Part 18
341. The Esthonian Kalevipoeg was also slain, like Kullervo, by his own sword. (_Hero of Esthonia_, I., pp. 140, 141.)
RUNO XXXVII
56. Literally, their hatless shoulders.
61. Compare the account of the forging of the Sampo in Runo X.
RUNO XXXVIII
94. This might allude to the Viking practice of carving the Blood-Eagle on the backs of enemies; but Prof. Krohn remarks that this was unknown in Finland.
255. Here it seems that the mere fact of Ilmarinen having carried off the girl, even against her will, was enough to constitute her his lawful wife.
273. Ilmarinen's sword was less bloodthirsty than that of Kullervo; but it will be noticed that there is as little real chivalry in the _Kalevala_ generally as in old Scandinavian literature.
RUNO XL
274. Literally, "at the tips of my ten nails."
RUNO XLI
238. Similar incidents are common in folktales. The reader will recollect the decoration of Mama, the Woodpecker. (_Hiawatha_, IX.)
RUNO XLII
1-3. Here again we notice a difference of expression, indicating a different authorship.
52. "Mistress of the mighty spell." (Southey.)
146. Compare Runo XX., lines 17-118.
295. Literally, his finger-bones.
403. Perhaps the cap had ear-flaps to be worn in bad weather.
RUNO XLIII
37, 38. This seems to be meant ironically.
115-120. This, or something similar, is a common device for impeding a pursuer in European fairy tales.
177. Pohjan eukko. Another epithet for Louhi.
383, 384. The Sampo being not only an unfailing corn, salt, and money-mill, but a palladium of general prosperity, Pohjola would naturally fall into famine and misery when nothing remained but an almost worthless fragment of the cover. It is possible that the story may refer to some great and permanent change for the worse of the climate of the North; either during the storms and earthquakes of the fourteenth century, which would connect it with the plague described in Runo XLV.; or perhaps to a much earlier period, when, as old Persian books tell us, the climate of some part of Asia (?) was changed from nine months summer and three months winter, to nine months winter and three months summer.
RUNO XLV
41. Loviatar represents the evil and destructive powers of Nature, as opposed to the beneficent powers, represented in the _Kalevala_ under the twin aspects of Ilmatar and Marjatta.
117. This speech or invocation is not addressed to Loviatar, but apparently to some goddess similar to the Roman Lucina.
168. Dr. Russell says that the itch was more dreaded than the plague in Aleppo in the eighteenth century.
181. Pestilence has often been attributed to the anger of gods or demons; and Finland suffered severely from plague till well into the eighteenth century. But I am inclined to regard the plague described here as the Black Death, which must have ravaged Finland about 1350.
269, 282, 283. All these names have nearly the same significance, and might be rendered by "Dolores, our Lady of Pain."
RUNO XLVI
13, 14. The pestilence having abated at the approach of winter, the wild beasts naturally overran the devastated country. So I would interpret this passage.
25. Literally, three feathers, but the commentary gives the meaning adopted above.
81. For an account of bear-hunting in Finland, compare Acerbi's _Voyage to the North Cape_, I., pp. 288, 289.
168. Tapio is the lord of the forest here alluded to, according to the commentary.
246. The word here rendered "charge" literally means "bundle" or "package."
313. Probably the Danish Sound.
377. A honeyed forest perhaps means a forest abounding in honey-dew.
565, 566. These lines are rather musical:
Kuuluvilla karjan kellon, Luona tiukujen tirinän.
RUNO XLVII
15, 16. There is a Finnish ballad relating how the sun and moon were stolen by German and Esthonian sorcerers, and recovered by the son of Jumala. (_Kanteletar_, III., 2; translated by Mr. C. J. Billson, _Folklore_, VI., 343, 344.)
37. Compare the story of Maui stealing the fire in New Zealand legends.
128. Lake Ladoga seems to be intended.
233. Does this refer to tides? Tides can hardly be known in Finland, except by hearsay; the Baltic itself is almost tideless.
RUNO XLVIII
137, 138. Neptune's trident?
169. Here a different epithet is applied to Väinämöinen.
283. Probably _Polyporus igniarius_ or _P. fomentarius_, both of which are much used for tinder.
302. He appears to have thought that Panu was in league with the Fire.
RUNO XLIX
83. This is Rhabdomancy, or divination by rods.
417. Literally, at the end of our thumbs.
RUNO L
1. Marjatta korea kuopus.
Literally, Marjatta the elegant darling; an expression occurring nowhere else in the _Kalevala_. The story in the present Runo seems to exhibit a veneer of Christianity over Shaman legends. Even the name Marjatta, notwithstanding its resemblance to Maria, seems to be really derived from the word marja, a berry. An old writer says that the favourite deities of the Finns in his time were Väinämöinen and the Virgin Mary.
188. That is, a criminal who deserves to be burnt at the stake.
199, 200. She already recognizes her unborn son as an Avatar.
289. The word here rendered "hapless" properly means "little."
465. This is the only passage in the _Kalevala_ in which Väinämöinen is spoken of as ever having been young; though he is occasionally called young in variants.
465-468. This passage apparently alludes to Väinämöinen having sent Ilmarinen to Pohjola by a trick.
471-474. This must allude either to the fate of Aino, or to some story not included in the _Kalevala_.
501. In Esthonian legends, Vanemuine is not an Avatar and culture-hero, but the God of Music, who withdrew from men on account of the ribaldry with which some of his hearers received his divine songs. (_Hero of Esthonia_, II., pp. 80-85.) Longfellow also makes Hiawatha depart in a boat after the conclusion of his mission.
613, 614. These expressions remind us of the Buddha "breaking down the rafters and the roof-tree" preparatory to reaching Nirvano.
GLOSSARY OF FINNISH NAMES
(The dotted vowels are included with the others.)
AHAVA, _the cold spring East Wind_.
AHTI, _a name of Lemminkainen_.
AHTO, _the God of the Sea and of the Waters_.
AHTOLA, _the dominions of Ahto_.
ÄIJÖ, _the father of Iku-Turso_.
AINIKKI, _Lemminkainen's sister_.
AINO, _a Lapp maiden, Joukahainen's sister_.
ALUE, _name of a lake_.
ANNIKKI, _Ilmarinen's sister_.
ANTERO VIPUNEN, _a primeval giant or Titan, whom some commentators suppose to be the same as Kaleva_.
ETELÄTÄR, _the goddess of the South Wind_.
HÄLLÄPJÖRÄ, _name of a waterfall_.
HÄME, _Tavastland_.
HERMIKKI (SINEWY), _name of a cow_.
HIISI, _the same as Lempo, the Evil Power, somewhat resembling the Scandinavian Loki in character. His name is often used as a term of reprobation_.
HIITOLA, _the dominions of Hiisi_.
HONGATAR, _the goddess of the Fir-trees_.
HORNA (HELL), _name of a mountain_.
IKU-TURSO, _a water-giant; the name is doubtless connected with the Icelandic word Thurs, which means a giant, and which is also the name of the letter þ, called þa in Old English_.
ILMA (AIR), _name of Ilmarinen's homestead_.
ILMARI, } } _the primeval smith; still used as a proper name in ILMARINEN, } Finland_.
ILMATAR, _the Daughter of the Air; the Creatrix of the world, and the mother of Väinämöinen_.
ILPOTAR, _a name of Louhi_.
IMATRA, _the great falls or rapids in the river Vuoksi_.
INGERLAND, _usually known as Ingermanland_.
JOUKAHAINEN, } } _a young Laplander_. JOUKO, }
JOUKOLA, _the land of Joukahainen_.
JUMALA, OR UKKO, _God_.
JUOTIKKI (DRINKER), _name of a cow_.
JUUTAS, _a name probably derived from Judas. It is used as a name for Hiisi, and also as a term of reprobation_.
KAATRAKOSKI, _name of a waterfall_.
KALERVO, _a chieftain, the brother of Untamo, and the father of Kullervo_.
KALERVOINEN, _epithet of Kullervo_.
KALEVA, _the ancestor of the heroes, who does not appear in person in the Kalevala_.
KALEVALA, _the land of Kaleva_.
KALEVALAINEN, _a descendant of Kaleva_.
KALEVATAR, OR OSMOTAR, _the daughter of Kaleva_.
KALMA, _Death personified; he is more often called Tuoni or Mana_.
KAMMO, _a rock, the father of Kimmo_.
KANKAHATAR, _the goddess of Weaving_.
KANTELE, _the Finnish harp or zither_.
KANTELETAR, _the Daughter of the Harp; name given by Lönnrot to his published collection of Finnish ballads_.
KARJALA, _Carelia_.
KATAJATAR, _the nymph of the Juniper_.
KAUKO, } } KAUKOLAINEN, } _Names of Lemminkainen_. } KAUKOMIELI, }
KAUPPI, _a Laplander, skilled in making snowshoes_.
KEITOLAINEN, _the Contemptible One, one of the names of the Evil Power_.
KEMI, _name of a river_.
KIMMO, (1) _a stone_; (2) _name of a cow_.
KIPUTYTTÖ, _Maiden of Pain_.
KIRJO (_variegated, or dappled_), _name of a cow_.
KIVUTAR, _Daughter of Pain_.
KUIPPANA, _a name of Tapio_.
KULLERVO, } } _a hero, the son of Kalervo_. KULLERVOINEN, }
KUURA, _a name of Tiera_.
KUUTAR, _the Daughter of the Moon_.
KYLLI, } } _a maiden of Saari, whom Lemminkainen carries off and KYLLIKKI, } marries_.
LEMMINKAINEN, _a reckless adventurer_.
LEMPI (LOVE), _the father of Lemminkainen_.
LEMPO, or HIISI, _the Evil Power_.
LOKKA, _the mother of Ilmarinen_.
LOUHI, _the Mistress of Pohjola_.
LOVIATAR, _one of the daughters of Tuoni, and the mother of the Plagues_.
LUONNOTAR, _Daughter of Creation, a name applied to Ilmatar, and other celestial goddesses_.
LUOTOLA, _name of a bay_.
LYYLIKKI, _a name of Kauppi_.
MAIRIKKI, _name of a cow_.
MANA, or TUONI, _the God of Hades_.
MANALA, or TUONELA, _Hades_.
MANALAINEN = _Mana_.
MANALATAR, _Daughter of Mana_.
MANSIKKA (STRAWBERRY), _name of a cow_.
MARJATTA, _the mother of Väinämöinen's supplanter. She is usually identified with the Virgin Mary_.
MÄRKÄHATTU (WET-HAT), _name or epithet of a cow-herd who has been exposed to the rain_.
MELATAR, _the goddess of the Rudder_.
METSOLA, _the Woodlands, from metsa, a forest_.
MIELIKKI, _the Mistress of the Forests, the spouse of Tapio_.
MIMERKKI, _a name of Mielikki_.
MUSTI (BLACKIE), _a dog's name_.
MUURIKKI (BLACKIE), _name of a cow_.
NYYRIKKI, _the son of Tapio_.
OSMO, _a name of Kaleva_.
OSMOLA = _Kalevala_.
OSMOINEN, _an epithet of Väinämöinen_.
OSMOTAR, _the daughter of Osmo_.
OTAVA, _the constellation of the Great Bear_.
OTSO, _pet name for the bear_.
PAHALAINEN (THE WICKED ONE), _a name of the Evil Power_.
PÄIVÄTÄR, _the Daughter of the Sun_.
PAKKANEN, _the personified Frost_.
PALVONEN, _apparently the same as Tuuri_.
PANU, _the son of the Sun_.
PELLERVOINEN, _vide Sampsa_.
PIHLAJATAR, _the nymph of the Mountain-Ash tree_.
PILTTI, _the handmaid of Marjatta_.
PIMENTOLA, _a name of Pohjola_.
PISA, _name of a mountain_.
POHJA, _the North_.
POHJOLA, _the North Country_; (_a_) _A dark and dismal country to the north of Lapland, but sometimes identified with Lapland itself_; (_b_) _The castle or homestead of Louhi, to which the name of the country itself was applied_.
PUHURI, _the North Wind_.
PUOLUKKA (CRANBERRY), _name of a cow_.
RUOTUS, _the headman of a village_. (_Herod, according to the commentators._)
RUTJA, _a cataract, said to be the same as Turja_.
SAARELAINEN (THE ISLANDER), _an epithet of Lemminkainen_.
SAARI, _an island, especially the island now called Kronstadt_.
SAMPO, _a magic corn, salt and coin-mill_.
SAMPSA PELLERVOINEN, _the genius of agriculture_ (_from pellon or pelto, a field_), _the servant or agent of Väinämöinen_.
SARA } } _names of Pohjola_. SARIOLA }
SAVO (SAVOLAKS), _a province of Finland_.
SIMA, _a Sound in Pohjola_.
SINETAR, _a nymph who colours flowers blue_.
"SOTKO'S DAUGHTERS"; _the protecting nymphs of ducks_.
SUOMI, _Finland_.
SUONETAR, _the nymph of the veins_.
SURMA, _Death, or the God of Death_.
SUOVAKKO, _name of an old woman_.
SUVANTOLA (_the land of still waters_), _a name of Väinölä_.
SUVANTOLAINEN, _an epithet of Väinämöinen_.
SUVETAR, _the goddess of Summer_.
SYÖJÄTÄR, _an ogress, the mother of the serpents_.
SYÖTIKKI (EATER), _name of a cow_.
TAMMATAR, _the goddess of the oak tree_.
TANIKA, _name of the builder of a castle_.
TAPIO, _the God of the Forests_.
TAPIOLA, _the dominions of Tapio_.
TELLERVO, _the daughter of Tapio, but in some passages apparently identified with Mielikki_.
TERHENETAR, _the goddess of the Clouds_.
TIERA, _Lemminkainen's comrade in arms_.
TUOMETAR, _the goddess of the Bird Cherry_.
TUOMIKKI, _name of a cow_.
TUONELA, or MANALA, _Hades_.
TUONETAR, _the daughter of Tuoni_.
TUONI, or MANA, _the God of Hades_.
TUORIKKI, _name of a cow_.
TURJA, _Lapland; also name of a cataract_.
TURJALAINEN, _a Laplander_.
TURSAS, _vide Iki-Turso_.
TUULIKKI, _a daughter of Tapio_.
TUURI, _the builder of a house where honey is stored_.
UKKO (OLD MAN), _usually identified with Jumala, the God of Heaven, with special authority over the clouds_.
ULAPPALA (_the country of the open sea_), _apparently the same as Tuonela_.
UNTAMO } } (_a_) _the god of Sleep and Dreams;_ (_b_) _a turbulent UNTAMOINEN, } chieftain, the brother of Kalervo_.
UNTAMOLA, _the dominions of Untamo; sometimes used for Untamo himself_.
UNTO, _short for Untamo_.
UNTOLA, _the dominions of Unto_.
UVANTO } } _names of Väinämöinen_. UVANTOLAINEN }
VÄINÄMÖINEN, _the primeval minstrel and culture-hero, the son of Ilmatar_ (_the name, as pronounced, sounds like Vannamoenen_).
VÄINÖ, _short for Väinämöinen_.
VÄINÖLÄ, _the dominions of Väinämöinen_ (=_Kalevala_.)
VAMMATAR, _the Daughter of Evil_.
VELLAMO, _the goddess of the Sea and of the Waters, the spouse of Ahto_.
VIPUNEN, _vide Antero Vipunen_.
VIRO, _Esthonia_.
VIROKANNAS, _used as a proper name; apparently meaning the Wise Esthonian_.
VUOJALAINEN, _a name of Lyylikki_.
VUOKSI, _an important river which flows into Lake Ladoga_.
THE END
RICHARD CLAY & SONS, LIMITED, BREAD STREET HILL, E.C., AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.