Chapter 21 of 26 · 3837 words · ~19 min read

Part 21

For later medieval times: (1) Chroniclers, &c., after 1066, as Florence of Worcester, ed. B. Thorpe, Eng. Hist. Soc. (2 vols., 1878), trans. by J. Stevenson in _Church Historians_ (London, 1853); Symeon of Durham, ed. T. Arnold, Rolls series (2 vols., 1882); Eadmer (for Archbishop Anselm), ed. M. Rule, Rolls series (1884); William of Malmesbury, _Gesta regum_, &c. (to 1152), ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls series (2 vols., 1887), and _Gesta pontificum_, ed. N. E. S. A. Hamilton, Rolls series (1870); (John of Salisbury?) _Historia pontificalis_ (for Archbishop Theobald, 1139-1161), ed. Pertz, _Rerum Germ. scriptt._ xx.; _Materials for the Life of Archbishop Becket_, ed. J. C. Robertson, Rolls series (7 vols., 1875-1885); Giraldus Cambrensis (12th century), _Gemma ecclesiastica and Speculum ecclesiae_, Works ii. and iv., ed. J. S. Brewer, Rolls series (1862, 1873); Matthew Paris, _Chronica majora_ (to 1259), ed. H. R. Luard, Rolls series (7 vols., 1880-1883), and many more. (2) Letters, as Archbishop Lanfranc, _Epistolae_, ed. Giles (Oxford, 1844); Archbishop Anselm, _Epistolae_, ed. Migne (Paris, 1863); Robert Grosseteste, _Epistolae_, ed. H. R. Luard, Rolls series (1861), and others. (3) Bishops' Registers, as _Registrum J. Peckham_ (Archbishop of Canterbury, 1279-1292), ed. C. T. Martin, Rolls series (3 vols., 1882-1886); _Exeter Registers_, ed. Hingeston-Randolph (5 vols., 1889); _Registers_ of Bishops Drokensford and Ralph of Shrewsbury, ed. W. H. Dickinson and T. S. Holmes, Somerset Record Soc. (3 vols., 1887, 1895-1896), and others. For Wycliffe and early Lollards see WYCLIFFE. R. Pecock, _Repressor of Overmuch Blaming of the Clergy_, ed. C. Babington, Rolls series (2 vols., 1860); and T. Gascoigne, _Loci e libro veritatum_, ed. J. T. Rogers (Oxford, 1881), which gives ample notices of abuses, should be consulted for 15th century. Modern books: W. R. W. Stephens, _The English Church, 1066-1272_ (revised edition, 1904), and W. W. Capes, _The English Church in the 14th and 15th Centuries_ (1900), both ed. Stephens and Hunt (London); J. Raine, _Archbishops of York_ (ends at 1373) (London, 1863); F. A. Gasquet, _Henry III. and the Church_ (London, 1905). Biographical: Dean R. W. Church, _Anselm_ (London, 1870); M. Rule, _Life and Times of St Anselm_ (written from a Roman Catholic standpoint) (2 vols., London, 1883); C. de Rémusat, _Vie de S. Anselme_ (Paris, 1868); G. G. Perry, _St Hugh, Bishop of Lincoln_ (London, 1879); F. S. Stevenson, _Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln_ (London, 1899), and others.

For the Reformation Period: Documentary: Notices in Letters and Papers, Henry VIII., ed. J. S. Brewer, J. Gairdner, R. H. Brodie, Record Publ. (19 vols., 1862-1905), and _Calendars of State Papers_ for Henry VIII., Edward VI., ed. R. Lemon (1856) and M. A. Green (1870), for Mary, ed. Lemon (1856), Record Publ., and for Elizabeth, Hatfield MSS., Hist. MSS. Comm.; _Acts of the Privy Council_, ed. J. R. Dasent (1890), in progress; _Records of the Reformation_, ed. N. Pocock (2 vols., Oxford, 1870); E. Cardwell, _Documentary Annals_ (Oxford, 1839); _Original Letters_, ed. H. Ellis (11 vols., 1824-1846); _Zurich Letters_ (2 vols.), _Original Letters_ (2 vols.), ed. Robinson (1842-1847); Latimer's _Sermons_ (1844), and _Archbishop Parker's Correspondence_, ed. J. Bruce and T. T. Perowne, all Parker Soc. Publ., Cambridge; see also _General Index to Parker Soc.'s Publ._ (1855); R. Pole (Cardinal), _Epistolae_, ed. Quirini (5 vols., Brescia, 1744-1757); G. W. Prothero, _Select Statutes_, &c.; _Elizabeth and James I._ (3rd ed., Oxford, 1906). Supplementary: Strype, _Ecclesiastical Memorials_ (6 vols., 1513-1556); _Annals_ (Elizabeth) (7 vols.); _Memorials of Cranmer_ (2 vols.); _Lives_ of Parker (3 vols.), Grindal, Whitgift (3 vols.), all with a large repertory of documents, also of Cheke, T. Smith and Aylmer (all Oxford, 1820-1824); Burnet, _History of the Reformation_, ed. N. Pocock (7 vols., Oxford, 1865), with many documents. Chronicles and early Histories: W. Camden, _Annales_ (Elizabeth), ed. T. Hearne (3 vols., 1717); _Chronicle of Queen Jane and Queen Mary_, ed. J. G. Nichols (Camden Soc., 1850); E. Hall, _Chronicle_ (Henry VIII.), ed. C. Whibley (2 vols., London, 1904); N. Harpsfield, _Treatise on the Pretended Divorce of Henry VIII._, ed. N. Pocock (Camden Soc., 1878); J. Foxe, _Acts and Monuments_ (often called "The Book of Martyrs"), ed. S. R. Cattley and G. Townsend (a book with many facts industriously gathered, many documents and some errors) (8 vols., London, 1843-1849); H. Machyn, _Diary_ (1550-1563), and _Narratives of the Reformation_, both ed. J. G. Nichols (Camden Soc., 1854, 1859); W. Roper, _The Life of Sir Thomas More_, ed. S. Singer (1817), and other editions, a beautiful book by More's son-in-law; N. Sander, _De origins ac progressu schismatis Anglicani_, continued by E. Rishton (Rome, 1586), translated by D. Lewis (London, 1877) (Sander was a Roman Catholic priest who wrote in 1576; his language is violent but the narrative generally trustworthy); _The Presbyterian Movement in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth_, ed. R. G. Usher (R. Hist. Soc., 1905). Modern histories: J. H. Blunt, _History of the English Reformation_ (London, 1878), a careful work, though of no great historical importance; T. E. Bridgett, _Life of Blessed John Fisher_ (London, 1888); R. W. Dixon, _History of the Church of England from the Abolition of the Roman Jurisdiction_ (5 vols., London, 1878-1892), a book showing great knowledge and insight; V. M. Doreau, _Henry VIII et les martyres de la Chartreuse_ (Paris, 1890); H. Fisher, _History of England 1485-1547_, presents a brilliant and trustworthy narrative of ecclesiastical affairs during the reign of Henry VIII., and forms vol. v. of the _Political History of England_, ed. W. Hunt and R. L. Poole (London, 1906); P. Friedmann, _Anne Boleyn_ (London, 1884), an important work; W. H. Frere, _History of the English Church, 1558-1625_, ed. W. R. W. Stephens and W. Hunt (1904), scholarly; J. A. Froude, _History of England_ (1527-1588), a work of literary beauty, research and historical grasp, from an anti-ecclesiastical standpoint, with some blemishes, but of increasing value after the reign of Henry VIII. (12 vols., London, 1856-1870, cheap editions, 1881-1882, 1893); J. Gairdner, _History of the English Church_, Henry VIII. to Mary, ed. Stephens and Hunt (London, 1902), by the highest authority on the period; H. E. Jacobs, _The Lutheran Movement in England_ (Philadelphia, 1890), chiefly on progressive doctrinal change; A. F. Pollard, _Henry VIII._ (London, with illustrations 1902, with references 1905), an excellent general history of the reign, _England under Protector Somerset_ (London, 1900), and _Life of Cranmer_ (London, 1904). For Rebellion Period: Contemporary and early: _State Papers_, Domestic, 1625-1649, ed. J. Bruce, W. D. Hamilton, Mrs S. C. Lomas (23 vols.), from 1649, ed. E. Green (13 vols.), and _Calendars of Committees for Plundered Ministers_, &c., all Record Publ.; _Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution_, ed. S. R. Gardiner (Oxford, 1899); J. Evelyn, _Diary_, ed. A. Dobson (3 vols., London, 1906); also ed. W. Bray and ed. H. B. Wheatley; J. Hacket, _Scrinia reserata_, Life of Archbishop Williams (London, 1715); P. Heylyn, _Cyprianus Anglicanus_, Life of Archbishop Laud (Dublin, 1668); W. Laud, Works, ed. W. Scott and W. Bliss, Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology (7 vols., Oxford, 1847-1860); J. Milton, various _Prose Works_, ed. C. Symmons (7 vols., London, 1806); _Puritan Visitations of Oxford_, ed. M. Burrows (Camden Soc., 1881). Later: W. H. Hutton, _History of the English Church_, 1625-1714, ed. Stephen and Hunt (London, 1903), and _William Laud_ (London, 1895); S. R. Gardiner, _History of England_, under various titles, _1603-1657_ (London, 1863-1903), and cr. 8vo edition begun 1883, a work of vast research and learning, contains fair and careful accounts of religious matters; D. Masson, _Life of Milton_ (7 vols., London, 1859-1894); D. Neal, _History of the Puritans_, ed. J. Toulmin (3 vols., 1837); W. A. Shaw, _The English Church, 1640-1660_ (2 vols., London, 1900), and on the Westminster Assembly, _Cambridge Modern History_, iv. c. 12 (Cambridge, 1906); J. Stoughton, _Ecclesiastical History of England_, _Civil Wars_, &c. (4 vols., London, 1867-1870), by a dissenting divine, a careful and unprejudiced history; J. Walker, _Sufferings of the Clergy_ (London, 1714). For Restoration and Revolution Period: R. Baxter, _Reliquiae Baxterianae_, ed. M. Sylvester (London, 1696); and E. Calamy, _Abridgment of Life of Baxter_ (2 vols., 1713); R. Bentley, _Life of Bishop Stillingfleet_, with _Works_ in 6 vols. (London, 1710); Bishop G. Burnet, _History of his Own Time_ (6 vols., Oxford, 1783); G. Doyly, _Life of Archbishop Sancroft_ (2 vols., London, 1821); W. Kennett (Bishop), _Compleat History_, vol. iii. (London, 1710); T. Lathbury, _History of the Nonjurors_ (London, 1843); T. B. Macaulay, _History of England_ (5 vols., London, 1858-1861); _Magdalen College and James II._, ed. J. R. Bloxam, Oxford Historical Society (Oxford, 1886); R. Nelson, _Life of Bishop Bull_, ed. Burton (Oxford, 1827); J. H. Overton, _The Nonjurors_ (London, 1902), and _Life in the English Church, 1660-1714_ (2 vols., London, 1885); E. H. Plumptre, _Life of Bishop Ken_ (2 vols., London, 1888); I. Walton, _Lives_ (Bishop G. Morley and others) (London, 1898, and frequently). For 18th century: C. J. Abbey, _The English Church and its Bishops, 1700-1800_ (2 vols., London, 1887); C. J. Abbey and J. H. Overton, _The English Church in the 18th Century_ (London, revised ed., 1887), a pleasant and useful book; R. Cecil, _Life of John Newton_ (London, 1827); A. C. Fraser, _Life of Bishop Berkeley_, vol. iv. of _Works_ (Oxford, 1871); Lord Hervey, _Memoirs of the Reign of George II._, ed. J. W. Croker (3 vols., London, 1884); A. H. Hore, _The Church of England from William III. to Victoria_ (2 vols., Oxford, 1886); J. Hunt, _Religious Thought in England_ (3 vols., London, 1873); _Huntingdon, Selina, Countess of, Life and Times_ (2 vols., London, 1839-1840); J. Keble, _Life of Bishop Wilson_ (Oxford, 1863): W. E. H. Lecky, _History of England in the 18th Century_, vols. i.-iii. and v. (8 vols., London, 1879-1890); Bishop T. Newton, _Autobiography_, with _Works_ (6 vols., London, 1787); J. H. Overton and F. Relton, _History of the English Church, 1714-1800_, ed. Stephens and Hunt (London, 1906); W. Roberts, _Memoir of Hannah More_ (4 vols., London, 1834); W. A. Spooner, _Bishop Butler_ (London, 1891); Sir J. Stephen, _Essays in Ecclesiastical Biography_ (2 vols., London, 1853), for an account of the Evangelicals early in the 19th century; Sir L. Stephen, _English Thought in the 18th Century_ (2 vols., London, 1881), for theological controversies; H. Thompson, _Life of Hannah More_ (London, 1838); R. Watson, _Anecdotes of the Life of Bishop R. Watson_ (2 vols., London, 1818), presents a curious picture of a bishop's life 1782-1816; R. and S. Wilberforce, _Memoir of W. Wilberforce_ (5 vols., London, 1838). See under METHODISM; WESLEY (family); and WHITEFIELD, GEORGE.

For the Oxford Movement and onwards: A. W. Benn, _English Rationalism in the 19th Century_ (2 vols., London, 1906); A. C. Benson, _Life of Archbishop E. W. Benson_ (2 vols., London, 1899); J. W. Burgon, _Lives of Twelve Good Men_ (2 vols., London, 1888); R. W. Church, _History of the Oxford Movement_ (London, 1891); J. T. Coleridge, _Life of Keble_ (Oxford, 1869); R. T. Davidson and W. Benham, _Life of Archbishop A. C. Tait_ (2 vols., London, 1892); H. P. Liddon and J. O. Johnston, _Life of Pusey_ (4 vols., London, 1893-1895); T. Mozley, _Reminiscences of Oriel and the Oxford Movement_ (2 vols., London, 1882); J. H. Newman, _Apologia pro Vita sua_ (London, 1864); R. Prothero, _Correspondence of Dean A. P. Stanley_ (2 vols., London, 1893); R. G. Wilberforce and A. Ashwell, _Life of Bishop S. Wilberforce_ (3 vols., London, 1879) _Report of the Royal Commission on Ecclesiastical Courts_ (1883), and _Report of the Royal Commission on Ecclesiastical Discipline_ (1906), both H.M. Stationery Office; _Official Year Book of the Church of England_, S.P.C.K. (1906). (W. HU.)

ENGLEFIELD, SIR FRANCIS (c. 1520-1596), English Roman Catholic politician, born probably about 1520, was the eldest son of Sir Thomas Englefield of Englefield, Berkshire, justice of the common pleas. His mother was Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Robert Throckmorton, one of the well-known Catholic family of Coughton, Warwickshire. Francis, who succeeded his father in 1537, was too young to have taken any part in the opposition to the abolition of the Roman jurisdiction and dissolution of the monasteries; and he acquiesced in these measures to the extent of taking the oath of royal supremacy, serving as sheriff of Berkshire and Oxfordshire in 1546-1547, and accepting in 1545 a grant of the manor of Tilehurst, which had belonged to Reading Abbey. He was even knighted at the coronation of Edward VI. in February 1547. But the progress of the Reformation during that reign alienated him, and he attached his fortunes to the cause of the princess Mary, whose service he entered before 1551. In August of that year he was sent to the Tower for permitting Mass to be celebrated in Mary's household. He was released in the following March, and permitted to resume his duties in Mary's service. But in February 1553 he was again summoned before the privy council, and may have been in confinement at the crisis of July; perhaps he was only released on Mary's triumph, for his name does not appear among those who exerted themselves on her behalf before the middle of August. He was then sworn a member of the privy council like many others who owed their promotion to their loyalty rather than to their political abilities. Their numbers swelled the privy council and sadly impaired its efficiency; but Mary resisted the various attempts to get rid of them because she liked staunch friends, and regarded them as a salutary check upon the abler but less scrupulous members who had served Edward VI. as well as herself. Englefield sat as M.P. for Berkshire in all Mary's parliaments except that of April 1554, but received no higher political office than the lucrative mastership of the court of wards.

He was an ardent believer in persecution, was present at Hooper's trial, sought Ascham's ruin, and naturally lost his office and his seat on the privy council at Elizabeth's succession. He retired to the continent before May 1559, and from that time until his death was an active

## participant in all schemes for the restoration of Roman Catholicism. At

first his ideas took such comparatively mild forms as inducing the pope to send a legate to persuade Elizabeth to return to the fold; but gradually they grew more violent and treasonable, until Englefield became the close confidant of Cardinal Allen, Parsons and the "jesuited" Catholics, who advocated forcible intervention by Spain and the succession of the infanta; in 1585 Englefield thought that Mary's succession, peaceful or other, would not be satisfactory unless it were owing to Spanish support and she were dependent on Philip. Englefield lived first at Rome, then in the Low Countries, and finally at Valladolid. He was blind for the last twenty years of his life, and received a pension of six hundred crowns from Philip. He had been outlawed in 1564 and his estates sequestered, but they were not forfeited until 1585, when an act of attainder was passed against Englefield. Even then some legal difficulties stood in the way of their appropriation by the crown, for Englefield, obviously with an eye to this contingency, had conditionally settled them on his nephew Francis. The long arguments on the point are given in Coke's _Reports_, and a further act was passed in 1592 confirming the forfeiture to the crown. The nephew, however, eventually recovered some of the family estates, and was created a baronet in 1612. His uncle was alive in September 1596, but apparently died at Valladolid about the end of that year. His tomb there used to be shown to visitors as that of an eminent man.

See _Dict. of Nat. Biog._ xvii. 372-374; but additional light has been thrown on Englefield's career since the date of that article by the publication of the Spanish and Venetian Calendars, the Hatfield MSS., the Acts of the Privy Council, and the Letters and Papers of Henry VIII. (A. F. P.)

ENGLEHEART, GEORGE (1752-1829), English miniature painter, the great rival of Richard Cosway, was born at Kew in October 1752, and received his artistic training first under George Barret, R.A., and then under Sir Joshua Reynolds. He started on his own account in 1773, and exhibited in that year at the Royal Academy. He continued the active pursuit of his profession down to 1813, when he retired, and his fee-book, still in existence, records the names of his sitters, and the amount paid for each portrait, proving that he painted 4853 miniatures during that period of thirty-nine years, and that his professional income for many years exceeded £1200 a year. During the greater part of his life he resided in Hertford Street, Mayfair, where he lived till he retired. He died at Blackheath in 1829, and was buried at Kew.

He painted George III. twenty-five times, and had a very extensive circle of patrons, comprising nearly all the important persons connected with the court. He made careful copies in miniature of many of the famous paintings executed by Sir Joshua Reynolds, and in some cases these constitute the only information we possess respecting portraits by Sir Joshua that are now missing. His fee-book, colours, appliances and a large collection of his miniatures still remain in the possession of his descendants.

His nephew, JOHN COX DILLMAN ENGLEHEART (1784-1862), also a miniature painter, entered George Engleheart's studio when he was but fourteen years of age. He first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1801, and sent in altogether 157 works. He was a man of substantial means, and in his time a very popular painter, but his health broke down when he was forty-four years old, and he had to relinquish the pursuit of his profession. He lived at Tunbridge Wells for some years and died there in 1862.

See _George Engleheart_, by G. C. Williamson and H. L. D. Engleheart (1902). (G. C. W.)

ENGLEWOOD, a city of Bergen county, New Jersey, U.S.A., near the Hudson river, 14 m. N. by E. of Jersey City. Pop. (1900) 6253, of whom 1548 were foreign-born and 386 negroes; (1905) 7922; (1910) 9924. It is served by a branch of the Erie railway, and by an electric line connecting with a ferry (at Fort Lee) to New York. Englewood is primarily a residential suburb of New York. The site rises terrace above terrace from the marshes in the valley of the Hackensack to the top of the palisades overlooking the Hudson, from which Englewood is separated by the borough of Englewood Cliffs (pop. in 1905, 266). There are several fine residences, a hospital, a public library and the Dwight school for girls (1859). The site of Englewood was for a long time a part of "English Neighbourhood," and was known as Liberty Pole; but until 1859, when the place was laid out, there were only a few houses here, one of which was the "Liberty Pole Tavern." In 1871 Englewood was set off from the township of Hackensack and was incorporated as a separate township, and in 1896 it was chartered as a city; but the act under which it was chartered was declared unconstitutional, and in 1899 Englewood was rechartered as a city by a special act of the state legislature.

ENGLISH CHANNEL (commonly called "The Channel"; Fr. _La Manche_, "the sleeve"), the narrow sea separating England from France. If its entrance be taken to lie between Ushant and the Scilly Isles, its extreme breadth (between those points) is about 100 m., and its length about 350. At the Strait of Dover, its breadth decreases to 20 m. Along both coasts of the Channel, cliffs and lowland alternate, and the geological affinities between successive opposite stretches are well marked, as between the Devonian and granitic rocks of Cornwall and Brittany, the Jurassic of Portland and Calvados, and the Cretaceous of the Pays de Caux and the Isle of Wight and the Sussex coast, as well as either shore of the Strait of Dover. The English Channel is of comparatively recent geological formation. The land-connexion between England and the continent was not finally severed until the latter part of the Pleistocene period. The Channel covers what was previously a wide valley, and may be described now as a headless gulf. The action of waves and currents, both destructive and constructive, is well seen at many points; thus Shakespeare Cliff at Dover is said to have been cut back more than a mile during the Christian era, and the cliffs of Grisnez have similarly receded. Of the opposite process notable examples are the building of the pebbly beaches of Chesil Bank and near Tréguier in Côtes du Nord, and the promontory of Dungeness. The total drainage area of the English rivers flowing into the Channel is about 8000 sq. m.; of the French rivers, including as they do the Seine, it is about 41,000 sq. m.

From the Strait of Dover the bottom slopes fairly regularly down to the western entrance of the Channel, the average depths ranging from 20 to 30 fathoms in the Strait to 60 fathoms at the entrance. An exception to this condition, however, is found in Hurd's Deep, a narrow depression about 70 m. long, lying north and north-west of the Channel Islands, and at its nearest point to them only 5 m. distant from their outlying rocks, the Casquets. Towards its eastern end Hurd's Deep has an extreme depth of 94 fathoms, and in it are found steeper slopes from shoal to deep water than elsewhere within the Channel. Nearing the entrance to the Channel from the Atlantic, the 100 fathoms line may be taken to mark the edge of soundings. Beyond this depth the bottom falls away rapidly. The 100 fathoms line is laid down about 180 m. W. to 120 m. S.W. of the Scilly Isles, and 80 m. W. of Ushant. Within it there are considerable irregularities of the bottom; thus a succession of narrow ridges running N.E. and S.W. occurs west of the Scillies, while only 4 m. N.W. of Ushant there is a small depression in which a depth of 105 fathoms has been found. As a general rule the slope from the English coast to the deepest parts of the Channel is more regular than that from the French coast, and for that reason, and in consideration of the greater dangers to navigation towards the French shore, the fairway is taken to lie between 12 and 24 m. from the principal promontories of the English shore, as far up-channel as Beachy Head. These promontories (the Lizard, Start Point, Portland Bill, St Alban's Head, St Catherine's Point of the Isle of Wight, Selsey Bill, Beachy Head, Dungeness, the South Foreland) demarcate a series of bays roughly of sickle-shape, the shores of which run north and south, or nearly so, at their western sides, turn eastward somewhat abruptly at their heads, and then trend more gently towards the south-east. On the French coast the arrangement is similar but reversed; Capes Grisnez, Antifer and La Hague, and the Pointe du Sillon demarcating a series of bays (larger than those on the English coast) whose shores run north and south on the eastern side, and have a gentler trend westward from the head.