Africa, 172, 276

Le Mawé, South Africa, 119

Leché (antelope), 122

Lee, Hans (Boer hunter), 327

Leggings, 160

Leopards, South African, 136

Lesser kudu, effect of eating its meat, 276; 304, 305

Lesser reedbuck, 297

Lichtenstein’s hartebeest, 290

Limpopo, the, 80, 83, 88, 100, 110, 115, 131

Lion, South African, native mode of killing, 47; Livingstone’s adventure, 47; a woman’s courage with a lioness, 48; attacking buffaloes, 52, 90; killing oxen in camp, 64, 66; bayed by dogs, 64, 69; Mr. Oswell’s narrow escape from, 69; the question of its courage or cowardice, 92, 315-319; fear of man, 93; not so formidable as the North African, 94; quickness and strength, 94; cries and bark, 98; at a typical breakfast, 108; Oswell’s encounter again with one, 119; fear of the horse for, 120; attack on a Kafir, 121; starving, 122; chasing oxen, 127; killing baby elephant, 128; maneless, 131; instances of its boldness and ferocity, 319, 320; dangerous nature of old animals, 320; not a clean feeder, 321; burying paunch and entrails of prey, 322, 323; cannibalism, 323; mode of killing prey, 324; physical appearance, 327; mane, 327; weight of, 328; measurements of, 329; its roar, 331; behaviour when wounded, 332; guns for killing, 332; Selous’ kill of the largest in his experience, 333-344; -- East African, stalking eland, 191; conduct when wounded, 215; his ‘kingly’ title questioned, 236; appearance, 236; habits, 237; attacking camps, 238; attacks on man, 239-242; charging, 242; the maneless, 243; animals on which he preys, 243-245; signs of presence, 245; instances of want of courage, 246-250

Lithocranius Walleri, 307

Livingstone, David, 26; relations with Oswell, in lake exploration, 27; as a companion, 34; with the Bushmen, 38; station at Mabotsé, 40, 95, 97; misadventure with a lion, 47; dealing with timid natives, 57; on Oswell’s escape from a lioness, 71; his Bechuana headman, 73; meat-eating powers, 83;

## parting with Oswell, 87;

on native mode of killing hippopotamus, 113; with Sechélé at Kolobeng, 119; journey to Lake ’Ngami and Zambesi, 125; observation of instinct in a bird, 134; character, 142; interview with Sebitoani, 144; astonishes Sebitoani by a written message, 144; Sebitoani narrates his career to him, 145; meets with slave traders, 147

Livingstone, Mrs., 47, 87, 126

Lo Bengula, 327

LO Magondi’s, South Africa, 320

Locusts, 37

Loder, Sir Edmund, 80

Lumi river, East Africa, 258, 308

Lupapi spring, 66, 71

Luhoshé (a tuber), 130

Lykepia, 205, 218, 291, 312

Lyman sight, the, 21

Mabotsé, Livingstone’s mission station, 47, 48, 87, 97

Machako’s, East Africa, 168, 242, 243, 260, 261, 270, 277, 289, 297-299, 301

M’Kameni, East Africa, 172,174

Mackenzie river, 396, 429

Mackinnon, Dr., 223, 239, 245, 261, 289

Macoba (South African tribe), the 144

Macoun, Professor, 358

Mahalisberg, South Africa, 97

Mahoho (R. simus), 42-44, 87, 98, 101

Maji Chumvi, East Africa, 290, 293

Majuba, 151

Makololo, the, 146

Mambari (half-caste Portuguese slave-dealers), 150

Mambrui, East Africa, 300

Maminas (sucking holes), 131

Manda Island, East Africa, 310

Manica, 322

Marabou storks, 245

Marauka’s kraal, Mashonaland, 319

Marches, length of, in East Africa, 172, 173

Mariqué river, South Africa, 88, 95, 96, 115

Martini rifles, 273

Masai country, the, 173, 180, 186, 237, 243, 245, 277, 299, 304

Masai warriors (El Moran), 181, 239

Masailand, 245

Mashonaland, its colonising prospects, 150, 151; game in, 315, 316, 318, 319, 320, 329, 331, 333

Matabeleland, 327

Matabili, the, circumvented by Sebitoani, 145

Mathews, General Lloyd, 290

Matschi, Dr., 291, 292

Mau, East Africa, 205, 218, 306, 312

‘Maungu march,’ character of the, 171, 180

Mboga (buffalo), 214

Mbuyu (water calabash), the, 178

Mbwara (bush-buck), the, 306

Medicine chests, 163

Medicine for African expeditions, 163

Melindi, East Africa, 270

Merereni, East Africa, 170, 270, 278, 292, 293, 299, 300, 304, 305, 307, 310

Meritsani, the, South Africa, 40

Metford rifle, 332

Mexico, Northern, 378

Mianzini, East Africa, 312

Miasma, 163

Mimosa-trees, 276, 277

Mirage in the desert, 39, 125

Mississippi river, 369

Mitati, East Africa, 238

Moccasins, 18

Mochi, East Africa, 166

Moffat, Mrs., 40

Moffat, Rev. Robert, 26, 40

Molela shoquan (hawk), 39

Molopo river, South Africa, 37, 40, 43, 65, 152, 153

Mombasa, 159, 163, 165, 170, 171, 179, 180, 204, 237, 274, 290, 301, 310

Mongoose, the, 196

Montana, panther in, 351; buffalo, 377; moose, 398; wapiti, 403, 414

Moose, 396; habitat, 396; weight, 396; size, 397; State protection of, 398; haunts, 398; hunting, 398; calling, 399-401

Morley, North America, 385

Mosquito curtains, 162

Mount Elgon, East Africa, 205, 212, 218, 292, 299, 309

Mount Kenia, East Africa, 205, 218, 291, 309

Mount Kisigao, East Africa, 170, 238, 276, 286, 304

Mount Maungu, East Africa, 171, 172, 286

Mount Pika-pika, East Africa, 170

Mount Ruwenzori, East Africa, 309

Mountain buffalo, 378, 379

Mountain duyker (Cephalolophus spadix), 285, 309

Mpecatoni, East Africa, 270

Mpofu (eland), 286

Mto Chumvi, East Africa, 276

Mto Ndai, East Africa, 276

Mule deer (C. macrotis), 396; haunts and habits, 419; antlers, 421; weight, 421

Mumia’s, Upper Kavirondo, 274, 296

Murray, Mr., of Lintrose (Oswell’s sporting companion), incidents connected with, 27, 34, 36, 40, 41, 48, 51, 53, 67, 84-88, 119, 120, 123

Musk ox (Ovibos moschatus), 428; dimensions, 429; present range, 429; hunting, 430-434; its flesh, 432; food, 433

Myers, A. C., 380

Mwanga, of Uganda, 274

Naàri (buffalo), 90

’Nakong (antelope), 122, 123

National Park, Texas, 394

Natural History Museum, South Kensington, 329

‘Naturalist on La Plata,’ 426, 427

Ndara, East Africa, 170-172, 286, 304

Ndi, East Africa, 276, 286

Ndovu (elephant), 204

Neapara (headman), the, 176

Nelson, Mr., of Oologs Poort, 106

Neotragus Kirkii, 242

Newmann, A. H., 271

Ngaboto, East Africa, 299, 310

Ngruvu (duyker), 308

Night shooting, 22

Nightjar, the, 197

Njemps, East Africa, 169, 290, 299

Njiri plains, East Africa, 181, 218

Norfolk jacket for sporting, 158

North America, caribou in, 347; panther, 348; grizzly bear, 351-369; black bear, 369-375; bison, 376-380; bighorn, 381-389; Rocky Mountain goat, 390-392; pronghorn antelope, 393-395; moose, 396-402; wapiti, 402-414; woodland caribou, 415-418; Barren Ground caribou, 418; mule deer, 419; musk ox, 428-435

Nswala (impala), 306

Numida coronata (guinea-fowl), 197; ptilorhyncha, 197

Nyati (buffalo), 214

Nyumbo (brindled or blue wildebeest), 289

Nzoi, East Africa, 276, 301

Nzoia river, East Africa, 169, 270, 272, 296, 299

Okanagau, British Columbia, 423

Olympian Range, Washington Territory, wapiti in, 403, 404

Ontario, moose in, 398

Oologs Poort farm, South Africa, 106

Orange river, South Africa, 36, 37

Oregon, bear in, 369, 370; antelopes, 394; wapiti, 403

Oribi, 169; Abyssinian, 299; East African, 300

Oryx beisa, 293

Oryx collotis, 174, 294

Oryx, East African, stalking, 281, 293-296; Syrian, 129

Ostrich, 167; stalking, 198, 200, 201; driving, 231; haunts, 277; the imitation, 278; South American, 425

Oswell, William Cotton, biographical sketch of, 26; relations with Livingstone, 27; receives medal of French Geographical Society, 27, 114; character, 27; personal appearance, 28; battery used by him, 28, 33; on animal slaughter, 34; summary of his African experiences, 34; first African expedition, 36; joins Mr. Murray of Lintrose, 36; on the locust, 38; Moffat’s hospitality to him, 40; in a grass fire, 40; first kill of a rhino, 42; on the rhinoceros, 45; the giraffe, 48; the buffalo, 50; close encounters with buffaloes, 53; meeting with John Thomas, 56; bush night adventure, 60; his Kafir name, 63, note; repelling night attack of lions, 67; encounters with lions, 68-71; reception by Secomi, 71; hunting elephants, 74-87; astonished at Livingstone’s meat-eating, 83; first sight of hippopotami, 84; second expedition to South Africa, 88; joins Major Vardon, 88; on lions, 92; meeting with Boers, 97; on the cooking of pachydermata, 98; tries water from an elephant’s stomach, 100; charged by a rhinoceros, 102; loss of his horse Stael, 103; on horses for African sporting, 104; another night adventure, 107; description of a typical African breakfast, 108; on ants, 109; on Bushmen and Bechuana as hunters, 110; on the tsétsé fly, 113; lectures before Entomological Society, 114; tossed by a rhino, 116; encounter with a lion, 119; gratitude shown him by a wounded Kafir, 121; joins Livingstone again, 123; difficulty with Secomi, 123; deceived by mirage, 125; description of a camp stampede, 127; lion killing, 127; sights a big herd of elephants, 129; shooting maneless lions, 132; meets an inefficient sportsman, 133; anecdote of dogs and alligators, 133; observation of bird instinct, 134; meets Mr. Webb and Captain Shelley, 135; on leopards and baboons, 136; narrow escape from an elephant, 139; his opinion of Livingstone, 142; introduced to Sebitoani, 143; alarms the Macoba with a burning-glass, 144; Sebitoani visits him and relates his life, 145; on African colonisation, 150; on the Boers, 151

Otters, 137

Ovis montana, 381

Oxen, South African, 127, 149

Ozi river, East Africa, 170, 269

Paa (N. Kirkii), 309, 310

Pacific coast, 423

Packing boxes, 164

Pagazi (East African porters), 177-181

Paget, Colonel Arthur, 316, 327, 330

Pala-hala (sable antelope), 293

Pampas, the, 425-427

Pan Handle country, Texas, 380

Pangani river, East Africa, 290

Panther, 15; American (Felis concolor), 348-351

Paradox gun, 21, 157, 284, 364, 365, 368. _See_ Battery

Paraguay, 425

Patagonia, 425

Patta Island, East Africa, 300

Payne-Gallwey waterproof, the, 160

Pemba, East Africa, 310

Perry, Mr., on the North American panther, 349, 350; on the puma, 426

Phillipps-Wolley, Clive, on big game and its habitat, in North America, 346-424

Piet, his adventure with a buffalo, 54

Pike, Arnold, 24, 365-368, 385, 395, 405

Pike, Warburton, 378, 418, 419

Pitsi (horse), 124

‘Plains of the Great West,’ 378, 406

Polar bear (Ursus maritimus), 352, 356

Porcupine, 196

Porters, East African, 177-181, 275, 313

Posho (food), 176, 313

Potoquan (Harris’s black buck), 65

Pringle, Capt. J. W., R.E., 242, 260

Pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana), 393-395

Puma, American, 349, 426

Pungwe river, East Africa, 315, 320, 330, 331

‘Pup’ (sporting collie), 25

Purdey 10-bore, 33

Purdey & Co., 28

Quagga, 40, 60, 75, 84, 93, 112, 315

Quail, 187

Quain, Sir Richard, 114

Quebaaba (R. Oswellii), 42, 44

Quebec province, 398

Rain doctors, African, 46

Rainfall in South Africa, 39

Rainsford, Dr., on North American bears, 353

Ramazan (gun-bearer), 264, 266, 276, 287, 288

Ratel, the, 196

Red ants, 109

Red deer, Scotch, 403, 404

Red duyker (Cephalolophus Harveyi), 285, 308

Reedbuck, lesser, 297

Remedies for snake-bites, 312

Rhea, South American, 425

Rhinoceros, South African, 41, 42; rapid extinction, 44; its horn, 45; habits, 45; attendant bird, 46, 252; shooting, 84, 95; Oswell’s horse killed by, 101; Oswell’s narrow escape from, 117; -- East African, 169; vitality, 203; charges, 214; range of habitat, 251; character, 251; easy stalking, 253; native fear of, 257; bush feeders, 258; saved by sentinel birds, 257, 258; how to kill, 261; fights between, 263

Rhinoceros africanus, 43; bicornis, 251, 315; keitloa, 43, 44, 251; simus, 315

Rhinoceros attendant birds, 46, 252, 257, 258

Rio Colorado, 426

Ripon Falls (Nile), 270

Roan antelope, 292

Rocky Mountain goat (Haploceros montanus), habitat, 390, 391; stalking, 391; measurement, 392

Rocky Mountains, buffalo in, 378; bighorn, 381, 384; goats, 390-392; moose, 397

Rombo plains, East Africa, 200, 245, 298

Rooyebuck, 60

Rooyen, Cornelius van, 327

Sabaki river, East Africa, 270, 291, 293, 300, 304

Sable antelope, 293

Sacoclè mountain, Alaska, 367

Sadala (tent-boy), 276

Safari (caravan), 176

St. Lawrence river, 369, 396, 397

Sala (Gazella Petersi), 299

Sala or Swara (Grant’s gazelle), 298

Salisbury, Mashonaland, 318, 333, 336

Salmon, 360, 366

Salmon river, Vancouver Island, 407

Sambur leather leggings, 160

San Francisco, grizzly of, 360

San Juan, Straits of, 392

Sand-grouse (Pterocles decoratus), 186, 197

Sasaybye, the, 50

Saskatchewan, the, 378

S-cheeked curb-bits, 105

Schoverling & Daly, of New York, 414

Sclater, Mr. (Secretary of the London Zoological Society), 351

Scotch red deer, 403, 404

Scotland, 426

Sebitoani (South African chief), 114, 143; narrates his career to Livingstone, 145; encounters a cannibal race, 146; compact with slave traders, 148,149

Sechélé (South African chief), 119

Sechuana language, 116, 124, 147

Secomi (chief of the Ba-Mungwato), 72, 73, 123

Selous, F. C., 4; on the rhinoceros, 251; on the characteristics of, and on hunting the South African lion, 314-345

Serotli, Bushman sucking holes of, 152

Sesheké plains, South Africa, 122

Seton Karr, H., 385

Sharp’s rifle, 377, 380

Shelley, Captain, 134, 135

Shikar cloth, 158

Shoes, for sporting, 160

Shooting, deadly, 202; positions, 261

Sigarari plains, East Africa, 299

‘Sign,’ sporting, 10

Siloquana hills, South Africa, 113, 115

Simba (lion), 236, 238

Simbo river, South Africa, 337

Similkameen country, British Columbia, 421

Sing-Sing (antelope), 304

Siringeti plains, East Africa, 172, 286

Sitatunga (Tragelaphus Spekei), the, 311

Siwash (North American Indian hunter), 367, 386, 398

Skulloptin (land of the roaring wind), 383

Slave traders in South Africa, 147

Smith, Caterson, 91, note

Snake-bites, 312

Snakes, in East Africa, 312

Sniders, 182

Snipe, 187

Sogonoi hills, East Africa, 304

Solar topees, 160

Somali country, 182, 185, 292, 293, 307

Somaliland, 316, 320, 327

Somerville, Mr., 338

Soudan, the, 253

South Africa, former abundance of game in, 55; cannibalism in, 146; slave trading, 147; swapping a native woman for a dressing-gown, 147; oxen, 149

South African buffaloes. _See_ Buffaloes

South African elephants. _See_ Elephants

South African hippopotamus. _See_ Hippopotamus

South African lions. _See_ Lions

South African rhinoceros. _See_ Rhinoceros

South America, big game in, 425-427

South Kensington Museum, London, 428

Spence, Dr., 114

Speke, Captain, 304

Spirits, use of, 164

Spitzbergen reindeer, 417

‘Sport and Photography in the Rockies,’ 407

‘Sporting Sketches in South America,’ 425

Springbucks, 37, 41

Springkhän Vogel, the (locust bird), 38

Spur fowl (Pternestes infuscatus), the, 197

Squirrels, 196, 409

Stael (Oswell’s horse), death of, 102, 103

Stalking, 8; in the early morning, 188, 194, 195; stratagem of the imitation ostrich, 198, 200, 201

Stanley, Lady Alice, 380

Steinbuck, 174, 301

Stickeen river, Alaska, 365

Still hunting, 17, 18, 24

Stockings, 159, 160

Stores, &c., 163

Storks, 245

Straits of Magellan, 426

Sucking-holes, 39, 152

Suk country, East Africa, 182,212, 218, 223, 245, 257, 286, 299, 310

Sumas, New Westminster district, 371

Superior (Oswell’s horse), death of, 53

Swahili, the, 269, 277, 286, 287

Swanapool, his adventure with a lioness, 318

Sweaters, boating, 161

Syami (a Bechuana), 73

Syria, the oryx in, 129

Taha (Abysinian oribi), 299

Taka, East Africa, 300

Tana river, East Africa, 169, 170, 182, 186, 218, 269, 270, 292, 293, 303, 304, 307

Taru, East Africa, 171, 172

Taveta, East Africa, 166, 167, 172, 174, 181, 227, 258, 270, 276, 286, 304, 308, 310

Taya (East African oribi), 300

Teale, Mr., killed by a lion, 319

Teita, East Africa, 170-172, 174, 180, 238, 276, 286, 304, 306, 309

Telegraph Creek, Alaska, 365

Tembo (elephant), 204

Tent-pitching, 173

Tents, 161

Teoge river, South Africa, 122

Teregeza (a double march in Africa), 173, 239

Teton Basin, North America, 397

Texas, National Park, 394

Thomson’s gazelle, 167, 298

Tigers, 94

Tlaga (Oswell’s Kafir name), 63, 110, 125

Tobacco, indulgence in, in stalking, 188

Tod (a dog), 65

Toi (lesser reedbuck), 297

Tolman, J. C., 361

Tope (Damalis senegalensis), 169

Topi (Damalis jimela), 291, 292

Tortoise, 96

Transvaal, the, 314

Trinity river, North America, 369

Tsavo river, East Africa, 299, 304

Tsétsé fly (Glossina morsitans), 113, 147, 150, 185, 186

Tula island, East Africa, 170

Tunga’s, Kavirondo, East Africa, 308

Tûr, Caucasian, 388

Turkwel, East Africa, big game in, 212, 218, 223, 245, 255, 257, 286, 291, 292, 299, 304, 306, 309

Tusks, elephant, 80; hippopotamus, 85

Tyhee salmon (O. chouicha), 360

Uganda, 185, 206, 217, 260, 272, 274, 290, 291, 304, 311

Ukambani, East Africa, 168, 237, 242, 245, 301, 305

Ulsters for sporting expeditions, 161

Umba river, East Africa, 291

Umfuli river, Mashonaland, 327, 334, 337

’Umsilegas, 145

Umtali, Mashonaland, 319, 320, 322

United States, game laws of, 346

Ursus labiatus, 373

Ursus Richardsonii (Alaskan grizzly), 352

Ursus tibetanus, 373

Useri, East Africa, 181, 289, 293, 298

Useri river, 294, 299

Valises for a sporting expedition, 162

Van Dyke, Mr., 349; his ‘Still Hunter,’ 20

Vancouver Island, 350, 355, 369-371, 374, 381; wapiti in, 403, 404, 405, 407, 423, 424

Vanga, East Africa, 170, 276

Vardon, Major Frank, 34; audacious treatment of a mahoho, 44; narrow escape from a giraffe, 49; his meeting with Oswald, 89; Oswald’s opinion of him, 89; his impressions of the Dutch language, 97; an enthusiastic rhinoceros hunter, 98; his account of Oswald’s narrow escape from a rhino, 103; sends specimens of tsétsé fly to England, 113; his skill at rhinoceros hunting, 116; returns to England, 119; interviews an incapable lion hunter, 133

Venadillo (South American deer), 427

Victoria, British Columbia, 372, 423

Victoria Nyanza, 169, 297, 311

Virginian or white-tailed deer (C. virginianus), 396

Vonk (Oswell’s pony), 107

Vultures, 108, 245, 246

Wa Nandi (East African tribe), 182

Wa Pokomo boatmen, 170

Wa Taveta (East African tribe), 169

Waganda (East African tribe), 297

Wait-a-bits, 29

Wakamba (East African tribe), 169

Waller’s gazelle, 169

Wami river, East Africa, 291, 293

Wangketsi (South African tribe), 64

Wapiti (Cervus canadensis), 15, 395; size of antlers, 402; haunts, 403; rutting season, 405; food, 405; size and weight, 406, 407; habits, 407; name, 408; stalking, 409-413; heads, 414

Wapokomo (East African tribe), 269, 270

Ward, Rowland, cited, 379, 385, 395, 418, 423, 424

Ward, Rowland, & Co., 429

Wart-hogs, 174, 200, 284, 325

Washington Territory, 369, 370, 381, 403

Water in East Africa, 172, 173, 201

Waterbuck, the, 89, 122, 169, 230, 231, 303

Water calabash, the, 178

Water-holes, 201, 202

Waterproofs in a sporting expedition, 160

Water-tins, 172

Webb, W. F., of Newstead Abbey, 31, 135

Wells, Sam (meat hunter), 404, 408, 410, 412

Weri-weri river, East Africa, 167, 230, 303

Westley-Richards 12-bore, 33

White-tail (C. virginianus), habitat and haunts, 421; weight and head, 423

‘Wild Beasts and their Ways,’ 257, 324, 328

Wild cattle, 425, 426

Wild dogs, 71

Wildebeest, 60, 93, 112; brindled or blue, 289

Williams, Capt. W. H., R.A., 311

Williamson, Andrew, on wapiti, 406, 407

Willoughby, Sir John, 293

Wilson (a trader), killing lions with Oswell, 132

Winchester rifle, 182, 361

Wind, the, in East Africa, 187

Winnipeg, 376

Wissmann tent, the 161

Witu, 309

Wolf, Joseph (artist), his sketches, 32, 91 note, 129 note

Wolseley valise, the, 162

Wolverton, Lord, his bag of lions in Somaliland, 316, 327

Wood buffalo, 379

Wood, Mr., 317

Woodland caribou (C. tarandus), 396; size and weight, 415; haunts, 416; food, 417

Wrangel, Alaska, 361, 362, 365

Wrey, G. B., 414

Wyoming, 351; moose in, 398; wapiti, 402, 403

Yellow Knife Indians, 431, 432, 434

Yellowly, William, of South Shields, 328

Yellowstone Park, 376

Zacateca (mountain buffalo), the, 378

Zambesi, the, 43, 83, 109, 122, 150, 152, 315

‘Zambesi and its Tributaries,’ Livingstone’s, 27

Zanzibar, 159, 165, 204, 310

Zanzibari porters, 275

Zebras, 167, 174, 194, 203, 231, 242-246, 284, 287, 321

Ziwa, the, East Africa, 297

Ziwi-wa-tatu, East Africa, 172

Ziwi Butzuma, East Africa, 172

Zoological Gardens, London, 275

Zouga river, South Africa, 76, 80, 126, 131, 153

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