CHAPTER XXXIII
.
CONCLUSION.
In these pages the "Child in Primitive Culture" has been considered in many lands and among many peoples, and the great extent of the
## activities of childhood among even the lowest races of men fully
demonstrated. That the child is as important to the savage, to the barbarous peoples, as to the civilized, is evident from the vast amount of lore and deed of which he is the centre both in fact and in fiction. The broader view which anthropologists and psychologists are coming to take of the primitive races of man must bring with it a larger view of the primitive child. Still less than the earliest men, were their children, mere animals; indeed, possibly, nay even probably, the children of primitive man, while their childhood lasts, are the equals, if not the superiors, of those of our own race in general intellectual capacity. With the savage as with the European of to-day, the "child is father of the man."
The primitive child, as language and folk-lore demonstrate, has been weighed, measured, and tested physically and mentally by his elders, much as we ourselves are doing now, but in ruder fashion--there are primitive anthropometric and psychological laboratories as proverb and folk-speech abundantly testify, and examinations as harassing and as searching as any we know of to-day. Schools, nay primitive colleges, even, of the prophets, the shamans, and the _magi_, the race has had in earlier days, and everywhere through the world the activities of childhood have been appealed to, and the race has wonderfully profited by its wisdom, its _naïveté_, its ingenuity, and its touch of divinity.
Upon, language, religion, society, and the arts the child has had a lasting influence, both passive and active, unconscious, suggestive, creative. History, the stage, music, and song have been its debtors in all ages and among all peoples.
To the child language owes many of its peculiarities, and the multiplicity of languages perhaps their very existence. Religion has had the child long as its servant, and from the faith and confidence of youth and the undying mother-love have sprung the thought of immortality and the Messiah-hope that greets us all over the globe. Even among the most primitive races, it is the children who are "of the Kingdom of Heaven," and the "Fall of Man" is not from a fabled Garden of Eden, but from the glory of childhood into the stern realities of manhood. As a social factor the child has been of vast importance; children have sat upon thrones, have dictated the policies of Church and of State, and from them the wisest in the land have sought counsel and advice. As oracles, priests, shamans, and _thaumaturgi_, children have had the respect and veneration of whole peoples, and they have often been the very mouth-piece of deity, standing within the very gates of heaven. As hero and adventurer, passing over into divinity, the child has explored earth, sea, and sky, descending into nethermost hell to rescue the bones of his father, and setting ajar the gates of Paradise, that the radiant glory may be seen of his mother on earth. Finally, as Christ sums up all that is divine in men, so does the Christ-Child sum up all that is God- like in the child. The Man-Jesus stands at the head of mankind, the Child-Jesus is the first of the children of men. All the activities and callings of the child, the wisdom, the beauty, the innocence of childhood find in folk-belief and folk-faith their highest, perfect expression in the Babe of Bethlehem. True is it as ten thousand years ago:--
"Before life's sweetest mystery still The heart in reverence kneels; The wonder of the primal birth The latest mother feels."
Motherhood and childhood have been the world's great teachers, and the prayer of all the race should be:--
"Let not (the) cultured years make less The childhood charm of tenderness."
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The Bibliography here given is intended to serve the double purpose of enabling readers of this book to verify the statements made and the citations from the numerous authorities referred to in the compilation of the work, with as little difficulty as possible, and of furnishing to such as may desire to carry on extended reading in any of the subjects touched upon in the book a reasonable number of titles of the more recent and valuable treatises dealing with such topics.
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152. STARCKE, C. N.: The Primitive Family in its Origin and Development. New York, 1889. 315 pp. 8vo.
153. STEIN, L. v.: Die Frau auf dem Gebiete der Nationalökonomie. 4. Aufl. Stuttgart, 1876.
154. STRICKER, W.: Ethnographisehe Untersuohungen über die kriegerischen Weiber (Amazonen) der alten and neuen Welt. _Arch. f. Anthr._ (Braunschweig). V. Bd. (1872), S. 220 ff, S. 451.
155. THULIÉ, H.: La Femme. Essai de sociologie, physiologie. Ce qu'elle a été, ce qu'elle est. Les théories: ce qu'elle doit être. Paris, 1885. 8vo.
156. TRASK, K.: Motherhood and Citizenship. _Forum_ (New York). Vol. XVIII. (1895), pp. 607-618.
157. TREICHEL, A.: Lactation beim männlichen Geschlechte. _Am Ur-Quell._ IV. Bd. (1893), S. 70-71.
158. TRUMBULL, J. H.: On Algonkin Names for Man. _Amer. Philol. Assoc. Trans._ (1871), Hartford (Conn.), 1872, pp. 138-159.
159. TRUMBULL, H. C.: Studies in Oriental Social Life. Philadelphia, 1894.
160. UZANNE, O.: La femme à Paris. Nos Contemporaines. Paris, 1894. Gr. 8vo.
161. VILLEMONT, M.: Dictionnaire historique et scientifique de l'amour et du mariage. Paris, 1886. 489 pp. 12mo.
162. VOLKOV, T.: Rites et usages nuptiaux en Ukraine. _Anthropologie_ (Paris). Vol. II. (1891), pp. 537-587; Vol. III. (1892), pp. 541-588.
163. WAKE, C. S.: The Development of Marriage and Kinship. London, 1889.
164. WASSEKZIEHER, DK.: Das Weib in der Sprache. _Am Ur-Quell,_ III. Bd., S. 214-215.
165. WEINHOLD, K.: Die deutschen Frauen in dem Mittelalter. 2 Bde. 2. Aufl. Wien, 1882.
166. WESTERMARCK, C.: The History of Human Marriage. 2d ed. London and New York, 1894. xx, 644 pp. 8vo.
167. WIEDEMANN, A.: Die Milchverwandschaft im alten Aegypten. _Am. Ur-Quell._ III. Bd. (1892), S. 260-267.
168. WILKEN, G. A.: Das Matriarchat bei den alten Arabern. (Germ. Trans.) Leipzig, 1884.
169. WINTERNITZ, M.: On a Comparative Study of Indo-European Customs with Special Reference to the Marriage Customs. _Trans. Intern. Folk-Lore, Congr._ London, 1891.
170. WLISLOCKI, H. v.: Aus dem Volksleben der Magyaren. Ethnologische Mittheilungen. München, 1893.
171. WLISLOCKI, H. v.: Volksglaube und Volksbrauch der Siebenbürger Sachsen. Berlin, 1893.
172. WLISLOCKI, H. v.: Die Stamm-und Familienverhältnisse der transsilvanischen Zeltzigeuner. _Globus_. L. Bd. (1888), S. 183 fl.
173. ZANETTI, Z.: La medicina delle nostre donne. Studio folklorico. Castello, 1892. xviii, 271 pp. 8vo.
174. ZMIGRODZKI, M. v.: Die Mutter bei den Völkern des arisehen Stammes. Eine anthropologisch-historische Skizze als Beitrag zur Lösung der Frauenfrage. München, 1886. 444 S. 8vo.
175. ZUCCARELLI, A.: Divorzio e scienza antropologica. Napoli, 1893. 46 pp.
Following is a subject-index to the titles of Section A:--
Abnormal and delinquent, 49, 86, 104, 110, 116, 185, 148, 144, 148, l57. Africa, 14, 48. Amazons, 154. American Indians, 13, 27, 51, 52, 63, 69, 72, 73. Arabia, 80a, 151, 168. Assyria, 138. Australia, 54, 55-57.
Babylonia, 74, 138.
Celibacy, 71, 94. Ceylon, 10. Child-birth, l6a, 43, 48, 83. China, 81, 123. Chirography, 65, 66.
Divorce, 15, 25a, 47, 106, 183, 175.
Egypt, 19, 88. Epigram, 17, 45, 122, 126. Esthonian, 145. Evolution, 36, 37.
Family, 26, 32, 44, 68, 76, 89, 92, 99, 103, 119, 123, 128, 139, 140, 151, 152, 163, 166, 169. Father, 114, 130a, 151. Father-right, 9, 82, 80, 114. Fiji, l6a. France, 85, 160.
Gender, 3, 68. Germany, 29, 81, 54, 98, 141, 165. Girls, 7, 54, 116. Gypsies, 172.
India, 5, 16, 85. Italy, 33, 173.
Japan, 7, 78, 105. Jews, 12, 41, 102.
Language, 19, 74, 158, 164. Literature, 78, 126.
Magyars, 170. Man, names for, 158. Marriage, 1, 10, 12, 13, 25a, 30, 31, 33, 41, 55-57, 68, 69, 72, 73, 88, 91, 98, 99, 102, 106, 109, 115, 141, 145, 151, 161-163, 166, 169. Medicine, 173. Mexico, 8. Morals, 96. Mordwins, 109. Mother, 4, 39, 67, 150, 156, 174. Matriarchate and mother-right, 6, 9, 31, 32, 80, 168. Mother and child, 27. Mother-in-law, 17, 58. Mourning, 16. Mummy, 19.
New Britain, 30.
Old maids, 71. Oriental, 159.
Papua, 139. Poetry of motherhood, 39. Poets, 22, 149. Polyandry, 5, 40. Proverbs, 45, 132, 133.
Relationship, 13, 41, 108, 118, 147, 167. Religion, 73, 124. Rome, 92, 159. Royalty, 75. Russia, 84, 136.
Samoa, 89. Satire, 17, 45. Scotland, 134. Servia, 140. Sex-relations, 20, 28, 42, 46, 53, 54, 59, 60, 62, 64, 86, 90, 110, 120, 125, 128, 135, 137, 143, 144, 157, 161. Siberia, 11. Slavonic, 87, 88. Sociology, 8, 25, 85, 51, 52, 81, 82, 84, 95, 100, 101, 107, 117, 127, 130, 184, 136, 138, 170, 172.
Tibet, 5. Transylvania, 171, 172. Turkey, 61, 80a.
Ukraine, 167. United States, 25a.
Woman, names for, 164. Woman's position and labours, 2, 11, 21-24, 29, 34, 88, 46, 50, 61, 69, 77, 78, 80a, 85, 97, 104, 105, 111-118, 121, 122, 125, 132, 146, 158, 155, 160, 165.
_B_. CHILDREN, CHILDHOOD, CHILD-LIFE, ETC.
176. "A.," and MENELLA SMEDLEY: Poems Written for a Child.
177. "A.," and MENELLA SMEDLEY: The Child's World.
178. ADAMS, J. D.: Child-Life and Girlhood of Remarkable Women. New York, 1894.
179. AMÉLINEAU, E.: La Morale Égyptienne quinze siècles avant notre ère. Paris, 1892. lxxxviii, 261 pp. 8vo.
180. America's Shame: Symposium on the Age of Consent Laws in the United States. _Arena_ (Boston). Vol. XI. (1895), pp. 192-215.
180 a. AYRTON, M. C.: Child-Life in Japan. London, 1879. xx, 125 pp.
181. BABCOCK, W. H.: Games of Washington Children. _Amer. Anthrop_. (Washington). Vol. I. (1888), pp. 243-284.
182. BALDWIN, J. M.: Mental Development in the Child and the Race. Vol. I. Methods and Processes. New York, 1895. xvi, 496 pp. 8vo.
183. BALL, V.: Wolf-Reared Children in India. _Journ. Anthr. Inst._ (London). Vol. IX. (1879), pp. 465-474.
184. BAMFORD, MARY E.: Child-Life among the California Foot-Hills. _Overl. Mo._ (San Francisco). 2d ser. Vol. II. (1883), pp. 56-59.
184 a. BARNES, EARLE.: Theological Life of a California Child. _Pedag. Sem._ (Worcester, Mass.). Vol. II., 442-448.
185. BÄRNSTEIN, A. P. v.: Beiträge zur Geschichte mid Literatur des deutschen Studententhumes. Würzburg, 1882. xiii, 156 S. 8vo.
186. BOAS, F.: The Game of Cat's Cradle. _Intern. Arch. f. Ethnogr._ I. Bd. (1888), S. 229.
187. BOLTON, H. C.: The Counting-Out Rhymes of Children, their Antiquity, Origin, and Wide Distribution. A Study in Folk-Lore. New York, 1888. ix, 123 pp. Gr. 8vo.
188. BONFIGLI, C.: Dei fattori sociali della pazzia in rapporto con l'educazione infantile. Roma, 1894.
189. BRAMHALL, MAE ST. JOHN: The Wee Ones of Japan. New York, 1894. 137pp. 12mo.
190. BRAMLEY, H. R., and JOHN STAINER: Christmas Carols New and Old. London, n.d. 94 pp.
191. BREWER, E. C.: A Dictionary of Miracles. London, 1884. xliv, 582 pp. 8vo.
192. BREWER, W. H.: The Instinctive Interest of Children in Bear and Wolf Stories. _Proc. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci._ Vol. XLII. (1893), Salem, 1894, pp. 309-311.
193. BRINTON, D. G.: On the Physiological Correlations of Certain Linguistic Radicals. _Amer. Orient. Soc. Proc._, March, 1894, pp. cxxxiii-iv.
194. BROWN, H. W.: Some Records of the Thoughts and Reasonings of Children. From the Collection of Observations at the State Normal School at Worcester, Mass. _Pedag. Sem._ Vol. II. (1893), pp. 358-396.
195. BULWER-LYTTON, E. R.: Fables in Song. London, 1874.
196. BYJRNHAM, W. H.: The Study of Adolescence. _Pedag. Sem._ Vol. I. (1891), pp. 174-198.
197. CAMPBELL HELEN: Child-Life in the Slums of New York. _Demorest's Fam. Mag._ (New York), 1892.
198. CARSTENS, H.: Die Schwalbe im Volksmunde und im Kinderlied. _Am. Urdhs-Brunnen._ II. Bd., S. 240-242.
198 a. CARSTENS, H.: Der Storch als heiliger Vogel im Volksmund und im Kinderlied. _Am Urdhs-Srunnen._ Heft 1, 1881, S. 12-14.
199. CARSTENSEN, H. H.: A B C Spiel. _Am Ur-Quell._ IV. Bd. (1893), S. 55, 150, 260; V. Bd. (1894), S. 114, 192, 290; VI. Bd. (1895), 42-3.
200. CHAMBERLAIN, A. F.: Notes on Indian Child-Language. _Amer. Anthr._ Vol. III. (1890), pp. 237-241.
201. CHAMBERLAIN, A. F.: Further Notes on Indian Child-Language. _Ibid._ Vol. VI. (1893), pp. 321-322.
202. CHAMBERLAIN, A. F.: The Use of Diminutives in -_ing_ by Some Writers in Low German Dialects. _Public. Mod. Lung. Asso. Amer._ Vol. VII. (1892), pp. 212-247.
203. CHAMBERLAIN, A. F.: The Coyote and the Owl (Tales of the Kootenay Indians). _Mem. Intern. Congr. Anthr._ (1893), Chicago, 1894, pp. 282-284.
204. CHAMBERLAIN, A. F.: Human Physiognomy and Physical Characteristics in Folk-Lore and Folk-Speech. _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore._ Vol. VI. (1893), pp. 13-24.
205. CHERVIN, A.: Faut-il conper le frein de la Langue (Extr. de _La Voix Parlée et Chantée_, frévrier, 1894). Paris, 1894. 16 pp.
206. CHRISMAN, O.: Secret Language of Children. _Science_ (New York). Vol. XXII. (1893), pp. 303-305.
207. Christmas with the Poets. London, n.d. x, 202 pp.
208. CLEVELAND, DUCHESS OF: The True Story of Kaspar Hauser. From Official Documents. London and New York, 1893. 122pp. Sm. 8vo.
209. COFFIGNON, A.: L'Enfant à Paris. Paris, 1890. xxii, 440 pp.
210. CORIVEAU, A.: La Santé de nos Enfants. Paris, 1890. 288 pp. 8vo.
211. CUIR, A. F.: Les Petits Écoliers. Lectures morales sur les Défauts et les Qualités des Enfants. Paris, 1893. 12mo.
212. CULIN, S.: Street Games of Brooklyn. _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore._ Vol. IV. (1891), pp. 221-236.
213. CULIN, S.: Exhibit of Games in the Columbian Exposition. _Ibid._ Vol. VI. (1893), pp. 205-227.
214. DANIELS, A. H.: The New Life: A Study of Regeneration (Repr. from _Amer. Journ. Psych._, Vol. VI., 1893, pp. 61-106). Worcester, Mass., 1893. 48 pp. 8vo.
215. DENEUS, CLÉMENT.: De la Réserve héréditaire des Enfants (Art. 913 du code civil). Étude historique, philosophique et économique. Gand, Paris, 1894. xvii, 231 pp. 8vo.
216. DONALDSON, H. H.: Education of the Nervous System. _Educ. Rev_. (New York). Vol. IX. (1895), pp. 105-121.
217. DORSET, J. O.: Games of the Teton-Dakota Children. _Amer. Anthr_. Vol. IV. (1891), pp. 329-345.
218. DRAGOMANO, M.: Slavonic Folk-Tales about the Sacrifice of One's Own Children. (Transl. O. Wardrop). _Journ. Anthr. Inst_. (London). Vol. XXI. (1892), pp. 456-469.
219. DREYLING, G.: Die Ausdrucksweise der übertriebenen Verkleinerung im altfränzösichen Karlepos. Marburg, 1888.
220. DÜRINGSFELD, J. V., und O. V. REINSBERG-DÜRINGSFELD: Sprichwörter sammlung. 6 Bde. (Das Sprichwort als Kosmopolit. 3 Bde. Intern. Titulaturen. 2 Bde. Das Kind im Sprichwort). Leipzig, 1863-1864. 8vo.
221. EARLE, ALICE M.: Customs and Fashions in Old New England. [