Chapter XV

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Lewis’s “Wild Races of South-eastern India.”

Grote’s “History of Greece,” Vol. II.

Mallery: “American Association Reports,” 1877.

Hochelaga.

Morgan: “Contribution to N. A. Ethnology,” Vol. IV, p. 119.

“Luis Hernando De Biedman,” and “A Gentleman of Elvas,” both translated in “Historic Collections of Louisiana,” Vol. II.

“Historical Collections of Louisiana,” Vol. I, p. 61.

Morgan’s “Contribution to N. A. Ethnology,” Vol. IV, p. 114.

Read Capt. John Smith, “Hist. of Virginia;” also “Mass. Hist. Col.,” Vol. VIII, of the third series.

Consult “The Mounds of the Mississippi Valley,” by Lucian Carr, of the Kentucky Graphical Survey, where this subject is fully treated, and copious quotations given.

Morgan’s “Ancient Society,” p. 526.

Bandelier’s “Fifth Annual Report, Arch. Inst.,” p. 60.

“Charlevoix’s Travels in North America,” p. 241.

Fourth Annual Report of Peabody Museum, and from information furnished me by the U.S. Bureau of Ethnology.

“The custom of palisading appears to have been general among the northern tribes.”—Brackenridge’s “Views of Louisiana,” p. 182.

“Views of Louisiana,” p. 183.

“Archæology Americanæ,” Vol. I., p. 145.

“Views of Louisiana,” p. 182.

Carr: “Mounds of the Mississippi Valley,” p. 78.

Quoted from Brinton, _Am. Antiq.,_ Oct., 1881.

Hist. Col. of Louisiana, Vol. II., p. 105.

“Mounds of the Mississippi Valley,” p. 90.

“Expedition to Florida,” p. 15.

Shea’s “Early Voyages on the Mississippi,” p. 135. “Historical Collections of Louisiana,” Vol. I., p. 61. Quoted from Cyrus Thomas in _American Antiquarian,_ March, 1884.

See article by Cyrus Thomas, of the Bureau of Ethnology, in _American Antiquarian,_ March, 1884.

“History of Louisiana,” Lond., 1763, Vol. II., pp. 188 and 211.

Father Le Petit: Note, p. 142. “Hist. Col. Louisiana,” Vol. III.

“Hist. of the Five Nations,” Introduction, p. 16.

Smithsonian Contribution to Knowledge, No. 259, p. 15; “Mounds of the Mississippi Valley,” p. 87.

“Notes on Virginia,” p. 191.

Catlin’s “North American Indians,” p. 95.

Foster’s “Prehistoric Races of the U.S.,” p. 346.

Pueblo Chettro-kettle, Chaco Cañon.

“Geographical and Geological Survey of the Territories,” Hayden, 1876, p. 440. Calculations made by Mr. Holmes.

Brinton’s “Floridian Peninsula,” p. 21. We think, however, this statement requires to be taken with some allowance. Personal liberty seems to have been the birthright of every Indian. (“Mounds of the Mississippi Valley,” Carr, p. 24.) The council of the tribe is the real governing body of all people in a tribal state of society. (“Ancient Society,” Morgan.) When the war-chief united in his person priestly powers also, he at once became an object of greater interest. This explains why the government of the chiefs among all the Southern Indian tribes appears so much more arbitrary than among the northern tribes. His real power was probably much the same in both cases, but superstition had surrounded his person with a great many formalities. The early explorers, acquainted only with the arbitrary governments of Europe, saw in all this despotic powers whereas there might not have been much foundation for this belief.

“Traditions of Decodah,” Pidgeon. Carr, “Mounds of the Mississippi Valley,” p. 70.

“Indian Migrations,” _American Antiquarian,_ April, 1883.

Mr. Hale suggests that copper was the gold of the North American Indians, and that the “golden city” simply means a city or town where they knew how to work copper. It is well known that the mound building tribes had such knowledge, at least they knew how to work native copper.

This tradition was first made known by Heckwelder, a missionary among the Delawares, in his “History of the Indian Nations.” It is repeated at much greater length, and with additional

## particulars, in a paper read by Mr. E. G. Squier, before the

Historical Society of New York. Mr. Squier has simply translated a genuine Indian record known as the Bark Record. The two authorities here mentioned consider the Delawares as coming from west of the Mississippi. Mr. Hale points out that it was more likely the Upper St. Lawrence—that portion known as the Detroit River—that was the “Great River” of the traditions.

From this word comes Alleghany Mountains and River.

In this connection it is at least interesting to note that several authors—Squier, MacLean, and others—have contended, judging from the fortified hills and camps, that the pressure of hostilities on the Mound Builders of the Ohio Valley was from the north-east.

The Chata-muskoki family. (Brinton.)

Hale: _American Antiquarian,_ April, 1883.

We are not at all certain but our scholars will shortly come to the conclusion that the Cherokees or Shawnees are quite as likely to be the descendants of the Allegewi as the Natchez.

It is scarcely necessary to caution the reader as to the value of this statement of ancient greatness. The chroniclers of De Soto’s expedition had nothing to say about it.

Pickett’s “History of Alabama,” Vol. II.

Du Pratz: “History of Louisiana,” Vol. II.

Stone _metates,_ or mills, have so far been found only in Missouri, not far from the Missouri River. As this is such an important implement among the Pueblo tribes, its presence in this locality is significant. (Thomas.)

(56) As the proof seems to be conclusive that the Indians of the south who were encountered by the Europeans first visiting that section were the builders of the mounds of that region, it brings these works down to a date subsequent to the entry of the civilized tribes into Mexico. (Thomas.)

Some of the pottery from South-eastern Missouri and Arkansas shows a strong resemblance to that of some Pueblo tribes. (Thomas.)

Short’s “North Americans of Antiquity,” p. 202.

Morgan: “Ancient Society,” p. 12.

“Fifth Annual Report Archæological Institute,” p. 85.

Short’s “North Americans of Antiquity,” p. 458.

Carr: “Mounds of the Mississippi Valley,” p. 97.

“Ancient Monuments,” p. 14.

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