CHAPTER VI

.

THE INQUISITION AND THE INDEX.[724]

§ 1. _The Inquisition in Spain._

The idea conveyed in the term Inquisition is the punishment of spiritual or ecclesiastical offences by physical pains and penalties. It was no new conception in the Christian Church. It had existed from the days of Constantine. So far as the mediæval Church is concerned, historians roughly distinguish between the Episcopal, the Papal, and the Spanish Inquisitions. In the half-barbarous Church of the early Middle Ages, in which a curious give-and-take policy existed between the secular and civil powers, a seemingly consistent understanding was arrived at between Church and State, which may be summed up by saying that it was recognised to be the Church's duty to point out heretics, and that of the State to punish them--the Church being represented by the Bishops. This episcopal Inquisition took many forms, and was never a very effective instrument in the suppression of heresy.

In 1203, Pope Innocent III., alarmed at the spread of heresies through southern France and northern Italy, published a Bull censuring the indifference of the Bishops, appointing the Abbot of Citeaux his delegate in matters of heresy, and giving him power to judge and _punish_ heresy. This was the beginning of the Inquisition as a separate institution. It was an act of papal centralisation, and a distinct encroachment on the episcopal jurisdiction. The papal Inquisition, thus started, took root. It did not displace the old episcopal Inquisition; the two existed side by side; but the "Apostolic Tribunal for the suppression of heresy" was by far the more effective weapon. It was usually managed by the Dominican and Franciscan Orders.

The Spanish Inquisition took its rise in the closing decades of the fifteenth century. The Popes had frequently desired to see the papal Inquisition introduced into Spain, and leave had always been refused by the sovereigns, jealous of papal interference. Pope Sixtus IV. had gone the length of granting to his Legate, Nicolo Franco, "full inquisitorial powers to prosecute and punish false Christians who after baptism persisted in the observance of Jewish rites," but Isabella and Ferdinand did not allow him to exercise them. But the power and wealth of the _Conversos_--Jews who had nominally embraced Christianity--had made them detested by the Spanish people, and a large section of the clergy were clamouring for their overthrow. Thomas de Torquemada, the Queen's confessor, eagerly pressed the Inquisition upon his royal penitent, and at last the sovereigns applied to the Pope for a Bull to enable them to establish in Spain an Inquisition of a peculiar kind. It was to differ from the ordinary papal Inquisition in this, that it was to be strictly under royal control, that the sovereigns were to have the appointment of the Inquisitors, and that the fines and confiscations were to flow into the royal treasury. The Bull was granted (November 1st, 1478), but the sovereigns hesitated to use the rights it conveyed. After a year's delay, two royal Inquisitors were appointed (September 17th, 1480), and the first _auto-da-fé_, at which six persons were burnt, took place on February 6th, 1481. The succeeding years saw various modifications in the constitution of the Holy Office; but at last it was organised with a council, presided over by an Inquisitor-General, Thomas de Torquemada. He was a man of pitiless zeal, stern, relentless, and autocratic; and he stamped his nature on the institution over which he presided. The Holy Office was permitted to frame its own rules. The permission made it practically independent, while all the resources of the State were placed at its command. When an Inquisitor came to assume his functions, the officials took an oath to assist him to exterminate all whom he might designate as heretics, and to observe, and compel the observance by all, of the decretals _Ad abolendum, Excommunicamus, Ut officium Inquisitionis_, and _Ut Inquisitionis negotium_--the papal legislation of the thirteenth century, which made the State wholly subservient to the Holy Office, and rendered incapable of official position any one suspect in the faith or who favoured heretics. Besides this, all the population was assembled to listen to a sermon by the Inquisitor, after which all were required to swear on the cross and the Gospels to help the Holy Office, and not to impede it in any manner or on any pretext. The methods of work and procedure were also taken from the papal Inquisition. The Inquisitors were furnished with letters patent. They travelled from town to town, attended by guards and notaries public. Their expenses were defrayed by taxes laid on the towns and districts through which they passed. Spies and informers, guaranteed State protection, brought forward their information. The Court was opened; witnesses were examined; and the accused were acquitted or found guilty. The sentence was pronounced; the secular assessor gave a formal assent; and the accused was handed over to the civil authorities for punishment. When Torquemada reorganised the Spanish Inquisition, a series of rules were framed for its procedure which enforced secrecy to the extent of depriving the accused of any rational means of defence; which elaborated the judicial method so as to leave no loop-hole even for those who expressed a wish to recant; and which multiplied the charges under which suspected heretics, even after death, might be treated as impenitent and their property confiscated. The Spanish Inquisition differed from the papal in its close relation to the civil authorities, its terrible secrecy, its relentlessness, and its exclusion of Bishops from even a nominal participation in its work. Thus organised, it became the most terrible of curses to unhappy Spain. During the first hundred and thirty-nine years of its existence the country was depopulated to the extent of three millions of people. It had become strong enough to overawe the monarchy, to insult the episcopate, and to defy the Pope. The number of its victims can only be conjectured. Llorente has calculated that during the eighteen years of Torquemada's presidency 114,000 persons were accused, of whom 10,220 were burnt alive, and 97,000 were condemned to perpetual imprisonment or to public penitence. This was the terrible instrument used relentlessly to bring the Spanish people into conformity with the Spanish Reformation, and to crush the growing Protestantism of the Low Countries. It was extended to Corsica and Sardinia; but the people of Naples and Sicily successfully resisted its introduction when proposed by the Spanish Viceroys.

§ 2. _The Inquisition in Italy._

Cardinal Caraffa (afterwards Pope Paul IV.), the relentless enemy of the Reformation, seeing the success of this Spanish Inquisition in its extermination of heretics, induced Pope Paul III. to consent to a reorganisation of the papal Inquisition in Italy on the Spanish model, in 1542. The Curia had become alarmed at the progress of the Reformation in Italy. They had received information that small Protestant communities had been formed in several of the Italian towns, and that heresy was spreading in an alarming fashion. Caraffa declared that "the whole of Italy was infected with the Lutheran heresy, which had been extensively embraced both by statesmen and ecclesiastics." Ignatius Loyola and the Jesuits highly approved of the suggestion, and they were all-powerful with the Cardinal Borromeo, the pious and trusted nephew of the Pope. In 1542 the Congregation of the Holy Office was founded at Rome, and six Cardinals, among them Cardinals Caraffa and Toledo, were named Inquisitors-General, with authority on both sides of the Alps to try all cases of heresy, to apprehend and imprison suspected persons, and to appoint inferior tribunals with the same or more limited powers. The intention was to introduce into this remodelled papal Inquisition most of the features which marked the thoroughness of the Spanish institution. But the jealousy of the Popes prevented the Holy Office from exercising the same independent action in Italy as in Spain. The new institution began its work at once within the States of the Church, and was introduced after some negotiations into most of the Italian principalities. Venice refused, until it was arranged that the Holy Office there should be strictly subject to the civil authorities.

Although modelled on the Spanish institution, the work of the Holy Office in Italy never exhibited the same murderous activity; nor was there the same need. The Italians have never showed the stern consistency in faith which characterised the Spaniards. It was generally found sufficient to strike at the leaders in order to cause the relapse of their followers. Still the records of the Office and contemporary witnesses recount continuous trials and burnings in Rome and in other cities. In Venice, death by drowning was substituted for burning. The victims were placed on a board supported by two gondolas; the boats were rowed apart, and the unfortunate martyrs perished in the waters. The Protestant congregations which had been formed in Bologna, Faenza, Ferrara, Lucca, Modena, Naples, Siena, Venice, and Vicenza were dispersed with little or no bloodshed. A colony of Waldenses, settled near the town of Cosenza in the north-central part of Calabria, were made of sterner stuff. Nothing would induce them to relapse, and they were exterminated by sword, by hurling from the summits of cliffs, by prolonged confinement in deadly prisons, at the stake, in the mines, in the Spanish galleys. One hundred elderly women were first tortured and then slaughtered at Montalto. The survivors among the women and children were sold into slavery. Such was the work of the Counter-Reformation in Italy, and the measures to which it owed much of its success.

§ 3. _The Index._

Leaders of the Counter-Reformation in Italy like Popes Paul IV. and Pius V. were determined on much more than the dispersion of Protestant communities and the banishment or martyrdom of the missionaries of Evangelical thought. They resolved to destroy what they rightly enough believed to be its seed and seed-bed--the cultivation of independent thinking and of impartial scholarship. They wished to extirpate all traces of the Renaissance. In the fifteenth and first half of the sixteenth centuries, Italy had been "the workshop of ideas," the _officina scientiarum_ for the rest of Europe. The Inquisition, in Italy as in Spain, attacked the Academies, the schools of learning, above all the libraries in which the learning of the past was stored, and the printing-presses which disseminated ideas day by day. They had the example of Torquemada before them, who had burnt six thousand volumes at Salamanca in 1490 on pretence that they taught sorcery.

It was no new thing to order the burning of heretical writings. This had been done continuously throughout the Middle Ages. The episcopal Inquisition, the Universities, the papal Inquisition, had all endeavoured to discover and destroy writings which they deemed to be dangerous to the dogmas of the Church. After the invention of printing such a method of slaying ideas was not so easy; but the ecclesiastical authorities had tried their best. The celebrated edict of the Archbishop of Mainz of 1486, prompted by the number of Bibles printed in the vernacular, and trying to establish a censorship of books, may be taken as an example.[725]

Pope Sixtus IV. in 1547 had ordered the University of Köln to see that no books (_libri, tractatus aut scripturæ qualescunque_) were printed without previous licence, and had empowered the authorities to inflict penalties on the printers, purchasers, and readers of all unlicensed books. Alexander VI. had sent the same order to the Archbishops of Köln, Mainz, Trier, and Magdeburg (1501). In a _Constitution_ of Leo X., approved by the Lateran Council of 1515, it was declared that no book could be printed in Rome which had not been expressly sanctioned by the _Master of the Palace_, and in other lands by the Bishop of the diocese or the Inquisitor of the district; and this had been homologated by the Council of Trent.[726] From its reorganisation in 1543 the papal Inquisition in Rome had undertaken this work of censorship.

Outside the States of the Church the suppression of books and the requirement of ecclesiastical licence could only be carried out through the co-operation of the secular authorities; and they naturally demanded some uniformity in the books condemned. This led to lists of prohibited books being drawn up--as at Louvain (1546 and 1550), at Köln (1549), and by the Sorbonne, who managed the Inquisition for the north of France (1544 and 1551). Pope Paul IV. drafted the first papal Index in 1559. It was very drastic, and its very severity prevented its success.[727] It was this _Index Librorum Prohibitorum_ which was discussed by the Commission appointed at the Council of Trent.[728]

The Commission drafted a set of ten rules to be followed in constructing a list of prohibited books, and left the actual formation of the Index to the Pope. This new Index (the Tridentine Index) was published by Pope Pius IV. in 1564. His successor, Pius V., appointed a special Commission of Cardinals to deal with the question of prohibited books. It was called the Congregation of the Index, and although distinct from the Inquisition, worked along with it. Its work was done very thoroughly. Italian scholarship was slain so far as the peninsula was concerned. The scholarship of Spain and Portugal was also destroyed. Learning had to take shelter north of the Alps and the Pyrenees. So thoroughly was the work of prohibition carried out, so many difficulties beset even Roman Catholic authors, that Paleario called the whole system "a dagger drawn from the scabbard to assassinate all men of letters"; Paul Sarpi dubbed it "the finest secret which has ever been discovered for applying religion to the purpose of making men idiots"; and Latini, a champion of the Papacy, declared it to be a "peril which threatened the very existence of books."

The rules for framing the Index, drafted by the commission of the Council of Trent, are curious reading. The writings of noted Reformers, of Zwingli, Luther, and especially of Calvin, were absolutely prohibited. The Vulgate was to be the only authorised version of the Scriptures, and the only one to be quoted as an inspired text. Scholars might, by special permission of their ecclesiastical superiors, possess another version, but they were never to quote it as authoritative. Versions in the vernacular were never to be quoted. Bible Dictionaries, Concordances, books on controversial theology, had to pass the strictest examination at the hands of the censors before publication. The censors were directed to examine with the utmost care not merely the text, but all summaries, notes, indexes, prefaces, and dedications, searching for any heretical phrases or for sentences which the unwary might be tempted to think heretical, for all criticisms on any ecclesiastical action, for any satire on the clergy or on religious rites. All such passages were to be expunged.

North of the Alps the Index had small effect. It was impotent in lands where the Reformation was firmly established; and in France, papal Germany, and north Italy a class of daring colporteurs carried the prohibited tracts, Bibles, and religious literature throughout the lands.

The tremendous powers of suppression set forth in the Tridentine rules could not avoid doing infinite mischief to thought and scholarship, even if placed in the hands of qualified and well-intentioned men. But the censors were neither capable nor high-minded. Scholars refused the odious task. Commentaries on the Fathers were read by men who knew little Latin, less Greek, and no Hebrew. They were discovered extorting money from unfortunate authors, levying blackmail on booksellers, listening to the whispers of jealous rivals.

So effectually was learning slain in Italy, that when the Popes at the close of the sixteenth century strove to revive the scholarship of the Church and to gather together at Rome a band of men able to defend the Papacy with their pens, these scholars had to work under immense disabilities. Baronius wrote his _Annals_, and Latini edited the Latin Fathers, both of them ignorant of Greek, and both harassed by the censorship.

Some of the more distinguished leaders of the Counter-Reformation saw the dangers which lurked in this system of pure suppression. The great German Jesuit, Canisius, who did more than any other man for the maintenance and revival of the Roman Catholic Church in Germany, pointed out that destruction was powerless to effect permanent good. The people must have books, and the Church ought to supply them. He laboured somewhat successfully to that end.

§ 4. _The Society of Jesus and the Counter-Reformation._

Neither the Inquisition nor the Index account for the Counter-Reformation. Repression might stamp out Reformers in southern Europe; but faith, enthusiasm, unselfish and self-denying work were needed to enable the Roman Church to assume the offensive. These were supplied to a large extent by the devoted followers of Ignatius Loyola.

Roman Catholicism reached its ebb during the pontificate of Pius IV. It stood everywhere on the defensive, seeing one stronghold after another pass into the hands of a victorious Protestantism. Pius V., his successor, was the first fighting Pope of the new Roman Catholicism. He had behind him the reorganisation effected by the Council of Trent; the Roman Catholic revival of mediæval piety of which Carlo Borromeo, Philip Neri, and Francis de Sales were distinguished types; the Inquisition and Congregation of the Index; and, above all, the Company of Jesus. Romanism under his leadership boldly assumed the offensive.

In 1564 it seemed as if all Germany might become Protestant. The States which still acknowledged the Papacy were honeycombed with Protestant communities. Bavaria, the Rhine Provinces, the Duchy of Austria itself, were, according to contemporary accounts, more than half-Protestant. Nearly all the seats of learning were Protestant. The Romanist Universities of Vienna and Ingolstadt were almost deserted by students. Under the skilful and enthusiastic leadership of Peter Canisius, the Jesuits were mainly instrumental in changing this state of things. They entered Bavaria and Austria. They appeared there as the heralds and givers of education, and took possession of the rising generation. They established their schools in all the principal centres of population. They were good teachers; they produced school-books of a modern type; the catechism written by Canisius himself was used in all their schools (it transplanted into Romanism the Lutheran system of catechising); they charged no fees; they soon had the instruction of the Roman Catholic children in their hands. The astonished people of town and country districts began to see pilgrimages of boys and girls, conducted like modern Sunday-school treats, led by the good fathers, to visit famous churches, shrines, holy crosses, miraculous wells, etc. The parents were induced to visit the teachers; visits led to the confessional, and the confessional to the directorate. Then followed the discipline of the _Spiritual Exercises_, usually shortened to suit the capacities of the penitents. Whole districts were led back to the confessional--the parents following the children.

The higher education was not neglected. Jesuit colleges founded at Vienna and Ingolstadt peopled the decaying universities with students, and gave them new life. Student associations, on the model of that founded by Canisius at Köln, were formed, and were affiliated to the Company of Jesus. Pilgrimages of students wended their way to famous shrines; talented young men submitted their souls to the direction of the Jesuit fathers, and shared in the hypnotic trance given by the course of the _Spiritual Exercises_. A generation of ardent souls was trained for the active service of the Roman Church, and vowed to combat Protestantism to the death.

The Company had another, not less important, field of work. The Peace of Augsburg had left the management of the religion of town or principality in the hands of the ruling secular authority. The maxim, _Cujus regio ejus religio_, placed the religious convictions of the population of many districts at the mercy of one man. Many Romanist Princes had no wish to persecute, still less to see their principalities depopulated by banishment. Some of them had given guarantees for freedom of conscience and limited rights of worship to their Protestant subjects. The Jesuits set themselves to change this condition of things. They could be charming confessors and still more delightful directors for the obedient sons and daughters of the Papacy. They were invited to take charge of the souls of many of the Princes and especially of the Princesses of Germany. They set themselves to charm, to command, and, lastly, to threaten their penitents. Toleration of Protestants they represented to be the unpardonable sin. They succeeded in many cases in inducing Romanist rulers to withdraw the protection they had hitherto accorded to their Protestant subjects, who, if they stood firm in their faith, had to leave their homes and seek refuge within a Protestant district.

Thus openly and stealthily the wave of Romanist reaction rolled northwards over Germany, and district after district was won back for the Papacy. This first period of the Counter-Reformation may be said to end with the sixteenth century; the second, which included the Thirty Years' War, lies beyond our limit.

The savage struggle in France, culminating in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, did not belong to the New Roman Catholicism, and lay outside of what may be called the Counter-Reformation proper. The force of this new aggressive movement was first felt in the formation of the Holy League, which had for its object to prevent Henry of Navarre from ascending the throne of France. The League was the symbol in France of this Counter-Reformation. The Jesuits never attained a preponderating influence in that country until the days of Marie de Medici; but they were the restless and ruthless organisers of the Holy League. The Jesuit fathers, Auger, Henri Saumier, and, above all, Claude Matthieu, called the _Courrier de la Ligue_, worked energetically on its behalf. The Company issued tracts from their printing-presses asserting the inalienable rights of the people to govern and therefore to choose their rulers. They taught that while God had given spiritual power into the hands of one man, the Pope, He had bestowed the secular power on the many. Kings, they asserted, do not reign by any divine right of hereditary succession, but by the will of the people and of the Pope. Hence all Romanist France was justified in setting aside the King of Navarre and putting in his place the Cardinal of Bourbon, his uncle.

The arguments they laid before the English people were based on principles altogether different, even contradictory. There they extolled hereditary and legitimate succession. Elizabeth was illegitimate, and Mary of Scotland had divine rights to the throne of England. It is needless to relate the efforts made by the leaders of the Counter-Reformation to bring England back to the Papacy--the College at Douai, the English College at Rome, both erected to train missionaries for service against the heretical Queen; the mission of the Jesuits, Parsons and Campion. The student of history can scarcely fail to note one thing,--that the sailing of the Spanish Armada marks the flood-tide of the first period of the Counter-Reformation. After the ruin of the great fleet the first wave of the reaction seems to have spent itself. The League failed in France, and Henry IV. secured the rights of his Protestant subjects in the Edict of Nantes. The Hollanders emerged triumphant from their long war of liberation. Even in Germany the defeat of the Armada dates in a rough way the end of the impetus of the Romanist reaction. The German Protestants assumed the offensive again, and an energetic and aggressive Calvinism redeemed the halting character of the Lutheran Reformation.

Mr. Symonds, in his brilliant sketches of the forces at work to make the Romanist reaction, thinks that the part of the Jesuits in the Counter-Reformation has rather been exaggerated than insufficiently recognised. "Without the ecclesiastical reform which originated in the Tridentine Council; without the gold and sword of Spain; without the stakes and prisons of the Inquisition; without the warfare against thought conducted by the Congregation of the Index,--the Jesuits alone could not have masterfully governed the Catholic revival."[729] This is perhaps true; but what would all these things have come to apart from the activity of the Company of Jesus? They were little better than the mechanism to which the enthusiasm and the indomitable work bred from enthusiasm gave the soul. Stern, relentless, savage repression can do much. It can make a desert and call it peace; but it cannot requicken with renewed life. The gentle piety of Carlo Borromeo, the sweet languishing tenderness of Francis de Sales, the revived mediæval mysticism discernible in the Romanist reaction, had neither the religious depth nor the endurance needed for the times. Ignatius breathed the Spanish spirit, at once wildly visionary and intensely practical, into his Company, and they transfused it throughout the Church of the Counter-Reformation--the exalted devotion, the tenacity which no reverses could wear out, and the unquenchable religious hope. They ruled it as the soul governs the body.

It was the time of Spanish domination. Spain grasped the New World and hoped to subdue the Old. Her soldiers were the best in Europe. They dreamed of nothing but conquests. The Jesuits brought the Spanish spirit into the Church. Others might scheme, and wish, and wonder. They worked. They reaped the harvest which hard and unremitting labour gathers in every field. It was not for nothing that Adrian and other papal statesmen dubbed Luther another Mahomet; the word kindled in every Spanish breast the memory of their centuries of war with the Moslems and its victorious ending. If the gold and sword of Spain were at the service of the Counter-Reformation, it was the Spanish spirit incarnate in the Company of Jesus that made such dry bones live.

We must remember that in the first period of the Romanist reaction we have to do with the Jesuits of the sixteenth century, and must banish from our minds the history of the Order in the two centuries that follow. Its worst side had scarcely appeared. Its theory of Probabilism, by which directors were trained to transform all deadly sins, even murder, adultery, and theft, into venial offences, and casuistry became a method for the entire guidance of souls, belonged to a later period. It was not till the seventeenth century that the forgiveness of sins had been reduced by them to a highly refined art. Their shameless neglect of religion and morality, when the political interests of the Church and of the Society seemed to require it, was also later. What the depressed Romanists of the sixteenth century saw was a body of men whom no difficulties daunted, who spent themselves in training boys and girls and in animating them with religious principles; who persuaded boys and youths to attend daily Mass, to resort to monthly confession, to study the articles of their faith; who elevated that obedience, which for generations they had been taught was due to the earthly head of the Church, into a sublime religious principle.

All this the Romanism of the Counter-Reformation owed to those three unknown men, who crept into Rome through the Porto del Popolo during Easter 1538 to beg Pope Paul III. to permit them and their companions to enroll themselves in a new Order, for the defence of the faith.

It is true that men can never get rid of their personal responsibility in spiritual things, but multitudes will always attempt to cast the burden upon others. In all such souls the spirit of the Counter-Reformation lives and moves and has its being, and they are sustained, consciously or unconsciously, by that principle of blind obedience which its preachers taught. It is enough for us to remember that no weakened sense of personal responsibility and no amount of superstitious practice can utterly quench the conscience that seeks its God, or can hinder that upward glance to the Father in heaven which carries with it a living faith.

INDEX.

Aare, The, Swiss river, boundary between the Provinces of Mainz and Besançon, 23.

_Abjuration, Act of_, declaration of Dutch Independence, 267.

Abjuration of Papal Supremacy by the Church of England, 332.

_Act of Restraint of Appeals_ (England), 329.

_Act abolishing Diversity of opinion_ (England), 348.

_Act of Uniformity_ (Edward VI.), _The First_, 357, 360.

_Act of Uniformity_ (Edward VI.), _The Second_, 363.

_Act de heretico comburendo_, 374.

_Act of Uniformity_ (Elizabeth), 390 _ff._, 395, 401 _f._, 403, 419.

_Act of Supremacy_ (Elizabeth), 390 _ff._, 393 _f._, 397, 401, 408 _f._

Acts completing England's secession from Rome, 331.

Acts of Henry VIII. revived by Elizabeth, 393 and _n._

Adda, The (Val Tellina), 50.

Adrian VI., his ideas of the need of reformation, 496; a Dutch Ximenes, 497; an Inquisitor, 497; in Rome, 497; tries to reform the _Curia_, 498; the martyr of the Spanish Reformation, 499; failure in life, success after death, 500; 494, 610.

_Advertisements_ of Archbishop Parker, 406, 418 _n._

Advoyer, The, the chief Magistrate of Bern, 41 _n._

Agen, Reformed church at, 166.

Agrarian troubles in England, 345, 359, 387.

Agrippa, Cornelius, 64 _n._

Aigle, a district of the Pays de Vand, 67; Farel at, 67, 69.

Albert of Brandenburg, 3.

Alcala, College at, 491 _f._, 537.

Alciat, André, lecturer in Law, 95.

Aleander, Hieronymus, Papal Legate at Worms, in the Netherlands, 229.

Alençon, The Duke of, Francis, till 1574, then Duke of Anjou, 179 _n._, 203.

Alexander, of Arles, Peter, 358.

Alva, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of, 193, 255 _f._, 259, 262.

Amboise, Town of, 146, 310; Conspiracy of, 176; Edict of, 192.

Ammonius, Andreas, Latin secretary to Henry VIII., 316.

Amsterdam, 236, 239.

Anabaptists, The, outside the Peace of Augsburg, 5; in Zurich, 35; in the Netherlands, 224 _ff._; their origin, 235, 423, 432 _ff._; places of refuge, 238, 451; attempts to gain a town in the Netherlands, 238 _f._; old mood of describing, 430 _f._, 431 _n._; connection with the social revolt, 432; with the _Brethren_, 432; their organisation, 435; their hymns, 435, 449 _ff._; their strong individuality, 437; views on _Passive Resistance_, 438; their evangelists, 439; repudiated a State Church, 442; their "separation" from the world, 443, 461; persecutions, 236 _ff._, 445; in Switzerland, 445 _f._; in Münster, 459 _ff._; polygamy among, 463 _ff._; their views on Marriage, 464.

Andelot, Francis de, brother of Admiral Coligny, 172, 194.

Anduze, Huguenot stronghold, 201.

Angeles, Francisco de los, and Luther 495.

Angers, Reformed church at, 166.

Anhalt becomes Calvinist, 3.

Anna Reinhard and Zwingli, 36.

_Annates_ (England), 328, 331.

Anne of Cleves, 342, 347, 349.

Anti-Trinitarians, 422, 424 _f._

Antoine de Bourbon, titular King of Navarre, 20, 172, 175, 178, 181, 186, 192. See Bourbon.

Antwerp, 234, 254 _f._

_Apology, The_, of William of Orange, 267.

_Apostles, The Twelve_ (nickname), 252.

Apostolic Tribunal (Inquisition), The, 598.

Appenzell (Swiss Canton), 22, 46, 49.

Aquila, Bishop of, Ambassador of Philip II., 386.

_Archeteles_ (treatise by Zwingli), 33.

_Areopagitica, The_, 13.

Armada, Destruction of the Spanish, 212.

Arran, the Earl of, 281, 283, 298 _n._

Arthur, Prince of Wales, married to Catharine of Aragon, 322.

_Articles of Geneva_, 105 _ff._, 124.

_Articles, The Ten_, 333 _ff._

_Articles, The Six_, 348 _f._, 355, 358.

_Articles, The Forty-two_, 363, 411.

_Articles, The Thirty-eight_, 414 _f._

_Articles, The Thirty-nine_, 363, 411 _ff._, 415, 418.

_Articles of the order and government of the Church, The_, 417.

_Articles, The Twenty-one_ (Anabaptist), 459, 465.

_Articles, The Twelve_ (The Apostles' Creed), 518.

Arundel, the Constitutions of Thomas, 337.

Assembly of Notables (France), 177.

_Attrition_ and _Contrition_, as defined at the Council of Trent, 584.

Aubenas, Huguenot stronghold, 201.

Aubigny, Reformed church at, 166.

Augsburg, Peace of, Elizabeth's desire to take advantage of, 397, 405 _n._, 408, 414.

_Augsburg Confession_, 124, 341, 397, 415, 576.

_Augsburg Interim_, 567; 20.

Augsburger, Jacob, Reformer of Mühlhausen, 43.

_Aventuriers, Les_, in France, 144.

Aytta, Vigilius van, member of the Council of State for the Netherlands, 243.

_Babylonian Captivity of the Church of Christ_, 334, 494.

Baden (Switzerland), Diet at, 47.

Bale, John, 318.

_Band subscrivit by the Lords_, 289.

_Baptism, Ceremony of_, according to the Reformed rite, 69; first instance in Geneva, 83; Anabaptist mode of administering, 435; mode in Münster, 461.

_Baptism, Doctrine of_, defined at the Council of Trent, 581.

Barcelona, Ladies of, Ignatius' earliest disciples, 533, 561.

Barlaymont, Baron de (Netherlands), 243, 250, 255.

Barnes, Dr. Robert (England), 18, 340, 349.

Barricades, the day of (France), 211.

Barry, Godfrey de, Seigneur de la Renaudie (France), 175.

Basel, Bishopric of, 23, 64.

Basel, Town of, the Reformation in, 38; accepts Calvinism, 60; regulation of morals in, 109; 22, 25, 122.

Bastille, The, used as a prison for Protestants, 164.

_Bauny, qui tollit peccata mundi per definitionem_, 556.

Bavaria, 48; Anabaptists in, 449.

_Bearnese_, The, Henry IV. of France, 218.

_Beatæ_, Spanish Mystics, 530.

Beaton, David, Archbishop of St Andrews, Cardinal, 282 _f._, 345 _n._

Beatus, Rhenanus, Humanist, 18 _n._

Béda, Noël, leader of the Romanist party in the University of Paris, 94, 535.

_Beggars, The_, 250 _ff._ See _Wild-Beggars_, _Sea-Beggars_.

_Bekentones des globens und lebens der gemein Criste zu Monster_, 464.

Benedictines, Reformation among the, 509.

_Bentheim Confession_, 4 _n._

Ber, Hans, Anabaptist evangelist, 439.

Bern, The Reformation in, 40; _The Ten Theses_ of, 42, 45 _f._, 103; protects Swiss Protestants, 45, 63; seeks to evangelise Western Switzerland, 63, 66, 103 _f._; Liturgy of, in use in French Switzerland, 69, 117, 118 _ff._; demands a Public Disputation at Lausanne, 70; Synod at, 73; protects the Evangelicals of Geneva, 79 _f._; conquers the Pays de Vaud, 89; regulation of morals in, 109; commanding position in Western Switzerland, 116; _Consistory_ of, 117 _ff._; intercedes with Geneva on Calvin's behalf, 121 _ff._; 22, 48, 113, 129.

Bernard, Jacques, minister at Geneva, 131 _n._

Berquin, Louis, a French Lutheran, 18, 143.

Besançon, Archiepiscopal Province of, 23.

Bèze, Théodore de (Beza), 95, 155, 313; at Poissy, 186 _ff._

Bible, The English, 335, 337 _ff._, 389.

Biel or Bienne (Swiss Canton), 46; becomes Calvinist, 60.

_Bishops' Book, The_, 10, 319, 336.

Blaarer (Blauer), Ambrose, 43, 47.

Blandrata, Giorgio, Anti-Trinitarian, 426.

_Blast ... against the monstrous Regiment of Women_, 292, 296.

_Blaurock_ (Brother Jörg), 446 _f._

Blois, town of, 146, 166.

_Bloody Tribunal, The_, 255.

Boabdilla, Nicholas, Jesuit, 537, 557.

Bockelson, Jan (Jan of Leyden), arrived at Münster, 459; leader in Münster, 463 _ff._; introduced polygamy 465 _ff._

Bocquet, Christopher, a Dominican preacher in Geneva, 75; called a _Lutheran_ preacher, 75 _n._

Boekbinder, Bartholomaeus, disciple of Jan Matthys, 459.

Boleyn, Anne, 324, 331.

Bolsec, Jerome (Geneva), 130.

Bonner, Edmund, Bishop of London, 369, 374 _f._, 380 _f._, 389.

_Book of Common Order, The_ (Scotland), 306.

_Book of Communion, The_ (England), 356.

_Book of Discipline, The First_ (Scotland), 307.

Books, Index of Prohibited. _See Index._

Borgia, Francis, Duke of Candia, a Jesuit, 556.

Borromean League (Switzerland), 60.

Borromeo, Carlo, Cardinal, 60, 595.

Bourbon, _Antoine_ de (1518-1562), Duke of Vendôme, and through his wife, Jeanne d'Albret, titular King of Navarre, 20, 172, 175, 178, 181, 186, 192. _Louis_ de, brother of Antoine, Prince of Condé (1530-1569), Bourbon: married (1) Eléanor de Roye, (2) Françoise d'Orléans, 172, 175, 178 _f._, 187, 190 _f._ _Charles_ de, brother of Antoine (1523-1590), Cardinal de Bourbon, chosen King by the League as Charles X., 209, 216, 212 _f._ _Henry_, son of Antoine and Jeanne d'Albret, King of Navarre and King Henry IV. of France (1163-1610), recognised as leader of the Huguenots, 194; married to Marguerite de Valois, 197; becomes heir to the French throne, 206; declared by the Pope incapable of succeeding, 208; at Tours with Henry III., 214; succeeds as Henry IV., 216; his _Declaration_, 217; becomes a Roman Catholic, 219 _f._; grants the Edict of Nantes, 221. _Henry_ de (1552-1588), son of Louis of Condé and Eléanor de Roye, 195, 204, 208. _Antoinette_ de (1494-1583), aunt of Antoine de Bourbon, married Claude, Duke of Guise, the mother of the Guises, 190.

Bourg, Antoine du, the Chancellor, 146; the martyr, 160, 170, 174 _f._

Bourges, Calvin at, 95; church at, 166; 249.

Breda, 249.

Brederode, Henry, Viscount, 249 _f._

Bremen becomes Calvinist, 3.

_Bremen Consensus_, 4 _n._

Brès, Guido de, drafted the _Belgic Confession_, 272.

_Brethren, The_, 432 _f._, 434, 440, 445.

_Brethren of the Common Lot, The_, 226, 228.

_Brethren and Sisters of the Free Spirit, The_, 441.

Briçonnet, Guillaume, Bishop of Meaux, 11, 141 and _n._

Brill (Brielle) taken by the _Sea-Beggars_, 260.

Broet, Paul, the Jesuit, 537.

Brooks, James, Bishop of Gloucester, 378, 380.

Bruno, Giordano, 423.

Bucer, Martin, Reformer of Strassburg, 43, 73, 149, 358, 507, 519.

Buchanan, George, 281, 533 and _n._, 556.

Budé, Guillaume (Budæus), 12, 95.

Buenzli Gregory, teacher of Zwingli, 25.

Bullinger, Henry, successor to Zwingli in Zurich, on ecclesiastical excommunication, 111; influence in England, 360, 364, 402 and _n._, 437; 60.

Burgundy. See _Charles the Bold_.

Busche, Hermann von dem, of Marburg, 457.

Cachi, Jean, Rom. Cath. in Geneva, 86.

_Caffard_, 80.

_Cahiers_, list of grievances presented to the States-General, 182, 185.

Calvin (Cauvin), Jean, "atrocious mysteries of," 1 _n._, 415; doctrine of the Holy Supper, 58 ff., 412; on _substance_ and _presence_, 59, 412; preachers trained by, 71; youth and education, 92 _ff._; at the Colleges de la Marche and Montaigu, 93; at the College Fortet, 95; at Orleans and Bourges, 95; conversion, 95, 97; edition of Seneca's _De Clementia_, 12, 96; knowledge of the Classics and of Patristic, 96, 104, 109; joined the Protestant community in Paris, 97; writes the _Discourse on Christian Philosophy_, delivered by Nicolas Cop before the University of Paris, 98; in Basel, 99; in Geneva with Farel, 102 _ff._; at the _Disputation_ at Lausanne, 103; aimed at restoring the ecclesiastical usages of the first three centuries, 109; his idea of ecclesiastical discipline, 108 _ff._; believed that the secular power should enforce ecclesiastical sentences, 110; his views of ecclesiastical discipline not adopted by Geneva, 112; his _Catechisms_, 113, 306; his _Confession_ sworn to by the Genevese, 115; opposition to, in Geneva, 115-124; accused of heresy, 116; and the _Ceremonies of Bern_, 118 _ff._; at the _Synod of Lausanne_, 118 _f._; banished from Geneva, 74 _n._, 120; at the _Synod of Zurich_, 122; signs the _Augsburg Confession_, 124; settles at Strassburg, 124; asked to return to Geneva, 125 _f._; returns, 127; work in Geneva, provides a trained ministry, 132; plans for education, 133; influence on the French Protestant Church, 153 and _n._, 158; fond of Children, 154; as a writer of French prose, 155 and _n._; a democrat, 155 _f._; value of his theology for the Reformation, 156; influence on the organisation of the French Church, 164; discourages rebellion in France, 175; writes against iconoclasm, 183, 191; Renan and Michelet on, 159; influence on the Scottish Church, 305; at the _Regensburg Conference_, 523 _f._; 8 _ff._, 12, 16, 27, 138, 147 _f._, 305, 514, 557, 577.

Cambridge, 17, 276, 320.

Campeggio, Thomas, Bishop of Feltre, a Cardinal, in England, 323 _ff._; proposed that the Princess Mary should marry her half-brother, the Duke of Richmond, 323; at the Council of Trent, 570.

Canisius, Peter, a Jesuit, 557 _ff._, 591, 595, 605 _f._

Canon Law in the Elizabethan Church, 417 _f._

Canus, Alexandre, Reformed preacher in Geneva, 79.

Cany, Madame de, 158.

Capistrano, John of, a revival preacher in the Abruzzi, 502.

Capito, Wolfgang, 38, 43, 64 _n._, 453, 456.

Capucins, a reformation of the Franciscans, 507 _f._

Caraffa, Giovanni Pietro, Cardinal and later Pope Paul IV., member of the _Oratory of Divine Love_, 505; the _Theatines_, 509 _f._; character and training, 515; an Inquisitor, 601; his conduct as Pope, 585 _f._; 510, 545.

Carlyle, Thomas, on the Thirty Years' War, 2.

Caroli, Pierre, accuses Calvin of heresy, 116.

Carvajal, Juan de, Cardinal, 497.

_Cassel, Confession of_, 3, 4 _n._

Castellio, Sebastian, 130.

_Catechism, The Racovian_, 473, 477.

_Catechism of the Brethren, The_, 433.

Catechisms of the Reformed Church, the _Heidelberg_, 3, 4 _n._, 306; Calvin's, 113, 306; Craig's, 306.

Catharine of Aragon, 321 _ff._, 324, 330, 342, 388.

Catherine de' Medici, wife of Henry II. of France, begins to reign, 178; her children, 179 _n._; and ladies' side-saddle, 180 _n._; at Poissy, 186 _ff._; leader of the Romanist party in France, 192; matrimonial policy, 196; dies, 214; 173, 177, 180, 195, 211, 313.

_Cas communes_ and _cas privilégiés_, 162.

Cauvin, Gerard, father of Calvin, 92 _ff._; 95.

Cecil, Sir William, afterwards Lord Burghley, 19, 292, 295, 297 _ff._, 311 _f._, 386 _f._, 396.

_Ceremonies of Bern The_, 118 _ff._

Cervini, Marcello, Cardinal de Santa Croce, Legate at the Council of Trent, 566, 568 _ff._

Chablais, District of, 117.

Chambéry, 65.

_Chambre Ardente, The_, 162, 169, 290.

Chandieu, Antoine de, minister at Paris, 167.

Chapuis, Jean, Romanist in Geneva, 86.

Chapuys, Eustace, Ambassador of Charles V. in England, 330, 369.

Charles V., Emperor of Germany, disapproved of the Bern _Disputation_, 41; how he inherited the Netherlands, 225; consolidates the Netherlands, 226 _ff._; establishes the Inquisition there, 229; increasing severity towards Protestants, 231; Lutherans among his family, 233; abdicates at Brussels, 240; and Philip II., 240 _f._; persuaded that Protestants and Romanists may be re-united, 518, 523, 567; 225, 327, 358, 368 _f._, 371, 377, 496 _f._, 581.

Charles IX., King of France, 178, 186, 196, 198, 203 _f._

"Charles X.," the League King of France. See _Bourbon_.

Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, 22 _f._, 26, 225.

_Chateaubriand, Edict of_, 161 _f._, 169, 296.

_Châtelet, The Grand_ and _the Petit_, prisons in Paris, 164.

_Christian Civic League_ (Protestant), 48, 51.

_Christian Philosophy, Discourse on_, 98.

_Christian Union, The_ (Romanist), 48.

_Christianæ Religionis Institutio_. See _Institutio_.

_Church_, Calvin's _Doctrine of the_, 7, 110, 129.

_Church, Doctrine of the_, among the Anabaptists, 445.

_Church, Doctrine of the_, among the Socinians, 480 _f._

_Church, Doctrine of the_, at the Regensburg Conference, 521 _f._

_Classis_, ecclesiastical court in Dutch Church, 271.

Clement, Jacques, assassinates Henry III., 215 _f._

Clement VII. See Popes.

Clergy, dissolute lives at Geneva, 90 _n._; disliked in England, 319, 326.

Codure, Jean, The Jesuit, 537.

Cognac, a Huguenot stronghold, 194 _f._

Colleges in Paris, de la Marche, 93; de Ste Barbe, 98, 533 and _n._; de Montaigu, 94 _f._, 533; Fortet, 95; de Navarre, 97 _n._

Colleges founded in Spain by Ximenes, 491.

Colleges, French, seed-beds of the Reformation, 151.

Colet, Dean, 319, 334.

Coliguy, Gaspard de, Admiral of France, at the _Assembly of Notables_, 177; at the States-General, 182; at Poissy, 186; in La Rochelle, 194 _f._; attempted assassination of, 197; murdered by Guise, 199; 172, 184, 191, 196.

_Colloquy_, an ecclesiastical court in the French Protestant Church, 168.

Colloquy at Marburg, 50.

Colloquy at Poissy, 20, 186 _ff._

Colonna, Vittoria, 505 _f._, 508, 545, 559, 587 _n._

Colporteurs, French Protestant, 152.

_Commentary on the Psalms_, Calvin's, 97, 101.

_Communism_ among the Anabaptists, 438, 457, 461 _f._

Como, Lake of, 50.

_Company of Jesus, The_, the beginnings of the, 546, 548 _f._; its constitution, 550 _f._, 551 and _n._; power in the hands of the General, 552 _f._; limitations to his power, 553; rapid spread of the Order, 563; and the Council of Trent, 595; and the Counter-Reformation, 606; and education, 607.

_Compromise, The_ (Netherlands), 249.

_Complutensian Polyglot, The_, 492.

_Conciergerie_, Huguenot Prison in Paris, 164.

Concordat, The Spanish, of 1482, 491.

Conference at Westminster, 20, 400 _ff._

Confession, Augsburg, 1, 341, 415, 576.

Confessions of the Reformed Churches, 3, 4 _n._, 6 _n._; _Consensus Tigurinus_, 60; _Confession of Genecu_, 114; _Confession of Waldenses of the Durance_, 119; the _Belgic Confession_, 272 _f._; the Scots' Confession, 300, 302 _f._; the _Confession of the French Church_, 167 _f._; _Helvetic Confession_ (Second), 413.

_Congregation, The_ (in the Scottish Reformation Church), 289, 290, 299 _f._

_Congregation, The_ (in Western Switzerland), 105 _n._

_Congregation of the Holy Office, The_ (Inquisition), 601.

_Congregation of the Index, The_, 604 _f._

_Consilium ... de emendenda ecclesia_, 510.

_Consilium ... super reformatione sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ_, 511.

Consistorial ecclesiastical organisation, 4, 7.

_Consistory_, of Bern, 117, 122; of Geneva, 128 _f._; in the French Church, 165 _f._; in the Dutch Church, 270 _ff._

Constance, Bishop of, 30 _f._, 33, 34, 41, 47; bishopric of, 23; City of, 47 _f._; Lake of, 48.

_Consulta_, the confidential advisers of the Regent of the Netherlands, 243 _f._

Contarini, Gasparo, Senator of Venice and Cardinal, Member of the _Oratory of Divine Love_, 505; character and training, 513; and Calvin, 514; sent as Legate to Germany, 516 _ff._; at the Regensburg Conference, 519 _ff._; returns to Italy, 524.

Continental Divines in England, 358 and _n._

Convocation (England), 327, 329, _f._, 355, 363 _f._, 390, 411, 416, 418.

Cop, Nicolas, 12, 95, 98, 145.

_Cope_, 403 _f._ _n._, 406 and _n._, 407.

Coraut, Elie, the blind preacher of Geneva, 74 _n._, 119 and _n._, 120.

Cordier, Mathurin, teacher of Calvin, 93 and _n._, 94, 154.

Cortese, Gregorio, Abbot of San Giorgio Maggiore, 505, 509.

_Council General of the Union of Catholics_ (France), 213.

_Council of Sens_ (France), 144.

_Council of Tumults_, or the _Bloody Tribunal_ (Netherlands), 255.

Coutras, Battle of, 209.

_Covenants_ in Scottish Church History, 288 _f._, 299.

Cox, Dr., Bishop of Ely, 390, 402 _n._

Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, trial and martyrdom, 378 _ff._; _recantations_ of, 380; 8, 318, 329 _f._, 338, 349, 371, 379.

Craw (Crawar), Paul, in Scotland, 277.

Crescentio, Marcello, Cardinal, sole Legate at the second meeting of the Council of Trent, 581.

Cromwell, Thomas, Earl of Essex, 332, 343, 347, 348.

_Curia, The_, 30, 495, 498, 503, 511, 517, 586.

_Curialism_, at the Council of Trent, 571, 585, 591; its triumph there, 593.

Cybó, Caterina, Princess of Camerino, 506, 508.

Dalbiac, Charles, French Protestant minister, 181.

Damasus, Pope, 130.

Danès, Pierre, "royal lecturer" in Paris, 96.

Daniel, Francis, correspondent of Calvin, 97 _n._

Danube, River, 25.

Dathenus, Peter, metrical version of the Psalms in Dutch, 252.

Dauphiné, 39 _n._, 74.

Deventer, full of Anabaptists, 237 _f._

Davidis, Francis, Anti-Trinitarian, 429.

_Declaration of Bremen, The_, 3.

_Declaration of the Principal Articles of Religion_ (England), 411.

_Decretals, The_, 78.

_Decretum pro Armenis_, used at the Council of Trent, 583.

_Defensor Pacis, The_, of Marsiglio of Padua, 434.

Delft, Town of, 264.

Democracy and autocracy (Knox and Mary), 313.

Denck, Hans, Humanist and Anabaptists, 424, 435 _f._, 442.

Dendermonde, 255.

Dentière, Marie, wife of Froment, 74 _n._

_Device, The_ (England), 396.

Diane de Poitiers, 151, 173, 296.

Dieppe, John Knox at, 291.

_Diet, The Swiss_, at Luzern, 32; at Baden, 47.

Dillenburg, The Synod of, 4 _n._

_Discipline de l'excommunication_, 106.

Discipline, ecclesiastical, 108 _ff._, 305; opposition to, in Geneva, 115; how exercised in Geneva, 129; to be exercised through secular authority, 8 _f._, 111 _f._, 489.

_Discipline écclésiastique des églises reformées de France_, 168, 305.

_Discipline, First Book of_ (Scotland), 301, 304 _ff._

_Disputation, Public_, at Zurich, 34 _f._; at Basel, 39; at Bern, 40, 68; at Geneva, 85 _ff._, 88; at Lausanne, 103; at Zurich on Baptism, 445 _ff._; at Münster, 454; on Baptism, 457; the Leipzig, 495.

Divara, wife of Jan Matthys, 467, 469.

_Divorce, The_ (Henry VIII.), 324, 330 _f._, 340.

_Dizennier_, office in Geneva, 115.

_Dogmatic Tradition and the Inner Light_, 423.

Dorne, John, bookseller in Oxford (1520), 320.

Dufour, Louis, citizen of Geneva sent to persuade Calvin to return, 125.

Dundee, 17, 279, 293.

Dykes in the Netherlands, 245, 263.

Easter Day Communion in England, 398 _ff._

Ecclesiastical organization, in Geneva, 128, 132; in France, 164 _ff._; in the Netherlands, 270 _f._; in Scotland, 307 _f._; among the Anabaptists, 435.

Eck, Johann, the antagonist of Luther. See _Maier_.

Economic changes in England, 345 _f._; 359, 387.

Edicts, French, concerning the Reformation, of _Fontainebleau_, 147; of _Chateaubriand_, 161 _f._, 169, 296; of _Compiègne_, 163; of _Ramorantin_, 177; of _Amboise_, 192 _f._; of _Saint Germains_, 195; of _Beaulieu_, 204; of _Bergerac_, 206; of _Nemours_, 208; of _Nantes_, 19, 221 _ff._

Edinburgh, 293.

Edinburgh, University of, 307.

Edward VI. of England, 20, 367 _f._; 370, 389.

_Église plantée_ and _église dressée_, 165.

Egmont, Lamoral, Count of, 243, 247 _f._, 254 _f._, 258.

Egmont, Nicolas van, an Inquisitor, 230.

_Eidguenots_ of Geneva, 62.

Einsiedeln, 28, 30.

_Elders_ in the Scottish Church, appointed by the _Congregation_, 290.

Eléanor de Roye, wife of Louis of Condé, 172, 184.

Elizabeth, Queen of England, threatened excommunication, 1 _n._, 414 _f._; seizes Spanish treasure ships, 259; and Knox's _Blast_, 292, 296; dislikes Calvin's theology, 296; carefully watched during the reign of Mary, 369; her death recommended by Charles V., 371; succeeds to the crown, 385; declares herself a Protestant, 386 _ff._; looked on as a bastard and a heretic by the Romanist powers, 387; threatened with the fate of the King of Navarre, 388, 414; first Proclamation, 388; exhibits her Protestantism to her people, 389; difficulties of her government in the _alteration of Religion_, 390; her first Parliament, 391; shelters herself under the Peace of Augsburg, 397, 405 _n._, 414; communicates in both "kinds," 399 and _n._; 406, 408, 413, 415, 418, 420.

Emden, meeting of the Netherlands Protestants at, 271.

_Emden Catechism_, 4 _n._

Episcopal government in Switzerland, 23.

_Episcopus Universalis_, 332.

_Epistolæ obscurorum virorum_, 317.

Erasmians, the Spanish, 492.

Erasmus, and the Reformed Churches, 9 _ff._, 152; on Indulgences, 16; 25, 27 _f._, 30, 96, 152, 226, 230, 316, 320, 334, 337, 353, 478, 492, 513.

Erasmus circle at Basel, 436.

_Erastians_, 123, 129.

_Escadron volant de la Reine_, 203, 309.

Esch, Johann, martyr in the Netherlands, 224, 230.

Este, Cardinal Hippolito de, 188.

Estienne, Robert, Parisian printer, 93, 148.

_Excommunication_. See _Discipline_.

_Excommunication_ among the Anabaptists, 443.

_Exercitia Spiritualia_. See _Spiritual Exercises_.

_Exhorters_ in the Scottish Church, 305.

Faber, Johann, Archbishop of Vienna. See _Heigerlin, Johann_.

Faber, Peter, the Jesuit, 537, 545, 548, 557.

_Face of a Church_, the "Congregation" assumes the, 290.

Fagius (Büchlein), Paul, 358.

Farel, William, at Basel, 39; early life, 39 _n._; called a Lutheran preacher, 16 _n._; at Aigle, 67 _f._, 69; the apostle of French-speaking Switzerland, 67; baptized his converts from Romanism, 68 _n._; organises a band of evangelists, 71 and _n._; at Villingen, 72; sent by Bern to Geneva, 80; in Geneva during the siege, 84; attempt to poison, 84 and _n._; preaches in the cathedral at Geneva, 86; induces the Council of Geneva to abolish the Mass, 88; struggle against the evil morals of the town, 90; character and marriage, 91; joined by Calvin, 102; at the Lausanne _Disputation_, 103; his "congregation," 105 _n._; banished from Geneva, 71 and _n._, 115-124, 12, 45 _n._, 97, 109, 118 _ff._, 143.

Feckenham, Abbot of Westminster 400 _n._

Ferdinand of Austria, and the excommunication of Elizabeth, 1 _n._; on the Protestants in Vienna, 2; and the Anabaptists, 447, 449.

Feria, Count de, Ambassador of Philip of Spain, 388, 400.

Ferrar, Robert, Bishop of St. David's, 378.

Ferrara, Renée, Duchess of, 101, 505.

Ferriere, Sieur de la, 165.

Ficino, Marsiglio, and Marguerite of Navarre, 137.

Flag of the Swiss Confederacy, 21.

_Flying Squadron._ See _Escadron_.

Fontainebleau, Edict of, 147; 184 _f._

Foxe, Edward, Bishop of Hereford, 340 _f._

Foxe, John, the Martyrologist, 332.

Francis I. of France, alternately protects and persecutes the Reformers, 143 f., 145, 147 _ff._; Calvin's letter to, 147; founds the "Royal Lectureships" at Paris, 534 _f._

Francis of Assisi, 506 _ff._, 527.

Franciscans and the Reformation, 305.

Franciscans, reformation among the, 508 _f._

Frankfurt congregation of English exiles, 287; 20.

_Frankfurt Conference_, 124.

_Frankfurt Fair_, 18.

Frederick, Elector of the Palatinate, becomes a Calvinist, 3, 4 _n._

Fregoso, Fred., Archbishop of Salerno, 505, 510.

Freiburg, Swiss Canton, strongly Romanist, 43, 65, 75 _n._, 76, 84; 21.

_Frenchman, this (iste Gallus)_, 102 and _n._, 153.

Friesland, East, an Anabaptist place of refuge, 238.

Forest Cantons, and the Reformation, 41, 50; at war with Zurich, 49; 22.

Froben, printer at Basel, 27.

Froment, Antoine, at Villingen, 72; in Geneva, 74 _f._; his wife a preacher, 74 _n._; contest with Furbiti, 78 _f._; during the siege of Geneva, 84.

Furbiti, Guy, Romanist preacher in Geneva, 78 _ff._

Gallars, Nicholas des, minister of French Protestants in London, 186.

Gallen, St., 22, 47, 48, 60, 122, 437, 440.

Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop of Winchester, 349, 352, 369, 371, 375.

Geelen, Jan van, an Anabaptist leader, 239.

Gemblours, 266.

Geneva, city of, history and constitution, 61 _ff._;

## parties in, 62;

Bern and Freiburg, 63; "the gate of western Switzerland," 63, 89; town councils in, 63; Luther's writings in, 64 _n._; turbulent priests in, 77 and _n._; the affair of Furbiti in, 78-82; plot to seize the town, 82; besieged by the Bishop and the Duke of Savoy, 83; attempt to poison the Reformed preachers in, 84 and _n._; _Public Disputation_ in, 85 _ff._; Mass abolished provisionally in, 87; completely, 89; _Disputation_ before the Council, 88; becomes an independent republic, 89; motto _Post tenebras lux_, 89; evil living in, 90 and _n._; the _Articles_ of 105 _ff._; adopts the ceremonies of Bern, 118 _ff._; banishes Calvin and Farel, 120 _ff._; begs Calvin to return, 125 _ff._; the _ecclesiastical ordinances_ of, 128; _Consistory_ of, 128 _f._; the ministry in, 131 _f._; what Calvin did for, 130 _ff._; a city of refuge, 134; "the dogs of Geneva," 187; sends missionaries to the Netherlands, 233, 249; 6, 8, 45, 152.

Geneva, Bishop of, 61 _f._, 77, 116 _f._; Amadeus VIII. of Savoy, 62; Pierre de la Baume, 77, 82 _f._, 85, 89.

Geneva, Vidomne of, 62, 117.

Gentili, Anti-Trinitarian, 426.

German National Council feared by the Pope, 565 _n._

German Protestant opinion of Henry VIII., 341.

_German Vulgate_, 434.

Germany and the Counter-Reformation, 606 _f._

_Germany_, name given to an Inn at Cambridge, 320, 330.

Gex, district of, 117.

Ghent, city of, 265, 267.

Glapion, confessor to Charles V. and Luther, 494.

Glareanus (Heinrich Loriti). See _Loriti_.

Glarus, a Swiss Canton, 22, 27 _f._

Goch, John Pupper of, 226, 230.

Goderick, English lawyer, and his _Advice_, 389.

Gonzaga, Eleonora, Duchess of Urbino, 506.

Gonzaga, Ercole di, Cardinal of Mantua, principal Legate at the third meeting of the Council of Trent, 588.

Gonzaga, Julia, 506.

Grace, pilgrimage of, 346.

Grandson, in the Pays de Vaud, 43, 67, 72.

Granvelle, Antoine Perronet de, Cardinal and Bishop of Arras, 243, 519, 521.

Graphæus, Cornelius, 230.

Grassis, Matteo, founder of the Capucins, 507 _f._

Graubünden, the (Grisons), 22, 49 _f._

Grebel, Conrad, Humanist and Anabaptist, 436, 446 _f._

Grey, Lady Jane, 371.

Gribaldo, Giovanni Valentino, an Anti-Trinitarian, 426.

Grindal, Edmund, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, 402 _n._, 404.

Groot, Gerard, and the _Brethren of the Common Lot_, 226, 228.

Guest, Edmund, letter to Cecil, 398 and _n._

_Gueux, Les._ See _Beggars_.

Guipuzcoa, the district in which Loyola was born, 525.

Guises, the family of the, 151, 173 and _n._, 180, 209, 283, 295, 297.

Guise, _Francis_, Duke of, 170, 173, 177 _f._, 187, 189, 191 _f._, 296. _Charles_, brother of Francis, Cardinal of Lorraine, 163, 170, 173, 177, 187, 312, 588. _Louis_, brother of Francis, Cardinal of Guise, 189, 213. _Henry_, Duke of, son of Francis, 198 _f._, 208, 212 _f._ _Charles_, Duke of Mayenne, son of Francis, 213 _f._, 218.

Haarlem, Town of, 236 _f._, 261.

Hagenau, _Conference_ at, 124.

Hague, The, 236.

Haller, Berthold, Reformer of Bern, 40 _f._, 64 _n._, 68.

Hamilton, Patrick, 279 _f._

Hanseatic League, 279.

Hapsburg (the place), 21.

Heath, Dr., Archdeacon of Canterbury, 340 _f._

Hegius (Haag) Alexander, 226.

_Heidelberg Catechism_, 3, 4 _n._

Heigerlin, Johann (Faber), 26 and _n._, 30, 34, 512.

_Helvetic Confession, First_, 6 _n._

Henry II. of France, consistently persecutes the Protestants, 151.

Henry III., 204, 214.

Henry IV. See _Bourbon_.

Henry VIII. of England, his policy towards Scotland, 282 _f._; had defended curialist claims, 321; real doubts about the validity of his marriage, 322 _f._; security of the kingdom demanded a male heir, 323; expected the Pope to declare his marriage invalid, 324; appeals to the Universities, 326; _Supreme Head of the Church_, 327; uses the _annates_ to coerce the Curia, 328; separates from Rome, 330 _ff._; and the German Protestants, 340 _ff._, 347; his theological learning, 347; his will, 352; and Zwingli, 10, 315 _f._, 370, 417.

Henry of Condé. See _Bourbon_.

Hesse-Cassel becomes Calvinist, 3.

Hildegard of Bingen, 142 _n._

Hoen, Cornelius van (sacramental controversy), 53.

Hoffman, Melchior, 236 _f._, 438, 442, 444, 458.

_Homilies, The Twelve_ (England), 353.

Hoogstraten, 249.

Hooper, John, Bishop of Gloucester, 318, 353, 359, 364 _f._, 377 _f._

Hôpital, Michel de l', Chancellor of France, 177, 181, 186.

Hopkins, Thomas, metrical version of the Psalms, 355.

Hübmaier, Balthasar, Anabaptist, 434 _ff._, 442.

Hulst, Francis van de, Inquisitor, 230.

Humanism and the Reformed Churches, 9; and the Italian Reformers, 504, 507.

Humanism, Christian, 319.

Hus, John, 31.

Hussites, 92.

Hut, Hans, Anabaptist, 439.

Hymn-book of the Brethren, 435, 449 _ff._

Iconoclasm in Switzerland, 72, 87; in France, 145, 183, 191; in the Netherlands, 253, 267; in Scotland, 294; in Münster, 453.

Ignatius Loyola, family and early life, 525; on his sick-bed, 527; at Manresa, 527 _ff._; his visions, 527, 529, 532, 552; and Luther, 529, 532, 559; his mysticism, 530; at school at Barcelona, 532; imprisoned for heresy, 533; in Paris, 533 _ff._; considered doctrines as military commands, 536; in Italy, 545 _ff._; his preachers in Italy, 546; _Society of Jesus_ founded, 548 _f._; elected _General_, 549 _f._; seeks to win back Germany, 556 _ff._; his home mission work, 559; an educated clergy, 559.

Iles de Saintonge, Church at, 166. See _Saintonge_.

Illiteracy of English clergy, 353 _f._

Images, miraculous, destroyed, 344 and _n._; 352, 409.

_Index of Prohibited Books_, 602 _ff._; practice of burning books, 602 _f._; various list of, 603; 231 _f._; effect on learning, 605.

_Indulgence_, in Geneva, 64; long objected to in the Netherlands, 228; 16, 28.

_Injunctions_ in England, of 1536 (Henry VIII.), 334, 339; of 1538 (Henry VIII.), 335, 340; of 1517 (Edward VI.), 352; of 1554 (Mary), 374; of Elizabeth, 407, 410.

_Inner Light, The_, 423 _f._, 456.

_Inquisition_, three types of, 597; the Spanish, 598; proposed in France, 163, 169; in the Netherlands, 229, 256; in Italy, 470, 600 _ff._; 489, 492, 497, 531.

_Institutio, Christianæ Religionis_, based on the _Apostles' Creed_, 100; on ecclesiastical government, 129; what it did for the Reformation, 156 _f._; 99 _ff._, 147, 156, 159, 305, 514.

_Instruction_, Zwingli's, 35.

_Interim, The Augsburg_, 567.

Irish missionaries in Switzerland, 23.

Isabella of Castile and the Spanish Reformation, 490.

Isoudun, 166.

_Italian heretic Friars_, 386 _n._

Italy, religious condition of, 501 _f._; the peasants, 501; in the towns, 503.

Ivry, Battle of, 218.

James V. of Scotland, 281.

Jarnac, Battle, 194.

Jay, Claude, Jesuit, 537, 556, 557.

Jeanne d'Albret, daughter of Margaret of Navarre, wife of Antoine de Bourbon and mother of Henry IV. of France, declares herself a Protestant, 185; in La Rochelle, 194; consents to the marriage of her son with Marguerite de Valois, the daughter of Catherine de' Medici, 197; 172, 189, 195.

Jeanne de Jussie, chronicler nun of Geneva, 65 _n._; 74 _n._, 79 and _n._, 83 _n._; 117.

Jesuits. See _Company of Jesus_.

Jesuits in France, 608; in Germany, 606.

Jewel, John, Bishop of Salisbury, 391, 402 _n._, 404, 407, 413 and _n._

John Casimir in the Netherlands, 266.

John Frederick of Saxony and Henry VIII., 340, 317.

John George of Anhalt, 3.

Joinville, Chateau of, 190; Treaty of, 207; Prince of, 213.

Jon, Francis du, 249.

_Joyeuse entrée_ of Brabant, 246.

Jud, Leo, 111.

_Jurisdictionis potestas_, 332.

_Jus episcopale_ of Civil Rulers, 9.

_Justification of the Prince of Orange_, 258.

_Justification, The Doctrine of_, at the Regensburg Conference, 519 _ff._, 577; at the Council of Trent, 568, 576 _ff._

Kaiser, a Zurich pastor burnt as a heretic in Schwyz, 49.

Kampen, 237.

Kappel, First Peace of, 49; Second Peace of, 51; Battle of, 51; Charter of, 51.

_Kata-Baptists_, 423, 434.

Kessler, Johann, 47.

Kibbenbroick, Gerard, Anabaptist burgomaster of Münster, 460.

_Kinds_, taking the communion in both, a sign of Protestantism, 20, 399, 405 _n._

_King's Book, The_, 10, 337, 349.

Kirkcaldy of Grange, Sir William, 284.

_Kirk-Session_, ecclesiastical court in the Scottish Church, 308.

Klein-Basel, 25.

Knipperdolling, Bernhard, Anabaptist, burgomaster of Münster, 460; 425, 454 and _n._, 468.

Knox, John, early history, 285; galley-slave in France, 286; preaches in England, 286, _f._, 360, 362; in Switzerland and Germany, 287; marries Marjory Bowes, 288; in Scotland, 293; in Edinburgh, 299 _ff._; rapidity of his work, 308; and Queen Mary, 309 _ff._; and the Duke of Somerset, 359.

Kolb, Francis, preaches in Bern, 42.

Krakau (Cracow), a Socinian centre, 472.

Kuiper, Willem de, a disciple of Jan Matthys, 459.

Lainez, Diego, Jesuit, 188, 537, 455, 548, 552, 556, 577 _f._, 595.

Lambert, Francis, 64 _n._

Lasco, John à, Polish refugee in England, 358.

Latimer, Hugh, Bishop of Worcester, 371, 378, 382.

Laud, Archbishop, 355.

Lausanne, Bishop of, refuses to come to the Bern _Disputation_, 41, 44.

Lausanne, Bishopric of, 23, 67, 70.

Lausanne, part of the Pays-de-Vaud, 67, 113, 116, 152; reformation in, 70, 89, 125.

League, The _Perpetual_ (Forest Cantons), 21; of _Brunnen_, 21; of the _House of God_ (Rhætia), 22; _The Grey_ (Grisons), 22; of the _Ten Jurisdictions_, 22; _The Three perpetual, of Rhætia_, 22; _Christian Civic_, 48; _Borromean_, 60; _The League_ against the Huguenots, how it arose, 205 _ff._; becomes disloyal, 207, 209, 212, 608; _The League of Paris_, 207; the _Sixteen_, 210.

Leclerc, Jean, French Protestant martyr, 143.

Leclerc, Pierre, Minister at Meaux, 150.

Lecturers, Royal. See _Royal_.

Lefèvre d'Étaples, Jacques (Faber Stapulensis) and Humanism, 11; and Luther, 15, 74, 97; wishes to restore the practices of the Church of the first three centuries, 109; inspired the "group of Meaux," 141; anticipated Luther, 141; translated the Bible into French, 142; a mystic, 142 _n._

Leib, Kilian, Salzburg chronicler, and the Anabaptists, 448.

Leith, 17, 279.

Lenten Fasting, 31.

Lesley, Norman, 284.

Lethington, William Maitland of. See _Maitland_.

Leyden, Anabaptist attempt on, 239; siege of, 263; University of, 264.

Leyden, Jan of. See _Bockelson_.

_Libertines_ in Geneva, 116.

Lindau, 48.

Lindsay, Sir David, Scottish satirist, 278.

Lollards, in England, 316 _f._, 374; and Anabaptists, 440 _f._

_Lords of the Congregation_ (Scotland), 289, 293, 299, 420.

Loriti, Heinrich of Glarus (Glareanus), Swiss Humanist, 18 _n._, 25 _n._, 29.

Lorraine, The Cardinal of. See _Guise_.

Louis of Condé. See _Bourbon_.

Louis of Nassau. See _Nassau_.

Louise of Savoy, mother of Francis I., 137, 141.

Louvain, University of, and list of Prohibited Books, 603.

Loyola, Ignatius. See _Ignatius_.

Lupulus. See _Wölfflin_.

Luther, on clerical marriage, 37; influence on the Reformed Churches, 13 _ff._; anticipations of his teaching, 15, 141; and Zwingli, 27, 50; theory of the Eucharist, 56, 412 _f._; 16 _ff._, 24, 53, 124, 141, 148, 154, 341, 354, 405 _n._, 421, 452, 473, 493, 507, 529, 570, 578.

Luther's writings known in France, 142; in England, 320; in Geneva, 64 _n._; in Scotland, 279.

Lutheran theologians invited to France, 146.

_Lutheran_, a name applied to all Protestants, 16 and _n._, 65, 79 _n_., 150, 330, 600.

Lutherans lost part of Germany to the Reformed, 3.

Lutzern, 22, 47 _f._; Diet at, 32.

Lyons, Church at, 166.

Maçon, Jean le, first Protestant minister in Paris, 166.

Macronius, Martin, 364.

Madruzzo, Bishop of Trent and Cardinal, 567 _ff._, 574, 581.

Madruzzo, Ludovico, Bishop of Trent, 588.

Maier, Johann, of Eck, 26.

Mainz, Archiepiscopal Province of, 23.

Maitland, William, of Lethington, 19, 304, 310, 312.

_Mamelukes_ (in Geneva), 62.

Mangin, Étienne, of Meaux, 150.

Manresa, Dominican Convent at, 527; Ignatius Loyola at, 528.

Mantes, Assembly of French Protestants at, 221.

Manuel, Nicholas, artist in Bern, 40.

Manz, Felix, Swiss Anabaptist martyr, 446 _f._

Marais-Saint-Germain, Rue de, 174.

Marburg Colloquy, the, 50.

Marcourt, Antoine, author of the _Placards_, 146.

Margaret of Parma, 242, 248, 250, 252, 257.

Marguerite d'Angoulême, sister of Francis I., married the King of Navarre, education and character, 136 _ff._; her Christian Platonism, 137; relations with Briçonnet, 138; with Luther and Calvin, 138; the _Heptameron_, 140; accused of heresy, 145; 11, 74 _n._, 97 _n._, 136 _n._, 143, 505 _f._, 534 _f._

Marguerite de Valois, daughter of Catherine de' Medici, married to Henry IV., 197.

Marignano, Battle of, 28.

Marnix, John de, 254.

Marot, Clement, his French Psalms in Geneva, 106 _n._, 148; in Paris, 172; 93, 146.

Marriage, regulations for, in Geneva, 105 _f._; of the clergy, 355; "clerical," 36; 33, 42.

Marsiglio Ficino, 137.

Marsiglio of Padua, 434.

_Martha Houses_ (Jesuit), 561.

Martyr Vermigli, Peter, 358.

Martyrs, in England under Queen Mary, 376 _ff._; in the Netherlands, 224, 230 _f._; in Scotland, 280 _f._; in France, 148 _ff._

Mary of Burgundy, daughter of Charles the Bold and grandmother of Charles V., wife of Maximilian, 225.

Mary of Guise or Lorraine, sister of Francis Duke of Guise, and Queen of James V. of Scotland, 20, 290, 293 _f._, 386.

Mary of Hungary, Regent of the Netherlands, 233, 240, 518.

Mary, Queen of England, reaction under, 368 _ff._; marries Philip, prince of Spain; Papal supremacy restored, 373; Romanist legislation, 373 _f._; scruples about possession of ecclesiastical lands, 382; death, 383 _ff._; 292, 346, 380.

Mary, Queen of Scotland, educated in France, 283; "the little Queen," 283; refuses to ratify the acts of the reforming Estates, 309; in Scotland, 309 _ff._; her coming dreaded, 309; 281, 292, 310.

Massacres, at Vassy, 190; at Sens, 190; at Toulouse, 190; at Rouen, 190; at Paris, 190; of St. Bartholomew, 198 _f._, 261, 608; at Zutphen, 261; at Haarlem, 261.

_Matthew, Thomas_, of Matthew's Bible, 339.

Maubert, Place, where the Protestants were burnt, 148.

Mayenne, Duke of. See _Guise_.

_Meaux, The group of_, 11 _f._, 67, 97, 109, 137 _ff._, 145.

_Meaux, the Fourteen of_, 148, 150.

Meaux, Protestant Church in, 165 _f._

Mechlin burnt by the Spaniards, 261.

Medici, Giovanni Giacomo de', a condottiere, 50.

Meersburg, 47.

Melanchthon, 4 _n._, 148, 154, 340, 507, 519 _ff._, 557.

_Melchiorites_, The, 438; in Münster, 458; on _separation_, 465.

Mendoza, Pedro, Archbishop of Toledo and Cardinal, 490.

_Merindol, Arrêt de_, 149.

Merlin, Jean Raymond, 184.

Meyer, Sebastian, Reformer of Bern, 40.

Michelet, Jules, on Calvin, 159.

Milhaud, a Huguenot stronghold, 201.

Milton, John, 13.

Ministry in the Reformed Churches, 131.

Mirabel, a Huguenot stronghold, 201.

_Miroir de l'âme pécheresse_, 97 _n._, 98.

Molard, The, in Geneva, 77.

Monasteries, The dissolution of the, 343.

Moncontour, Battle of, 195.

Monnikendam, 237.

Montauban, Huguenot stronghold, 195, 201 _f._, 223.

Monte Cassino, 509.

Monte, Gian Maria Giocchi, Cardinal del, later Pope Julius III., 566, 581.

Montmor, The family of, with whom Calvin was educated, 92.

Montmorency, The Constable de, 151, 170, 173, 178, 189, 191, 193.

Montpellier, Huguenot stronghold, 223.

Montpensier, Duchess of, a Leaguer, 210, 216.

Montrose, 279.

Morals, municipal legislation concerning, 108, 123 _n._, 129; standard of, low in Western Switzerland, 113.

Morat, part of the Pays de Vaud, 43, 47.

Moray, James Stewart, Earl of, 291, 310.

More, Sir Thomas, 317, 319, 321, 325, 337 _f._

Morel, minister in Paris, 186.

Morgarten, the battle of, 21, 26.

Mornay du Plessis, Madame, way she dressed her hair, 168 _n._

Morone, Giovanni de Cardinal, 512, 516, 524, 586, 591, 595.

_Mortal sin_, Jesuits wary of charging their penitents with, 555.

Muète, Guérin, a leading evangelical in Geneva, 76.

Mühlhausen, 43, 60, 122.

Müller, Hans of Medikon, Anabaptist, 441.

Mundt, Dr. Christopher, Cecil's agent in Germany, 296 and _n._

Municipal life in the Netherlands, 225.

Münster, Bishop of, 453, 454.

Münster, city of, enrolled in the Schmalkald League, 455; besieged during the whole period of Anabaptist rule, 462; fall of, 468.

_Münster, Kingdom of God in_, 431, 438, 451 _ff._

_Mysticism, Spanish_, 490, 530 _ff._, 547, 571.

Nacchianti, Bishop of Chioggia, on Tradition and Scripture, 574.

Nancy, 207.

Nantes, Edict of, 19, 221 _ff._

_Nassau Confession_, 4 _n._

Nassau, _William_ of, Prince of Orange, at the abdication of Charles V., 240; member of the Council of State for the Netherlands, 243; protests against the treatment of the Netherlands, 247; not deceived by Philip's duplicity, 253; his _Justification_, 258; chosen Stadtholder, 260; Governor of the Seventeen Provinces, 266; reward offered for his assassination, 267; his _Apology_; 267; assassinated, 268; how he acquired the Principality of Orange-Chalons, 268 and _n._; his wives, 269 _n._; his character, 268 _f._

_Louis_ of, 249, 252, 260, 263.

_Nassouwe, Wilhelmus van_, 261.

National characteristics reappear in the various Reformed Churches, 19.

Nemours, Duchess of, 216.

Nérac, capital of French Navarre, 139, 185.

Neuchâtel, 43, 73, 89, 125, 146.

Neuville, 89.

_New Learning, The_, 26, 137, 141, 359, 492, 515.

Nicene Creed, 130; at the Council of Trent, 593.

Nimes, 165, 201, 202.

Nisbet, Murdoch, translated the New Testament into Scots, 277 _n._

Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of, 359.

_Notables, Assembly of_ (France), 177.

_Notables, Assembly of_ (England), 326.

Novara, Battle of, 28.

Noyon, Birthplace of Calvin, 92.

Nuns, in Geneva, 90; none among the Jesuits, 561.

Ochino, Bernardino, 358.

Oebli, Hans, Landamann of Glarus, 49.

Oecolampadius, Johannes (Heusgen), at Basel, 39; on excommunication, 112; 149, 320.

Oldenbarneveldt, John of, 269.

Olevianus, Caspar, 4 _n._

Olivétan, Pierre Robert, translator of the Bible into French, 95.

Ollon, part of the Pays de Vaud, 67.

Orange, Prince of. See _Nassau_.

Orange, Principality of Orange-Chalons, 268 _n._

_Oratory, Chambers of_ (Netherlands), 226.

_Oratory of Divine Love, The_, 505, 509 _f._

Orbe, part of the Pays de Vaud, 67.

_Ordinis Potestas_, 332.

_Ordonnances ecclésiastiques de l'Église de Genève_, 107, 128 _f._, 131.

Orleans, Calvin at, 95; church at, 166; 146, 181.

Ormonts, part of the Pays de Vaud, 67.

Oxford, 17, 276, 320.

_Pacification of Ghent_, 265 _f._, 267.

Palatinate, becomes Calvinist, 3.

Pampeluna, Ignatius Loyola, at the siege of, 526.

Pane, Roletus de, Romanist in Geneva, 88.

Pantheist Mysticism, 422, 424.

Paraphrases, Erasmus', in the Church of England, 353.

Paris, Luther's writings in, 18 and _n._; affair of the _Placards_, 145; prisons in, 164; _League_ of, 207 _ff._

Paris' students songs, 535 _f._

Parker, Dr. Matthew, Archbishop of Canterbury, 404, 409, 417.

Parkhurst, John, Bishop of Norwich, 402 _n._, 416.

_Parlement_, of Paris and the Reformation, 142 _f._, 144, 146, 160, 162 _f._, 169, 170, 171, 174, 185, 213, 220, 535, 556.

_Parlement_, of Aix, 147, 149; of Bordeaux, 147, 217; of Dijon, 176; of Rouen, 147; of Toulouse, 147, 171.

_Parlements_, French, 163 _n._, 217.

_Parliament for the enormities of the Clergy_, 326, 327.

Parma, Alexander Farnese, Duke of, 218, 220, 249, 266.

Parma, Margaret of. See _Margaret_.

_Patrick's Places_, 280 _n._

_Patrimony of the Kirk_, 306.

Paul IV., Pope, 1 _n._, 163, 169. See _Caraffa_.

Paul, Martin, of the Graubünden, 50.

Payerne, 64, 89.

Pays de Vaud, 66, 84, 89, 103, 109, 116 _f._

_Peace of Monsieur_, 204.

Peasantry, Italian, religious condition, 501; devotion to Francis of Assisi and his imitators, 502.

_Peasants' War, The_, 54.

_Penance, Doctrine of_, at the Council of Trent, 584.

Penney, 117.

Penz, Jörg, pupil of Albrecht Dürer, Anabaptist, 436.

_Picards_, 11, 92.

Picardy, character of the people, 92.

Pictures in Churches (Zurich), 35, 42.

Philip of Hesse and the Anabaptists, 447, 455, 458; 58.

Philip II. of Spain, compared with Charles V., 240 _f._; policy of extirpation of Protestants, 241; minute knowledge of Netherlands' affairs, 243 _n._, 244.

Pius V., 196, 595.

_Placards_ (manifestoes) in Geneva, 64 _f._; in Paris, about the Mass, 145.

_Placards_ (Government proclamations against the Protestants) in the Netherlands, 242, 245, 247, 256, 265.

_Platonism, Christian_, 11, 137.

Poissy, _Colloquy_ of, 20, 186 _ff._, 313; _Conference_ at, 188; _Edict_ of, 188.

Poitiers, Church at, 166 _f._

Pole, Reginald, Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal, member of the _Oratory of Divine Love_, 505; Legate at the Council of Trent, 566; 372, 377, 381 f., 510, 524, 587 _n._

_Politiques, Les_, 203.

_Polonorum, Bibliotheca Fratrum_, 472.

_Polygamy_, in Münster, 463 _ff._

_Post tenebras lux_, 89.

Pope, the _Primacy_ of the, 33, 492; Swiss Bodyguard of the, 23; power limited by the Peace of Augsburg, 1 and _n._, 405, 414; and Bishops at the Council of Trent, 592 _f._ See _Curialism_.

Popes mentioned: Innocent III. (1198-1216), 597. Julius II. (1503-1521), 322, 371. Leo X. (1513-1523), 180, 319 _f._ Adrian VI. (1522-1523), 494, 496 _ff._ Clement VII. (1523-1534), 64, 324; advises Henry VIII. to bigamy, 325, 510. Paul III. (1534-1549), Reforms under, 510, 512; 345, 357, 470, 500, 510, 548, 550, 581; and the Council of Trent, 565 and _n._, 581. Julius III. (1550-1555), Council of Trent under, 565 and _n._, 581. Marcellus II. (1555), 585. Paul IV. (1555-1559), Council of Trent under, 565 and _n._, 591, 594; 245. Pius IV. (1559-1565), his policy of reformation, 595. Pius V. (1566-1572), 196. Sixtus V. (1580-1590), 208.

_Præmunire, Statutes of_, 325.

_Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges_, 183.

_Prayer-Book of King Edward VI., The First_, 356 _f._, 361, 403 _n._

_Prayer-Book of King Edward IV., The Second_, 287, 290 and _n._, 361 _f._, 395 _f._, 398, 401, 403 and _n._, 405.

_Prayer-Book of Elizabeth_, 396 _ff._, 401, 404, 419.

_Praying Circles_ or _Readings_ among the _Brethren_, 433.

_Pre-aux-Clercs, The_, Psalm-singing at, 172, 183; 165.

_Presence of the Body of Christ in the Sacrament of the Supper_, 411 _ff._

Privas, a Huguenot stronghold, 201.

Privileges of Nobles in France in the Sixteenth Century, 171.

_Processions expiatory_, in Paris, 146.

_Proclamations about religion_, by Mary, 370; by Elizabeth, 388.

_Psalms_, Calvin's _Commentary on the_, 97, 101.

Psalms, Singing of the, in the vernacular, 106 and _n._, 183, 251 _f._; in the Netherlands, 251; in England, 355; Clement Marot's, 172 and _n._, 252.

_Pseaumes_ included religious canticles, 107 _n._

_Purgatory, The Doctrine of_, attacked, 31, 33, 42.

_Puritanism_, the beginnings of, 364.

Puy, Cardinal du, Prefect of the Inquisition, 378.

_Queen, The little_, 282 _f._

Quignon, Cardinal, a liturgist, 357.

Quintin, Dr., speaker for the clergy at the States-General of 1560, 182.

Randolph, Sir Thomas, Elizabeth's Ambassador in Scotland, 303, 311.

Ratisbon. See _Regensburg_.

_Readers_ in the Scottish Church, 305.

_Readings_, 433.

_Rebaptism_, 68 _n._; 424, 447.

Reformation of the Mediæval Church demanded by all, 484.

Reformed Churches, Confraternity among the, 20; Confessions. See _Confessions_.

Reformers in Italy, 503 _f._

_Regensburg, The Conference at_, 519 _ff._; was the parting of the ways, 523.

Regents in the Netherlands, _Margaret of Austria_, 225; _Mary_, widowed Queen of Hungary, 233, 242; Margaret of Parma, 242, 248, 250, 252, 257; the Duke of Alva, see _Alva_; Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, see _Parma_.

_Relics_ destroyed in England, 343, 344 and _n._

_Religion, Those of the_, 160.

_Religion, The alteration of_, 396.

Renaissance, The, 6, 8.

Renan, Ernest, on Calvin, 159.

Renard, Simon, envoy of Charles V. in England, 377.

Renato, Camillo, 426.

Renaudie, Godefroy de Barry, Seigneur de la, 175.

Renée, Duchess of Ferrara. See _Ferrara_.

Requesens-y-Zuniga, Don Louis, 262.

_Request, The_ (Netherlands), 250.

_Reservatio ecclesiastica_, 2.

_Restitution, The_, defends polygamy in Münster, 467.

Rhætia, 22.

Richmond, Henry Fitzroy, Duke of, 323.

Ridley, Nicholas, Bishop of London, 318, 359, 360, 364 _f._, 371, 378, 382.

Riots in Geneva, 81, 87.

Rocco di Musso, on the Lake of Como, 50.

Rocheblond, Sieur de la, founder of the _Paris League_, 207 _f._

Rochelle, La, Huguenot stronghold, 194 _f._, 201, 223.

Rodriguez, Simon, Jesuit, 537, 556.

Rogers, John, 339, 377.

Roll, Heinrich, Anabaptist, 456.

Roman Civil Law and ecclesiastical rule, 8.

Romanist reaction in Europe, 387.

Roser, Isabella, and Ignatius Loyola, 561 and _n._, 562.

Rothmann, Bernhard, Anabaptist leader in Münster, 452 _ff._; his _Theses_, 454; doctrine of the Holy Supper, 455 _f._; accepts polygamy with difficulty, 465 _f._; death, 468.

Rotterdam, 11.

_Rotuli Scotiæ, The_, 276.

Röubli, William, first Swiss priest to marry, 37.

Rouen, Church at, 166.

Rough, John, Scottish preacher, 285.

Roussel, Gerard, 97, 109.

_Royal Lecturers_ in Paris, 95, 98.

_Rubric, The Black_, on kneeling at the Lord's Supper, 362, 405 _n._

_Rubric, Ornaments_, of 1559, 405 and _n._

_Rule of Faith, Doctrine of the_, at the Council of Trent, 568, 572 _ff._

Ruysbroec, Jan van, the Mystic, 226.

Sacrament of the Holy Supper, ought to be celebrated weekly, 105 and _n._; both "kinds" partaken, 355, 394; discussed at the Regensburg Conference, 522 _f._; Doctrine of, defined at the Council of Trent, 568, 582 _ff._

Sacramental Controversy, Bern _Theses_ and the, 52; in the Netherlands and the Rhine Provinces, 52; Carlstadt's views, 53; Zwingli's views permeate German cities, 53; controversy complicated by political ideas, 54; common thoughts about the Sacrament of the Holy Supper, 54; Eucharist and Mass, 55; Zwingli's theory, 55; Luther's theory, 56; Calvin's theory accepted in Switzerland, 59; and in part of Germany, 60.

_Sacramentarians_, name given to the followers of Zwingli, 146.

Sadoleto, Giacomo, Cardinal, 507, 510.

Saint-André, Marshal, 184, 190, 192.

Saint Andrews, 285.

Saint Bartholomew, Massacre of, 198; medal struck in Rome in honour of, 200 and _n._

Saint Denis, Henry IV. received into the Roman Church at, 219; battle of, 193.

Saint Germains, 185.

Saint Jacques, Rue de, in Paris, 167, 171.

Saint Omer, 254.

Sainte Aldegonde, Philip de Marnix, lord of, 249.

St. Gallen. See _Gallen_.

Salamanca, University of, 491.

Salic Law, in France, 206; believed to hold in England, 323.

Salmeron, Alonzo, Jesuit, 537, 548, 556, 566, 595.

Salzburg, Anabaptists in, 448; 48.

Sam, Conrad, of Ulm, 53.

Samson or Sanson, Bernhard, a seller of Indulgences, 29.

Sancerre, Huguenot stronghold, 201.

Sandilands, Sir James, 291.

Sandys, Edwin, Archbishop of York. 404.

Saunier, Antoine, Swiss evangelist, 82 _n._

Savoy, 48; Duke of, 62, 64, 66, 77, 89, 116.

Schaffhausen, Swiss Canton, 22, 46, 43, 48, 60, 122.

_Schifanoya, II._, Venetian agent in England, 392, 399 and _n._

Schmalkald, 340, 347.

_Schmalkald, Defender of the_, 341.

_Schmalkald League, The_, and Münster, 455.

Schröder, Johann, Anabaptist preacher in Münster, 459.

Schwyz, Forest Canton, burnt Pastor Kaiser of Zurich as a heretic, 49; 21 _f._, 48.

Scot, Bishop, 400 _n._

Scotland, and _Heidelberg Catechism_, 4 _n._; preparation for the Reformation, 275; influence of old Celtic Church, 275 _f._; Lollardy in, 276 _f._; Acts of Parliament to suppress Reformation, 281; French or English alliance, 281 _ff._, 294; place in the European situation, 295; English invasion, 298; _Confession of Faith, Book of Discipline, Book of Common Order_, 302 _ff._

Scoto-Pelagian Theology, 474, 570.

Scottish Church and Civil supremacy, 8.

_Scottish Liturgy_ and English alliance, 298; 306.

Scripture, Holy. See _Rule of Faith_.

Sea-Beggars, The, capture Brill, 260; defeat Spanish fleet, 261, 263; relieve Leyden, 264; 201.

Secular control over ecclesiastical matters, 8, 129; in Spain, 489.

Sempach, Battle of, 26.

Seneca, _De Clementia_, 12, 96.

Senlis, Battle of, 214.

Sens, The French Council of, 144.

Seripando, Girolamo, General of the Augustinian Eremites, on the _Doctrine of Justification_, 578.

Servede (Servetus) Miguel de, _monument expiatoire_ to, 130 _f._; 424 and _n._, 471.

Seville, College at, 491.

_Signa exhibitiva_ and _representativa_, 59.

Simon, Preacher at Aigle, 69.

Simonetta, Luigi, Cardinal, duties at Trent, 590.

Simons, Menno, organised Baptist Churches, 422, 469.

_Sin, Doctrine of_, at the Regensburg Conference, 519 _f._; at the Council of Trent, 575 _f._

Singing, congregational, 105.

Sion, The Bishop of, 68.

_Sixteen, The_, 211, 213, 218.

Sixtus V., Pope, 208 _f._

Socinianism began with a criticism of doctrines, 473; and Humanism, 474; and Scotist theology, 474; its idea of _Faith_, 475; of _Scripture_, 476; God is _Dominium Absolutum_, 477 _ff._; the Atonement superfluous, 478; doctrine of the _Church_, 480 _ff._

Socimians called the _Polish Brethren_, 473.

Soleure, 73.

Solothurn, Swiss Canton, 22.

Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke of, Lord Protector of England, 283, 299, 352, 359.

Sommières, Huguenot stronghold, 201.

Sorbonne, The, the theological faculty in the University of Paris, drafts a series of articles against Calvin's _Institutio_, 147; its list of Prohibited Books, 148, 603; 95, 139, 142, 144 _f._, 146.

Sozzini, Fausto, founder of the Socinian Church, 422, 429, 471; found that the Polish Unitarians were Anabaptists, 472.

Sozzini, Lelio, 427 and _n._, 470 _f._, 473.

_Space, Presence in_, 57, 59, 412 _f._

Spaniards and Luther, 18, 493 _f._

_Spanish Fury, The_, 265.

Spanish treasure ships seized by Queen Elizabeth, 259.

Spanish troops in the Netherlands, 245, 265.

Spanish idea of a reformation, 488 _ff._

Speyer, 41.

_Spiritual Exercises, The_, 532, 537, 538-545, 548, 555, 561, 585.

_Stäbler or Staffmen, The_, Anabaptists, 441.

Stadt, Karl, on the sacramental controversy, 53.

_Staffort Book, The_, 4 _n._

Staprade, Anabaptist preacher in Münster, 456.

States-General, The, of France, 177, 180 _ff._, 185 _f._, 206, 212; of the Netherlands, 241, 266.

Stipends of clergy, 69.

Stoicism and the Reformed theology, 13.

Straelen, Anthony van, 255.

Strassburg, 20, 43, 48, 60, 101, 124 _f._, 129, 144, 152, 453.

_Submission of the Clergy_ (England), 327.

_Substance_ and _Presence_, 59, 412 _f._

_Superintendents_ in the Scottish Church, 305, 308.

Supper, Doctrine of the Holy, at the Regensburg Conference, 522 _f._, at the Council of Trent, 583.

_Supreme Governor of the Church_ (England), 393, 418 _f._

_Supreme Head of the Church_ (England), 327, 331, 393 and _n._

Swiss soldiers, 23 _f._, 32.

Switzerland, political condition, 21 _ff._, how Christianised, 23; religious war in, 49.

Synod of the _Brethren_, 435.

Synod of the _Socinians_ at Krakau, 472.

_Synods_ of the Reformed Churches, at _Bern_, 73, 118; at _Lausanne_, 118; at _Zurich_, 121; in the _French Protestant Church_, 167, 168; at _Mantes_, 221; in the _Dutch Church_, 271; difficulties in the way of a _National Dutch Synod_, 272; in Scotland, 304.

Talavera, Fernando de, Confessor to Isabella of Castile, 490.

Temples (churches), 184.

_Ten Articles, The_, of the English Church, 10, 333 _ff._

Teresa, Saint, 506, 531, 543.

_Testament and Complaynt of the Papyngo_, 278.

Theatre, French, and the Reformation, 151.

_Theses_, Zwingli's _Sixty-seven_, 33.

_Theses of Bern, The Ten_, 42, 45 _f._

_Thèses évangéliques de Genève, The_, 85.

_Thèses, évangéliques of Lausanne_, 103.

_Theses_, Luther's, 17.

_Theses_, Rothmann's, 454.

_Thirty-eight Articles, The_. See _Articles_.

_Thirty-nine Articles_. See _Articles_.

Thirty Years' War, 2.

Thomas Aquinas, St., 78, 82, 491, 575.

Thomas of Canterbury, St., 345.

_Thomism, The New_, arose in Spain, 491 _f._; at the Council of Trent, 571, 577, 580, 582.

Thorens, Seigneur de, his house used in Geneva by the Evangelicals, 83 _n._

Throckmorton, Sir Nicholas, Elizabeth's Ambassador in Paris, 296 _f._

Thyez, The people of, and secular excommunication, 112 _n._; 117.

_Tiger of France, Epistle sent to the_, 176.

Tithes, attacked, 31, 446.

Toggenburg Valley, 24.

Toledo, College at, 491.

Torquemada, Thomas de, Inquisitor, 598 _f._

_Tournelle, La_, criminal court of the _Parlement_ of Paris, 170.

Tournon, Cardinal de, 149, 187.

Tours, Church at, 166; Battle at, 214; Henry IV. at, 214, 216, 220.

_Tradition, Dogmatic_, 423, 573 _f._

_Transubstantiation_, 333, 412.

Trent, City of, 564 _f._

Trent, Council of; _First Meeting_, 564-581; papal legates at, 565 _f._; differences among the Romanist powers at, 566 _f._; debates on procedure, 568 _ff._; _Second Meeting_, 581-587; definition of the doctrine of the Sacraments, 582 _ff._; _Third Meeting_, 587 _ff._; varying views about the reorganisation of the Church, 588 _ff._; was to be a continuation of the former Council, 589; procedure at, 589 _f._; work of Cardinal Simonetta at, 590; what the Council did for the Roman Catholic Church, 594; its list of prohibited books, 604; 211, 247 _f._, 416, 517.

_Triumvirate, The_, Montmorency, St. André and Guise, 184, 190, 193.

Tschudi, Peter, a Humanist, 18 _n._

_Tulchan Bishops_, 360 and _n._

Tunstall, Cuthbert, Bishop of Durham, 371, 373.

_Twelve Articles, The_ (The Apostles' Creed), 518.

_Twenty-one Articles, The_, of the Anabaptists, 459, 465.

Tyndale, William, 279, 317, 319, 337 _ff._, 377.

_Ubiquity, Doctrine of_, 4, 7, 57, 412 _f._

Udall, Nicholas, translated into English the Paraphrases of Erasmus, 353.

Ulm, 53.

_Uniformity_. See _Act of_.

Unterwalden, a Forest Canton, 21 _f._, 47.

Uri, a Forest Canton, 21 _f._, 47.

Ursinus, Zachary, 4 _n._

Utrecht protests against Alva's taxation, 259.

Vadianus. See _Watt_.

Valais, The, 22, 48; the Bishop of the, 41.

Valladolid, University of, 491.

Val Tellina, The, 50.

Vargas, Juan de, 255.

Vassy, Massacre at, 189 _f._

Vatable, Francis, a royal lecturer in Paris, 96.

Vax, Antonia, attempts to poison Farel and others, 84 and _n._

Vermigli, Peter Martyr, 358.

_Vestments (Ornaments)_, Controversy about, 364, 403, 405 and _n._

_Vicar-General_ (England), 332.

Vidomne of Geneva, 62, 117.

Vienna, University of, 25, 607.

Viret, Pierre, in Geneva, 81 _ff._, 112.

_Visitation_, Spanish Crown had the right of ecclesiastical, 491.

_Visitations_ of the Church in England, 332; 353, 407, 410.

Vlissingen (Flushing), seized by the _Sea-Beggars_, 260.

Voes, Heinrich, martyr in the Netherlands, 224, 230.

Volkertz, Jan, Anabaptist martyr, 236.

_Vulgate, The Latin_, and the Council of Trent, 573 _f._

Wagner, Sebastian, 43 and _n._

Walcheren, Island of, 254, 260.

_Waldenses_, 92, 148.

Waldshut, The _Brethren_ met at, 434.

Wallen, Jan, Anabaptist martyr, 236.

War of Public Weal in France, 19; Religious wars in France, 191 _ff._; in Switzerland, 49 _ff._; of the Moors and Christians in Spain, 488.

Warham, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, 18, 317, 320, 322, 329, 338.

Watt, Joachim de (Vadianus), a Humanist, 25 _n._, 47.

Watteville, M. de, Advoyer of Bern, 44; Nicholas de, 45 and _n._; J. J. de, Advoyer of Bern, 45 _n._, 73.

_Weekly Exercise, The_ (Scotland), 308.

_Welches, La Dispute de_, 44.

Werly, Pierre, a turbulent canon of Geneva, 65, 76 and _n._, 77 _n._

Wesen, 25.

Wessel, John of, 15, 226.

Westminster, Conference at, 20, 400 _ff._

Wiclif, 19, 317 _f._; influence in Scotland, 277.

_Wiclifites_, 92, 317.

Wieck, van der, Lutheran Syndic of Münster, 456 _f._, 460.

Wied, Hermann von, Archbishop of Köln, 3, 558.

_Wild-Beggars, The_, 257.

Wildermuth, a soldier of Bern, 91.

Wildhaus, Zwingli's birthplace, 24.

_Wilhelmus van Nassouwe_, 261.

Willebroek, 255.

William of Orange. See _Nassau_.

Wishart, George, Scottish martyr, 284.

Wittenberg, 6, 11, 453.

_Wittenberg Articles, The_, 341.

_Wittenberg Concord_, 60.

Wölfflin, Heinrich (Lupulus), 25.

Wolmar, Melchior, taught Calvin at Bourges, 95.

Wolsey, Cardinal, 18, 319, 320, 324, 325, 343.

_Works, Merit in_, 33.

Worms, Conference at, 124, 125, 126.

Worms, Diet of, three forces met at, 495.

Würtemburg, 48.

Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 371.

Wyttenbach, Thomas, 10, 27, 38, 46.

Xavier, Francis, 537, 556, 559.

Ximenes de Cisneros, Francesco, Cardinal, 490 _ff._, 493, 497, 530.

Yaxley, Francis, agent of Mary of Scotland, 420 _n._

Ypres, 254.

Zug, Swiss Canton, 22, 47.

Zurich, Great Council in, 29, 33 _ff._; _Public Disputations_ in, 34 _f._; at war with the Forest Cantons, 49; _Consensus of_, 60; synod at, 122; ecclesiastical discipline in, 129; Anabaptists in, 441.

Zutphen burnt by the Spaniards, 261.

Zutphen, Hendrik of, 228, 230.

_Zwickau Prophets_, 431.

Zwingli, Bartholomew, Dean of Wesen, 25 _f._

Zwingli, Huldreich, the Elder, 25.

Zwingli, Huldreich, youth and education, 24; moral character, 37; Humanism and, 10, 37; and Luther, 27, 55 _f._; comes to Zurich, 28 _ff._; his _Sixty-seven Theses_, 6 _n._, 33; and Anna Reinhard, 36; theory of civil control over the Church, 8, 111, 112, 129; on Indulgences, 16; views on the Sacrament of the Holy Supper, 55; on ecclesiastical excommunication, 111 _f._, 129; and the Anabaptists, 445.

Zwinglianism, 411.

Zwolle, full of Anabaptists, 237.

_Printed by_ MORRISON & GIBB LIMITED _Edinburgh_

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: The fierce old Pontiff, Paul IV., declared in a Bull (Feb. 15, 1559) that the mere fact of heresy in princes deprived them of all lawful power; but he named no one. When his successor proposed, in 1563, to excommunicate Elizabeth of England by name simply as a Protestant, he was taken to task sharply by the Emperor Ferdinand; and the Queen was finally excommunicated in 1570 as a partaker "in the atrocious mysteries of Calvinism," and as such outside the Peace of Augsburg.]

[Footnote 2: In the _Atlas zur Kirchengeschichte_ by Heussi and Mulert (Tübingen, 1905), there is an attempt to represent to the eye the presence of German Protestants outside the territories of the Lutheran princes; Map x. _Zur Geschichte der deutschen Reformation und Gegenreformation_.]

[Footnote 3: The fullest account of these German Reformed confessions is to be found in Müller's _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformirten Kirche_--the _Emden Catechism_ (1554), pp. 1 and 666; the _Heidelberg Catechism_ (1563), pp. 1, 682; the _Nassau Confession_ of the Dillenburg Synod (1578), liii, 720; the _Bremen Consensus_ (1595), liv, 739; the _Staffort Book_ (1559) for Baden, liv, 797; the _Confession of the General Synod of Cassel_, lv and 817, and the _Hessian Catechism_ (1607), 822; and the _Bentheim Confession_ (1613), 833. All these German Reformed confessions followed Melanchthon in his endeavours to unite the Calvinist and the Lutheran doctrinal positions.

By far the most celebrated, and the only one which maintains its place as a doctrinal symbol down to the present day, is the _Heidelberg Catechism_. It was drafted at the suggestion of the Elector Frederick the Pious by two theologians, Caspar Olevianus and Zacharias Ursinus, who were able to express in a really remarkable degree the thoughts of German Protestants who could not accept the hard and fast Lutheranism of the opponents of Melanchthon. It speedily found favour in many parts of Germany, although its strongest supporters belonged to the Rhine provinces. It was in use both as a means of instruction and as a doctrinal symbol in most of the German Reformed Churches along with their own symbolical books. Its use spread to Holland and beyond it. Two separate translations appeared in Scotland. The earlier is contained in (Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions of Faith.... of public authority in the Church of Scotland_, under the title, _A Catechism of the Christian Religion, composed by Zachary Ursinus, approved by Frederick III. Elector Palatine, the Reformed Church in the Palatinate, and by other Reformed Churches in Germany; and taught in their schools and churches: examined and approved, without any alteration, by the Synod of Dort, and appointed to be taught in the reformed churches and schools in the Netherlands: translated and printed Anno 1591 by public authority for the use of Scotland, with the arguments and use of the several doctrines therein contained, by Jeremias Bastingius; sometimes printed with the Book of Common Order and Psalm Book._]

[Footnote 4: Compare vol. i. pt. i. 42 _ff._]

[Footnote 5: The most complete collection of those Reformed creeds is given in Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformirten Kirche_ (Leipzig, 1903). The most important are the following (the figures within brackets give the pages in Müller):--

SWITZERLAND.--Zwingli's _Theses_ of 1523 (xvi, 1); _First Helvetic Confession_ of 1536 (xxvi, 101); _Geneva Confession_ of 1536 (xxvi, 111); _Geneva Catechism_ of 1545 [(xxviii, 117) translated in (Dunlop's) _Confessions_, etc., ii, 139].

ENGLAND.--Edwardine _Forty-two Articles_ of 1553, _Thirty-eight Articles_ of 1563, _Thirty-nine Articles_ of 1571 (xlii, 505); _Lambeth Articles_ of 1595 (xliv, 525); _Irish Articles_ of 1615 (xliv, 526).

SCOTLAND.--_Scottish Confession_ of 1560, _National Covenant_ of 1581 [(xxxv, 249), (Dunlop's) _Confessions_, etc., ii. pp. 21 and 103].

FRANCE.--_Confessio Gallicana_ of 1559 (xxxii, 221).

NETHERLANDS.--_Confessio Belgica_ of 1561 (xxxiv, 233); _Netherlands Confession_ of 1566 (xxxv, 935); _Frisian Confession_ of 1528 (xxi, 930).

HUNGARY.--_Hungarian Confession_ of 1562 (xxviii, 376).

BOHEMIA.--_Bohemian Confession_ of 1609 (xxxix, 453).]

[Footnote 6: It has been suggested that the ecclesiastical jurisdiction which grew out of the Elizabethan settlement of religion in England borrowed not a few characteristics from the Lutheran consistorial courts.]

[Footnote 7: William Farel, a devoted Zwinglian, was called a "Lutheran preacher" by the authorities of Freiburg (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, ii. 205_n._), and the teaching of himself and his colleagues was denounced as the "Lutheran heresy." This was the _popular_ view. Educated and reforming Frenchmen like Lefèvre discriminated: they had no great liking for Luther, and admired Zwingli (_ibid._ i. 209_n._).]

[Footnote 8: Peter Tschudi, writing to Beatus Rhenanus from Paris (May 17th, 1519) says: "Reliqui, quod equidem literis dignum censeam, nil superest, quam M. Lutheri opera ab universa eruditorum cohorte obviis ulnis excipi, etiam iis qui minimum sapiunt plausibilia" (Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_, 2nd ed. i. 46). In Nov. 1520, Glareanus wrote to Zwingli that Paris was excited over the Leipzig Disputation; and Bulæus shows that twenty copies of a pamphlet, entitled _Disputatio inter egregios viros et doctores Joa. Eckium et M. Lutherum_, arrived in Paris on Jan. 20th, 1520 (_ibid._ 62, 63_n._).]

[Footnote 9: A. Rilliet, _Les Origines de la Confédération Suisse: Histoire et Légende_ (Geneva, 1869); J. Dierauer, _Geschichte der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft_ (Gotha, 1890).]

[Footnote 10: SOURCES: O. Myconius, "Vita Huldrici Zwinglii" (in Neander's _Vitæ Quatuor Reformatorum_, Berlin, 1841); H. Bullinger, _Reformationsgeschichte_ (Frauenfeld, 1838-40); Johann Salat, _Chronik der schweizerischen Reformation von deren Anfüngen bis 1534_ (vol. i. _of Archiv für schweizerische Reformationsgeschichte_, Solothurn, 1868); Kessler, _Sabbata_ (ed. by Egli, St. Gall, 1902); Strickler, _Actensammlung zur schweizerischen Reformationsgeschichte in den Jahren 1521-32_ (Zurich, 1877-84); Egli, _Actensammlung zur Geschichte der Züricher Reformation, 1519-33_ (Zurich, 1879); W. Gisi, _Actenstücke zur Schweizergeschichte der Jahre 1521-22_ (vol. xv. of _Archiv für die schweizer. Geschichte_), pp. 285-318; Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_ (Geneva, 166-93); Stähelin _Briefe aus der Reformationszeit_ (Basel, 1887).

LATER BOOKS: Stähelin, _Huldreich Zwingli: sein Leben und Wirken nach den Quellen dargestellt_, 2 vols. (Basel, 1895-97); Mörikofer, _Ulrich Zwingli nach den urkundlichen Quellen_, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1867-69); S. M. Jackson, _Huldreich Zwingli, 1484-1531_ (New York, 1901); _Cambridge Modern History_, II. x. (Cambridge, 1903); Ruchat, _Histoire de la Réformation de la Suisse_, ed. by Vulliemin, 7 vols. (Paris, 1835-38).]

[Footnote 11: Joachim de Watt, a native of St. Gallen (b. 1484, December 30) was a distinguished scholar. He became successively physician, member of council, and burgomaster in his native town, and did much to establish the Reformation; he was a well-known author, and wrote several theological works.]

[Footnote 12: Heinrich Loriti was the most distinguished of all the Swiss Humanists. He studied successively at Bern, Vienna, and Köln, and attained the barren honour of being made Court-poet to the Emperor Maximilian. At Basel, where he first settled, he kept a boarding school for boys who wished to study the classics, and in 1517 he transferred himself and about twenty young Switzers, his pupils, to Paris. He modelled his school, he was pleased to think, on the lines of the Roman Republic, was Consul himself, had a Senate, a prætor, and meetings of Comitia. He remained a fast friend of Zwingli.]

[Footnote 13: Johann Heigerlin (Faber) remained a steadfast Romanist. He became vicar-general to the Bishop of Constance, and as such was an antagonist of Zwingli. He ended his days as Bishop of Vienna. He wrote much against Luther, and was known as the "hammer of the Lutherans." Along with Eck and Cochlæus, he was the distinguished champion of the Romanist cause in Germany.]

[Footnote 14: For details about Zwingli's papal pension, cf. S. M. Jackson, _Huldreich Zwingli_, p. 114.]

[Footnote 15: Cf. Schaff, _Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches_ (London, 1877), p. 197; Niemeyer, _Collectio Confessionum in ecclesiis reformalis, publicatarum_ (Leipzig, 1840), p. 3; Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche: Zwinglis Theses von 1523_, Art. 49, p. 5.]

[Footnote 16: Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche_ (Leipzig, 1903), pp. xviii and 7. The _Instruction_ is a lengthy document.]

[Footnote 17: Literal translations of these hymns are given in Professor Macauley Jackson's _Huldreich Zwingli, the Reformer of German Switzerland_ (New York and London, 1903), pp. 133, 134.]

[Footnote 18: Stähelin, _Briefe aus der Reformationszeit_, pp. 15-19.]

[Footnote 19: William Farel was born in 1489 at a village near Gap in the mountainous south-east corner of Dauphiné, on the border of Provence. He belonged to a noble family, and was devout from his earliest years. He describes a pilgrimage which he made as a child in his book _Du vray usage de la croix de Jésus-Christ_ (pp. 223 _f._). All through his adventurous life he preserved his rare uprightness of character, his fervent devotion, and his indignation at wrong-doing of all kinds. He persuaded his parents to allow him to go to Paris for education, and reached the capital about 1509. He probably spent twelve years there, partly as student and partly as professor in the college Le Moine. There he became the friend and devoted disciple of Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples, and this friendship carried him safely through several religious crises in his life. He followed Lefèvre to Meaux, and was one of the celebrated "group" there. When persecution and the timidity or scruples of the bishop caused the dispersion of these preachers, Farel went back to Dauphiné and attempted to preach the Gospel in Gap. He was not allowed _parce qu'il n'estoit ne moine ne prestre_, and was banished from the district by bishop and people. He next tried to preach in Guyenne, where he was equally unsuccessful. Thinking that there was no place in France open to him, he took himself to Basel. There he asked the University to allow him to hold a public disputation on certain articles which he sent to them. The authorities refused. He then addressed himself to the Council of the city, who permitted the discussion. The thirteen articles or _Theses_ defended by Farel are given in Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_ (i. 194, 195). He gathered a little church of French refugees at Basel (the _ecclesiola_ of his correspondence), but was too much the ardent and impetuous pioneer to remain quietly among them. By the end of July 1524 he was preaching at Montbèliard, some miles to the south of Belfort, and the riots which ensued caused Oecolampadius to beseech him to temper his courage with discretion (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc., i. 255). He went thence to Strassburg (April 1525), to Bern, attempted to preach in Neuchâtel, and finally (middle of November 1526) opened a school at Aigle, an outlying dependency of Bern, hoping to get opportunity to carry on his evangelistic work. He was soon discovered, and attempts were made to prevent his preaching; but the authorities of Bern insisted that he should be unmolested. In the beginning of 1527 he was actively engaged at the great Disputation in Bern. That same year he was made pastor of Aigle and put in possession of the parsonage and the stipend; but such work was too tame for him. He made long preaching tours; we find him at Lausanne, Morat, Orbe, and other places, always protected by the authorities of Bern. He began his work in Geneva in 1532.]

[Footnote 20: Berthold Haller was born at Aldingen (1492); studied at Rothweil and Pforzheim, where he made the acquaintance of Melanchthon. He became a Bachelor of Theology of the University of Köln; taught for some time at Rothweil, and then at Bern (1513-1518). He was elected people's priest in the great church there in 1521. His sympathetic character and his great eloquence made him a power in the city; but his discouragements were so many and so great that he was often on the point of leaving. Zwingli encouraged him to remain and persevere.]

[Footnote 21: Sebastian Meyer was a priest from Elsass who had been preaching in Bern since 1518 against the abuses of the Roman Church. The notorious conduct of the Dominicans in Bern (1507-9), and the action of Samson, the Indulgence-seller, in 1518, had made the Bernese ready to listen to attacks against Rome.]

[Footnote 22: Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_ (2nd ed.), ii. 55.]

[Footnote 23: _Ibid._ ii. 94, 95.]

[Footnote 24: _Ibid._ ii. 61, 74, 89, 94, 96.]

[Footnote 25: Ruchat, _Histoire de la Réformation de la Suisse_, i. 368.]

[Footnote 26: The invitation began: "Nous l'Advoyer, le petit et le grand Conseil de la cité de Berne, à tous et à chascun, spirituelz et séculiers, prélatz, abbés, prévostz, doyens, chanoynes, curés, sacrestains, vicaires prescheurs de la Parolle de Dieu, et à tous prebstres, séculiers ou réguliers, et à tous Noz advoyers, chastellains, prévostz, lieutenans, et tous autres officiers et à tous Noz chers, féaulx et aymés subjectz, et à tous manans et habitans de Nostre domaine et ségnorie aux quelz les presentes lètres viendront,--Salut, grâce et bénivolance!

"Sçavoir faisons, combien que Nous ayons fait beaucoup d'ordonnance et mandemens publiques, pour la dissension de nostre commune foy Chrestienne, à ce meuz et espoirans, que cela profiteroit à la paix et concorde Chrestienne, comme chose très utile," etc.; Herminjard, ii. 54.]

[Footnote 27: Cf. _Scots Confession_ of 1560, Art. xix.: "The trew Kirk quhilk alwaies heares and obeyis the voice of her awin Spouse and Pastor."]

[Footnote 28: The _Theses_, in the original German, are printed by Müller, _Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche_ (Leipzig, 1903), pp. xviii, 30; and in French by Herminjard in _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_ (2nd ed.), ii. 59, 60.]

[Footnote 29: Sebastian Wagner was born at Schaffhausen in 1476. He studied at Paris under Lascaris, taught theology in the Franciscan monastery at Zurich, then at Constance. He adopted the Reformation, and, returning to his native town, became its reformer.]

[Footnote 30: Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs_, etc. ii. 95 _n._]

[Footnote 31: Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs_, etc. ii. 55.]

[Footnote 32: _Ibid._ ii. 99 _n._]

[Footnote 33: _Ibid._ ii. 98 _n._]

[Footnote 34: Nicholas de Watteville, born in 1492, was canon of St. Vincent in Bern, protonotary apostolic, prior of Montpreveyres, and provost of Lausanne. He visited Rome in 1517, and there received the Abbey of Montheron; and the year following he was made a papal chamberlain to Pope Leo x. He gave up all his benefices on December 1st, and soon afterwards married Clara May, a nun who had left the convent of Königsfeld. He was always a great admirer of William Farel, and often interfered to protect the impetuous Reformer from the consequences of his own rashness. His younger brother, J. J. de Watteville, became Advoyer or President of Bern, and was a notable figure in the history of the Reformation in Switzerland. The family of de Watteville is still represented among the citizens of Bern.]

[Footnote 35: As early as June 15th, 1523, the Council of Bern had issued an ordinance for the preachers throughout their territories, which enjoined them to preach publicly and without dissimulation the Holy Gospel and the doctrine of God, and to say nothing which they could not establish by true and Holy Scripture; to leave entirely alone all other doctrines and discussions contrary to the Gospel, and in

## particular the distinctive doctrines of Luther. Later (May 21st, 1526),

at a conference held between members of the Council of Bern, deputies from the Bernese communes, and delegates from the seven Roman Catholic cantons, it was agreed to permit no innovation in matters of religion. This agreement was not maintained long; and the Bernese went back to their ordinance of June 1523. It seems to have been practically interpreted to mean that preachers might attack the power of the Pope, and the doctrines of Purgatory and the Invocation of Saints, but that they were not to say anything against the current doctrine of the sacraments. Cf. Decrees of the Council of Bern, quoted in Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_, (Geneva, 1878), i. 434 _n._, ii. 23 _n._, also 20.]

[Footnote 36: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc., ii. 123, 138, 199, 225, etc. In Sept. 1530, Bern wrote to the Bishop of Basel, who had imprisoned Henri Pourcellet, one of Farel's preachers: "Nous ne pouvons d'ailleurs pas tolérer que ceux qui partagent notre foi chrétienne soient traités d'une telle manière," p. 277.]

[Footnote 37: SOURCES: E. F. K. Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche_ (Leipzig, 1903), pp. 1-100; Hospinian, _Historia Sacramentaria_, 2 vols. (Geneva, 1681).

LATER BOOKS: Ebrard, _Das Dogma vom heiligen Abendmahl und seine Geschichte_ (Frankfurt a M. 1845-46), vol. ii.; Schweizer, _Die protestantischen Centraldogmen in ihrer Entwickelung innerhalb der reformierten Kirche_ (Zurich, 1854-56); Hundeshagen, _Die Konflikte des Zwinglianismus, Lutherthums, und Calvinismus in den Bernischen Landkirchen 1522-1558, nach meist ungedruckten Quellen dargestelt_ (Bern, 1842); compare also vol. i. 352 ff.]

[Footnote 38: Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften des reformierten Kirche_, p. 30.]

[Footnote 39: Cf. vol. i. 352 ff.]

[Footnote 40: Leibnitz, _Pensées de Leibnitz_, 2nd ed. (Paris, 1803) p. 106.]

[Footnote 41: Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche_, p. 159.]

[Footnote 42: SOURCES: _Mémoires et documents publiés par la Société d'histoire et d'archæologie de Genève_ (especially vols. ii. v. ix. xv. xx.); Froment, _Les Actes et gestes marveilleux de la cité de Genève_ (ed. of 1854 by G. Revillod); La Soeur Jeanne de Jussie, _Le Levain du Calvinisme_ (ed. of 1865); G. Farel, _Lettres certaines d'aucuns grandz troubles et tumultes advenuz à Genève, avec la disputation faicte l'an 1534_ (Basel, 1588); _Registres du Conseil de Genève_ (known to me only through the extracts given by Herminjard, Doumergue, and others); Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_, 9 vols. (Geneva, etc., vols. i. ii. in a 2nd edition, 1878, vols. iii.-ix. 1870-97); Calvin, _Opera omnia_, vols. xxix.-lxxxvii. of the _Corpus Reformatorum_ (Brunswick and Berlin, 1869-97); Bonnet, _Lettres françaises de Jean Calvin_ (Paris, 1854); Beza, _Vita Calvini_ (vol. xlix. of the _Corpus Reformatorum_); Rilliet, _Le premier catéchisme de Calvin_ (Paris, 1878).

LATER WORKS: Doumergue, _Jean Calvin, les hommes et les choses de son temps_ (only three vols. published, Lausanne, 1899, 1902, 1905); Bungener, _Jean Calvin, sa vie, son oeuvre et ses écrits_ (Paris, 1862-63); Kampschulte, _Johann Calvin, seine Kirche und seine Stadt in Genf_ (Leipzig, 1869-99); A. Roget, _Histoire du peuple de Genève depuis la Reforme jusqu' à l'escalade_ (Geneva, 1870-83); Dunant, _Les relations politiques de Genève avec Berne et les Suisses de 1536-64_ (Geneva, 1894); Ruchat, _Histoire de la Réformation de la Suisse_, ed. by Vulliemin (Paris and Lausanne, 1835-38).]

[Footnote 43: Ruchat, _Histoire de la Réformation de la Suisse_ (Paris, 1835-38), iii. 138.]

[Footnote 44: We read of Luther's books being read in Geneva as early as May 1521, and that their effect was to give several of the people heart to care little for the threats of the Pope; in 1522, Cornelius Agrippa, writing to Capito (June 17th), and Haller, writing to Zwingli (July 8th), speak of Francis Lambert (_vir probus et diligens minister Verbi Dei_), who had preached in Geneva, Lausanne, Freiburg, and Bern; and in 1527, Hofen, secretary to the Council of Bern, writing to Zwingli (Jan. 15th), thinks that Geneva could be won for the Reformation,--he had noticed that the people no longer cared much for Indulgences or for the Mass (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. i. 101-3, 318 _n._, ii. 9 f., 10 _n._; cf. 6).]

[Footnote 45: J. A. Gautier, _Histoire de Genève_ (Geneva, 1896), ii. 349. The nun, Soeur Jeanne de Jussie, in her _Levain du Calvinisme_ (p. 46), says "Au mois de Juin, dimanche matin, le 9, certain nombre de mauvais garçons plantèrent grands placards en impression par toutes les portes des églises de Genève, esquels estoient contenus les principaux poincts de la secte perverse luthérienne"; and another contemporary chronicler says that the placards promised a "grand pardon général de Jesus Christ" (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 422 _n._).]

[Footnote 46: Their letter said that it was reported that "nonnullos ex Gebennensibus apposuisse certas cedulas inductorias ad novam legem, contra auctoritatem episcopalem, et quod habent libros et promulgant; quod est contra voluntatem D. Friburgensium" (_Ibid._ ii. 421 _n._).]

[Footnote 47: _Ibid._ ii. 424.]

[Footnote 48: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, ii. 425 _n._]

[Footnote 49: Cf. p. 39, _n._]

[Footnote 50: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 22 _f._ Farel preached his first sermon at Aigle on Friday, Nov. 30th, 1526.]

[Footnote 51: _Ibid._ ii. 14, 15.]

[Footnote 52: _Ibid._ ii. 15 _n._]

[Footnote 53: _Ibid._ ii. 31 _n._]

[Footnote 54: Farel seems to have asked his converts to submit to baptism; they were baptized in the presence of the congregation on making a solemn and public profession of their faith.--_Ibid._ 48 _n._]

[Footnote 55: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 105 _n._]

[Footnote 56: _Ibid._ ii. 130, 131.]

[Footnote 57: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 131 _n._]

[Footnote 58: _Ibid._ ii. 137.]

[Footnote 59: M. Herminjard gives a list of their names--Claud de Glantinis, Alexandre le Bel, Thomas ----, Henri Pourcellet, Jean Bosset, Antoine Froment, Antoine Marcourt, Eymer Beynon, Pierre Marmoud, Hugues Turtaz, and perhaps Jean Holard, Pierre Simonin or Symonier, Claude Bigothier, Jean de Bély, Jean Fathon.]

[Footnote 60: Cf. letter of Farel to Fortunat Andronicus, in Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 307.]

[Footnote 61: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 270 _n._]

[Footnote 62: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 365 _n._, 390.]

[Footnote 63: _Ibid._ ii. 347, 372.]

[Footnote 64: _Ibid._ ii. 362 _n._]

[Footnote 65: The ordinance was entitled, _Ordnung wic sich pfarrer und prediger zu Statt und Land Bern, in leer und leben, halten sollen, mit wyterem bericht von Christo, und den Sacramenten, beschlossen im Synodo daselbst versamlet am 9 tag Januarij_--_Anno 1532_. The doctrinal decisions of the Synod are to be found in Müller, _Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche_ (Leipzig, 1903), pp. 31 _ff._]

[Footnote 66: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 364.]

[Footnote 67: Froment married (1529) Marie Dentière, who had been abbess of a convent in Tournai, and had been expelled for her Evangelical opinions. She was a learned lady, a friend of the Queen of Navarre, who sometimes preached, according to the nun Jeanne de Jussie, and made many converts. She wrote a piquant epistle to the Queen of Navarre, exposing the intrigues which drove Calvin, Farel, and Coraut from Geneva. A portion of this very rare _Epistle_ is printed by Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. v. 295 _ff._]

[Footnote 68: Froment, _Les Actes et gestes marveilleux de la cité de Genève_ (ed. of 1854 by G. Revillod), pp. 9 and 12-15.]

[Footnote 69: The authorities of Freiburg in a letter to Geneva actually called this Dominican monk a "Lutheran preacher"; cf. their letter given in Herminjard, _Correspondance_, iii. 15 _f._]

[Footnote 70: _Ibid._ iii. 38, _f._]

[Footnote 71: The text of the decree is given in Herminjard, iii. 41 _n._]

[Footnote 72: Jeanne de Jussie, _Le Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 53; Froment, _Actes et Gestes_, etc. 48-51.]

[Footnote 73: For the affair of Werly, see the letter of the Evangelicals of Geneva to the Council of Bern, given in Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc., and the notes of the editor (iii. 46 _ff._).]

[Footnote 74: After the defeat of his party by the combined efforts of Freiburg and Bern, the Bishop had quitted Geneva on August 1st, 1527; he returned there on July 1st, 1533, but left again after a fortnight's residence (July 14th, 1533), disgusted, he said, at an act of iconoclasm.]

[Footnote 75: The priests of Geneva were notoriously turbulent. We read of at least five riots which they headed. The canons were worse. Pierre Werly had attempted the assassination of Farel on October 3rd, 1532 (Jeanne de Jussie, _Le Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 50); he had taken an

## active part in the riots caused by the placards in 1532.]

[Footnote 76: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 38.]

[Footnote 77: _Le Levain du Calvinisme_, pp. 74, 75, 247 (where Canus is called Alexander de Molendino). Froment, who had been compelled to quit Geneva, had returned to the town along with Alexandre Canus immediately after the departure of the Bishop on the 14th of July 1533.]

[Footnote 78: Furbiti permitted himself to use strong language. Even the Romanist chronicler, the nun Jeanne de Jussie, records that Furbiti "touched to the quick the Lutheran dogs," and said that "all those who belonged to that cursed sect were licentious, gluttons, lascivious, ambitious, homicides, and bandits, who loved nothing but sensuality, and lived as the brutes, reverencing neither God nor their superiors" (_Le Levain du Calvinisme_, p 79).]

[Footnote 79: _Caffard_ need not be taken to mean _hypocrite_: it was commonly used to denote a mendicant friar.]

[Footnote 80: The letter is given in Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 119 _f._]

[Footnote 81: The MS. chronicle of Michel Roset is the source for the statement about the order to burn translations of the Scripture.]

[Footnote 82: Furbiti was released in April 1536 at the request of Francis I. of France. He was exchanged for Antoine Saunier, a Swiss Evangelical in prison in France. Such exchanges were not uncommon between the Protestant cantons and France.--Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 396 _f._

A full account of the conferences between Farel and Furbiti is given in _Lettres certaines d'aucuns grandz troubles et tumultes nuz à Genève, avec la disputation faicte l'an 1534_, etc. (Basel, 1588). The booklet is very rare.]

[Footnote 83: Adjoining the house of Baudichon, with one building between them, was a large mansion occupied by the Seigneur de Thorens, a strong partisan of the Reformation. He was a Savoyard, expelled from his country because of his religious principles. He acquired citizenship in Bern. The Bernese, on the eve of their embassy, which reached Geneva on Jan. 4th, had bought this house, and placed M. de Thorens therein, intending it to be a place where the Evangelicals could meet in safety under the protection of Bern. It is probable that in time of special danger the Evangelicals met there for public worship. When the Council of Freiburg objected to Farel's preaching, the Council of Geneva replied that the services were held in the house of the deputies of Bern. Cf. Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ix. 459, _f._, 489 _f._; Jeanne de Jussie, _Le Levain du Calvinisme_, pp. 91, 106, 107 (where the poor nun describes the various ceremonies of the Reformed cult with all the venom and coarseness of sixteenth century Romanism); Baum, _Procès de Baudichon de la Maisonneuve accusé d'héresie a Lyon, 1534_ (Geneva, 1873), pp. 110, 111; Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, ii. 126 _f._, iii. 196-98.]

[Footnote 84: The poison was placed in some spinach soup, and the popular story was that Farel escaped because he did not like the food; that Froment had seated himself at table to take his share, when news was brought to him that his wife and children had arrived at Geneva--he rose from the table at once to go to meet them, and left the soup untasted. Poor Viret was the only one who took his share, and became very ill immediately afterwards. The prisoner's confession, lately exhumed from the Geneva archives, tells another tale. The woman said that she stuffed a small bone with the poison, and placed it in Viret's bowl; but was afraid to do the same to Farel's because his soup was too clear. Cf. extracts quoted in Doumergue's _Jean Calvin_, etc. ii. 133, 134 _n._]

[Footnote 85: The _Theses_ are given in Ruchat, _Histoire de la Réformation de la Suisse_, iii. 357.]

[Footnote 86: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 294, 295 _n._]

[Footnote 87: _Le Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 118.]

[Footnote 88: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 294 _n._]

[Footnote 89: Froment, _Actes et Gestes_, etc. pp. 144-146: "Nous avons les dieux des Prebstres, en voullés vous? et les iectoynt apres cielx" (p. 145).]

[Footnote 90: The minute is given in Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 424; and the letter of the two Councils written for the information of the Councils of Bern at p. 332.]

[Footnote 91: Froment, _Actes et Gestes_, etc. pp. 142-144.]

[Footnote 92: The fullest contemporary account of these matters is to be found in _Un opuscule inédit de Farel; Le Resumé des actes de la Dispute de Rive de 1535_, published in the 22nd vol. of the _Mémoires et Documents publiées par la Société d'Histoire et Archæologie de Genève_. It has been reprinted separately.]

[Footnote 93: The words used by the spokesman of the secular clergy, among whom were the canons of the cathedral, were: "_sua non esse sustinere talia, cum nec sint sufficientes nec sciant_."]

[Footnote 94: The minute of Council is quoted in Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. ii. 147, 148.]

[Footnote 95: For these relations, cf. Durrant, _Les Relations politiques de Genève avec Berne et les Suisses, de 1536 à 1564_ (1894).]

[Footnote 96: The devout Romanist, Soeur Jeanne de Jussie, testifies, with mediæval frankness, to the dissolute lives of the Romish clergy: "_Il est bien vray que les Prelats et gens d'Église pour ce temps ne gardoient pas bien leurs voeus et estat, mais gaudissoient dissolument des biens de l'Église tenant femmes en lubricité et adultère, et quasi tout le peuple estoit infect de cest abominable et detestable péché: dont est à scavoir que les péchéz du monde abondoient en toutes sortes de gens, qui incitoient l'ire de Dieu à y mettre sa punition divine_" (_Le Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 35; cf. minutes of the Council of Geneva at p. 241). Even the nuns of Geneva, with the exception of the nuns of St. Clara, to whom Jeanne de Jussie belonged, were notorious for their conduct; cf. Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. v. 349 _n._]

[Footnote 97: Cf. Wildermuth's letter to the _Council of the Two Hundred_ in Bern, telling that Farel was in prison at Payerne: "Would that I had twenty Bernese with me, and with the help of God we would not have permitted what has happened" (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 344).]

[Footnote 98: Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. i. 42.]

[Footnote 99: Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. i. 35.]

[Footnote 100: Cordier, Corderius, Cordery, was a well-known name in Scottish parish schools a century ago, where his exercises were used in almost every Latin class. He became a convert of the Reformed faith, and did his best to spread Evangelical doctrines by means of the sentences to be turned into Latin. He followed his great pupil to Geneva, and died there in his eighty-eighth year.]

[Footnote 101: Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. i. 126.]

[Footnote 102: _Corpus Reformatorum_, xlix. p. 121.]

[Footnote 103: I owe this inference to my brother, Professor Lindsay of St. Andrews; he adds that Plautus was greatly studied in the time of Calvin's youth in France.]

[Footnote 104: Cf. his letter to Francis Daniel, where he speaks about the publication of the Commentary; says that he has issued it at his own expense; that some of the Paris lecturers, to help its sale, had made it a book on which they lectured, and hopes _quod publico etiam bono forte cessurum sit_ (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 417).]

[Footnote 105: In a letter to Francis Daniel, of date Oct. 27th, 1553, Calvin calls Gerard "our Friend"; and in another, written about the end of the same month, he describes with a minuteness of detail impossible for anyone who was not in the inner circle, the comedy acted by the students of the College of Navarre, which was a satire directed against Marguerite, the Queen of Navarre, and Gerard Roussel, and the affair of the connection of the University of Paris and the Queen's poem, entitled _le Miroir de l'âme pécheresse_; cf. Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 103-11.]

[Footnote 106: Lang, _Die Bekehrung Johannes Calvins_ (1897); Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. i. 344, _ff._; Müller, "Calvins Bekehrung" (_Nachrichten der Gött. Gel._ for 1905, pp. 206 _ff._); Wernle, "Noch einmal die Bekehrung Calvins" (_Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte_, xxvii. 84 _ff._ (1906)).]

[Footnote 107: For the history of this Discourse written by Calvin and pronounced by Cop, see E. Doumergue, _Jean Calvin; Les hommes et les choses de son temps_ (Lausanne, 1899), i. 331 _ff._; A. Lang, _Die Bekehrung J. Calvins_ (Leipzig, 1897), p. 46. _ff._ For accounts of the attempts to arrest Nicolas Cop and Calvin, see the letter of Francis I. to the _Parlement_ of Paris in Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 114-118, and the editor's notes, also p. 418.]

[Footnote 108: "Magister Gulielmus Farellus proponit sicuti sit necessaria illa lectura quam initiavit _ille Gallus_ in Sancto Petro. Supplicat advideri de illo retinendo et sibi alimentando. Super quo fuit advisum quod advideatur de ipsum substinendo" (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iv. 87 _n._).]

[Footnote 109: For the Disputation at Lausanne, see Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iv. 86 _f._ (Letter from Calvin to F. Daniel, Oct. 13th, 1536); _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxvii. p. 876 f.; Ruchat, _Histoire de la Réformation de la Suisse_, vol. iv.; Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, ii. 214 _f._]

[Footnote 110: The ten _Theses_ are printed in the _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxvii. 701.]

[Footnote 111: Their names were Jean Mimard, regent of the school in Vevey; Jacques Drogy, vicar of Morges; Jean Michod, dean of Vevey; Jean Berilly, vicar of Prévessin; and a Dominican monk, de Monbouson.]

[Footnote 112: _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxvii. 879-81.]

[Footnote 113: Wherever Farel went he had instituted what was called the "congregation": once a week in church, members of the audience were invited to ask questions, which the preacher answered. These "congregations" were an institution all over Romance Switzerland. The custom prevailed in Geneva when Calvin came there, and it was continued.]

[Footnote 114: Bonnet, _Lettres françaises de Calvin_, ii. 574.]

[Footnote 115: "Il seroyt bien à désirer que la communication de la Saincte Cène de Jésucrist fust tous les dimenches pour le moins en usage, quant l'Église est assemblée en multitude" (_Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii. i. 7); cf. the first edition of the _Institutio_ (1536): "Singulis, ad minimum, hebdomadibus proponenda erat christianorum coetui mensa Domini."]

[Footnote 116: Calvin says: "_C'est une chose bien expédiente à l'édification de l'esglise, de chanter aulcungs pseaumes en forme d'oraysons publicqs._" The translations of the Psalms by Clement Marot, which were afterwards used in the Church of Geneva, were not published till 1541, and the _pseaumes_ may have been religious canticles such as were used in the Reformed Church of Neuchâtel from 1533; but it ought to be remembered that translations of the Psalms of David did exist in France before Marot's; cf. Herminjard, _Correspondance_, iv. 163 _n._]

[Footnote 117: "Et comment ne souhaiterions-nous pas voir notre siècle ramené à l'image de cette église primitive, puisqu'alors Christ recevait un plus pur hommage, et que l'éclat de son nom était plus au loin répandu?... Puisse cette extension de la foi, puisse cette pureté du culte, aujourd'hui que reparaît la lumière de l'Évangile, nous être aussi accordées par celui qui est béni au-dessus de toutes choses! Aujourd'hui, je le répète, que reparait la lumière de l'Évangile, qui se répand enfin de nouveau dans le monde, et y éclaire de ses divins rayons un grand nombre d'esprits; de telle sorte que, sans parler de bien d'autres avantages, depuis le temps de Constantine, où l'Église primitive peu à peu dégénérée perdit tout a fait son caracter, il n'y a eu dans aucune autre epoque plus de connaissance des langues.... "--Lefèvre d'Étaples, _aux Lecteurs chrétiens de Meaux_ (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. i. 93).]

[Footnote 118: The prevailing idea was that the Evangelical pastors were the servants of the community, and therefore of the Councils which represented it. J. J. Watteville, the celebrated Advoyer or President of Bern, and a strong and generous supporter of the Reformation, was accustomed to say: "Nothing prevents me dismissing a servant when he displeases me; why should not a town send its pastor away if it likes?" (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, vii. 354 _n._).]

[Footnote 119: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ix. 116.]

[Footnote 120: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. viii. 280, 281, ix. 117, vi. 183; Ruchat, _Histoire de la Réformation de la Suisse_, ii. 520, _f._; Farel, _Summaire_, edition of 1867, pp. 78 _ff._]

[Footnote 121: Matt. xviii. 15-17.]

[Footnote 122: The action of the people of the four parishes which made the district of Thyez illustrates a condition of mind not easily sympathised with by us, and it shows what the commonalty of the sixteenth century thought of the powers of the Councils which ruled their city republics. The district belonged to Geneva, and was under the rule of the Council of that city. The inhabitants had been permitted to retain the Romanist religion. They were, nevertheless, excommunicated by their Bishop for clinging to Geneva with loyalty. They were honest Roman Catholics; they could not bear the thought of living under excommunication, and longed for absolution; the Bishop would not grant it; so the _people applied to the Council of Geneva to absolve them_, which the Council did by a minute which runs as follows: "(April 4th, 1535) Sur ce qu'est proposé par nostre chastelain de Thyez, que ceux de Thyez font doubte soy présenter en l'esglise à ces Pasques prochaines (April 16th), à cause d'aucunes lettres d'excommuniement qui sont esté contre aucuns exécutées, par quoi volentier ils desirent avoir remède de absolution.... Est esté résolu que l'on escrive une patente aux vicaires du dict mandement (district), que nous les tenons pour absols." This was enough. The people went cheerfully to their Easter services (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iv. 26 _n._).]

[Footnote 123: Cf. the letter of the Council of Bern to the Council of Lausanne: "(July 1541): Concernant minas contra ministrum Verbi, lasciviam vitæ civium, bacchanalia, ebrietates, commessationes, contemptum Evangelii, rythmos impudicos, etc., ceux de Lausanne sont vertement réprimandés. On leur remontre leur négligence à châtier les vices. Il leur est ordonné de punir, dans le terme d'un mois, les bacchantes et aussi celui qui a menacé le prédicant et l'a interpellé dans la rue. Il est également ordonné aux ambassadeurs qui seront envoyés pour les appels, de faire de sévères remonstrances devant le Conseil et les Bourgeois, et de les menacer en les exhortant à s'amender" (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, vii. 145).]

[Footnote 124: This first Catechism has been republished and edited under the title, _Le Catéchisme français de Calvin, publié en 1537, réimprimé pour la première fois d'après un exemplaire nouvellement retrouvé et suivi de plus ancienne Confession de foi de l'Église de Genève, avec deux notices, l'une historique, l'autre bibliographique_, par Albert Rilliet et Théophile Dufour, 1878. The curious bibliographical history of the book is given in Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, ii. p. 230; and at greater length in the preface to the reprint.]

[Footnote 125: Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche_, p. 111.]

[Footnote 126: The question is carefully discussed by Rilliet in his _Le Catéchisme français de Calvin_, and by Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. ii. 237-39.]

[Footnote 127: The letter from Bern (dated Nov. 28th) was read to the recalcitrants, who gave way and accepted the Confession on Jan. 4th, 1538 (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, iv. 340 _n._).]

[Footnote 128: _Actes et Gestes merveilleux_, p. 215, _f._]

[Footnote 129: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iv. 403, 404, 407; Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. ii. 278.]

[Footnote 130: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc, iv. 413.]

[Footnote 131: On April 8th it was reported that Coraut had said in a sermon that Geneva was a realm of tipplers, and that the town was governed by drunkards (from all accounts a true statement of fact, but scarcely suitable for a sermon), and had been brought before the Council in consequence.]

[Footnote 132: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iv. 413-16, 420-22.]

[Footnote 133: Calvin says that he wished the matter to be regularly brought before the people and discussed: "_Concio etiam a nobis habeatur de ceremoniarum libertate, deinde ad conformitatem populum adhortemur, propositis ejus rationibus. Demum liberum ecclesiæ judicium permittatur._" Cf. the memorandum presented to the Synod of Zurich by Calvin and Farel, _ibid._ v. 3; _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii. ii. 191.]

[Footnote 134: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iv. 423, 425, 426, 427, v. 3, 24.]

[Footnote 135: It is worth mentioning that while the three letters from Bern were brought before the Council of the Two Hundred, the decisions of the Lausanne Synod were produced at the General Council. Did the Council wish to give their decision a semblance of ecclesiastical authority?]

[Footnote 136: Bonnet, _Les Lettres françaises de Calvin_, ii. 575, 576.]

[Footnote 137: "A ceste cause, vous instantement, très-acertes et en fraternelle affection prions, admonestons et requérons que ... la rigueur que tenés aux dits Farel et Calvin admodérer, pour l'amour de nous et pour éviter scandale, contemplans que ce qu'avons à vous et à eulx escript pour la conformité des cérimonies de l'Esglise, est procédé de bonne affection et par mode de requeste, et non pas pour vous, ne eulx, constraindre à ces choses, que sont indifferentes en l'Esglise, comme le pain de la Cène et aultres" (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iv. 428).]

[Footnote 138: For the letter of Bern to Geneva, and the answer of Geneva, cf. Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iv. 427-430.]

[Footnote 139: _Ibid._ iv. 165 _n._]

[Footnote 140: The memoir presented to the Synod of Zurich has been printed by Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. v. 3-6, and in the _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii. ii. 190-192. The conclusion prays Bern to drive from their territory ribald and obscene songs and catches, that the people of Geneva may not cite their example as an excuse.]

[Footnote 141: "Wir habent ouch durch Etlich unsere vorordneten uffs ernstlichest mit ihnen reden lassen sich etlicher ungeschigter scherpffe zemaassen und sich by disem unerbuwenem volgk Cristenlicher sennffmütigkeit zu beflyssen" (_Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii. ii. 193).]

[Footnote 142: The minute of the Council of Bern says: "The Genevans had refused to receive Calvin and Farel. If my lords need preachers, they will keep them in mind" (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, v. 20 _n._).]

[Footnote 143: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. v. 139; _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii. ii. 181.]

[Footnote 144: Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. ii 681 _ff._]

[Footnote 145: _Registres du Conseil_, xxxiv. f., 483, 485, 490 (quoted in Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, ii. 700).]

[Footnote 146: Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_ (Geneva, 1866-93), vi. 365.]

[Footnote 147: _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxix. (xi.) 114.]

[Footnote 148: _Ibid._ p. 54.]

[Footnote 149: _Ibid._ p. 170.]

[Footnote 150: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. vii. 77.]

[Footnote 151: _Registres du Conseil_, xxxv. f., 324 (quoted in Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. ii. 710).]

[Footnote 152: For the wonderful influence of Calvin on the French Reformation and its causes, cf. below, pp. 153 ff.]

[Footnote 153: _Articles_ of 1537 in the _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii. i. (x. i.) 5-14; _Ordinances_ of 1541; _ibid._ pp. 15-30; _Ordinances_ of 1561; _ibid._ pp. 91-124; _Institution_, IV. cc. i.-xii.]

[Footnote 154: _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii. i. 121, 122.]

[Footnote 155: _Cambridge Modern History_, ii. 375.]

[Footnote 156: On the one side of the stone is inscribed:

Le xxvii Octobre MDLIII Mourut sur le bucher à Champel MICHEL SERVET de Villeneuve d'Aragon, né le xxix Septembre MDXI.

and on the other:

Fils respectueux et reconnaissants de Calvin notre grand réformateur, mais condamnant une erreur qui fut celle de son siècle et fermement attachés à la liberté de conscience selon les vrais principes de la Reformation et de l'Évangile, nous avons élevé ce monument expiatoire. Le xxvii Octobre MCMIII. ]

[Footnote 157: Like Jacques Bernard, the Franciscan monk, who was one of the pastors in Geneva after the banishment of Calvin and Farel, who, "cum esset inter Evangelii exordia, hostiliter repugnavit, donee Christum aliquando in uxoris forma contemplatus est."]

[Footnote 158: _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii. i. (x. i.) 17-20, 45-48, 55-58, 93-99, 116-118.]

[Footnote 159: _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii. i. (x. i.) 65-90.]

[Footnote 160: _Mémoires d'un protestant condamné aux galères de France pour cause de religion, écrits par lui-même_ (1757, repub. 1865), pp. 404-407.]

[Footnote 161: SOURCES: Théodore de Bèze (Beza), _Histoire Ecclésiastique des églises réformées au Royaume de France_ (ed. by G. Baum and E. Cunitz, Paris, 1883-89); J. Crespin, _Histoire des martyrs persécutez et mis à mort pour la vérité_ (ed. by Benoist, Toulouse, 1885-87); Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_, 9 vols. (Geneva, 1878-91); Calvin's _Letters_, _Corpus Reformatorum_, vols. XXXVIII. ii.-XLVIII. (Brunswick, 1872, etc.); Bonnet, _Lettres de Jean Calvin_, 2 vols. (Paris, 1854).

LATER BOOKS: E. Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, 3 vols. (published Lausanne, 1899-1905); H. M. Baird, _History of the Rise of the Huguenots_ (London, 1880), and _Theodore Beza_ (New York, 1899); Lavisse, _Histoire de France_, V. i. pp. 339 ff.; ii. 183 ff.; VI. i. ii.; Hamilton, "Paris under the Valois Kings" (_Eng. Hist. Review_, 1886, pp. 260-70).]

[Footnote 162: Marguerite was born at Angoulême on April 11th, 1492; married the feeble Duke of Alençon in 1509; was a widow in 1525; married Henri d'Albret, King of Navarre, in 1527; died in 1549. Her only child was Jeanne d'Albret, the heroic mother of Henry of Navarre, who became Henri IV. of France. When she was the Duchess of Alençon, her court at Bourges was a centre for the Humanists and Reformers of France; when she became the Queen of Navarre, her castle at Nérac was a haven for all persecuted Protestants. The literature about Marguerite is very extensive: it is perhaps sufficient to mention--Génin, _Lettres de Marguerite d'Angoulême, reine de Navarre_ (published by the _Société de l'Histoire de France_, 1841-42); _Les idées religieuses de Marguerite de Navarre, d'auprès son oeuvre poétique_; A. Lefranc, _Les dernieres poésies de Marguerite de Navarre_ (Paris, 1896); Becker, "Marguerite de Navarre, duchesse d'Alençon et Guillaume Briçonnet, évêque de Meaux, d'aprés leur correspondance manuscrite, 1521-24" (in the _Bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire du Protestantisme française_, xlix. Paris, 1890); Darmesteter, _Margaret of Angoulême, Queen of Navarre_ (London, 1886); Lavisse, _Histoire de France_, v. i.; Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc., vol. i., which contains sixteen letters written by her, and twelve addressed to her.]

[Footnote 163: Louise de Savoie, _Journal_, 1476-1522 (in Michaud et Poujoulat, _Collection_, etc. v.).]

[Footnote 164: Lefranc, "Marguerite de Navarre et le platonisme de la Renaissance" (vols. lviii. lix. _Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes_, 1897-98).]

[Footnote 165: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. i. 67.]

[Footnote 166: _Heptameron_, Preface.]

[Footnote 167: _Ibid._, Nouvelle xxxiii.]

[Footnote 168: Briçonnet belonged to an illustrious family. He was born in 1470, destined for the Church, was Archdeacon of Rheims, Bishop of Lodève in 1504, 1507 got the rich Abbey of St. Germain-des-Près at Paris, and became Bishop of Meaux in 1516. He at once began to reform his diocese; compelled his curés to reside in their parishes; divided the diocese into thirty-two districts, and sent to each of them a preacher for part of the year.]

[Footnote 169: Cf. K. H. Graf, "Jacobus Faber Stapulensis," in the _Zeitschrift für die historische theologie_ for 1852, 1-86; Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, i. 79-112; Herminjard, _Correspondance_, i. 3 _n._]

[Footnote 170: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, i. 78, 84, 85 _n._]

[Footnote 171: It does not seem to be generally known that Lefèvre travelled to Germany in search of manuscripts of some of the earlier mystical writers, and that he published in 1513 the first printed edition of Hildegard of Bingen's _Liber Quoscivias_ (Peltzer, _Deutsche Mystik und deutsche Kunst_ (Strassburg, 1899), p. 35), under the title _Liber trium virorum et trium spiritualium virginum_ (Paris, 1513).]

[Footnote 172: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, i. 37 _n._, 47, 48 _n._, 63 and _n._, 64, etc.]

[Footnote 173: _Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris sous le règne de François I. 1515-1536_ (Paris, 1854), p. 104.]

[Footnote 174: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, i. 153 _ff._]

[Footnote 175: _Journal d'un Bourgeois_, etc. p. 169.]

[Footnote 176: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, i. 84, 105; cf. 85 _n._]

[Footnote 177: The depredations of those bands of brigands are frequently referred to in the _Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris_, pp. 119, 159, 166, 176, 185, 201, 249, 257, 402, 196.]

[Footnote 178: Cf. _Journal d'un Bourgeois_, etc. p. 276.]

[Footnote 179: _Journal d'un Bourgeois_, etc.: "Fut sonné par deux trompettes et crié au Palays sur la pierre de marbre, que s'il y avoit personne qui sceut enseigner celuy ou ceulx qui avoient fisché les dictz placars, en révélant en certitude, il leur seroit donné cent escus par la cour" (p. 442).]

[Footnote 180: _Ibid._ pp. 442-444. The Dauphin, the Dukes of Orléans and Angoulême, and a young German, Prince de Vendôme, carried the four batons supporting "un beau ciel" over the Host.]

[Footnote 181: _Bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire du Protestantisme français_ for 1858, pp. 166 _ff._]

[Footnote 182: H. M. Bower, _The Fourteen of Meaux_ (London, 1894).]

[Footnote 183: Cf. above, pp. 92 ff. What follows on Calvin's influence on the Reformation in France has been borrowed largely from M. Henri Lemonnier, _Histoire de France_, etc. (Paris, 1903-4) V. i. pp. 381-383, ii. pp. 183-187, etc.; only a Frenchman can describe it and him sympathetically.]

[Footnote 184: The Venetian Ambassador at the Court of France, writing in 1561 to the Doge, says, "Your Serenity will hardly believe the influence and the great power which the principal minister of Geneva, by name Calvin, a Frenchman and a native of Picardy, possesses in this kingdom. He is a man of extraordinary authority, who by his mode of life, his doctrines and his writings, rises superior to all the rest" (_Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_, p. 323).]

[Footnote 185: Calvin did not lack imagination. The sanctified imagination has never made grander or loftier flight than in the thought of the _Purpose of God_ moving slowly down through the Ages, making for redemption and for the establishment of the Kingdom, which is the master-idea in the _Christian Institution_. It was de Bèze (Beza), not Calvin, who was the father of the seventeenth century doctrine of predestination,--a conception which differed from Calvin's as widely as the skeleton differs from the man instinct with life and action.]

[Footnote 186: Henri Lemonnier, _Histoire de France_, etc. (Paris, 1903) V. i. 383.]

[Footnote 187: "Calvin fut un très grand écrivain. Je dirais même que ce fut le plus grand écrivain du 16^{e} siècle si j'estimais plus que je ne fais le _style_ proprement dit.... Encore est-il qu'il me faut bien reconnaître que le style de Calvin est de tous les styles du 16^{e} siècle celui qui a le plus de _style_.... Reste qu'il parle l'admirable prose, si claire, limpide et facile, du 15^{e} siècle, avec ce quelque chose de plus ferme, de plus nourri et de plus viril que l'étude des classiques donne à ceux qui ne poussent pas jusqu'à l'imitation servile et à l'admirature des menus jolis détails. Reste qu'il parle la langue du 15^{e} siècle avec quelques qualités déjà du 17^{e}. C'est précisément ce qu'il a fait, et il est un des bons, sinon des sublimes, fondateurs de la prose française" (Emile Faguet, _Scizième Siècle: Études Litéraires_, pp. 188-89, Paris, 1898).]

[Footnote 188: _Cambridge Modern History_, ii. 366.]

[Footnote 189: _La Catéchisme français_, p. 132. _Opera_, v. 319.]

[Footnote 190: The term was adopted from the edicts, "ladite religion prétenduë réformée," with the qualifying adjectives left out.]

[Footnote 191: Henri Lemonnier, _Histoire de France_, etc. (Paris, 1903) V. ii. 187.]

[Footnote 192: SOURCES in addition to those mentioned on p. 136: _Lettres inédites de Diane de Poitiers, publiées avec une introduction et des notes par_ G. Guiffrey (Paris, 1866); _Mémoires de Gaspard de Saulx-Tavannes_, 1530-73 (published in the _Collection_ of _Michaud and Poujoulat_, viii.); _Mémoires de François de Guise_ (in the same collection, vi.); _Lettres de Catherine de Médicis_ and _Papiers d'État du Cardinal de Granvelle_ (in the _Collection des Documents inédits de l'Histoire de France_); _Lettres d'Antoine de Bourbon et de Jeanne d'Albret_ (in the publications of the _Société de l'Histoire de France_); _Les Oeuvres complètes de Pierre de Bourdeille, Seigneur de Brantôme_ (edit. by L. Lalanne for the _Société de l'Histoire de France_, important for the persons and morals of the times); C. Weiss, _La Chambre ardente, étude sur la liberté de Conscience en France, sous François I. et Henri II. 1540-50_ (Paris, 1889). Layard, _Dispatches of Michele Suriano and Marcantonio Barbaro, Venetian Ambassadors at the Court of France_ (Lymington, 1891, pub. by the _Huguenot Society of London_). Teulet, _Relations politique de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse_ (Paris, 1862); and _Papiers d'État relatifs a l'Histoire de l'Écosse (Bannatyne Club_, Paris, 1851); _Correspondance du Cardinal de Granvelle_ (Brussels, 1877-96); _Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_ (London, 1890, etc.)

LATER BOOKS in addition to those mentioned on p. 136: A. de Ruble, _Le Traité de Cateau-Cambrésis_ (Paris, 1889); A. W. Whitehead, _Gaspard Coligny, Admiral of France_ (London, 1905); the _Bulletin historique et littéraire de l'histoire du protestantisme français_, edited by Weiss, is a mine of information on all matters connected with the Reformation in France. A. de Ruble, _Antoine de Bourbon et Jeanne d'Albret_ (Paris, 1881-82), and _Le Colloque de Poissy_ (Paris, 1889); F. Decrue, _Anne de Montmorency_ (Paris, 1885-89).]

[Footnote 193: The _Parlements_ were the highest judicial courts in France. By far the most important was the _Parlement_ of Paris, whose jurisdiction extended over Picardie, Champagne, l'Ile-de-France, l'Orléanais, Maine, Touraine, Anjou, Poitou, Aunis, Berri, La Bourbonnais, Auvergne, and La Marche--almost the half of France. The other _Parlements_ in the time of Henry II. were those of Normandy, Brittany, Burgundy, Dauphiné, Provence, Languedoc, Guyenne, and, up to 1559, Chambéry and Turin. The _Parlements_ are frequently mentioned under the names of the towns in which they met; thus the _Parlement_ of Normandy is called the _Parlement_ of Rouen; that of Provence, the _Parlement_ of Aix; that of Languedoc, the _Parlement_ of Toulouse.]

[Footnote 194: Weiss, _La Chambre ardente, étude sur la liberté de conscience en France, sous François I. et Henri II., 1540-50_ (Paris, 1889), is very valuable from the collection of documents which it contains. Crespin's _Histoire des martyrs_, etc., when tested by the official documents now accessible, has been found to be almost invariably correct, and without exaggeration. Weiss, "Une Semaine de la Chambre ardente" (1-8 Oct. 1549), in the _Bulletin historique et littéraire de la société de l'histoire du protestantisme français_ for 1899; and _Des cinq escoliers sortis de Lausanne brulez a Lyon_ (Geneva, 1878).]

[Footnote 195: _Institutio Christianæ Religionis_, IV. iii. iv.]

[Footnote 196: Athanase Coquerel fils, _Précis de l'histoire de l'église réformée de Paris_ (Paris, 1862)--valuable for the numerous official documents in the appendix.]

[Footnote 197: Antoine de Chandieu, _Histoire des persécutions et martyrs de l'Église de Paris, depuis l'an 1537_ (Lyons, 1563).]

[Footnote 198: _Oeuvres complètes de Pierre de Bourdeille, Seigneur de Brantôme_, edited by L. Lalanne for the _Société de l'Histoire de France_ (11 vols., Paris, 1864-82), ix. 161-62.]

[Footnote 199: It is more probable that only twelve Churches were represented--Paris, Saint-Lô, Rouen, Dieppe, Angers, Orléans, Tours, Poitiers, Saintes, Marennes, Châtellerault, and Saint-Jean-d'Angely. H. Dieterlen, _La Synode générale de Paris, 1559_ (Montauban, 1873): this was published as a thesis for the Theological Faculty (Protestant) of Montauban.]

[Footnote 200: The Confession will be found in Schaff, _The Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches_ (London, 1877), pp. 356 ff.; Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche_ (1903), p. 221; the various texts are discussed at p. xxxiii.]

[Footnote 201: The Consistories sometimes condescended to details. In the calmer days after the Edict of Nantes, the pastor and Consistory of Montauban thought that the arrangement of Madame de Mornay's hair was _trop mondaine_: Madame argued with them in a spirited way; cf. _Mémoires de Madame du Plessis-Mornay_ (_Société de l'Histoire de France_, Paris, 1868-69), i. 270-310.]

[Footnote 202: _Bulletin de la Société de l'hist. du protestantisme français_, 1854, p. 24.]

[Footnote 203: Hauser, "La Réforme et les classes populaires en France au XVI^{e} siècle" in the _Revue d'hist. mod. et contemp._ i. (1899-1900).]

[Footnote 204: The best book on Renée is Rodocanchi, _Renée de France, duchesse de Ferrare_ (1896).]

[Footnote 205: For the Chatillou brothers, see Whitehead, _Gaspard de Coligny, Admiral of France_ (London, 1905).]

[Footnote 206: The singing of Clement Marot's version of the Psalms was not distinctively Protestant. The first edition of the translation, including thirty Psalms, appeared in Paris in 1541 and in Geneva in 1542. The Geneva edition had an appendix, entitled _La maniére d'administrer les sacrements selon la coutume de l'Église ancienne et comme on l'observe à Genève_, and was undoubtedly a Protestant book; but the Paris edition contained instead rhymed versions of the Lord's Prayer, of the Apostles' Creed, and of the angel's salutation to the Virgin. The book was a great favourite with Francis I., who is said to have sung some of the Psalms on his deathbed. It was very popular at the Court of Henri II., where it became fashionable for the courtiers to select a favourite Psalm, which the King permitted them to call "their own." Henri's "own" was Ps. xlii., _Comme un cerf altéré bramc après l'eau courante_. He was a great huntsman. Catherine de Medici's was Ps. vi. The Psalm-singing at the Pré-aux-Clercs, however, was regarded as a manifestation against the Court, and d'Andelot was imprisoned for his persistent attendance.]

[Footnote 207: The family of Guise, who played such a leading part in French history from the reign of Henry II. on to the downfall of the League, became French in the person of Claude, the fifth son of René, Duke of Lorraine, who inherited the lands of his father which were situated in France. Francis I. had loaded him with honours and lands. The family had always been devoted to the Papacy, and had profited by their devotion. The brother of Claude, Jean, had been made a Cardinal when he was twenty, and had accumulated in his own person an immense number of benefices. These descended to his nephews, Charles, who was first Cardinal of Guise and then Cardinal of Lorraine, and Louis, who was Cardinal of Guise. The accumulated benefices enjoyed by Charles amounted to over 300,000 livres. The Guises did not serve the Roman Church for nothing.]

[Footnote 208: The street Marais-Saint-Germain was called _petite Genève_, because it was supposed to be largely inhabited by Protestants. It was selected because of its remoteness from the centre of Paris, and because it was partly under the jurisdiction of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés and of the University--two corporations excessively jealous of the infringements of their rights of police. Cf. Athanase Cocquerel fils, "Histoire d'une rue de Paris," in the _Bulletin historique et littéraire de la Société de l'histoire du protestantisme français_ for 1866, pp. 185, 208.]

[Footnote 209: _Les Mémoires du prince de Condé_ (The Hague,1743); Duc d'Aumale, _Histoire des Princes de Condé pendant les xvi^{me} et xvii^{me} siècles_, i. 57 (Paris, 1863-64; Eng. trans., London, 1872); Armstrong, _The French Wars of Religion_ (London, 1892).]

[Footnote 210: _Le Chansounier Huguenot du xvi^{e} siècle_ (Paris, 1871), pp. 204, 245.]

[Footnote 211: Buchot, _Catherine de Médicis_ (Paris, 1899); Edith Sichel, _Catherine de' Medici and the French Reformation_ (London, 1905).]

[Footnote 212: Catherine's children were--Francis II., 1544-60; Elizabeth (married to Philip II. of Spain in 1559), 1545-68; Claude (m. to Charles III.), Duke of Lorraine (1558), 1547-75; Louis, Duke of Orléans, 1548-50; Charles IX., 1550-74; Henri III. (first Duke of Orléans, then Duke of Anjou), 1551-89; Francis (Duke of Alençon, then Duke of Anjou), 1554-84; Marguerite (married Henri IV.), 1552-1615; and twins who died in the year of their birth, Victorie and Jeanne, b. 1556.]

[Footnote 213: Some say that Catherine either invented or made fashionable the modern ladies' side-saddle; during the Middle Ages ladies rode astride, or on pillion, or seated sideways on horseback with their feet on a board which was suspended from the front and rear of the saddle.]

[Footnote 214: G. Picot, _Histoire des États Généraux_, ii. (Paris, 1872).]

[Footnote 215: Jeanne d'Albret wrote remonstrating strongly; cf. _Lettres d'Antoine de Bourbon et de Jeanne d'Albret_, pp. 233 _f._]

[Footnote 216: For the Colloquy of Poissy, cf. Ruble, "Le Colloque de Poissy" (in _Mémoires de la Société de l'histoire de Paris et de l'Ile de France_), vol. xvi., (Paris, 1889); Kliptfel, _Le Collogue de Poissy_ (Paris and Metz, 1867).]

[Footnote 217: Lavisse, "Le Massacre, fait à Vassy" in _Grandes Scènes historiques du xvi^{e} siècle_ (Paris, 1886).]

[Footnote 218: _Lettres d'Antoine de Bourbon et de Jeanne d'Albret_ (Paris, 1877), pp. 305 _ff._ (Letter to Catherine de' Medici); pp. 322 _ff._ (letters to Protestants outside La Rochelle). In her letter to Catherine Jeanne demands for the Protestants liberty of worship and all the rights and privileges of ordinary citizens: if these are not granted there must be war.]

[Footnote 219: For the attempted assassination of Coligny, cf. Whitehead, _Gaspard de Coligny, Admiral of France_ (London, 1905), pp. 258, _ff._; _Bulletin de l'histoire du Protestantisme Français_, xxxvi. 105; _Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire de Paris_, etc. xiv. 38.]

[Footnote 220: For the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, cf. Bonnardot, _Registres des Délibérations du Bureau de la Ville de Paris (1568-1572)_, vii. (Paris, 1893); _Mémoires de Madame du Plessis-Mornay_, publ. by the _Société de l'histoire de la France_ (1868); _Mémoires et Correspondance de Du Plessis-Mornay_ (1824), ii.; Bordier, _Saint Barthélemy et la critique moderne_; Whitehead, _Gaspard de Coligny, Admiral of France_ (London, 1905), pp. 253, _ff._; Froude, _History of England_ (London, 1887), ix.-x.; Mariéjol, _Histoire de France_, etc., VI. i. 114, _ff._]

[Footnote 221: The existence of this medal has been unblushingly denied by some Roman Catholic controversialists. It is described and figured in the Jesuit Bonani's _Numismata Pontificum_ (Rome, 1689), i. 336. Two commemorative medals were struck in France, and on the reverse of one of them Charles IX. is represented as Hercules with a club in the one hand and a torch in the other slaying the seven-headed Hydra. They are figured in the _Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire du Protestantisme Français_ for 1855, pp. 139, 140.]

[Footnote 222: La Ferrière, _Catherine de Médicis et les Politiques_ (Paris, 1894).]

[Footnote 223: Pierre de l'Estoile, _Journal de Henri III._ (Paris, 1875-84); Michelet, _Histoire de France_, vols. xi. and xii; Jackson, _The Last of the Valois_ (London, 1888).]

[Footnote 224: _Dialogue d'entre le Maheustre et le Manant; contenant les raisons de leurs débats et questions en ces présens troubles au royaume de France 1594_; this rare pamphlet is printed in the _Satyre Menippée, de la vertu du Catholicon d'Espagne_, Ratisbon (Amsterdam), 1709, iii. 367 _ff._ _Mémoires de la Ligue, contenant les événemens les plus remarquables depuis 1576 jusqu' à la paix accordée entre le roi de France et le roi d'Espagne en 1598_ (Amsterdam, 1758); Pierre de l'Estoile, _Journal de Henri III._ (Paris 1875-84), and _Journal du règne de Henri IV._ (The Hague, 1741); Robiquet, _Paris et la Ligue_ (Paris, 1886); Victor de Chalambert, _Histoire de la Ligue_ (Paris, 1854); Maury, "La Commune de Paris de 1588" (in _Rev. des Deux Mondes_, Sept. 1, 1871).]

[Footnote 225: The scenes on the Day of the Barricades are described in a contemporary paper printed in _Satyre Menippée_ (ed. of 1709), iii. 39 _ff._]

[Footnote 226: Brown, "The Assassination of the Guises as described by the Venetian Ambassador" (_Eng. Hist. Review_, x. 304).]

[Footnote 227: _Histoire de France depuis les origines jusqu' à la Revolution_ (Paris, 1904), VI. i. 298, _f._, by H. Mariéjol.]

[Footnote 228: They argued: "Je vous demande, voudriez-vous bailler une fille pudique, honneste, belle, verteuse et modeste, à un homme desbauché, et abandonné à tous vices, sous ombre qu'il vous diroit qu'il s'amenderoit, et qu'il n'y retournoit estant marié, que vous luy osteriez vostre fille? Je crois que tout bon pere de famille ne se mettroit en ce hazard, ou feroit un tour d'homme sans cervelle. Or c'est l'Eglise Catholique, Apostolique et Romaine qui est une pucelle, belle et honneste en cette France qui n'a jamais eu pour Roy un hérétique, mais tons bons Catholiques et assidez à Jesus-Christ son espoux. Voudriez-vous done bailler cette Eglise que les François ont tant fidélement servie et honourée sous leur Rois Catholiques, aujourd'huy la prostituer entre les mains d'un hérétique, relaps et excommunie?"--"Dialogue d'entre le Maheustre et le Manant" (_Satyre Menippée_, iii. 387.)]

[Footnote 229: SOURCES: _Recueil des Lettres Missives de Henri IV._ (_Collection de Documents inédits_, Paris, 1843-72), 8 vols.; Alberi, _Relazioni degli Ambasciatori Veneti_ (Florence, 1860, etc.); Charles, Duc de Mayenne, _Correspondance_, 2 vols. (Paris, 1860); Sir H. Upton, _Correspondence_ (_Roxburgh Club_, London, 1847); Du Plessis-Mornay, _Mémoires_, 4 vols. (Amsterdam, 1624-52); Madame Du Plessis-Mornay, _Mémoires sur la Vie de Du Plessis-Mornay_ (Paris, 1868-69, _Soc. Hist. de France_); Maréchal de Bassompierre, _Journal de marie 1579-1640_, 4 vols. (Paris, 1870-77, _Soc. Hist. de France_); _Satyre Menippée_, 3 vols. (Ratisbon (Amsterdam), 1709); Bénoit, _Histoire de l'édit de Nantes_.

LATER BOOKS: Baird, _The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre_ (London, 1887); Jackson, _The First of the Bourbons_, 2 vols. (London, 1890); Lavisse, _Histoire de France_, VI. i. ii. (Paris, 1904-5).]

[Footnote 230: SOURCES: Brandt, _The History of the Reformation and other ecclesiastical transactions in and about the Low-Countries_ (English translation in 4 vols. fol., London, 1720: the original in Dutch was published in 1671); Brieger, _Aleander und Luther_ (Gotha, 1894); Kalkoff, _Die Despatchen des nuntius Aleander_ (Halle, 1897); Poullet Piot, _Correspondance du Cardinal Granvelle_, 12 vols. (Brussels, 1878-97); Weiss, _Papiers d'État du Cardinal Granvelle_, 9 vols. (Paris, 1841-52); Gachard, _Correspondance de Philippe II. sur les affaires des Pays Bas_, 5 vols. (Brussels, 1848-79); _Correspondance de Marguerite d'Autriche avec Philippe II._, 1554-68 (Brussels, 1867-87); _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne, Prince d'Orange_, 6 vols. (Brussels, 1847-57); van Prinsterer, _Archives ou correspondance inédite de la Maison d'Orange-Nassau_, in two series, 9 and 5 vols. (Utrecht, 1841-61); Renon de France, _Histoire des troubles des Pays-Bas_, 3 vols. (Brussels, 1886-92); _Mémoires anonymes sur les troubles des Pays-Bas, 1565-80_ (in the _Collection, dcs Mémoires sur l'histoire de Belgique_).

LATER BOOKS: Armstrong, _Charles V._ (London, 1902); Motley, _The Rise of the Dutch Republic_ (London, 1865); Putnam, _William the Silent_ (New York, 1895); Harrison, _William the Silent_ (London, 1897); _Cambridge Modern History_, III. vi. vii. (Cambridge, 1904).]

[Footnote 231: Brandt, _The History of the Reformation_, etc. i. 49; cf. _Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris_, p. 185.]

[Footnote 232: A collection of their _chansons d'amour, jeux-partis, pastourelles, and fabliaux_ will be found in Scheler's _Trouvères Belges_ (Bruxelles, 1876).]

[Footnote 233: _Correspondance de Philippe II. sur les affaires des Pays-Bas_, i. 321, 327, 379; _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne, ii._ 161, 168.]

[Footnote 234: Van der Meersch, _Recherches sur la vie et les travaux des imprimeurs belges et hollandaís_, pp. 142-144; cf. Walther, _Die deutsche Bibelüberseztungen des Mittelalters_, p. 652.]

[Footnote 235: Aleander, writing to the Cardinal de' Medici (Sept. 8th, 1520), attributes the spread of Lutheranism in the Netherlands to the teaching of Erasmus and of the Prior of the Augustinians at Antwerp.--Brieger, _Aleander und Luther, 1521; Die vervollständigten Aleander-Depeschen_ (Gotha, 1884), p. 249.]

[Footnote 236: Kalkoff, _Die Depeschen des nuntius Aleander_ (Halle a S. 1897), p. 20.]

[Footnote 237: Brieger, _Aleander und Luther; Die vervollständigten Aleander-Depeschen_, pp. 249, 252, 262.]

[Footnote 238: Graphæus' appeal to the Chancellor of the Court of Brabant is printed in full in Brandt's _History of the Reformation ... in the Low Countries_ (London. 1720), i. 42.]

[Footnote 239: Wackernagel, _Das deutsche Kirchenlied von der ällesten Zeit bis an zu Anfang des xvii. Jahrhunderts_, iii. 3.]

[Footnote 240: Brandt, _History of the Reformation in the Low Countries_ (London, 1720), p. 51.]

[Footnote 241: The history of the struggle with the Anabaptists of the Netherlands is related at length by S. Blaupot ten Cate in _Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Friesland_ (Leeuwarden, 1839); _Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Groningen_ (Oberijssel, 1842); _Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Holland en Gelderland_ (Amsterdam, 1847). A summary of the history of the Anabaptists is given in Heath's _Anabaptism_ (London, 1895), which is much more accurate than the usual accounts.]

[Footnote 242: Cf. _Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII._, IV. iii. 2685 (_Halket to Tuller_).]

[Footnote 243: Cf. below, pp. 432 _f._]

[Footnote 244: Cf. i. 96 _ff._]

[Footnote 245: Several references to the Anabaptists of the Low Countries are to be found in the _Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII._ Hackett, writing to Cromwell, says that "divers places are affected by this new sect of 'rebaptisement,'" vii. p. 136. He tells about the shiploads of emigrants (pp. 165, 166), and says that they were so sympathised with, that it was difficult to enlist soldiers to fight against them; that the Regent had sent 10,000 ducats to help the Bishop of Münster to crush them (p. 167); and a wild report was current that Henry VIII. had sent money to the Anabaptists of Münster in revenge for the Pope's refusing his divorce (p. 185).]

[Footnote 246: The Royal Academy of Belgium has published (Brussels, 1877-96) the _Correspondance du Cardinal de Granvelle_ in 12 volumes, and in the _Collection de documents inêdits sur l'Histoire de France_ there are the _Papiers d'État du Cardinal de Granvelle_ in 9 vols., edited by C. Weiss (Paris, 1841-52). These volumes reveal the inner history of the revolt in the Netherlands. The documents which refer to the revolt in the _Papiers d'État_ begin with p. 588 of vol. v. They show how, from the very first, Philip II. urged the extirpation of heresy as the most important work to be undertaken by his Government; cf. _Papiers d'État_, v. 591.]

[Footnote 247: "Philip struck the keynote of his reign on the occasion of his first public appearance as King by presiding over one of the most splendid _auto-da-fés_ that had ever been seen in Spain (Valladolid, Oct. 18th, 1559)." _Cambridge Modern History_, iii. 482. It is a singular commentary on sixteenth century Romanism, that to burn a large number of fellow-men was called "an act of faith."]

[Footnote 248: _Papiers d'État du Cardinal de Granvelle_, v. pp. 558, 591.]

[Footnote 249: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_ (Letters from the Regent to Philip II.), i. 382-86.]

[Footnote 250: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_, etc. ii. 42_f._, 106-110, 170.]

[Footnote 251: He wrote to Philip about their excesses as early as Dec. 29th, 1555, Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_, i. 282, and about the exasperation of the Netherlanders in consequence (_ibid._ i. 291).]

[Footnote 252: In a letter to the Regent (March 16th, 1566), William declared that the heads of the policy of Philip which he most strongly disapproved of were: _l'entretènement du concile de Trente, favoriser les inquisiteurs ou leur office et exécuter sans nulle dissimulation les placars. Correspondance_, etc. ii. 129.]

[Footnote 253: Brandt, _The History of the Reformation_, etc. i. 150.]

[Footnote 254: Brandt, _The History of the Reformation_, etc. i. 160.]

[Footnote 255: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_, ii. 434 _ff._]

[Footnote 256: At meals they sang:

"_Par ce pain, par ce sel, et par cette besace, Jamais les Gueux ne changeront pour chose que l'on fasse."_

William of Orange wrote to the Regent that he was met in Antwerp by crowds, shouting _Vive les Gueux_ (_Correspondance_, ii. 136, etc.).]

[Footnote 257: Brandt's _History of the Reformation ... in the Low Countries_ (London, 1720), i. 172.]

[Footnote 258: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_, ii. 136 _ff._]

[Footnote 259: Brandt, _History of the Reformation_, etc. i. 191.]

[Footnote 260: For this and earlier disturbances at Antwerp, cf. _Correspondance de Philippe II._, etc. i. 321, 327, 379.]

[Footnote 261: Brandt, _History of the Reformation_, etc. i. 261, 266. The executions were latterly accompanied by additional atrocious cruelty. "It being perceived with what constancy and alacrity many persons went to the fire, and how they opened their mouths to make a free confession of their faith, and that the wooden balls or gags were wont to slip out, a dreadful machine was invented to hinder it for the future: they prepared two little irons, between which the tongue was screwed, which being seared at the tip with a glowing iron, would swell to such a degree as to become immovable and incapable of being drawn back; thus fastened, the tongue would wriggle about with the pain of burning, and yield a hollow sound" (i. 275).]

[Footnote 262: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_, iii. 17.]

[Footnote 263: Cf. William's letters, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 47-73.]

[Footnote 264: Groen van Prinsterer, _Archives ou Correspondance inédite de la Orange-Nassau_ (Utrecht, 1841-61).]

[Footnote 265: The small principality of Orange-Chalons was situated in the south of France on the river Rhone, its south-west corner being about ten miles north of the city of Avignon. Henry of Nassau, the uncle of our William of Orange, had married Claude, the sister of Philibert, the last male of the House of Orange-Chalons; and Philibert had bequeathed his principality to his nephew René, the son of Henry and Claude. The principality was of no great value compared with the other possessions of the House of Nassau, but as it was under no overlord, its possessor took rank among the _sovereign_ princes of Europe.]

[Footnote 266: Putnam, _William the Silent, the Prince of Orange, the moderate man of the Sixteenth Century_, 2 vols., New York, 1895.]

[Footnote 267: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne, Prince d'Orange_, ii. 110.]

[Footnote 268: It is said that William's reticence on hearing this news, which moved him so much, gained him the name of "The Silent" (_le taciturne_): it is more probable that the soubriquet was given to him by Cardinal de Granvelle.]

[Footnote 269: Maurice succeeded his father as Stadtholder, and became Prince of Orange in 1618 on the death of his elder brother, Philip William, who was kidnapped from Louvain and brought up as a Roman Catholic by Philip II. William was married four times:

_a._ In 1550, to Anne of Egmont, only child of Maximilian of Buren. Her son was Philip William; she died in March 1558.

_b._ In 1561, to Anne, daughter of the Elector Maurice of Saxony, and granddaughter of Philip of Hesse. She early developed symptoms of incipient insanity, which came to a height when she deserted her husband in 1567 and went to live a disreputable life in Cologne. She became insane, and her family seized her and imprisoned her until she died in 1573. She was the mother of Maurice.

_c._ In 1571, Charlotte de Bourbon, daughter of the Due de Montpensier. She had been a nun, had embraced the Reformed faith, and fled to Germany. The marriage was a singularly happy one. She was scarcely recovered from childbirth when William was almost killed by Jaureguy, and the shock, combined with her incessant toil in nursing her husband, was too much for her strength; she died in 1582 (May 5th).

_d._ In 1583, to Louise de Coligny, daughter of the celebrated Admiral Coligny. She had lost both her parents in the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew. She was a wonderful and charming woman, beloved by her stepchildren and adored by her adopted country; she survived her husband forty years.]

[Footnote 270: Lindsay, _The Church and the Ministry in the Early Centuries_, 2nd ed. (London, 1903), pp. 198, 204_f._, 259, 330 _n._, 339.]

[Footnote 271: Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformirten Kirche_ (Leipzig, 1903), p. 233; Schaff, _The Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches_, 383.]

[Footnote 272: _Ibid._ p. 682.]

[Footnote 273: SOURCES:--_Calendar of the State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots, 1547-1603_ (Edinburgh, 1898, etc.); _Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth, Foreign_ (London, 1863, etc.); _Acts of the Parliament of Scotland_, ii. (1814); _Register of the Great Seal of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1886); _Register of the Privy Council of Scotland_, i. (Edinburgh, 1877); Labanoff, _Lettres inédites de Marie Stuart_ (Paris, 1839), and _Lettres, instructions et mémoires de Marie Stuart_ (London, 1844); Pollen, _Papal Negotiations with Mary Queen of Scots_ (Scottish Historical Society, Edinburgh, 1901); Teulet, _Papiers d'état ... relatifs à l'histoire de l'Écosse_ (Bannatyne Club, 1851), and _Relations politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse_ (Paris, 1862); Lesley, _History of Scotland_ (Scottish Text Society, Edinburgh, 1888); John Knox, _Works_ (edited by D. Laing, Edinburgh, 1846-55); _The Book of the Universal Kirk_ (Bannatyne Club, Edinburgh, 1839); _Gude and Godlie Ballatis_ (edited by Mitchell for Scottish Text Society, Edinburgh, 1897); (Dunlop), _A Collection of Confessions of Faith_, etc. ii. (Edinburgh, 1722); Calderwood, _History of the Kirk of Scotland_ (Woodrow Society, Edinburgh, 1842-49); Row, _History of the Kirk of Scotland_ (Woodrow Society, Edinburgh, 1842); Spottiswoode, _History of the Church and State of Scotland_ (Spottiswoode Society, Edinburgh, 1851); Scott, _Fasti Ecclesiæ Scoticanæ_ (Edinburgh, 1866-71); Sir David Lindsay, _Poetical Works_ (edited by David Laing, Edinburgh, 1879); _The Book of Common Order of the Church of Scotland_ (edited by Sprott and Leishman, Edinburgh, 1868); _Rotuli Scotiæ; Calvin's Letters_ (_Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii.-xlviii.).

LATER BOOKS: D. Hay Fleming, _Mary Queen of Scots from her birth until her flight into England_ (London, 1897), _The Scottish Reformation_ (Edinburgh, 1904), and _The Story of the Scottish Covenants_ (Edinburgh, 1904); P. Hume Brown, _John Knox_ (London, 1895), and _George Buchanan_ (Edinburgh, 1890); MacCrie, _Life of Knox_ (Edinburgh, 1840); Grub, _Ecclesiastical History of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1861); Cunningham, _The Church History of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1882); Lorimer, _Life of Patrick Hamilton_ (Edinburgh, 1857), _John Knox and the Church of England_ (London, 1875).]

[Footnote 274: Cf. _Cambridge Modern History_ (Cambridge, 1903), ii. 551-58.]

[Footnote 275: _Rotuli Scotiæ_, i. 808, 815, 816, 822, 825, 828, 829, 849, 851, 859, 877, 881, 886, 891, 896, ii. 8, 20, 45, 100.]

[Footnote 276: Wyntoun, _Orygynale Cronykil_, ix. c. xxvi. 2773, 2774.]

[Footnote 277: For a collection of these references, cf. _The Scottish Historical Review_ for April 1904, pp. 266 _ff._ Purveys revision of Wiclifs _New Testament_ was translated by Murdoch Nisbet into Scots. It is being published by the Scottish Text Society, _The New Testament in Scots_, i. 1901, ii. 1903. The translation was made about 1520.]

[Footnote 278: Row, _History of Kirk of Scotland from the year 1558 to August 1637_ (Edinburgh, 1842), p. 6.]

[Footnote 279: _Act. Parl. Scot._ ii. 295.]

[Footnote 280: Hay Fleming, _The Scottish Reformation_, p. 12.]

[Footnote 281: _Act. Parl. Scot._ ii. 341.]

[Footnote 282: Luther says so himself; cf. letter to Lange of April 13th, 1519; De Wette, _Dr. Martin Luthers Briefe, Sendschreiben_, etc. (Berlin, 1825-28) i. 255; and Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_ (Geneva and Paris, 1866-97), i. 47, 48.]

[Footnote 283: These theses were translated from the Latin into the vernacular by John Firth, and published under the title of _Patrick's Places_. They are printed in Foxe's _Acts and Monuments_, and by Knox in his _History of the Reformation in Scotland; The Works of John Knox collected and edited by David Laing_ (Edinburgh, 1846-64), i. 19, _ff._ For Patrick Hamilton, cf. Lorimer, _Patrick Hamilton, the first Preacher and Martyr of the Scottish Reformation_ (Edinburgh, 1857).]

[Footnote 284: Buchanan, _Rerum Scoticarum Historia_, xiv. (p. 277 in Ruddiman's edition).]

[Footnote 285: _Act. Parl. Scot._ ii. 371, ii. 443.]

[Footnote 286: _The Works of John Knox, collected and edited by David Laing_ (Edinburgh, 1846-64), i. 218.]

[Footnote 287: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 125-45.]

[Footnote 288: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 192.]

[Footnote 289: Dr. Hay Fleming has settled the vexed question of the date of Knox's birth in his article in the _Bookman_ for Sept. 1905, p. 193; cf. _Athenæum_, Nov. 5th and Dec. 3rd, 1904.]

[Footnote 290: _Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 349.]

[Footnote 291: Calderwood, _The History of the Kirk of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1843-49) i. 280-81.]

[Footnote 292: Lorimer, _John Knox and the Church of England_ (London, 1875), pp. 98 ff. The rubric is to be found in _The Two Liturgies with other Documents set forth by Authority in the reign of King Edward the Sixth_ (Cambridge, 1842), p. 283. The volume is one of the Parker Society's publications.]

[Footnote 293: The questions will be found in the volumes, _Original Letters_, published by the Parker Society (Cambridge, 1847), p. 745; and in _The Works of John Knox_, etc. iii. 221.]

[Footnote 294: Calvin to Knox (April 23rd, 1561); Calvin to Goodman (April 23rd, 1561); _The Works of John Knox_ etc. vi. 124, 125; cf. Calvini Opera (Amsterdam, 1667), ix. _Epistolæ et Responsa_, p. 150.]

[Footnote 295: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 251; D. Hay Fleming, _The Story of the Scottish Covenants in Outline_ (Edinburgh, 1904), p. 6.]

[Footnote 296: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 273.]

[Footnote 297: For the Covenants of the Scottish Church, cf. D. Hay Fleming, _The Story of the Scottish Covenants in Outline_ (Edinburgh, 1904).]

[Footnote 298: Cecil, writing to Throckmorton in Paris (July 9th, 1559), says that in Scotland "they deliver the parish churches of altars, and receive the service of the Church of England according to King Edward's book" (_Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth, Foreign, 1558-59_, p. 367).]

[Footnote 299: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 275.]

[Footnote 300: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 300.]

[Footnote 301: _Ibid._ etc. i. 301-12.]

[Footnote 302: _Ibid._ etc. i. 313.]

[Footnote 303: The correspondence will be found in _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 267, _ff._, iv. 251 _ff._]

[Footnote 304: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. iv. 349.]

[Footnote 305: _Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, on the Reign of Elizabeth, 1559-60_, pp. 73, 77; _1558-59_, pp. 306, 310.]

[Footnote 306: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. v. 5.]

[Footnote 307: This summary has been taken from Dr. Hay Fleming's admirable little book, _The Scottish Reformation_ (Edinburgh, 1904), p. 44.]

[Footnote 308: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 319.]

[Footnote 309: _Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, 1558-59_, pp. 245, 259; _1559-60_, p. 182. The whole of Dr. Mundt's correspondence is interesting, and shows that after the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis continual incidents occurred showing that the Romanists were regaining the hope of repressing the whole Protestant movement.]

[Footnote 310: _Ibid. 1559-60_. p. 68: "All good men hope that England, warned by the dangers of others, will take care, by dissimulation and art, that the nation near to itself, whose cause is the same as her own, shall not be first deserted and then overwhelmed" (_Dr. Mundt to Cecil_, Oct. 29th, 1559).]

[Footnote 311: _Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, 1559-60_, p. 84.]

[Footnote 312: _Ibid. 1558-59_, p. 365, _Cecil to Croft_, July 8th, 1559.]

[Footnote 313: _Ibid. 1559-60_, p. 79.]

[Footnote 314: _Ibid._ p. 352.]

[Footnote 315: Cf. his pathetic letter offering to resign. _Ibid._ p. 186 _n._]

[Footnote 316: The Duke of Châtellerault (Earl of Arran) was next in succession after Mary and her offspring; cf. a curious note on him and his doings, _ibid._ p. 24 _n._ For the Treaty, cf. _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 403, and _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 45 _ff._]

[Footnote 317: _Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, 1560-61_, pp. 172-78.]

[Footnote 318: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. vi. 309, 313, 314.]

[Footnote 319: "Matters of religion to be passed over in silence" (_Calendar of State Papers_, etc. p. 178).]

[Footnote 320: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 344.]

[Footnote 321: _Ibid._ i. 382.]

[Footnote 322: _Ibid._ ii. 61.]

[Footnote 323: Cf. _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 456-62.]

[Footnote 324: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 88.]

[Footnote 325: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 461.]

[Footnote 326: Spottiswoode, _History of the Church of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1847), i. 325.]

[Footnote 327: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 89.]

[Footnote 328: _Ibid._ ii. 95; (Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions of Faith_, etc. (Edinburgh, 1722) ii. 17, 18.]

[Footnote 329: _Act. Parl. Scot._ ii. 526-35.]

[Footnote 330: Lesley, _De Rebus Gestis Scotorum_ (Bannatyne Club, Edinburgh), p. 537.]

[Footnote 331: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 472, in a letter from Randolph to Cecil of Aug. 25th.]

[Footnote 332: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 128.]

[Footnote 333: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 471, 472.]

[Footnote 334: The Scots Confession is to be found in (Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions of Faith, Catechisms, Directories, Books of Discipline, etc., of Public Authority in the Church of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1722), ii. 13, _ff._, where the Scots and the Latin versions are printed in parallel columns; in Schaff's _Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches_ (London, 1877), pp. 437 _ff._; and the Latin version alone in Niemeyer, _Collectio Confessionum in Ecclesiis Reformatis publicatarum_ (Leipzig, 1840), pp. 340, _ff._ For a statement of its characteristics, cf. Mitchell, _The Scottish Reformation_ (Baird Lecture for 1899, Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 99, _ff._]

[Footnote 335: As Edward Irving, cf. _Collected Writings_ (London, 1864), i. 601, _ff._]

[Footnote 336: (Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions_, etc. pp. 15-18.]

[Footnote 337: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 477, 478.]

[Footnote 338: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 121.]

[Footnote 339: _Calendar of State Papers_, etc. i. 465, _Maitland to Cecil_ (August 18th).]

[Footnote 340: _Ibid._ i. 467, _Randolph to Cecil_ (August 19th).]

[Footnote 341: _Ibid._ i. 479, _Maitland to Cecil_ (September 13th).]

[Footnote 342: For a description of the _First Book of Discipline_, cf. Mitchell, _The Scottish Reformation_, etc. pp. 144 _ff._ The document itself is to be found in (Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions_, etc. ii. 515 _ff._]

[Footnote 343: For the _Book of Common Order_, cf. Mitchell's _Scottish reformation_, pp. 133, _ff._ The Book itself is to be found in (Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions_, ii. 383, _ff._ It has been published with learned preface and notes by Sprott and Leishman (Edinburgh, 1868).]

[Footnote 344: Bonar's _Catechisms of the Scottish Reformation_ (London, 1866); (Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions_, etc. ii. 139-382.]

[Footnote 345: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. vi. 95.]

[Footnote 346: _Ibid._ vi. 78, _Knox to Mrs. Anna Locke_ (Sept. 2nd, 1559).]

[Footnote 347: _The Works of John Knox_, vi. 88, _Knox to Gregory Railton_ (Oct. 23rd, 1559).]

[Footnote 348: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 507, 536.]

[Footnote 349: Hay Fleming, _Mary Queen of Scots_ (London, 1897), pp. 23, 24, and 210, 211.]

[Footnote 350: _Ibid._ pp. 25, 212.]

[Footnote 351: Mariéjol, _Histoire de France depuis les Origines jusqu' à la Revolution_, vi. i. 18 (Paris, 1904).]

[Footnote 352: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 543.]

[Footnote 353:

"Das Leben geliebt und die Krone geküsst, Und den Frauen das Herz gegeben, Und zuletzt einen Kuss auf das blut'ge Gerüst-- Das ist ein Stuartleben." ]

[Footnote 354: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 551.]

[Footnote 355: _Ibid._ i. 547.]

[Footnote 356: That is the impression which his letters give me. Cf. _Calendar_, etc. pp. 565-609.]

[Footnote 357: "If there be not in her a proud mind, a crafty wit, and an indurate heart gainst God and His truth, my judgment faileth me" (_The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 286).]

[Footnote 358: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. vi. 132, _Letter from Knox to Cecil_ (Oct. 7th, 1561).]

[Footnote 359: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 565.]

[Footnote 360: For summary of evidence, cf. Hay Fleming, _Mary Queen of Scots_, pp. 267-68.]

[Footnote 361: For summary of evidence, cf. Hay Fleming, _Mary Queen of Scots_, pp. 51-53, 263.]

[Footnote 362: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 388.]

[Footnote 363: Accounts of the five interviews are to be found in _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. _281 ff., 331 ff., 371 ff., 387 ff., 403 ff._]

[Footnote 364: SOURCES: Laemmer, _Monumenta Vaticana historiam ecclesiasticam sæculi_ 16 _illustrantia_ (Freiburg, 1861); _Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII._ (19 vols., London, 1860-1903); _Calendar of Venetian State Papers, 1520-26, 1527-33, 1534-54, 1555-56, 1557-58, 1558-80; Calendar of Spanish State Papers_ (London, 1886); Furnivall, _Ballads from Manuscripts_ (Ballad Society, London, 1868-72); Gee and Hardy, _Documents illustrative of English Church History_ (London, 1896); Erasmus, _Opera Omnia_, ed. Le Clerc (Leyden, 1703-6); Nichols, _The Epistles of Erasmus from the earliest letters to his fifty-first year, arranged in order of time_ (London, 1901-4); Pocock, _Records of the Reformation_ (Oxford, 1870); Theiner, _Vetera Monumenta Hibernorum et Scotorum historiam illustrantia_ (Rome, 1864); Wilkins, _Concilia; Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London_, (Camden Society, London, 1846); Holinshed, _Chronicles_ (London, 1809); _London Chronicle in the times of Henry VII. and Henry VIII._ (_Camden Miscellany_, vol. iv., London, 1859); Wright, _Suppression of the Monasteries_ (Camden Society, London, 1843); Foxe, _Acts and Monuments_ (London, 1846); Ehses, _Römische Dokumente zur Geschichte des Heinrichs VIII. von England, 1527-34_ (Paderborn, 1893); _Zurich Letters_, 2 vols. (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1846-47); _Works of Archbishop Cranmer_, 2 vols. (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1844-46).

LATER BOOKS: Dixon, _History of the Church of England_ (London, 1878, etc.); Fronde, _History of England_ (London, 1856-70; by no means superseded, as many would have us believe); Brewer, _The Reign of Henry VIII._ (London, 1884); Gairdner, _The English Church in the Sixteenth Century_ (London, 1902); Pollard, _Henry VIII._ (London, 1905), _Thomas Cranmer_ (_Heroes of the Reformation Series_, New York and London, 1904); Stubbs, _Seventeen Lectures on the Study of Mediæval and Modern History_, Lectures XI. and XII. (Oxford, 1900); _Cambridge Modern History_, II. xiii.]

[Footnote 365: _Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII._ i. p. 295. There was a sudden rise in the price of wood all over Europe about that date, and it is alleged to be one of the causes why the poorer classes in Germany were obliged to give up the earlier almost universal use of the steam bath. In the fifteenth century, masters gave their workmen not _Trinkgelt_, but _Badgelt_. Nichols, _The Epistles of Erasmus_, i. 40.]

[Footnote 366: _Letters and Papers_, etc. i. p. 373.]

[Footnote 367: _Ibid._ II. i. 777: The Oxford bookseller (1520) John Dorne had two copies in his stock of books [_Oxford Historical Society, Collectanea_ (Oxford, 1885), p. 155].]

[Footnote 368: _Letters and Papers_, i. p. 373.]

[Footnote 369: Jacobs, _The Lutheran Movement in England_, p. 3.]

[Footnote 370: Bale, _Select Works_, p. 171.]

[Footnote 371: _Erasmi Colloquia_ (Amsterdam, 1662), _Peregrinatio Religionis ergo_ p. 376; _Viclerita quispiam, opinor_.]

[Footnote 372: _Letters and Papers_, etc. v. p. 140.]

[Footnote 373: _Ibid._ vi. p. 144.]

[Footnote 374: _Ibid._ II. ii. p. 1319.]

[Footnote 375: _Thomas Cranmer and the English Reformation_ (New York and London, 1904), p. 91.]

[Footnote 376: _Dictionary of National Biography_, art. "Wycliffe," lxiii, 218.]

[Footnote 377: _Letters and Papers_, etc. II. i. p. 1.]

[Footnote 378: _Ibid._ etc. I. p. 961, II. i. pp. 350, 354, 355.]

[Footnote 379: _Ibid._ I. p. 379.]

[Footnote 380: _Ibid._ III. p. 215.]

[Footnote 381: _Letters and Papers_, etc. III. p. 467.]

[Footnote 382: _Oxford Historical Society, Collectanea_ (Oxford, 1885), p. 164.]

[Footnote 383: _Letters and Papers_ etc. III p. 284.]

[Footnote 384: _Ibid._ etc. III. i. p. 293.]

[Footnote 385: _Ibid._ III. p. 449.]

[Footnote 386: _Letters and Papers_, etc. III. i. p. 485.]

[Footnote 387: _Ibid._ IV., Preface, p. 170: "Some are of opinion that it (the Holy See) should not continue in Rome, lest the French King should make a patriarch in his kingdom and deny obedience to the said See, and the King of England and all other Christian princes do the same."]

[Footnote 388: _Spanish Calendar_, i. 267.]

[Footnote 389: Pocock's _Records of the Reformation_, i. 1; _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. iii. p. 2576.]

[Footnote 390: _Calendar of Spanish State Papers_, ii. 8.]

[Footnote 391: _Ibid._, Preface, xiii.]

[Footnote 392: _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. iii. p. 2579. A General Council had pronounced against such a dispensation; _ibid._ IV. iii. p. 2365.]

[Footnote 393: _Calendar of Venetian State Papers, 1527-33_, p. 300.]

[Footnote 394: _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. ii. p. 1369; _Calendar of Spanish State Papers_, III. ii. 482, 109.]

[Footnote 395: _Ibid._ etc. IV. ii. p. 2113; Laemmer, _Monumenta Vaticana_, p. 29.]

[Footnote 396: _Ibid._ etc. IV. iii. p. 2261.]

[Footnote 397: For the case of Mary Tudor, cf. _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. iii. p. 2619, cf. IV. i. p. 325; and for that of Margaret Tudor, widow of James IV., cf. IV. ii. p. 1826.]

[Footnote 398: _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. iii. pp. 2987, 3023, 3189.]

[Footnote 399: _Calendar of Spanish State Papers_, ii. 379.]

[Footnote 400: _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. iii. pp. 2047, 2055.]

[Footnote 401: The two statutes of _Præmunire_ (1353, 1393) will be found in Gee and Hardy, _Documents illustrative of English Church History_ (London, 1896), pp. 103, 122. They forbid subjects taking plaints cognisable in the King's courts to courts outside the realm, and the second statute makes pointed reference to the papal courts.]

[Footnote 402: Paris and Orleans, _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. iii. p. 2845; Bourges and Bologna, _ibid._ IV. iii. p. 2895; Padua, _ibid._ IV. iii. pp. 2921, 2923 (it is said that the Lutherans in the city strongly opposed the King); Pavia, _ibid._ IV. iii. p. 2988; Ferrara, _ibid._ IV. iii. 2990.]

[Footnote 403: A list of the matters to be brought before this Parliament is given in _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. iii. pp. 2689 _ff._]

[Footnote 404: _Ibid._ IV. iii. pp. 2929, 2991.]

[Footnote 405: _Ibid._ IV. iii. p. 3661 (December 25th, 1530).]

[Footnote 406: _Letters and Papers_, etc. V. 71.]

[Footnote 407: _Ibid._ etc. V. p. 47. Chapuys thought that the declaration made the King "Pope of England."]

[Footnote 408: Cf. Gee and Hardy, _Documents illustrative of the History of the English Church_, p. 176. Chapuys declares that "Churchmen will be of less account than shoemakers, who have the power of assembling and making their own statutes" (_Letters and Papers_, etc. V. 467; cf. VI. 121).]

[Footnote 409: _Ibid._ p. 178; the suspensory clause is on p. 184. _Letters and Papers_, etc. V. pp. 343, 413.]

[Footnote 410: _Ibid._ etc. V. p. 71.]

[Footnote 411: _Ibid._ etc. V. p. 415.]

[Footnote 412: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 195; the important clause is on p. 198.]

[Footnote 413: _Letters and Papers_, etc. VI. pp. 145, 148; cf. 218.]

[Footnote 414: _Ibid._ etc. VI. p. 35.]

[Footnote 415: _Ibid._ VI. p. 153.]

[Footnote 416: _Letters and Papers_, etc. VI. pp. 145, 148; cf. 218.]

[Footnote 417: _Ibid._ etc. VI. p. 35.]

[Footnote 418: _Ibid._ VI. p. 231.]

[Footnote 419: _Ibid._ VI. p. 246.]

[Footnote 420: _Ibid._. VI. p. 413.]

[Footnote 421: Gee and Hardy, _Documents illustrative of the History of the English Church_, p. 201.]

[Footnote 422: _Ibid._ p. 209.]

[Footnote 423: _Ibid._ pp. 232, 244.]

[Footnote 424: _Ibid._ p. 243.]

[Footnote 425: _Ibid._ p. 247.]

[Footnote 426: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 251.]

[Footnote 427: _Ibid._ p. 256.]

[Footnote 428: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XI. p. 445.]

[Footnote 429: _Ibid._ XI. pp. 30, 445.]

[Footnote 430: The two sets of _Injunctions_ are printed in Gee and Hardy's _Documents illustrative of the History of the English Church_, pp. 269, 275.]

[Footnote 431: The list of members is given in _Letters and Papers_, etc. XII. ii. p. 163.]

[Footnote 432: _Letters and Papers_, XII. ii. p. 165 (_Foxe of Hereford to Bucer_).]

[Footnote 433: _Ibid._ etc. XII. ii. p. 122.]

[Footnote 434: _Ibid._ XII. ii. pp. 118, 122, 162.]

[Footnote 435: _Ibid._ XII. ii. p. 228.]

[Footnote 436: _Ibid._ XII. ii. p. 228.]

[Footnote 437: _Ibid._ XII. ii. 252, 296.]

[Footnote 438: _Ibid._ XII. ii. p. 384.]

[Footnote 439: Cranmer's _Miscellaneous Writings and Letters_ (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1846), pp. 83-114, contains _Corrections of the Institution of a Christian Man_ (the _Bishops' Book_) _by Henry VIII., with Archbishop Cranmer's Annotations_.]

[Footnote 440: As late as Jan. 1533 we find him writing: "Let us agitate for the use of Scripture in the mother-tongue, and for learning in the Universities.... I never altered a syllable of God's Word myself, nor would, against my conscience" (_Letters and Papers_, etc. VI. p. 184).]

[Footnote 441: Cf. Tyndale's answer to Sir Thomas More's animadversions, _Works_ (Day's edition), p. 118.]

[Footnote 442: Cf. Pollard's excellent and trenchant note, _Cranmer and the English Reformation_ (New York and London, 1904), p. 110; Gairdner, _The English Church in the Sixteenth Century, from the Accession of Henry VIII. to the Death of Mary_ (London, 1902), pp. 190-91.]

[Footnote 443: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XII. ii. 174.]

[Footnote 444: _National Dictionary of Biography_, art. "Rogers."]

[Footnote 445: The excellence of Tyndale's version is shown by the fact that many of his renderings have been adopted in the Revised Version.]

[Footnote 446: Dixon, _History of the Church of England_ (London, 1878, etc.), ii. 77.]

[Footnote 447: _Letters and Papers_, etc. IX. p. 69.]

[Footnote 448: _Ibid._ IX. 119.]

[Footnote 449: _Ibid._ X. p. 234; cf. De Wette, _Dr. Martin Luthers Briefe_, etc. iv. p. 668.]

[Footnote 450: _Ibid._ IX. p. 72; cf. p. 70.]

[Footnote 451: _Ibid._ IX. p. 208.]

[Footnote 452: _Ibid._ IX. pp. 74, 75, 166, 311.]

[Footnote 453: _Letters and Papers_, etc. IX. pp. 344-48.]

[Footnote 454: _Ibid._ X. p. 38.]

[Footnote 455: These articles have been printed with a good historical introduction by Professor Mentz of Jena, _Die Wittenberger Artikel von 1536_ (Leipzig, 1905).]

[Footnote 456: _Letters and Papers_, etc. X. p. 98; cf. 58, 97, 108.]

[Footnote 457: _Ibid._ IX. p. 346.]

[Footnote 458: _Ibid._ X. p. 15.]

[Footnote 459: The Act is printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 257.]

[Footnote 460: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XIII. ii. pp. 36, 78, 147, 155. In _Letters and Papers_, etc. XIV. i. p. 153, there is an _official_ account of the English Reformation under Henry VIII., in which there is the following (p. 155): "Touching images set in the churches, as books of the unlearned, though they are not necessary, but rather give occasion to Jews, Turks, and Saracens to think we are idolaters, the King tolerates them, except those about which idolatry has been committed.... Our Lady of Worcester, when her garments were taken off, was found to be the similitude of a bishop, like a giant, almost ten feet long;... the roods at Boxelegh and other places, which moved their eyes and lips when certain keys and strings were bent or pulled in secret places--images of this sort the King has caused to be voided and committed other as it was convenient, following the example of King Hezekiah, who destroyed the brazen serpent. Shrines, copses, and reliquaries, so called, have been found to be feigned things, as the blood of Christ was but a piece of red silk enclosed in a thick glass of crystalline, and in another place oil coloured of _sanguis draconis_, instead of the milk of Our Lady a piece of chalk or ceruse. Our Lady's girdle, the verges of Moses and Aaron, etc., and more of the Holy Cross than three cars may carry, the King has therefore caused to be taken away and the abusive pieces burnt, and the doubtful sort hidden away honestly for fear of idolatry."]

[Footnote 461: _Ibid._ XIII. i. 283-84, _Nicholas Partridge to Bullinger_ (April 12th).]

[Footnote 462: _The Act for the Dissolution of the Greater Monasteries_ is printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 281.]

[Footnote 463: _Ibid._ XIII. ii. p. 49.]

[Footnote 464: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XIII. ii. p. 459. "In oppido Calistrensi" is probably "at Coldstream"; Beaton had been made a Cardinal to be ready to make the publication.]

[Footnote 465: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XI. p. 305.]

[Footnote 466: _Ibid._ XI. pp. 238, 272, 355, 356, 477, 504, 507.]

[Footnote 467: _Ibid._ XI. 238.]

[Footnote 468: _Ibid._ XI. 477.]

[Footnote 469: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XIV. i. p. 344.]

[Footnote 470: _Ibid._ XIV. i. pp. 191, 192, 537.]

[Footnote 471: _Ibid._ XIV. i. p. 489.]

[Footnote 472: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XIV. i. p. 475.]

[Footnote 473: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 303.]

[Footnote 474: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XIV. i. pp. 349, 438.]

[Footnote 475: SOURCES in addition to those given on p. 313: _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reigns of Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth_ (this Calendar is for the most part merely an index to documents which must be read in the Record Office); _Correspondance politique d'Odet de Selve: Commission des Archives Politiques_, (Paris, 1888); _Literary Remains of Edward VI._ (Roxburgh Club, London, 1857); _Narratives of the Reformation_ (Camden Society, London, 1860); Wriothesley, _Chronicle_ (Camden Society, London, 1875); Weiss, _Papiers d'État du Cardinal de Granvelle (Collection de Documents inédits_, Paris, 1841-52); Furnivall, _Ballads from Manuscripts_ (Ballad Society, London, 1868); _Four Supplications of the Commons_, and Thomas Starkey, _England under Henry VIII._ (Early English Text Society, 1871); Strype, _Ecclesiastical Memorials and Life of Cranmer_ (Oxford edition, 26 vols. 1820, etc.); _Liturgies of Edward VI._ (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1844); _Stow Annals_ (London, 1631).

LATER BOOKS in addition to those given on p. 313: Pollard, _England under Protector Somerset_ (London, 1900); Burnet, _History of the Reformation_ (Oxford edition, 1865); Dixon, _History of the Church of England_ (London, 1893); Gasquet and Bishop, _Edward VI. and the Book of Common Prayer_ (London, 1890). _Cambridge Modern History_, ii. xiv.]

[Footnote 476: Pollard, _Cambridge Modern History_, ii. 474.]

[Footnote 477: These _Injunctions_, and the _Articles of Inquiry_ which interprets them, are printed in Strype, _Ecclesiastical Memorials_, etc. (Oxford, 1822) II. i. pp. 74-83.]

[Footnote 478: Cranmer, _Miscellaneous Writings and Letters_ (Parker Society Cambridge, 1846), p. 128.]

[Footnote 479: _English Historical Review_ for 1904 (January), pp. 98 _ff._]

[Footnote 480: This Act, entitled _Act against Revilers, and for receiving in both Kinds_, is printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 322.]

[Footnote 481: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 328.]

[Footnote 482: _Ecclesiastical Memorials_, etc. II. i. p. 133. It is printed in _The Two Liturgies, with other Documents set forth by Authority in the Reign of King Edward the Sixth_ (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1844), p. 1.]

[Footnote 483: The book is printed in _The Two Liturgies_, etc., of the Parker Society, pp. 9 _ff._]

[Footnote 484: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. pp. 358 _ff._]

[Footnote 485: Mr. Pollard (_Cambridge Modern History_, ii. pp. 478, 479) thinks that the influence of these foreign divines on the English Reformation has been overrated; and he is probably correct so far as changes in worship and usages go. His idea is that the English Reformers followed the lead of Wiclif, consciously or unconsciously, rather than that of continental divines; but if the root-thought in all Reformation theology be considered, it may be doubted whether Wiclif _could_ supply what the English divines had in common with their continental contemporaries. "Wiclif, with all his desire for Reformation, was essentially a mediæval thinker." The theological question which separated every mediæval Reformer from the thinkers of the Reformation was, How the benefits won by the atoning work of Christ were to be appropriated by men? The universal mediæval answer was, By an imitation of Christ; while the universal Reformation answer was, By trust in the promises of God (for that is what is meant by Justification by Faith). In their answer to this test question, the English divines are at one with the Reformers on the Continent, and not with Wiclif.]

[Footnote 486: Pollard, _England under Protector Somerset_ (London, 1900).]

[Footnote 487: "Tulchan is a calf skin stuffed with straw to cause the cow to give milk. The Bishop served to cause the bishoprick to yeeld commoditie to my lord who procured it to him." Scott's _Apologetical Narration of the State and Government of the Kirk of Scotland since the Reformation_ (Woodrow Society, Edinburgh, 1846), p. 25.]

[Footnote 488: The book is printed in _The Two Liturgies, with other Documents_, etc. (Parker Society), p. 187.]

[Footnote 489: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 371.]

[Footnote 490: Compare _The Two Liturgies_, etc. (Parker Society) p. 283.]

[Footnote 491: _Ibid._ pp. 92, 279.]

[Footnote 492: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 269.]

[Footnote 493: _Original Letters relative to the English Reformation_ (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1847), ii. 566.]

[Footnote 494: _Original Letters_, etc. (Parker Society) ii. 568, _Macronius to Bullinger_ (August 28th, 1550).]

[Footnote 495: SOURCES in addition to those on pp. 351: _Epistolæ Reginaldi Poli, S. R. E. Cardinalis_, 5 vols. (Brixen, 1744-57); _Chronicle of Queen Jane and of two years of Queen Mary, and especially of the Rebellion of Sir Thomas Wyat, written by a Resident in the Tower of London_ (Camden Society, London, 1850); Garnett, _The Accession of Queen Mary; being the contemporary narrative of Antonio Guaras_, etc. (London, 1892).

LATER BOOKS: Stone, _History of Mary I., Queen of England_ (London, 1901); Ranke, _Die römischen Päpste_ (Berlin, 1854); Hume, _Visit of Philip II. (1554)_ (_English Historical Review_, 1892); Leadam, _Narrative of the Pursuit of the English Refugees in Germany under Queen Mary_ (_Transactions_ of Royal Historical Society, 1896); Wiesener, _The Youth of Queen Elizabeth, 1533-58_ (English translation, London, 1879); Zimmermann, _Kardinal Pole sein Leben und seine Schriften_ (Regensburg, 1893).]

[Footnote 496: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 373.]

[Footnote 497: The Act of Parliament is printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 377.]

[Footnote 498: Philip's marriages had this peculiarity about them, that his second wife (Mary) had been betrothed to his father, and his third wife had been betrothed to his son.]

[Footnote 499: Strype, Memorials of Queen Mary's Reign, III. ii. 215.]

[Footnote 500: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 385.]

[Footnote 501: In the days of Henry VIII., Bishop Gardiner had published a book under this title, in which the papal jurisdiction in England was strongly repudiated. Someone, probably Bale, when Gardiner was aiding the Queen to restore that supremacy, had translated the book into English, and had printed at the bottom of the title-page, "A double-minded man is inconstant in all his ways."]

[Footnote 502: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 384, The Act _de hæretico comburendo_ will be found on p. 133.]

[Footnote 503: _Ibid._ p. 380.]

[Footnote 504: Bonner's Articles of Inquiry are printed in Strype's _Historical Memorials, Ecclesiastical and Civil_, etc. III. ii. p. 217.]

[Footnote 505: Gairdner's _The English Church in the Sixteenth Century_, etc. (London, 1902) p. 339.]

[Footnote 506: Strype, _Memorials, Ecclesiastical and Civil_, etc. III. i. 221, 223.]

[Footnote 507: _Ibid._ III. ii. 556.]

[Footnote 508: Strype, _Memorials, Ecclesiastical and Civil_, etc. III, i. 222, III. ii, 224.]

[Footnote 509: _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth_, 1601-3; with Addenda, 1547-65 (London, 1870), p. 483.]

[Footnote 510: An account of Cranmer's trial is given in Foxe, _Acts and Monuments_ (London, 1851), iii. 656 _ff._ The process is in Cranmer's _Miscellaneous Writings and Letters_ (Parker Society), pp. 541 _ff._]

[Footnote 511: Cranmer's _Works_, ii. 447 _ff._]

[Footnote 512: _Works_, ii. pp. 445-56.]

[Footnote 513: _Miscellaneous Writings_, etc. (Parker Society) p. 563.]

[Footnote 514: Pollard, _Cranmer_, pp. 367-81.]

[Footnote 515: _Calendar of State Papers and MSS. existing in the Archives and Collections of Venice, 1555-56_, p. 386.]

[Footnote 516: Pollard, _Cranmer_, p. 328.]

[Footnote 517: There are few more pathetic documents among the State Papers than those thus catalogued:

"King Philip and Queen Mary to Cardinal Pole, notifying that the Queen has been delivered of a Prince."

"Passport signed by the King and Queen for Sir Henry Sydney to go over to the King of the Romans and the King of Bohemia, to announce the Queen's happy delivery of a Prince."

There are several such notifications all ready for the birth which never took place. _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the reigns of Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth, 1547-80_ (London, 1856), p. 67.]

[Footnote 518: SOURCES: _Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth, Foreign_ (London, 1863, etc.); _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_ (Edinburgh, 1898, etc.); _Calendar of State Papers, Hatfield MSS._ (London, 1883); _Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_ (London, 1890); _Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, 1558-67_ (London, 1892); Weiss, _Papiers d'état du Cardinal Granvelle_, vols. iv.-vi. (Paris, 1843-46); _Bullarium Romanum_, for two Bulls--the one of 1559 (i. 840) and the one deposing Elizabeth (ii. 324); _A Collection of Original Letters from the Bishops to the Privy Council, 1564_ (vol. ix. of the _Camden Miscellany_, London, 1893); _Calvin's Letters_ (vols. xxxviii.-xlviii. of the _Corpus Reformatorum_); _Zurich Letters_ (two series) (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1853); _Liturgies and occasional Forms of Prayer set forth in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth_ (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1847); Dysen, _Queene Elizabeth's Proclamation_ (1618).

LATER BOOKS: Creighton, _Queen Elizabeth_ (London, 1896); Hume, _The Courtships of Queen Elizabeth_ (London, 1896); and _The great Lord Burghley_ (London, 1898); Philippson, _La contre-révolution religieuse_ (Brussels, 1884); Ruble, _Le Traité de Cateau-Cambrésis_ (Paris, 1889); Gee, _The Elizabethan Clergy_ (Oxford, 1898); and _The Elizabethan Prayer-Book and Ornaments_ (London, 1902); Tomlinson, _The Prayer-Book, Articles and Homilies_ (London, 1897); Hardwick, _History of the Articles of Religion_ (Cambridge, 1859); Lorimer, _John Knox and the Church of England_ (London, 1875); Neal, _History of the Puritans_ (London, 1754); Parker _The Ornaments Rubric_ (Oxford, 1881); Shaw, _Elizabethan Presbyterianism_ (_English Historical Review_, iii. 655); _Cambridge Modern History_, ii. 550 _ff._; Frere, _History of the English Church in the Reigns of Elizabeth and James 1558-1625_ (London, 1904).]

[Footnote 519: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in the Archives of Simancas_ (London, 1892), i. p. 7.]

[Footnote 520: _Ibid._ p. 89. In the same letter the Bishop blames the instructions of the "Italian heretic friars," i.e. Peter Martyr Vermigli and Ochino; cf. p. 81.]

[Footnote 521: _Ibid._ pp. 1, 4, 5, etc.]

[Footnote 522: _Ibid._ pp. 3, 77.]

[Footnote 523: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs_, etc. Introduction, p. lv.]

[Footnote 524: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs_, etc. p. 62.]

[Footnote 525: _Ibid._ pp. 39, 67; cf. 83.]

[Footnote 526: Cf. _Device_ in Gee's _Elizabethan Prayer-Book_, p. 197.]

[Footnote 527: Strype, _Annals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion_, etc. (Oxford, 1824) I. ii. 389.]

[Footnote 528: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 416.]

[Footnote 529: Goderick's _Divers Points of Religion contrary to the Church of Rome_ is printed by Dr. Gee in the appendix to his _Elizabethan Prayer-Book and Ornaments_ (London, 1902), pp. 202 _ff._; the sentence quoted is on p. 205; the document is also in Dixon's _History of the Church of England_, v. 28.]

[Footnote 530: _Venetian State Papers, 1558-80_, 1.]

[Footnote 531: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved chiefly in the Archives of Simancas_, i. 17, 25.]

[Footnote 532: _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reigns of Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth_ (London, 1856), i. 123.]

[Footnote 533: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved chiefly in the Archives of Simancas_, i. 25.]

[Footnote 534: _Ibid._ pp. 7, 12.]

[Footnote 535: _English Historical Review_ for July 1903, pp. 517, _ff._; _Dublin Review_, Jan. 1903; _The Church Intelligencer_, Sept. 1903, pp. 134, _ff._]

[Footnote 536: Cf. Tomlinson, "Elizabethan Prayer-Book: chronological table of its enactment," in _Church Gazette_ for Oct. 1906, p. 233.]

[Footnote 537: _Dublin Review_, Jan. 1903, p. 48 _n_: "Ad quem eundem locum (House of Commons) isti convenerunt (ut communis fertur opinio) ad numerum ducentorum virorum, et non decem catholici inter illos sunt reperti."]

[Footnote 538: _Zurich Letters_, i. 10 (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1842); cf. _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in the Archives of Simancas, 1558-67_, p. 33: "To-morrow it (the Bill) goes to the Upper House, where the bishops and some others are ready to die rather than consent to it."]

[Footnote 539: For "Il Schifanoya" and his trustworthiness, cf. _Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_, Preface viii.]

[Footnote 540: _Ibid._ p. 52.]

[Footnote 541: Canon Dixon (_History of the Church of England_, v. 67) declares that the phrase "Supreme Head" was not in the Bill. He has overlooked the fact that Heath in his speech against it quotes the actual words used in the proposed Act: "I promised to move your honours to consider what this supremacy is which we go about by virtue of this Act to give to the Queen's Highness, and wherein it doth consist, as whether in spiritual government or in temporal. If in spiritual, like as the words of the Act do import, scilicet: _Supreme Head of the Church of England immediate and next under God_, then it would be considered whether this House hathe authority to grant them, and Her Highness to receive the same" (Strype, _Annals_, I. i. 405).]

[Footnote 542: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved chiefly in the Archives of Simancas, 1558-80_, pp. 37, 44, 50, 55, 66; _Parker's Correspondence_, p. 66; _Zurich Letters_, i. 33.]

[Footnote 543: The Act is printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 442.]

[Footnote 544: The Acts of Henry VIII. which were revived were:--24 Hen. VIII. c. 12--_The Restraint of Appeals_, passed in 1533; 23 Hen. VIII. c. 20--_The conditional Restraint of Annates_; 25 Hen. VIII. c. 19--_The Submission of the Clergy and Restraint of Appeals of 1534_; 25 Hen. VIII. c. 20--_The Ecclesiastical Appointments Act; The absolute Restraint of Annates, Election of Bishops, and Letters Missive Act of 1534_; 25 Hen. VIII. c. 21--_Act forbidding Papal Dispensations and the Payment of Peter's Pence of 1534_; 26 Hen. VIII. c. 14--_Suffragan Bishops' Act of 1534_; and 28 Hen. VIII. c. 16--_Act for the Release of such as have obtained pretended Dispensations from the See of Rome._ These Acts are all, save the last mentioned, printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. pp. 178-232, 253-56.]

[Footnote 545: _Ibid._ p. 445.]

[Footnote 546: _Ibid._ p. 447.]

[Footnote 547: _Ibid._ p. 446.]

[Footnote 548: _Ibid._ p. 455.]

[Footnote 549: The Act is printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. pp. 458 _ff._]

[Footnote 550: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 371.]

[Footnote 551: The _Device_ is printed in Strype, _Annals_, etc. I. ii. 392, and in Gee's _Elizabethan Prayer Book and Ornaments_ (London, 1902), p. 195.]

[Footnote 552: Gee's _Elizabethan Prayer-Book and Ornaments_, pp. 76 _f._]

[Footnote 553: _Zurich Letters_, ii. 17.]

[Footnote 554: The _Journal of the House of Commons_, i. 54: "The Bill for the Order of Service and Ministers in the Church" (Feb. 15th); _The Book of Common Prayer and Ministration of Sacraments_ (Feb. 16th).]

[Footnote 555: _Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_, p. 45: "a book passed by the Commons"; cf. above, p. 392; cf. also Bishop Scot's speech on the reading of the Bill which was emasculated by the Lords, in Strype's _Annals_, I. ii. 408.]

[Footnote 556: Dr. Gee rejects the idea that Guest's letter had anything to do with the Book passed by the Commons and rejected by the Lords; cf. his _Elizabethan Prayer-Book and Ornaments_, pp. 32 ff.; and for a criticism of Dr. Gee, Tomlinson, _The Elizabethan Prayer-Book and Ornaments; a Review_, p. 12. Guest's letter is printed by Dr. Gee in his _Elizabethan Prayer-Book_, etc. p. 152, and more accurately by Mr. Tomlinson in his tract, _Why was the First Prayer-Book of Edward VI. rejected?_]

[Footnote 557: "Il Schifanoya" reports the wrath of the Commons: They "grew angry, and would consent to nothing, but are in very great controversy" (_Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_, p. 52); cf. p. 392.]

[Footnote 558: _Journal of the House of Commons_, i. 57.]

[Footnote 559: Professor Maitland (_English Historical Review_, July 1903, p. 527 _n._) and Father J. H. Pollen (_Dublin Review_, January 1903) think that this proclamation of the 22nd of March was never issued; but "Il Schifanoya" can hardly refer to any other.]

[Footnote 560: "On Easter Day, Her Majesty appeared in the chapel, where Mass was sung in English, according to the use of her brother, King Edward, and the communion was received in both 'kinds,' kneeling, _facendoli il sacerdote la credenza del corpo et sangue prima_; nor did he wear anything but the mere surplice (_la semplice cotta_), having divested himself of the vestments (_li paramenti_) in which he had sung Mass; and thus Her Majesty was followed by many Lords both of the Council and others. Since that day things have returned to their former state, though unless the Almighty stretch forth His arm a relapse is expected. These accursed preachers, who have come from Germany, do not fail to preach in their own fashion, both in public and in private, in such wise that they persuaded certain rogues to forcibly enter the church of St. Mary-le-Bow, in the middle of Cheapside, and force the shrine of the most Holy Sacrament, breaking the tabernacle, and throwing the most precious consecrated body of Jesus Christ to the ground. They also destroyed the altar and the images, with the pall (_palio_) and church linen (_tovalie_), breaking everything into a thousand pieces. This happened this very night, which is the third after Easter.... Many persons have taken the communion in the usual manner, and things continue as usual in the churches" (_Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_, p. 57).]

[Footnote 561: The speeches of Abbot Feckenham and Bishop Scot, reprinted in Gee's _Elizabethan Prayer-Book_, etc. pp. 228 _ff._, represent the arguments used in the Lords. Scot's speech was delivered on the third reading of the Act of Uniformity, quite a month after the Westminster conference, and Feckenham's _may_ have been made at the same time; still they show the arguments of the Romanists.]

[Footnote 562: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in the Archives of Simancas, 1558-67_, pp. 45, 46-48; _Zurich Letters_, i. 13_ff._; Strype's _Annals_, etc. I. i. 128-40, I. ii. 466; _Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_, pp. 64, 65.]

[Footnote 563: "King Edward's reformation satisfieth the godly": Bullinger to Utenhovius (_Zurich Letters_, 2nd series, p. 17 _n._; Strype, _Annals_, I. i. 259).]

[Footnote 564: May 20th, Cox to Weidner: "The sincere religion of Christ is therefore established among us in all parts of the kingdom, just in the same manner as it was formerly promulgated under our Edward of blessed memory" (_Zurich Letters_, i. 28).

May 21st, Parkhurst to Bullinger: "The Book of Common Prayer, set forth in the time of King Edward, is now again in general use throughout England, and will be everywhere, in spite of the struggles and opposition of the pseudo-bishops" (_Zurich Letters_, i. 29).

May 22nd, Jewel to Bullinger: "Religion is again placed on the same footing on which it stood in King Edward's time; to which event I doubt not but that your own letters and those of your republic have powerfully contributed" (_Zurich Letters_, i. 33).

May 23rd, Grindal to Conrad Hubert: "But now at last, by the blessing of God, during the prorogation of Parliament, there has been published a proclamation to banish the Pope and his jurisdiction altogether, and to restore religion to that form which we had in the time of Edward VI." (_Zurich Letters_, ii. 19).

Dr. Gee seems to beg an important historical question when he says that these letters _must_ have been written before the writers knew that the Prayer-Book had been actually altered in more than the three points mentioned in the Act of Uniformity. Grindal, writing again to Hubert on July 14th, when he must have known everything, says: "The state of our Church (to come to that subject) is pretty much the same as when I last wrote to you, except only that what had heretofore been settled by proclamations and laws with respect to the reformation of the churches is now daily being carried into effect." Cf. Gee's _Elizabethan Prayer-Book_, etc. p. 104 _n._, for the actual differences between the Edwardine Book of 1552 and the Elizabethan Book of 1559.]

[Footnote 565: _Cambridge Modern History_, ii, 570.]

[Footnote 566: The rubric explaining kneeling at the communion had not the authority of Parliament, but only of the Privy Council, and was not included.

The rubric of 1552 regarding _ornaments_, which had the authority of Parliament and was re-enacted by the Act of Uniformity of 1559, was: "And here is to be noted that the minister at the time of communion, and at all other times in his ministration, shall use _neither alb, vestment, nor cope; but being archbishop or bishop, he shall have and wear a rochet: and being priest or deacon, he shall have and wear a surplice only._"

This is the real _ornaments_ rubric of the Elizabethan settlement, and appears to be such in the use and wont of the Church of England from 1559 to 1566, save that _copes_ were used occasionally.

The proviso in the Act of Uniformity (1559) was: "Such ornaments of the Church and of the ministers thereof shall be retained and be in use as was in this Church of England by authority of Parliament in the _second_ year of the reign of King Edward VI., until other order shall be therein taken by the authority of the Queen's Majesty, with the advice of her commissioners appointed and authorised under the Great Seal of England for causes ecclesiastical, or of the metropolitan of this realm."

The ornaments in use in the second year of Edward VI. are stated in the rubrics of the first Prayer-Book of King Edward (1549):

"Upon the day, and at the time appointed for the ministration of the Holy Communion, the Priest that shall execute the holy ministry shall put upon him the vesture appointed for that ministration, that is to say: a white Albe plain, with a vestment or Cope. And where there be many Priests or Deacons, there so many shall be ready to help the Priest in the ministration as shall be requisite: and shall have upon them likewise the vestures appointed for their ministry, that is to say, Albes with tunicles." At the end there is another rubric: "Upon Wednesdays and Fridays, the English Litany shall be said or sung in all places after such form as is appointed by the King's Majesty's Injunctions; or as is or shall be otherwise appointed by His Highness. And though there be none to communicate with the Priest, yet these days (after the Litany ended) the Priest shall put upon him a plain Albe or surplice, with a cope, and say all things at the Altar appointed to be said at the celebration of the Lord's Supper, until after the offertory."]

[Footnote 567: _Parker's Correspondence_, p. 65.]

[Footnote 568: The rubric is: "And here it is to be noted that the minister at the time of communion and at all other times in his ministrations, shall use such ornaments in the church as were in use by authority of Parliament in the second year of the reign of King Edward VI., according to the Act of Parliament set in the beginning of this Book."]

[Footnote 569: Dr. Gee (_Elizabethan Ornaments_, etc. p. 131) thinks that there can be no reasonable doubt that the rubric was recorded on the authority of the Privy Council. "The Privy Council had certainly inserted the Black Rubric in 1552, as their published Acts attest, but all the records of the Privy Council from 13th May 1559 until 28th May 1562 have disappeared." The precedent cited is scarcely a parallel case. The Black Rubric was an explanation; the Rubric of 1559 is almost a contradiction in terms of the Act which restores the Prayer-Book of 1552. If I may venture to express an opinion, it seems to me most likely that the rubric was added by the Queen herself, and that she inserted it in order to be able to "hedge." It is too often forgotten that the danger which overshadowed the earlier years of Elizabeth was the issue of a papal Bull proclaiming her a heretic and a bastard, and inviting Henry II. of France to undertake its execution. The Emperor would never permit such a Bull if Elizabeth could show reasonable pretext that she and her kingdom held by the Lutheran type of Protestantism. An excommunication pronounced in such a case would have invalidated his own position, which he owed to the votes of Lutheran Electors. In the middle of the sixteenth century the difference between the different sections of Christianity was always estimated in the _popular_ mind by differences in public worship, and especially in the celebration of the Lord's Supper. All over Germany the Protestant was distinguished from the Romanist by the fact that he partook of the communion in both "kinds." Elizabeth had definitely ranged herself on the Protestant side from Easter Day 1559; and a more or less ornate ritual could never explain away the significance of this fact. The great difference between the Lutherans and the Calvinists to the popular mind was that the former retained and the latter discarded most of the old ceremonial. Luther says expressly: "Da lassen wyr die Messgewand, altar, liechter noch bleyben" (Daniel, _Codex Liturgicus Ecclesiæ, Lutheranæ_, p. 105); and crosses, vestments, lights, and an altar appear in regular Lutheran fashion whenever the Queen wished to place herself and her land under the shield of the Augsburg Peace. This rubric was a remarkably good card to play in the diplomatic game.]

[Footnote 570: _XXXth Injunction of 1559:_ "Item, Her Majesty being desirous to have the prelacy and clergy of this realm to be had as well in outward reverence, as otherwise regarded for the worthiness of their ministries, and thinking it necessary to have them known to the people in all places and assemblies, _both in the church_ and without, and thereby to receive the honour and estimation due to the special messengers and ministers of Almighty God, wills and commands that all archbishops and bishops, and all other that be called or admitted to preaching or ministry of the sacraments, or that be admitted into any vocation ecclesiastical, or into any society of learning in either of the Universities or elsewhere, shall use and wear such seemly habits, garments, and such square caps as were most commonly and orderly received _in the latter year of the reign of King Edward VI._; not meaning thereby to attribute any holiness or special worthiness to the said garments, but as St. Paul writeth: '_Omnia decenter et secundum ordinem fiant_' (1 Cor. xiv. cap.)." Cf. Gee's _Elizabethan Prayer Booke and Ornaments_ (London, 1902); Tomlinson, _The Prayer Book, Articles and Homilies_ (London, 1897); Parker, _The Ornaments Rubric_ (Oxford, 1881).]

[Footnote 571: The _Advertisements_ are printed in Gee and Hardy; _Documents_, etc. p. 467; the _Injunctions_, at p. 417.]

[Footnote 572: _Copes_ were used in the cathedrals and sometimes in collegiate churches in the years between 1559 and 1566, when it was desired to add some magnificence to the service; but it ought to be remembered that the _cope_ was never a sacrificial vestment. It was originally the _cappa_ of the earlier Middle Ages--the mediæval greatcoat. Large churches were cold places, the clergy naturally wore their greatcoats when officiating, and the homely garment grew in magnificence. It never had a doctrinal significance like the _chasuble_ or _casula_.]

[Footnote 573: _Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, 1558-67_, p. 89.]

[Footnote 574: Machyn's _Diary_ (Camden Society, London, 1844), p. 108.]

[Footnote 575: Peacock's _Church Furniture_, p. 87.]

[Footnote 576: _Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, 1558-67_, p. 105: "The crucifixes and vestments that were burnt a month ago publicly are now set up again in the royal chapel, as they soon will be all over the kingdom, unless, which God forbid, there is another change next week. They are doing it out of sheer fear to pacify the Catholics; but as forced favours are no sign of affection, they often do more harm than good." Cf. _Zurich Letters_, i. 63, etc.]

[Footnote 577: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in the Archives of Simancas_, i. pp. 76, 79.]

[Footnote 578: _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth_, i. 130.]

[Footnote 579: The _Injunctions_ are printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 417.]

[Footnote 580: _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reigns of Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth_, i. pp. 180, 183, 187.]

[Footnote 581: For the history of these Articles, see Hardwick, _A History of the Articles of Religion; to which is added a Series of Documents from A.D. 1536 to A.D. 1615_, etc. (Cambridge, 1859).]

[Footnote 582: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in the Archives of Simancas_, i. 190.]

[Footnote 583: The _Consensus Tigurinus_ (1549) dates the disappearance.]

[Footnote 584: The _Zurich Letters, 1558-79, First Series_ (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1842), pp. 123, 127, 135, 100, 139. Bishop Jewel, writing to Peter Martyr (p. 100), says: "_As to matters of doctrine, we have pared everything away to the very quick, and do not differ from your doctrine by a nail's breadth_" (Feb. 7th, 1562); and Bishop Horn, writing to Bullinger (Dec. 13th, 1563, _i.e._ _after_ the Queen's alterations), says,: "_We have throughout England the same ecclesiastical doctrine as yourselves_" (_ibid._ p. 135).]

[Footnote 585: The deleted clause was: "_Christus in coelum ascendens, corpori suo immortalitatem dedit, naturam non abstulit, humanæ enim naturæ veritatem (juxta Scripturas), perpetuo retinet, quam uno et definito loco esse, et non in multa, vel omnia simul loca diffundi oportet. Quum igitur Christus in coelum sublatus, ibi usque ad finem seculi permansurus, atque inde, non aliunde (ut loquitur Augustinus) venturus sit, ad judicandum vivos et mortos, non debet quisquam fidelium, et carnis eius, et sanguinis, realem et corporealem (ut loquuntur) presentiam in Eucharistia vel credere, vel profiteri._"]

[Footnote 586: "Cette reine est extremement sage, et a des yeux terribles." _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, 1595-97_, p. xxi.]

[Footnote 587: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in the Archives of Simancas_, i. 61, 62.]

[Footnote 588: _Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_, p. 449.]

[Footnote 589: The _Zurich Letters_, etc., First Series, p. 91.]

[Footnote 590: The _Zurich Letters_, etc., First Series, p. 74; cf. 55, 63, 64, 66, 68, 100, 129, 135. Bishop Jewel called clerical dress the "relics of the Amorites" (p. 52), and wished that he could get rid of the surplice (p. 100); and "the little silver cross" in the Queen's chapel was to him an ill-omened thing (p. 55); cf. Strype, _Annals_, etc. I. i. 260.]

[Footnote 591: _Annals_, etc. I. ii. 562.]

[Footnote 592: The _Advertisements_ of Archbishop Parker, issued and enforced on the authority of the Primate, to which the royal imprimatur was more than once refused, may be looked on as an exception. For these rules, meant to control the Church in the vestiarian controversy, see Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 467; and for the vexed question of their authority, Moore, _History of the Reformation_, p. 266.]

[Footnote 593: Maitland, _Cambridge Modern History_, ii. 569 ff.]

[Footnote 594: _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reigns of Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, 1547-80_, p. 159.]

[Footnote 595: _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series_, etc. p. 247.]

[Footnote 596: _Ibid._ p. 177; _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in the Archives of Simancas_, i. 77, 118, 119.]

[Footnote 597: The story of Francis Yaxley, Mary's agent, of his dealings with Philip II., of Philip's subsidy to Scotland of 20,000 crowns, of its loss by shipwreck, and how the money was claimed as treasure-trove by the Duke of Northumberland, Roman Catholic and a pledged supporter of Mary as he was, may be traced in the _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in the Archives of Simancas_, pp. lix, 499, 506, 516, 523, 546, 557; and how the Pope also gave aid in money, p. 559.]

[Footnote 598: For example, the _Nikolsburger Articles_ say: "Cristus sei in der erbsunden entphangen; Cristus sei nit Got sunder ein prophet, dem das gesprech oder wort Gottes bevollen worden" (Cornelius, _Geschichte des Münsterischen Aufruhrs_, ii. 279, 280).]

[Footnote 599: Servede was born in 1511, in the small town of Tudela, which then belonged to Aragon. He came from an ancient family of jurists, and was at first destined to the profession of law. His family came originally from the township of Villanova, which probably accounts for the fact that Servede sometimes assumed that name. He was in correspondence with Oecolampadius (Heusgen) in 1530; and from the former's letters to and about Servede, it is evident that the young Spaniard was then fully persuaded about his anti-Trinitarian opinions. No publisher in Basel would print his book, and he travelled to Strassburg. When his first theological book became known, its sale was generally interdicted by the secular authorities. His great book, which contains his whole theological thinking, was published in 1553 without name of place or author. Its full title is: _Christianismi Restitutio, Totius ecclesiæ apostolicæ ad sua limina vocatio, in integrum restituta cognitione Dei, fidei Christi, justificationis nostræ, regenerationis baptisimi et coenæ domini manducationis, Restituto denique nobis regno coelesti, Babylonis impiæ captivitate soluta, et Antichristo cum suis penitus destructo._ He entered into correspondence with Calvin, offered to come to Geneva to explain his position; but the Reformer plainly indicated that he had no time to bestow upon him. The account of his trial, condemnation, and burning at Geneva is to be found in the _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxvi. 720 _ff._ The sentence is found on p. 825: "Icy est este parle du proces de Michiel Servet prisonnier et veu le sommairre dycelluy, le raport de ceux esquelz lon a consulte et considere les grands erreurs et blaffemes--est este arreste Il soit condampne a estre mene en Champel et la estre brusle tout vyfz et soit exequente a demain et ses livres brusles." This trial and execution is the one black blot on the character of Calvin. He was by no means omnipotent in Geneva at the time; but he thoroughly approved of what was done, and had expressed the opinion that if Servede came to Geneva, he would not leave it alive. "Nam si venerit modo valeat mea auctoritas, virum exire nunquam patiar" (_Corpus Ref._ xi. 283).]

[Footnote 600: Ritschl, _A critical History of the Christian Doctrine of Justification and Reconciliation_ (Eng. trans., Edin. 1872), p. 295.]

[Footnote 601: "Circa annum 1546 instituerat (Lælius Socinus) cum sociis suis iisdem Italis, quorum numerus quadragenarium excedebat, in Veneta ditione (apud Vincentiam) collegia colloquiaque de religione, in quibus potissimum dogmata vulgaria de Trinitate ac Christi Satisfactione hisque similia in dubium revocabant" (_Bibl. Antit._ p. 19--I have taken the quotation from Fock, _Der Socinianismus nach seiner Stellung in der Gesammtentwickelung des christlichen Geistes_, etc., Kiel, 1847, i. 132).]

[Footnote 602: SOURCES: _Magna Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum_ (Coloniæ Agrippinæ, 1618), xiii. 299-307; Sebastian Franck, _Chronica, Zeitbuch und Geschichtbibel_ (Augsburg, 1565), pt. iii.; Hans Denck, _Von der waren Lieb_, etc. (1527--republished by the _Menonitische Verlagsbuchhandlung_, Elkhart, Indiana, U.S.A.); Bouterwek, _Zur Literatur und Geschichte der Wiedertäufer_ (Bonn, 1864--gives extracts from the rarer Anabaptist writings such as the works of Hübmaier); _Ausbund etlicher schöner christlicher geseng_, etc. (1583); Liliencron, "Zur Liederdichtung der Wiedertäufer" (in the _Abhandlungen der könig. Bair. Akad. der Wissenschaften Philosophische Klasse_, 1878); von Zezschwitz, _Die Katechismen der Waldenser und Bömischen Bruder_ (Erlangen, 1863); Beck, _Geschichts-Bücher der Wiedertäufer in Österreich-Ungarn, 1526 bis 1785_ (Vienna, 1883), printed in the _Fontes Rer. Austr. Diplom. et Acta_, xliii.; Kessler, _Sabbata_, ed. by Egli and Schoch (St. Gall, 1902); Bullinger, _Der Wiedertäuferen Ursprung, Secten,_ etc. (Zurich, 1560); Egli, _Actensammlung zur Geschichte der Züricher Reformation_ (Zurich, 1879), _Die Züricher Wiedertäufer_ (Zurich, 1878); Leopold Dickius, _Adversus impios Anabaptistarum errores_ (1533); Cornelius, _Berichte der Augenzeugen über das Münsterische Wiedertäuferreich_, forming the 2nd vol. of the _Geschichtsquellen des Bisthums Münster_ (Münster, 1853) and the Beilage in his _Geschichte des Münsterischen Aufruhrs_ (Leipzig, 1855); Detmer's edition of Kerssenbroch, _Anabaptistici furoris Monasterium inclitam Westphaliæ metropolim evertentis historica, narratio_, forming vols. v. and vi. of the _Geschichtsquellen des Bisthums Münster_ (Münster, 1899, 1900); _Chroniken der deutschen Städte, Nürnberg Chronik_, vols. i. and iv.

LATER BOOKS: Keller, _Geschichte der Wiedertäufer und ihres Reichs zu Münster_ (Münster, 1880), _Ein Apostel der Wiedertäufer; Hans Denck_ (Leipzig, 1882), and _Die Reformation und die älteren Reformparteien_ (Leipzig, 1885--Keller is apt to make inferences beyond his facts); Heath, _Anabaptism, from its rise at Zwickau to its fall at Münster, 1521-1536_ (London, 1895); Belfort Bax, _Rise and Fall of the Anabaptists_ (London, 1903); Rörich, "Die Gottesfreunde und die Winkeler am Oberrhein" (in _Zeitschrift für hist. Theol._ i. 118 ff., 1840); _Zur Geschichte der strassburgischen Wiedertäufer_ (_Zeitschrift für hist. Theol._ xxx. 1860); S. B. ten Cate, _Geschiedenis der doopgezinden in Groningen_, etc., 2 vols. (Leeuwarden, 1843); _Geschiedenis der doopgezinden in Friesland_ (Leeuwarden, 1839); _Geschiedenis der doopgezinden in Holland en Guelderland_, 2 vols. (Amsterdam, 1847); Tileman van Braght, _Het bloedig Toenecl of Martclaars Spiegel der doopgesinde_ (Amsterdam, 1685); E. B. Underhill, _Martyrology of the Churches of Christ commonly called Baptist_ (translated from Van Braght); H. S. Burrage, _A History of the Anabaptists in Switzerland_ (founded on Egli's researches, Philadelphia, 1881); Newman, _A History of Anti-Pedobaptism_ (Philadelphia, 1897); Detmer, _Bilder aus den religiösen und sozialen Unruhen in Münster während des 16 Jahrhunderts_: i. _Johann von Leiden_ (Münster, 1903), ii. _Bernhard Rothmann_ (1904), iii. _Ueber die Auffassung von der Ehe und die Durchführung der Vielweiberei in Münster während der Täuferherrschaft_ (1904); Heath, _Contemporary Review_, lix. 389 ("The Anabaptists and their English Descendants"), lxii. 880 ("Hans Denck the Baptist"), lxvii. 578 (Early Anabaptism, what it meant, and what we owe to it), lxx. 247 ("Living in Community--a sketch of Moravian Anabaptism"), 541 ("The Archetype of the _Pilgrim's Progress_"), lxxii. 105 ("The Archetype of the _Holy War_").]

[Footnote 603: The difference in treatment may be seen at a glance by comparing the articles on Anabaptism in the second (1877) and in the third (1896) edition of Herzog's _Realencyclopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche_. Some eminent historians, however, still cling to old ideas; for example, Edward Armstrong, _The Emperor Charles V._ (London, 1902), who justifies the treatment his hero meted out to the Anabaptists--roasting them to death before slow fires--by saying that "whenever they momentarily gained the upper hand, they applied the practical methods of modern Anarchism or Nihilism to the professed principles of Communism" (ii. 342). No one who has examined the original sources could have penned such a sentence.]

[Footnote 604: _Magna Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum_ (Coloniæ Agrippinæ, 1618), xiii. 299, 300, 307 (the _Summa_ of Raiverus Sacchonus). Cf. i. 152.]

[Footnote 605: These are the dates at which town chronicles incidentally show that such communities existed, not the dates of their origin.]

[Footnote 606: Vedder, _Balthasar Hübmaier_ (New York, 1905).]

[Footnote 607: Liliencron, "Zur Liederdichtung der Wiedertäufer," in the _Transactions of the Königl. Bair. Akad. der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse_, 1877.]

[Footnote 608: _Chronica_ (Augsburg edition, 1565), f. 164.]

[Footnote 609: _Der Wiedertäuferen Ursprung, Furgang, Secien_, etc. (Zurich, 1560).]

[Footnote 610: _Chronica_ (3 pts., Strassburg, 1531).]

[Footnote 611: _Sabbata_ (ed. by Egli and Schoch, St. Gall, 1902).]

[Footnote 612: C. A. Cornelius, _Geschichte des Münsterischen Aufruhrs_ (Leipzig, 1855), ii. 49.]

[Footnote 613: _Ibid._ ii. 49.]

[Footnote 614: _Magna Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum_ (Coloniæ Agrippinæ, 1618), Rainerii Socchoni, _Summa_, c. vii.]

[Footnote 615: Egli, _Die Züricher Wiedertäufer_ (Zurich, 1878), p. 96.]

[Footnote 616: Folio 158^b of the Augsburg edition of 1565.]

[Footnote 617: The Swiss Anabaptists have been selected because we have very full contemporary documentary evidence in their case. Cf. Egli, _Actensammlung zur Geschicht der Züricher Reformation_ (Zurich, 1879); _Die Zuricher Wiedertäufer_ (Zurich, 1878); _Die St. Gallen Wiedertäufer_ (Zurich).

The documentary evidence given in Egli's works has been condensed and summarised by H. S. Burrage, _A History of the Anabaptists in Switzerland_ (Philadelphia, 1881).]

[Footnote 618: The scene is described in Beck, _Die Geschichts-Bücher der Wiedertäufer in Österreich-Ungarn von 1526 bis 1785_ (Vienna, 1883).]

[Footnote 619: The history of the persecution in the Tyrol is to be found in J. Loserth, _Anabaptismus in Tirol_; and in Kirchmayr, _Denkwürdigkeiten seiner Zeit, 1519-53_, pt. i. in _Fontes Rerum Austriacarum_, i. 417-534.]

[Footnote 620: Cornelius, _Geschichte des Münsterischen Aufruhrs_ (Leipzig, 1855), ii. 58.]

[Footnote 621: The disease was known as the English plague or the sweating sickness. It is thus described by Hecker (_Epidemics of the Middle Ages_, p. 181): "It was violent inflammatory fever, which, after a short rigour, prostrated the powers as with a blow; and amidst painful oppression at the stomach, headache, and lethargic stupor, suffused the whole body with foetid perspiration. All this took place within the course of a few hours, and the crisis was always over within the space of a day and a night. The internal heat that the patient suffered was intolerable, yet every refrigerant was death."]

[Footnote 622: Rothmann was born at Stadtlohn, and received the rudiments of education in the village school there; a relation sent him to the Gymnasium at Münster; he studied afterwards at Mainz, where he received the degree of M.A.; he was made chaplain in the St. Maurice church at Münster about 1525.]

[Footnote 623: His confession of faith, published in Latin and German in 1532, shows this. I know it only by the summary in Detmer (_Bernhard Rothmann_, Münster, 1904, pp. 41 _f._). Detmer says that he knows of only one printed copy, which is in the University Library at Münster.]

[Footnote 624: Bernardin Knipperdolling or Knipperdollinck (both forms are found) was a wealthy cloth merchant, an able and fervent speaker, a man of strong convictions, who had early espoused the people's cause, and had become the trusted leader of the democracy of Münster.]

[Footnote 625: The details of this Disputation have been published by Detmer in the _Monatshefte der Commenius-Gesellschaft_ (Berlin, 1900), ix. 273 _ff._]

[Footnote 626: Cf., above, ii. 235 _ff._]

[Footnote 627: _Meister Heinrich Gresbeck's Bericht von der Wiedertaufe in Münster_, p. 20 (edited by Cornelius for _Die Geschichtsquellen des Bisthums Münster_, vol. ii., Münster, 1853).]

[Footnote 628: Cf. _Die Münsterische Apologie_, printed by Cornelius in his _Berichte der Augenzeugen über das münsterische Wiedertäuferreich_, p. 457 (_Geschichtsquellen des Bisthums Münster_, vol. ii.).]

[Footnote 629: By far the best and most impartial discussion of the institution of polygamy in Münster--one that is based on the very widest examination of contemporary documentary evidence--is that of Dr. Detmer, _Ueber die Auffassung von der Ehe und die Durchführung der Vielweiberei in Münster während der Täuferherrschaft_ (Münster, 1904). It forms the third of his _Bilder aus den religiösen und sozialen Unruhen in Münster während des 16. Jahrhunderts_.]

[Footnote 630: The tract is to be found in Cornelius, _Berichte der Augenzeugen über das münsterische Wiedertäuferreich_, which forms the second volume of _Die Geschichtsquellen des Bisthums Münster_ (pp. 445 _ff._).]

[Footnote 631: "Die ehe, sagen wir und halten mit der Schrift, das sie ist eins mans und weips vorgaderong und vorpflichtong in dem Herrn ... Got hot den menchen von anfanck geschaffen, ein man und weip hat Er sie geschaffen, di peide in den heiligen estant (ehestat) voreiniget, dos di peide zwo sellen und ein fleische solen sein. Und mage also kein mensche scheiden selche voreinigong" (pp. 457, 458).]

[Footnote 632: The _Restitution_, written by Rothmann and Kloprys in conjunction with Jan of Leyden and the elders, is published in Bouterwek, _Literatur und Geschichte der Wiedertäufer_; marriage and polygamy are treated in sections 14-16.]

[Footnote 633: Jan Bockelson, commonly called Jan van Leyden, was the illegitimate son of a village magistrate, and was born near Leyden in 1510. After a brief time of education at a village school he was apprenticed to a tailor, and in his leisure hours diligently educated himself. He travelled more widely than artisans usually did during their year of wandering--visiting England as well as most parts of Flanders. On his return home he married the widow of a shipmaster, and started business as a merchant. He was a prominent member of the literary "gilds" of his town, and had a local fame as a poet and an actor. His conversion through Jan Matthys changed his whole life; there is not the slightest reason to suppose that he was not an earnest and honest adherent of the Anabaptist doctrines as taught by Matthys. He is described as strikingly handsome, with a fine sonorous voice. He had remarkable powers of organisation. His whole brief life reveals him to be a very remarkable man. He was barely twenty-five when he was tortured to death by the Bishop of Münster after the capture of the town.]

[Footnote 634: SOURCES: _Bibliotheca Fratrum Polonorum_ (Amsterdam, 1656) i. ii. _Racovian Catechism_ (London, 1818).

LATER BOOKS: Fock, _Der Socinianismus nach seiner Stellung in der Gesammtentwickelung des christlichen Geistes, nach seinem historischen Verlauf und nach seinem Lehrbegriff dargestellt_ (Kiel, 1847); A. Ritschl, _Jahrbücher f. deutsche Theologie_, xiii. 268 _ff._, 283 _ff._; _A critical History of the Christian Doctrine of Justification and Reconciliation_ (Edinburgh, 1872); Dilthey, _Archiv f. Geschichte d. Philos._ vi.; Harnack, _History of Dogma_, vii. 118 _ff._ (London, 1899).]

[Footnote 635: Pp. 397 _ff._]

[Footnote 636: Cf. i. 426 _ff._]

[Footnote 637: Harnack, _History of Dogma_, vii. 167.]

[Footnote 638: Cf. p. 427.]

[Footnote 639: Cf. i. 461.]

[Footnote 640: Erasmus, _Opera Omnia_, iv. 465.]

[Footnote 641: A very full analysis of the contents of the Racovian Catechism is given in Harnack's _History of Dogma_, vii. 137 ff., also in Fock, _Der Socinianismus_, etc. ii. A. Ritschl has shown that the Unitarianism of the Socinians is simply the legitimate conclusion from their theory of the nature of God and of the work of Christ, in his two essays in the _Jahrbücher f. deutsche Theol._ xiii, 268 ff., 283 ff.]

[Footnote 642: SOURCES: Laemmer, _Monumenta Vaticana historiam ecclesiasticam seculi 16 illustrantia_ (Freiburg i. B. 1861); Weiss, _Papiers d'État du Cardinal Perronet de Granvelle_ (in the _Collection des documents inédits de l'Histoire de France, 1835-49)_; Fiedler, _Relationen Venetianischer Botschaften über Deutschland und Oesterreich im 16ten Jahrhunderte_ (in the _Fontes Rerum Austriacarum, Diplomatica et Acta_, xxx., Vienna, 1870); Friedenburg, _Nuntiaturberichte aus Deutschland, 1533-39_ (Gotha, 1892-93); _Carteggio di Vittoria Colonna_ (Rome, 1889).

LATER BOOKS: Maurenbrecher, _Geschichte der katholischen Reformation_ (Nördlingen, 1880--only one volume published, which ends with 1534); also _Karl V. und die deutschen Protestanten_ (Düsseldorf, 1865); Ranke, _Die römischen Päpste, ihre Kirche und ihr Staat im sechszehnten und siebzehenten Jahrhundert_; Gothein, _Ignatius von Loyola und die Gegenreformation_ (Halle, 1895); Philippson, _La Contre-Revolution religieuse du 16e siècle_ (Brussels, 1884); Ward, _The Counter-Reformation_ (London, 1889); Dupin, _Histoire de l'Église du 16e siècle_ (Paris, 1701-13); Jerrold, _Vittoria Colonna_ (London, 1906).]

[Footnote 643: Cf. _A Relation ... of the Island of England ... about the year 1500_ (Camden Society, London, 1847), pp. 34-36, 86-89.]

[Footnote 644: Cf. i. 36.]

[Footnote 645: This had been protested against for a century and a half, not merely by individual moralists, but by such conventions of notables as the English Parliament; cf. _Rolls of Parliament_, ii. 313-14; _Item_, "prie la Communeque comme autre foithz au Parlement tenuz a Wyncestre, supplie y fuist par la Commune de remedie de ce que les Prelatz et Ordinares de Seint Esglise pristrent sommes pecuniers de gentz de Seint Esglise et autres pur redemption de lour pecche de jour en jour, et an en an, de ce que ils tiendrent overtement lours concubines; et pur autres pecches et offenses a eux surmys, dount peyne pecunier ne serroit pris de droit: Quele chose est cause, meintenance et norisement de lour pecche, en overte desclandre, et mal ensample de tut la Commune; quele chose issint continue nient duement puny, est desesploit an Roi et a tout le Roialme. Qe pleise a nostre Seigneur le Roi ent ordeiner que touz tiels redemptions soient de tut ousteiz; et que si nul viegne encontre ceste Ordeinance, que le prenour encourge la somme del double issint pris devers la Roi et cely que le paie eit mesme la peyne."]

[Footnote 646: Cf. i. 166, 213.]

[Footnote 647: Cf. vol. i. 140, 141, 378; vol. ii.]

[Footnote 648: _Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII._, iv., Preface, p. 485. Cf. Brown, _Fasciculus rerum expectendarum et fugiendarum_ (1690), pp. 19, 20, for the speech of an English Bishop at Rome (Nov. 27th, 1425), saying that if the Curia does not speedily undertake the work of Reformation, the secular powers must interfere.]

[Footnote 649: Lea, _Chapters from the Religious History of Spain_ (Philadelphia, 1890); Prescott, _Ferdinand and Isabella_ (London, 1887); V. de la Fuente, _Historia eclesiastica en Espana_ (Madrid, 1873, etc.); Menendezy Palayo, _Los Heterodoxos Espanoles_ (Madrid, 1880); Hefele, _The Cardinal Ximenes_ (London, 1860); Paul Rousselot, _Les Mystiques Espagnols_ (Paris, 1867).]

[Footnote 650: Cf. paper read by Charles V. to the Estates of Germany at Worms--Wrede, _Deutsche Reichstagsakten unter Kaiser Karl V._ (Gotha, 1896) ii. 595.]

[Footnote 651: "Is Cæsaris consanguineus, legatus missus a Wormacia, festinando ad Hispanos pro sedando quodam tumultu. Is in profesto vigiliæ natalicii dominici superveniens eques, cum ministris, biduo manens integro et tribus noctibus, mihi multum loquebatur de causa Lutherana, quæ magna ex parte arridebat viro bono et docto, præter librum _de captivitate Babel_, quem legerat Wormatiæ cum moerore et displicentia, quem ego nondum videram." Riggenbach, _Das Chronikon des Konrad Pellikan_, p. 77 (Basel, 1877).]

[Footnote 652: Carvajal's speech and Egidio's memoir are given in Höfler, "Analecten z. Geschich. Deutschlands und Italiens" (_Abhandlungen der Münch. Akad._ IV. iii. 57-89).]

[Footnote 653: An _indult_ can be best explained by an example: according to the Council of Bourges (1438), the selection of French Bishops was left exclusively in the hands of the Chapters of the Cathedrals; but Pope Eugenius IV. permitted Charles VII. the right to appoint to several specified bishoprics; such a papal grant was called an _indult_.]

[Footnote 654: Cf. vol. i. 12 _f._]

[Footnote 655: SOURCES: Contarini, _Opera_ (Paris, 1571); _Correspondenz Contarinis_, ed. by L. Pastor (1880); Cortese, _Epistolarum familiarum liber_ (Venice, 1573); Ghiberti, _Opera_ (Verona, 1740); Sadoleto, _Epistolarum libri sexdecim_ (Lyons, 1560); Pole, _Epistolæ, et aliorum ad ipsum_ (Brescia, 1744-57), _Carteggio di Vittoria Colonna_ (Turin, 1889); Vergerio, _Briefwechsel_ (edited for the _Bibliothek des literarischen Vercius_, Stuttgart, 1875).

LATER BOOKS: Jacob Burckhardt, _The Civilisation of the Period of the Renaissance_ (Eng. trans., London, 1892); Symonds, _Renaissance in Italy. The Catholic Reaction_ (London, 1886); Cantù, _Gli Eretici d'Italia_ (Turin, 1865-67); Braun, _Cardinal Gasparo Contarini_ (1903); Dittrich, _Gasparo Contarini_ (Braunsberg, 1883); Duruy, _Le Cardinal Carlo Caruffa_ (Paris, 1882); Gothein, _Ignatius Loyola und die Geyenreformation_, pp. 77-207 (Halle, 1895); v. Reumont, _Vittoria Colonna_ (Freiburg i. B. 1881).]

[Footnote 656: Mediæval songs tell us that this hatred of the peasantry is much older than the Renaissance:

"Si quis scire vult naturam, Maledictam et obscuram Rusticorum genituram Infelicem et non puram Denotent sequentia," etc.

_Carmina Medii Æri_ (Florence, 1883), p. 34; the song belongs to the thirteenth century.]

[Footnote 657: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. viii. 161.]

[Footnote 658: The name went beyond the original foundation. The Jesuits were sometimes called _Theatines_ both in Spain and in France.]

[Footnote 659: They are to be found in _Bibliotheca Maxima Pontificia_ (Rome, 1790), pp. 178 _ff._ The contents of the second letter are condensed in the phrase which occurs near the end: "in legibus voluntas non debet regula esse" (p. 183). The first letter urges the Pope to make an end of the scandals caused by the sale of dispensations: "Dispensator non potest vendere id quod non suum est sed Domini. Neque etiam potest transgredi in dispensatione mandatum Domini.... Expresse Christus in Evangelio præcipit: Gratis accepistis, Gratis date" (p. 79). It closes with an urgent appeal: "Pater Sanctissime ingressus es viam Christi, audacter age.... Dens onmipotens diriget gressus tuos, et tuorum omnium. Familiæ tuæ Protector crit, et super omnia bona sua constituet te, ut ipse in Evangelio pollicetur servo fideli, quem constituit super familiam suam. Dominus diu nobis servet Sanctitatem tuam incolumem."]

[Footnote 660: Kawerau, _Johann Agricola_ (1881), p. 100.]

[Footnote 661: The Regensburg article said: _Creata libertas per hominis lapsum est amissa_; the decree of Trent declared: _Si quis liberum hominis arbitrium post Adæ peccatum amissum et extinctum esse dixerit, anathema sit_ (Denzinger, _Enchiridion Symbolorum et Definitionum_, etc., 9th ed. p. 192).]

[Footnote 662: The Regensburg article says: _Etsi post laptismiun negare remanens materiale peccatum_, etc., the second heresy of Luther condemned in the Bull is: _In puero post baptismum negare remanens peccatum, est Paulum et Christum simul conculcare_ (_ibid._ p. 176).]

[Footnote 663: Calvin, who was present at the conference, sums up the results so far in a letter to Farel as follows: _Delecti nostri de peccato originali non difficulter transegerunt: sequuta est disputatio de libero arbitrio, quæ ex Augustini sententia composita fuit: nihil in utroque nobis decessit. De justifcatione acriores fuerunt contentiones. Tandem conscripta est formula, quam adhibitis certis correctionibus utrinque receperunt. Miraberis, scio, adversarios tantum concessisse, quum legeris exemplar, ita ut postrema manu correctum fuit, quod literis inclusum reperies. Retinuerunt enim nostri doctrinæ veræ summam: ut nihil illic comprehensum sit, quod non exstet in scriptis nostris: scio, desiderabis clariorem explicationem, et in ca re me tibi assentientem habebis. Verum, si reputes quibuscum hominibus negotium nobis sit, agnosces multum esse effectum_ (_Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxix. 215). Calvin had been somewhat suspicious of Contarini at the outset: _Contarenus sine sanguine subigere nos cupit; proiude tentat omnes vias confieiendi ex sua utilitate negotii citra arma_ (_ibid._ xxxix. 176).]

[Footnote 664: In the dedication of the fourth portion of Melanchthon's Works to Joachim II. of Brandenburg, the editor Pencer says: _Granvellus ... Eccium, cum descriptæ formulæ testimonium chirographi addendum esset, tergiversantem et astute renuentem facere id coegit._ Eck with his great coarse body, his loud harsh voice, his bullying habits, and his insincerity, was universally disliked; _ista a bestia, gehobelter Eck_, he had been nicknamed by Pirkheimer of Nürnberg.]

[Footnote 665: _Epistolarum Reginaldi Poli, S. R. E. Cardinalis_ (Brixiae, 1744-57), iii. 25-30.]

[Footnote 666: Calvin says: _Ventum est deinde ad ecclesium: in definitione congruebant sententiæ: in potestate dissidere coeperunt. Quum nullo modo possent conciliari, visum est articulum illum omittere._]

[Footnote 667: _Nunquam Legatum assensurum, ut conspicua fidei decreta tot sæculis culta in dubium adducerentur._]

[Footnote 668: The proceedings of the conference are given in full in the _Acta Ratisbonensia_. By far the most succinct account is to be found in Calvin's letter to Farel of date 11th May 1541. He says of the discussion about the sacraments: _In sacramentis rixati sunt nonnihil: sed quum nostri suas illis cæremonias, ut res medias, permitterent, usque ad cænam progressi sunt. Illic fuit insuperabilis scopulus. Repudiata transubstantiatio, repositio, circumgestatio, et reliqui superstitiosi cultus. Hæc adversariis nequaquam tolerabilia. Collega meus (Bucer), qui totus ardet studio concordiæ, fremere et indignari, quod intempestive fuissent motæ eiusmodi quæstiones, Philippus (Melanchthon) in adversam partem magis tendere, ut rebus exulceratis omnem pacificationis spem præcideret. Nostri habita consultatione, nos convocarunt. Jussi sumus omnes ordine dicere sententias: fuit una omnium vox, transubstantiationem rem esse fictitiam, repositionem superstitiosam, idololatricam esse adorationem, vel saltem periculosam, quum fiat sine verbo Dei. Me quoque exponere latine oportuit quid sentirem. Tametsi neminem ex aliis intellexeram_ (because they spoke in German), _libere tamen sine timore offensionis, illam localem præsentiam damnari: adorationem asserui mihi esse intolerabilem. Crede mihi, in eiusmodi actionibus opus est fortibus animis, qui alios confirment.... Scriptum deinde a Philippo compositum, quod ubi Granvellano oblatum est, asperis verbis repudiavit, quod illi tres delecti ad nos retulissent. Hæc quum fiant in ipso limine, cogita quantum adhuc supersit difficultatis, in missa privata, sacrificio, in communicatione calicis. Quid si ad apertam præsentiæ confessionem veniretur? quanti tumultus effervescerent?_ (_Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxix. 215, 216)]

[Footnote 669: SOURCES: _Monumenta historica Societatis Jesu, nunc primum edita a Patribus ejusdem Societatis_ (Madrid, 1894, etc.); _Cartas de San Ignacio de Loyola, fundador de la Compañía de Jesús_ (Madrid, 1874, etc.); G. P Maffei, _De vita et moribus Ignatii Loyolæ, qui Societatem Jesu fundavit_ (Cologne, 1585); Ribadeneyra, _Vida del P. Ignacio de Loyola_ (Madrid, 1594); Orlandino, _Historia Societatis Jesu, pars prima sive Ignatius_, etc. (Rome, 1615); Braunsberger, _Petri Canisii Epistolæ et Acta_ (Freiburg i. B. 1896); _Decreta, etc., Societatis Jesu_ (Avignon, 1827); _Constitutiones Societatis Jesu_ (Rome, 1558).

LATER BOOKS: Huber, _Der Jesuit-Orden nach seiner Verfassung und Doctrin, Wirksamkeit und Geschichte characterisirt_ (Berlin, 1873); Gothein, _Ignatius von Loyola und die Gegenreformation_ (Halle, 1895); Symonds, _Renaissance in Italy, The Catholic Reaction_ (London, 1886); Cretinau-Joly, _Histoire religieuse politique et littéraire de la Compagnie de Jésus_ (Paris, 1845-46); Maurice Martel, _Ignace de Loyola, Essai de psychologie religieuse_ (Paris).]

[Footnote 670: "The residence of Ignatius Loyola in the College of Ste. Barbe is connected with au incident which is at once illustrative of his own spirit and of the manners of the time. He had come to Paris for the purpose of study; but he could not resist the temptation to make converts to his great mission. Among these converts was a Spaniard named Amador, a promising student in philosophy in Ste. Barbe. This Amador, Loyola had transformed from a diligent student into a visionary as wild as himself, to the intense indignation of the University, and especially of his own countrymen. About the same time Loyola craved permission to attend Ste. Barbe as a student of philosophy. He was admitted on the express condition that he should make no attempt on the consciences of his fellows. Loyola kept his word as far as Amador was concerned, but he could not resist the temptation to communicate his visions to others. The Regent thrice warned him of what would be the result, and at length made his complaint to the Principal (Jacques de Gouvéa). Gouvéa was furious, and gave orders that next day Loyola should be subjected to the most disgraceful punishment the College could inflict. This running of the gauntlet, known as _la salle_, was administered in the following manner. After dinner, when all the scholars were present, the masters, each with his ferule in his hand, ranged themselves in a double row. The delinquent, stripped to the waist, was then made to pass between them, receiving a blow across the shoulders from each. This was the ignominious punishment to which Loyola, then in his fortieth year, as a member of the College, was bound to submit. The tidings of what was in store for him reached his ears, and in a private interview he contrived to turn away Gouvéa's wrath.... This was in 1529, the year of Buchanan's entrance into Ste, Barbe" (P. Hume Brown, _George Buchanan, Humanist and Reformer_, Edinburgh, 1890, pp. 62 _f._).]

[Footnote 671: _Bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire de Protestantisme Français_, xii. 129.]

[Footnote 672: One of Loyola's earliest biographers, Ribadeneyra, dwells on the eagerness with which Ignatius welcomed the slightest details of the life of his disciples in the Indies, and how he one day said: "I would assuredly like to know, if it were possible, how many fleas bit them each night."]

[Footnote 673: Loyola had long abandoned the vow of poverty; his faithful disciples, the circle of Barcelona ladies, sent him supplies of money, and e received sums from Spanish merchants in France and the Low Countries.]

[Footnote 674: The _Exercitia Spiritualia S. P. Ignatii Loyola, Fundatoris Ordinis Societatis Jesu_, and their indispensable companion the _Directorium in Exercitia Spiritualia B. P. N. Ignatii_, are to be found in vol. iv. of the _Insti. Soc. Jesu_. The editions used here are, of the _Exercises_, that of Antwerp, 1676, and of the _Directory_, that of Rome, 1615.]

[Footnote 675: A careful study of the _Exercises_, of the _Directory_, of Loyola's correspondence, and of his sayings recorded by early and contemporary biographers, has convinced me that the book was mainly constructed out of the abundant notes which Loyola took of his own inward experiences at Manresa, and that the only book he used in compiling it was the _De Imitatione Christi_ of Thomas à Kempis--a book which Ignatius believed to have been written by Gerson. We know otherwise how highly Ignatius prized the _De Imitatione_. When he visited the Abbey of Monte Cassino he took with him as many copies as there were monks in the monastery; it was the one volume which he kept on the small table at his bedside; and it was the only book which the neophyte was permitted to read during the first week of the _Exercises_: "si tamen instructori videbitur, posset in prima hebdomada legere librum Gersonis de Imitatione Christi" (_Directory_, iii. 2).]

[Footnote 676: Cf. _Directory_, i. ii. v.]

[Footnote 677: It is explained that by "week" is meant not a space of time, seven days, but a distinct subject of meditation. The drill may be finished within seven or eight days; it may have to be prolonged beyond the twenty-five. The first meditation is the basis of all, and it may have to be repeated over and over again until the soul is sufficiently bruised (_Directory_, xi. l).]

[Footnote 678: "Prima continet considerationem peccatorum, ut eorum foeditatem cognoscamus, vereque detestemur cum dolore, et satisfactione convenienti. Secunda propcnit vitam Christi ad excitandum in nobis desiderium ac studium eam imitandi. Quam imitationem ut melius perficiamus, proponitur etiam modus eligendi vel vitæ statum, qui sit maxime ex voluntate Dei; vel si jam eligi non possit, dantur quædam monita ad eum in quo quisque sit, reformandum. Tertia continet Passionem Christi, qua miseratio, dolor, confusio generatur, et illud imitationis desiderium una cum Dei amore vehementius inflammatur. Quarta demum est de Resurrectione Christi, ejusque gloriosis apparitionibus, et de beneficiis, et similibus, quæ pertinent ad Dei amorem in nobis excitandum" (_Directory_, xi. 2).]

[Footnote 679: "Punctum primum est, spectare per imaginationem vasta inferorum incendia, et animas igneis quibusdam corporibus, velut ergastulis inclusas. Secundum, audire imaginarie, planctus, ejulatus, vociferationes, atque blasphemias in Christum et Sanctos ejus illinc erumpentes. Tertium, imaginario etiam olfactu fumum, sulphur, et sentinae cujusdam seu faecis atque putredinis graveolentiam persentire. Quartum, gustare similiter res amarissimas, ut lachrymas, rancorem, conscientiaeque vermem. Quintum, tangere quodammodo ignes illos, quorum tactu animae ipsae amburuntur" (_Exercitia Spiritualia, Quintum Exercitium_ (pp. 105, 106 in Antwerp edition of 1676)).]

[Footnote 680: _Exercitia, Tertia Hebdomada_, ii. _Contemplatio_ (p. 157).]

[Footnote 681: _Exercitia, Tertia Hebdomada_, ii. _Contemplatio_, pp. 125, 126.]

[Footnote 682: _Ibid._ p. 121.]

[Footnote 683: J. A. Symonds, _The Renaissance in Italy, The Catholic Reaction_, i. 289.]

[Footnote 684: These and other declarations of a like kind are to be found in the last chapter of the _Exercitia Spiritualia_, entitled _Regulæ aliquot servandæ ut cum orthodoxa Ecclesia vere sentiamus_.]

[Footnote 685: _Ibid._ "Si quid, quod oculis nostris apparet album, nigrum illa (ecclesia catholica) esse definierit, debemus itidem, quod nigrum sit, pronuntiare" (_Regula_, 13, p. 267).]

[Footnote 686: _Cartas de San Ignacio de Loyola, fundador de la Compañía de Jesús_ (Madrid, 1874, etc.), No. 14.]

[Footnote 687: Ignatius was fond of recalling these accusations and acquittals. In a celebrated letter to the King of Portugal he said that he had been eight times accused of heresy and as often acquitted, and that these accusations had really arisen, not from any associations he had ever had with schismatics, Lutherans, or _Alumbrados_ (heretical Mystics), but from the astonishment caused by the fact that he, an unlearned man, should presume to speak about things divine (_Cartas de San Ignacio_, etc., No. 52).]

[Footnote 688: At the time of Ignatius' death (1556), "the Professed of the Four Vows," who were the Society in the strictest sense, and who alone had any share in its government, numbered only thirty-five.]

[Footnote 689: The Society came to consist of (1) _Novices_ who had been carefully selected (_a_) for the priesthood, or (_b_) for secular work, or (_c_) whose special vocation was yet undetermined--the _Indifferents_; (2) the _Scholastics_, who had passed through a noviciate of two years, and who had to spend five years in study, then five years as teachers of junior classes; (3) _Coadjutors_, spiritual or temporal--the one set sharing in all the missionary work of the Society, preaching or teaching, the other in the corresponding temporal duties; (4) _the Professed of the Four Vows_, who were the élite of the Society, and who alone had a share in its government. Heads of Colleges and Residences were taken from the third class.]

[Footnote 690: This diary was used by Yigilio Nolarci in his _Compendio della Vita di S. Ignatio di Loiola_ (Venice, 2nd ed., 1687), pp. 197-211.]

[Footnote 691: Symonds, _The Renaissance in Italy, The Catholic Reaction_ (London, 1886), i. 293, 294.]

[Footnote 692: Cf. vol. i. p. 142.]

[Footnote 693: Many of Loyola's letters are addressed to these ladies: _Cartas_, i. pp. 1, 4, 23, to Inés Pascual; pp. 16, 63, 112, 279, to Isabella Roser; pp. 34, 44, 177, to Teresa Rejadella de St. Clara, a nun.]

[Footnote 694: Cf. _Cartas_, i. pp. 291, 470, 471.]

[Footnote 695: SOURCES: _The Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent_ (London, 1851); Theiner, _Acta genuina Concilii Tridentini_ (1875); Dollinger, _Ungedruckte Berichte und Tagebücher zur Geschichte des Concils von Trient_ (Nördlingen, 1876); Grisar, _Iacobi Lainez Disputationes Tridentinæ_ (Innsbruck, 1886); Le Plat, _Monumentorum ad historiam Concilii Tridentini potissimum illustrandum spectantium amplissima collectio_ (Louvain, 1781-87), Paleotto, _Acta Concilii Tridentini, 1562-63_; Planck, _Anecdota ad Historiam concilii Tridentini pertinentia_ (Göttingen, 1791-1818); Sickel, "Das Reformations-Libell Ferdinands I." (in _Archiv für österreichische Geschichte_, xiv., Vienna, 1871), _Catechismus Romanus_ (Paris, 1635); Denzinger, _Enchiridion_ (Würzburg, 1900).

LATER BOOKS: Maurenbrecher, "Tridentiner Concil, Vorspiel und Einleitung" (in the _Historisches Taschenbuch_, sechste Folge, 1886, pp. 147-256), "Begrundung der katholischen Glaubenslehre" (in the _Hist. Tasch._ 1888, pp. 305-28), and "Die Lehre von der Erbsunde und der Rechtfertigung" (in the _Hist. Tasch._ 1890, pp. 237-330); Harnack, _History of Dogma_, vii. (London, 1899); Loofs, _Leitfaden zum studium der Dogmengeschichte_ (Halle, 1893); R. C. Jenkins, _Pre-Tridentine Doctrine_ (London, 1891); Froude, _Lectures on the Council of Trent_ (London, 1896); Sickel, _Zur Geschichte des Concils von Trient_ (Vienna, 1872), and _Die Geschäfts-ordnung des Concils von Trient_ (Vienna, 1871); Milledonne, _Journal de Concile de Trente_ (Paris, 1870); Braunsberger _Entstehung und erste Entwicklung der Katechismen des Petrus Canisius_ (Freiburg i. B. 1893); Dejob, _De l'influence du Concile de Trente_ (Paris, 1884); Paolo Sarpi, _History of the Council of Trent_ (London, 1619); _Lettere di Fra Paolo Sarpi_ (Florence, 1863).]

[Footnote 696: For an account of these negotiations, and for the false start made on Nov. 1st, 1542, see W. Maurenbrecher, "Tridentiner Concil, Vorspiel und Einleitung," _Historisches Taschenbuch_, Sechste Folge, 1886, pp. 147-256; also _Cambridge Modern History_, ii. 660 _ff._ It seems to be pretty certain that the fear that the Germans might hold a National Council and the possibility that there might result a National German Church independent of Rome on the lines laid down by Henry VIII. of England, was the motive which finally compelled Pope Paul III. to decide on summoning a General Council; cf. i. pp. 378, 379.]

[Footnote 697: The church now contains a picture on the north wall of the choir of the group of theologians who were members of the Council.]

[Footnote 698: The Council sat at Trent from the 13th Dec. 1545 to the 11th March 1547 (Sessions i.-viii.); at Bologna from the 21st of April to the 2nd of June 1547 (Sessions ix.-x.); at Trent from the 1st of May 1551 to the 28th of April 1552 (Session xi.-xvi.); and at Trent from the 18th of Jan. 1562 to the 3rd of Dec. 1563 (Sessions xvii.-xxv.).]

[Footnote 699: It was enough for him that the Protestants held the Twelve Articles (the _Apostles' Creed_); cf. i. 264 _n._; and ii. 517, 518.]

[Footnote 700: Cf. i. 390.]

[Footnote 701: (Theiner) _Acta genuina ss. æcumenici concilii Tridentini_, p. 40.]

[Footnote 702: Loofs in his _Leitfaden zum studium der Dogmengeschichte_ (Halle a. S. 1893) declares that the following tendencies within the Roman Catholic Church of the sixteenth century have all to be taken into account as influencing the decisions come to at the Council of Trent: The reorganisation of the Spanish Church in strict mediæval spirit _by the Crown_ under Isabella and Ferdinand; the revival of Thomist theology, especially in the Dominican Order; the fostering of mystical piety, especially in new and in reconstructed Orders; the ennobling of theology by Humanism, and its influence, direct and indirect, in leading theologians back to Augustine; the strengthening of the Papacy in the rise of Curialism; and, lastly, the ecclesiastical interests of temporal sovereigns generally opposed to this Curialism. He declares that the newly-founded Order of the Jesuits served as a meeting-place for the first, third, fourth, and fifth of these tendencies (pp. 333-34).]

[Footnote 703: "Nec non traditiones ipsas, tum ad fidem, tum ad mores pertinentes, tanquam vel oretenus a Christo, vel a Spiritu Sancto dictatas, et continua successione in Ecclesia catholica conservatas, _pari_ pietatis affectu ac reverentia suscipit et veneratur." The references to the decisions of Trent have been taken from Denzinger, _Enchiridion Symbolorum et Definitionum quæ de rebus fidei et morum a conciliis oecumenicis et summis Pontificibus emanarunt_ (Würzburg, 1900), p. 179.]

[Footnote 704: "Statuit et declarat, ut hæc ipsa vetus et vulgata editio, quæ longo tot sæculorum usu in ipsa Ecclesia probata est, in publicis lectionibus, disputationibus, prædicationibus pro authentica habeatur; et ut nemo illam rejicere quovis prætextu audeat vel præsumat" (Denzinger, _Enchiridion_, etc. p. 179).]

[Footnote 705: "Nemo ... contra cum sensum, quem tenuit et tenet sancta mater Ecclesia, cujus est judicare de vero sensu et interpretatione Scripturarum Sanctarum, autetiam contra unanimem consensum Patrum, ipsam Scripturam Sacram interpretari audeat" (_ibid._ p. 180).]

[Footnote 706: "Non possum pati synodum pari pietatis affectu suscipere traditiones et libros sanctos: hoc enim, ut vere dicam quod seutio, _impium est_."]

[Footnote 707: "Si quis non confitetur, primum hominem Adam, cum mandatum Dei in paradiso fuisset transgressus, statim sanctificationem et justitiam, in qua constitutus fuerat, amisisse.... Anathema sit" (Denzinger, _Enchiridion_, etc. p. 180).]

[Footnote 708: "Tametsi in eis liberum arbitrium minime extinctum esset, viribus licet attenuatum et inclinatum"; in the first paragraph of the decree on Justification (_ibid._ p. 182).]

[Footnote 709: "Declarat tamen hæc ipsa sancta Synodus, non esse suæ intentionis comprehendere in hoc decreto, ubi de peccato originali agitur, beatam et immaculatam Virginem Mariam, Dei genitricem; sed observandas constitutiones felicis recordationis Sixti Papæ IV. sub poenis in eis constitutionibus contentis, quas innovat" (_ibid._ p. 182).]

[Footnote 710: Cf. above, pp. 520, 521.]

[Footnote 711: _History of Dogma_ (English translation), vii. 57.]

[Footnote 712: Seripando was made a Cardinal in 1561 by Pope Pius IV., who also sent him to the Council of Trent in that year as one of his Legates.]

[Footnote 713: "Cum omnes homines in prævaricatione Adæ innocentiam perdi dissent facti immundi ... ut non modo gentes per vim naturæ, sed ne Judæi quidem per ipsam etiam litteram legis Moysi, inde liberari aut surgere possent" (Denzinger, _Enchiridion_, etc. 182).]

[Footnote 714: "Hunc proposuit Deus propitiatorem _per fidem_ in sanguine ipsius pro peccatis nostris" (Denzinger, _Enchiridion_, etc. p. 183).]

[Footnote 715: "Ita nisi in Christo renascerentur, nunquam justificarentur, cum ea renascentia per meritum passionis ejus gratia, qua justi fiunt, illis tribuatur; pro hoc beneficio Apostolus gratias nos semper agere hortatur Patri, qui dignos nos fecit in partem sortis sanctorum in lumine, et eripuit de potestate tenebrarum, transtulitque in regnum Filii dilectionis suæ, in quo habemus redemptionem et remissionem peccatorum" (_ibid._ 183).]

[Footnote 716: "Translatio ab eo statu in quo homo nascitur ... in statum gratiæ et adoptionis filiorum Dei per ... Jesum Christum, salvatorem nostrum; quæ quidem translatio post Evangelium promulgatum sine lavacro regenerationis, aut ejus voto, fieri non potest" (_ibid._ p. 183).]

[Footnote 717: "Ut, qui per peccata a Deo aversi erant, per ejus excitantem atque adjuvantem gratiam ad convertendum se ad suam ipsorum justificationem eidem gratiæ libere assentiendo et co-operando, disponantur ..."]

[Footnote 718: Cf. i. 222 _f._]

[Footnote 719: He classed Cardinal Pole among heretics; Vittoria Colonna became suspect because she was "tilia spiritualis et discipula Cardinalis Poli, hæretici"; and the nuns of St. Catherine at Viterbo were noted as "suspectæ" from their intimacy with Vittoria (_Carteggio di Vittoria Colonna_, pp. 433 _ff._; Turin, 1889).]

[Footnote 720: "Symbolum fidei quo sancta _Romana_ Ecclesia utitur."]

[Footnote 721: "Through the mercy of God and the provident care of _His own Vicar upon earth_." Session vi. de reform, c. 1.]

[Footnote 722: Session xxv. de reform, c. 2.]

[Footnote 723: "We by apostolic authority forbid all persons ... that they presume without our authority to publish in any form any commentaries, glosses, annotations, scholia, or any kind of interpretation whatsoever touching the decrees of the said Council; or to settle anything in regard thereof under any plea whatsoever.... But if anything therein shall seem to any one to have been expressed and ordained obscurely ... and to stand in need of interpretation or decision, let him go up to the place which the Lord hath chosen, to wit, to the Apostolic See, the mistress of all the faithful, whose authority the Holy Synod also has reverently acknowledged."]

[Footnote 724: Llorente, _Histoire critique de l'Inquisition d'Espagne_ (Paris, 1818); Lea, _A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages_ (London, 1888); Reusch, _Der Index der Verbotener Bücher_ (Bonn, 1885); Lea, _The Spanish Inquisition_ (London, 1906); Symonds, _Renaissance in Italy, The Catholic Reaction_ (London, 1886).]

[Footnote 725: It is to be found in Gudenus, _Codex Diplomaticus_, iv. 469.]

[Footnote 726: "Wishing also to impose a restraint ... upon printers ... who print without licence of ecclesiastical superiors, the said books of Sacred Scripture, and the annotations and expositions upon them of all persons indifferently ... (this Synod) ordains and decrees, that, henceforth, the Sacred Scripture, and especially the aforesaid old and Vulgate edition, be printed in the most correct manner possible; and that it shall not be lawful for anyone to print, or cause to be printed, _any books whatever on sacred matters_, without the name of the author; nor to sell them in future or even to keep them by them, _unless they shall have been first examined and approved by the ordinary_; under pain of anathema and fine imposed in a canon of the last Lateran Council" (Sess. iv.)]

[Footnote 727: The original Index of Pope Paul IV. contained a list of no less than sixty-one _printers_, and prohibited the reading of _any book printed by them_. He afterwards withdrew this clause. But his Index gives a long catalogue of authors _all_ of whose writings are prohibited. It is, with one distinguished exception, a mere list of names; but it contains: "Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus cum universis commentariis, annotationibus, scholiis, dialogis, epistolis, censuris, versionibus, libris et scriptis suis, etiam si nil penitus contra religionem vel de religione contineant."]

[Footnote 728: Session xviii.--Decree anent the choice of books; Session xxv.--Anent the Index of books, the Catechism, Breviary, and Missal.]

[Footnote 729: Symonds, _The Renaissance in Italy: The Catholic Reaction_, i. 301.]

Transcriber's Notes:

In this version, underscores have been used to represent words in _italics_. Greek words have been transliterated and enclosed in equal signs (=logikê latreia=). The caret character has been used to introduce superscripts, e.g. xvii^{th}.

Other minor changes are described below: -------+-------------------------------+------------------ page | originally | changed to -------+-------------------------------+------------------ vii |Lemonier |Lemonnier xii |Freibourg |Freiburg 43 |Ausburger |Augsburger 49 |Landammann |Landamann 72 |Vallingin |Villingen 85 |Antoina |Antonia 116 n. |gestes marveilleux |Gestes merveilleux 148 |auto-da fés |auto-da-fés 162 |cas communs |cas communes 181 |d'Hopital |de l'Hôpital 234 n. |Geschiedeniss der Doopgezinden |Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden 237 |Daventer |Deventer 238 |Daventer |Deventer 254 n. |Philip |Philippe 254 |St. Omer's |St. Omer 261 [inserted second footnote anchor] 293 |Prag |Prague 312 |hopless |hopeless 358 |Büchlin |Büchlein 438 |Lichtenstein |Liechtenstein 445 n. |St. Galler |St. Gallen 447 |Ostreich-Ungern |Österreich-Ungarn 462 |striken |stricken 484 n. |Marrenbrecher |Maurenbrecher 564 |Taschensbuch |Taschenbuch 576 n. |Denzigner |Denzinger 581 |Crescenzio |Crescentio 614 |Ausberger |Augsburger 614 |Bekantones |Bekentones 617 |Chatelet |Châtelet 618 n. |Dilemburg |Dillenburg 619 |Eidgenots |Eidguenots 620 |Vallingen |Villingen 624 |Meersberg |Meersburg 625 |l'Ame |l'âme 626 |Gräbunden |Graubünden 628 |Heidelburg |Heidelberg 629 |Giorlamo |Girolamo 640 |Meyer, Johann |Maier, Johann (and moved respecting Index alphabetical order) 631 |Willebrock |Willebroek