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PART II

A FEW REMARKS ON THE PROVINCE OF YÁURI, AND ON THOSE OF MÁURI AND ZABÉRMA.

Mohammed, the elder brother and predecessor of Khalílu, granted imána to Dan-Ay, a Nyffáwi by birth, who ruled Yáuri for thirty years, and was succeeded by Mafóri, who governs Yáuri at the present time.

The annual tribute which Yáuri pays to Gandó consists of 500 shirts, and from thirty to fifty slaves; while that of Núpe consists of 1000 shirts and 300 slaves.

I will here add a few remarks with regard to Núpe or Nyffi. The northern frontier of Núpe or Nyffi is Fáshi; the eastern border towards Gwári is Líffe; the southern one, Kóro, towards Yúguchi and Búnu. The large town Charági, inhabited half by Yorubáwa, half by Nyffáwa, is two days from Rába by way of Karákará. It is the Yorubáwa who call the Núpe people, Tápa. The Nyffáwa themselves call the Háusáwa, Kenchi, and the Fúlbe, Goy. The Háusáwa call the Nyffáwa, as well as some other related tribes, Baibay. The rivulet or fáddama called Kontagóra separates the territory of the Abéwa or Ebbáwa from that of Núpe, while on the other side it borders upon Yáuri. On the Kontagóra is the large town Kúra, belonging to the Kámbari. The Abéwa live especially on the Manjára, are said to have an idiom of their own, and are armed exclusively with arrows. The people of Núpe Proper are exclusively cavalry.

Principal towns and villages in the province of Yáuri, beginning from Bessekúttu:—Shenga, Kákaté, Dukku, B. Yáuri, Gangwo, Sáwasi, Tondi, Funtu-n-dúchi, Fombo, Sombo, Árgidá, Shóbbonó, Rábakó, Bágedé, Mofóngi, Lúchi, Móchipá, Ngáski, Águrá, Óbaká (large place), Berway, Kwéne, Zente, Mojínga, all near to B. Yáuri; Mófiló (domain of the heir apparent or “dan serkí,” half a day E. from Yáuri), Wára (a place of embarcation, “báki-n-makétare,” on the Kwára), Jatáwu, Kawóje, between Yáuri and a place called Dandi Féllani; Bokki-júrurú, Lanne, Sonwuay, Dúchi- or Dútsi-n-Mári. Now follow the islands, or “gúngu,” in the river, all of which are inhabited by Kámbari: Shíshiya, Rópiya, Gabáilo. The principal towns of the independent Kámbari are: Rejó, Béto, Fantandáchi, Áchira, Shébbenó, Rába-n-Kámbari, Ubakka.

I here add the seats of three particular tribes settled in the neighbourhood of Yáuri: the Bangi, between Yáuri and Kotórkoshe; the Shengáwa in Jakwa, between Yáuri and Haúsa; and the Dekérkeri settled in Tabé, Zúru, Bangen-jatáwa, and in Kagaye.

FROM BUNZA TO YÁURI.

(_a._) _Western road._

1st day. Tsáru.

2nd. Állelú, on a river of the same name.

3rd. Dáji, perhaps the word meaning wilderness; no town.

4th. Gangu (gúngu, “the island” [on the Kwára?]).

5th. Yáuri.

(_b._) _Eastern road._

1st day. Bussukúttu, according to this information, a village of Kebbi; but generally regarded as belonging to the territory of Yáuri.

2nd. Kúsará, lying on the other side of a rivulet called Gulbi-n-Chúso; here you sleep, when the river is full of water, the crossing of it occupying a long time; else proceed, and halt in Zángo-n-dúmmia.

3rd. Gangwo.

4th. Yáuri.

I here give, as I have no other place, a short itinerary from Yáuri to Kotú-n-kúra, or rather Kotá-n-koró.

1st day. Rágadá, belonging to the territory of Yáuri.

2nd. A hamlet of the Kámbari.

3rd. Kotá-n-koró, a place larger than Zínder, under the dominion of Kátsena, with a daily market.

ZABÉRMA.

The province of Zabérma, or Zérma (Jérma) is bordered towards the south- west by the Niger: towards the south by the province of Déndina and the district of Támkala; and towards the south-east by the province of Máuri. Its northern, or rather north-western, border cannot be well defined with the insufficient knowledge which we possess of that quarter; although thus much is clear, that the district of Ímmanan, which lies between the former and Kidal, the province of the Debbákal, or the Benú Sékki, is to be sought for in that neighbourhood. It is inhabited by a race of Songhay and Tawárek, but, apparently, of a degraded and mixed character, who give to the country, or at least to the eastern portion of the province, the name Chéggazar, which however seems to attach to one locality in particular; the people of this tract appear to have a chief of their own named Hatta. The country, with the exception of one or two open places, appears scarcely to have any centres of a settled population; and the chief interest attaching to it seems to be the broad valley, rich in natron, which intersects the province. (See Itineraries in the note.[152]) The trees most common in the province are the góreba or dúm-palm, the ákkora, and the gʿaó, and the valley is said to be girt by fine tamarind trees. This province is also famous on account of its rich pasture-grounds, and is for this reason frequented also by a good many sections of the Fúlbe or Féllani, during some months of the year, if the state of the land is favourable, even the cattle of the Féllani-n-Kátsena pasturing in that country.

I here give a list of the sections of the Fúlbe or Féllani who usually pasture here.

Féllani-n-Zabérma:

Jelgóbe, Démbubé, Kurmé, Señínankoye, Módibankoye, Wárbe, Fíttuga, Nibángankoyen, Kúlasankoyen, Jáborinkoyen, Chenbángankoyen, Dárëankoyen, Fármaké[153], Báliyankoyen, Túkankoyen, Kúdurankoyen, Gargánga.

The Féllani-n-Háusa call all those countrymen of theirs who are scattered over these western districts by the nickname Menénnata Háusáre (properly, “I do not understand Háusa”); proving by such a name, which is an opprobrium to themselves, their own loss of nationality, and that they, although Fúlbe, usually address their own people more in Háusa than in their own idiom, the Fulfúlde language.

LIST OF PLACES IN MÁURI OR ÁREWÁ.

Zormakoye (residence of a special governor), Lokoye (the capital of the province in former times), Gíwaye, Dámana or Dammána, Tiwellíje (Séberi), Gómbora, Birni-n-Máuri, Bébe (with caverns), Gálewa, Degéji, Sákari, Báki-n-dútsi[154], Lóga.

[Footnote 150: Yélu, one day from Zogírma through forest, one day W. from Bunza, south of the former road, and about 8 m. S. of Kallíul, on the dallul Fógha.

From Yélu to Gáya, one day S.W., passing through the following places:—Bamba, a large hamlet, Kahínjanáwa, Fatagásu, Rúwa-n-kangwa Zagónji, Póde-bodéji, a hamlet of Fúlbe, or rather Zargábe; then Birni- n-Gáya.

From Yélu to Yáuri, S.S.E., 8 short days.

Foná, formerly a large town, which gave its name to a whole province.

Kúsará.

Windefáda.

Bessekúttu, a hamlet belonging to the territory of Yáuri.

Shenga.

Sáwasi.

Tóndi.

Birni-n-Yáuri.]

[Footnote 151: Between Gáya and Kirotáshi, another town higher up the Niger, about 15 m. S. from Say, lie the following places:—Tara, Sanáfiná, and Bángagá. At Kirotáshi, the ráfi-n-Zabérma, which skirts the east side of Támkala, joins the Ísa, or Niger.]

[Footnote 152:

1.—_Itinerary from Aúgi, along a winding track, by way of Máuri and Zabérma, to Támkala._

1st day. Kókoshé.

2nd. Dámbugél, belonging to the territory of Máuri or Árewá.

3rd. Dammána.

4th. Karákará, at the western frontier of Árewá.

5th. Fergéza, village of elephant-hunters, the first place (mafári) of Zabérma.

6th. Tembekíre.

7th. Dóso, open capital of Zabérma; residence of Dáúd, son of Hammam Bákara, during the period of my journey independent. Beside him, there seems to be another chief in Zabérma, named Hammam Jymma. From here direction S. or S.E.

8th. Yéni, on the eastern side of the broad dallul Bóso, or Bosso, which comes from Kúrfay, and rejoins the Kwára at Kirotáshi; it is full of natron, but along the border of the valley there are wells of fresh water one fathom in depth.

9th. Támkala.

2.—_Indication of Route from Yéni to Kúrfay, in very long marches in a N.W. direction along the natron valley._

1st station. Téghazar, or Chéggazar, on the west side of the dallul, at several miles’ distance, and evidently E. or N.E. from Dóso. The data furnished by Mohammed el Másini are of the utmost importance, and fully confirmed. Jérma (Zabérma) _on the right_, probably S.E., of Téghazar, and extending down to the very border of the river Kwára: Téghazar, on the contrary, three days’ from the river, through a barren desert full of wild beasts, and the deep stream running at half a day’s distance.

2nd station. Ímmanan, likewise on the western or rather north-western side of the dallul.

3rd station. Kurfay.]

[Footnote 153: Whether the name of this tribe has any connection with the name of the province Fermágha to the W. of Timbúktu, I cannot say. Mr. Cooley suggests to me that it may have some relation to the Mandingo.]

[Footnote 154: It is very remarkable, that while this town is mentioned in that excellent little geographical treatise of Mohammed Ben Áhmed Másini, appended to Captain Clapperton’s Second Travels, p. 332, as belonging to the country or district of Emanoo, none of the other towns of Máuri which I have enumerated are there named, with the exception of Lokoye (Lu-koo-yow), but in their stead four others of which I heard nothing. But those places which then were the most considerable may have been since either greatly reduced, or even destroyed. There can be no doubt that Mohammed’s Emanoo is the district Ímmanan, mentioned by me as lying between Téghazar and Máuri.]

APPENDIX VI.

INFORMATION WITH REGARD TO THE PROVINCES OF GURMA, MÓSI, AND TOMBO.

The whole triangle interposed between the Niger towards the north, and the country of the Eastern Mandingoes or Wángaráwa towards the south, appears to be inhabited by a single race of people, whose language, although they are divided into several different states and nations, nevertheless appears originally to have been of the same stock. It is very probable, that this race in ancient times occupied the whole upper course of the Niger, and that this tract may have been wrested from them in later times by the Songhay, and the Mandingoes, especially that section of the latter which is generally called Bámbara. These are the Gurma towards the N.E., the Tombo towards the N.W., and between them the Mósi, or, as they appear to call themselves, Móre. Gurma, also, does not appear to be the indigenous name by which those people designate themselves, but is, I think, of Songhay origin. The Gurma, on account of the neighbourhood of the centres of the Songhay empire, appear to have lost almost their whole independence and nationality, the Songhay conquering from them great part of their territory, and wasting the remainder by continuous predatory expeditions; but the former seem to have recovered part of their strength since the weakening of the power of the Fúlbe in these quarters, who followed upon the heels of the Songhay, and who appear to have formed settlements all along the great high road from Másina to Háusa, having established themselves firmly in the latter province from very remote times. The strongest among these pagan kingdoms five centuries ago, and even at the present moment, is that of the Mósi, although the country is split into a number of small principalities, almost totally independent of each other, and paying only some slight homage to the ruler of the principality of Wóghodogó. The Mósi are called Morba (perhaps originally Móre-bá; bá being, as Mr. Cooley informs me, a formative of personal nouns in the Mandingo language) by the Bámbara; they themselves give peculiar names to the tribes around them, calling the Fúlbe, Chilmígo; the Songhay, Marénga; the Gurma, Bimba; the Wángara, Tauréarga; the Háusa people, Zángoró; the Asanti or Asianti, Santi. The inhabitants of Gurma call the Háusáwa, Jongoy; but the name of the Fúlbe they have changed only very slightly, calling them Fuljo in the singular, Fulga in the plural form. The Bámbara give to the Áswánek or Swanínki the name Marka. With regard to the line of Mandingo or Wángara settlements, which extend through the whole breadth of this tract along about the tenth meridian of north latitude, I shall say more further on. I will here only remark that Mr. Cooley (“Negroland of the Arabs,” p. 79) seems to have been right in his supposition respecting the original settlements of that eminent African race.

Besides the nationalities mentioned, there are in the tract described several smaller tribes, the degree of whose affinity it is not so easy to determine, especially as the names are more or less corrupted by the traders: Tuksáwa, Gurúnga, Basánga, well known also from other sources, with the chief places Lárabu and Tangay, the Susámga, Samgay, Kántantí, Kárkardí, Chókoshí, whose chief place situated on an eminence seems to be Gambága, formerly supposed to be the name of a country; Choksáwa is probably only the Háusa form of Chókoshí.

The Tombo[155] seem to have been very powerful in former times, extending probably to the very banks of the Niger at Timbúktu, and became known to the Portuguese from the end of the fifteenth century; but having still, in the latter half of the last century, constituted an important political power, they seem since to have suffered very severely by the continual attacks of the Fúlbe, who have invaded their territory from two different quarters at the same time, from Másina towards the N.W., and from Gilgóji towards the N.E., the latter province being entirely wrested from them, so that they have lost all national independence, although they still retain a large territory of about 150 miles in every direction. I will here at once proceed to communicate the little information which I have been able to collect with regard to them, in order then to subjoin a network of routes which will constitute a fair framework whereupon to lay down in an approximate manner the topography of Gurma and Mósi.

The country of the Tombo at present extends from the province of Gilgóji in the N.E., the greater part of the inhabitants of which belong to the same race, and Dwentsa in the N., and from near Konna towards the N.W., to the territory of Benendúgu, or country of the Beni, in the S., and to that of Yádega in the S.E. From the latter they seem to be separated by the territory of the Urbá and Tinógel, who, however, evidently belong to the same stock. The eastern and western portion of the region thus included is mountainous, the central part more level, and clothed with a rich vegetation of tamarind and other trees. The chief place of the whole territory is said to be Árre, situated fifteen days from Gilgóji, and fifteen from Dámmajé, a place on the road to Wóghodogó, nine days from Sofára; and the next in importance are said to be the following towns or villages:—Nínge, one day south from Dwentsa, Bambar, Kája, Nayámma, Hónduk, Dímbilí, Kong, Shóle, Ámmalá, Kómmogam, Shógo, Kaulu, Yelme, Kul, Tiyaugu, Shanger, Wódibú, (apparently inhabited, at least

## partly, by Mandingoes), Kána, Andúl, Gímle, Índe, Káwar, Fanjékkara,

Kommaige, Tamtóngo, Mówe, Tímmin, Ulúl. All these places or towns are said be of considerable extent, and to have each its own chief.

I now proceed to give the itineraries illustrating the geography of Gurma and Mósi. But I must first say a word about Mr. Duncan’s route from Abóme to Ada-fudia[156], or, as he writes, Adda-foodia, which will be found to coincide partly with the region here described by myself. This route of Mr. Duncan will be found in course of time to contain a few gross mistakes, to say the least. It is quite impossible for an African traveller to go over such distances in so short a time as Mr. Duncan did, who one day counts his journey at not less than forty-four miles.[157] It is not clear from his journal whether the population of the places visited by him be Mandingo or Fulfúlde; although it appears to be evident from certain hints which he throws out, that he supposes it to consist of these two elements[158], but in reality the more northern part of the route travelled over by him is entirely inhabited by native tribes. Supposing the population of the country thus traversed consisted of Felláta or Fúlbe, it seems very unlikely that these people, who are so suspicious, should allow a traveller to hurry on at this rate, without any stoppages. Moreover, I doubt very much whether in any of the countries hereabout dromedaries and elephants will be found tamed, such as Duncan found in Sogbo; and whether the sugar-cane and the oil-palm grow there. I have not been able to connect any of the towns between Assafúda and Adá-fudía, as laid down by Duncan, with my itineraries, nay, I have not been able to learn the names, or become aware of the existence, of any such places; but this I leave to future travellers, who may have the fortune to visit that quarter.

I now give first an itinerary from Komba on the Niger to Sansánne Mangho, in order to circumscribe the country of Gurma on its south- eastern side, and thence to Selga, the great entrepôt of the gúro-trade.

A.—_Route from Komba to Sansánne Mangho._

1st day. Korkojángo garí-n-ʿAbdu Féllani, a Púllo settlement.

2nd. No village.

3rd. Mákuru, on a watercourse without a current, numbers of wild beasts.

4th. Dágu, a village, belonging to Gurma, and skirted by a fáddama on its west side.

5th. Sófo-n-Dágu “Old Dágu,” at present uninhabited.

6th. Bizúggu or Bisúgu, large place, residence of chief Yanjo. Between Dágu and Bizúggu, one day perhaps is left out; at least, other travellers make three stations between these two towns, the first in Súdo-melle, the next in Zokóga a Gurma village, the third in Mekkéra, another Gurma village.

7th. Tanga, a hamlet, bordered towards the south by a mountain, and skirted on the east side by a watercourse running from W. to E.

8th. Majóri, a hamlet, on the north side of a large mountain.

* * * * *

I here add another direct road from Komba to Majóri without passing by Bizúggu:

1st day. Korkojángo.

2nd. Féllalé, a mountain, and therefore called Féllalé-n-dútsi (dútsi meaning mountain in Háusa), with a watercourse.

3rd. Small watercourse, with water occasionally.

4th. Dágu, a village of Gurma.

5th. Súdo-melle, a large market-place of Gurma, probably a settlement of the Wángara, who are always called by the natives of this district Wángara-Melle; “súdo” means dwelling, in Fulfúlde.

6th. A village belonging to Barba or Búrgu.

7th. A village of idolaters, in a mountainous district.

8th. Sabálg_a_, a pagan village, still under Gurma. Bizúggu, one day west from here.

9th. Sabálg_u_, a small village, the whole country mountainous.

10th. A small watercourse.

11th. Majóri now deserted.

* * * * *

9th. Halt in the wilderness “on the bank of a river” (baki-n-gulbi), which is crossed on skins.

10th. Barbar, a hamlet.

11th. Famma; a mountain towards the east.

12th. Halt “on the bank of a river” (baki-n-gulbi) in the wilderness.

13th. Fálalé or Féllalé, a large village, inhabited by native Gurma, naked and only protecting their hind quarters with a wisp. Mountainous. “Fálalé,” as I have said, means mountain or rock.

14th. Belgu, called by the Háusa-traders “maigigíña,” on account of its being so rich in deléb-palms. Situated on the bank of a river in a mountainous district.

15th. Sansánne Mangho or Mango (“the camp of Mohammed”), an old settlement of the Mandingoes or Wángaráwa, who seem to have been settled in this quarter from ancient times, engaged in the gold trade between Kong and Kúkia (the old capital of Songhay), which received its gold from hence. Even now a peculiar weight of mithkál (see Vol. V. p. 23) is still used here. The number of inhabitants about 3000. The name of the present governor is Kancho. From hence a track leads to Wóghodogó.

16th. Halt on the border of a river, having crossed another river in the course of the day.

17th. A well inhabited (probably Mandingo or Wángara) place called by the Háusa traders “garí-n-maíbéndega,” on account of the people being all armed with muskets. Territory of governor Mangha.

18th. Sakoiga, territory of Yendi.

19th. Yendi, an important place, but not near so large as was believed formerly, from the account given by the travellers to Asianti, it appearing in reality to have a population of about 5000. They are idolaters, and drink búza or péto in great quantity. The name of the governor is Kirgángu, before whose house two baskets of meat are daily given to the vultures, to whom a sort of worship seems to be paid.

20th. Sambo, a village situated on the other side of the river.

21st. Kóbier or Kóbia.

22nd. A halt on the bank of a river, no village.

23rd. Sungúngu.

24th. Túru, a village.

25th. Yánsalá.

26th. Salga, or Selga, capital of the province of Gonja, residence of a governor; population about 1000 inhabitants, the market of the gúro trade, and destitute of water, which is brought from a rivulet at some distance called “gulbi-n-baráwu,” on account of its being occasionally infested by robbers.

I will now give at once the route from this place, which is connected with Kumássi the capital of Asianti by a tolerably ascertained route, to Tañéra or Tangréra, an important point approximatively laid down according to Caillié’s route.

B.—_Route from Selga to Tañéra by way of Kong, very short marches._

1st day. Súgunkollo, a small town belonging to the province of Gonja, but ruled by a governor of its own.

2nd. Kónkorosú, a place in a district rich in gúro trees.

3rd. A rivulet called by the Háusa traders “kúrremi-n-fítta,” on account of its banks being richly clad with the tree which supplies the leaves called “fítta,” wherein the gúro is packed up in the little baskets called “wágha.”

4th. Halt in the wilderness, traversed by a rivulet, and frequented by elephants.

5th. A rivulet containing gold particles in its sand, and therefore called “gulbi-n-zinária.” Territory of Gonja.

6th. Bitúgu, a large town, residence of a governor of the name Adángara, who acknowledges the supremacy of Asianti.

13th. Another river with gold, called therefore “gulbi-n-zinária.”

26th. Kong, a large town, the houses consisting entirely of clay dwellings. The inhabitants, Mandingoes or Wángara, and most of them Mohammedans. Also Fullán or Fúlbe are found there. They have a good deal of weaving, and their cotton is very celebrated, especially the kind called “el harrotáfe” in Timbúktu, with alternating stripes in red and black.

27th. Náfaná, a village.

28th. Halt in the fields of Náfaná.

29th. A village belonging to the territory of Tágonó, which stretches southward to the neighbourhood of a considerable place called Árna.

30th. A large place, likewise in Tágonó.

31st. Halt on the bank of a rivulet running from N. to S., navigable during the rainy season, and then animated by river horses, but without water in the dry season.

32nd. Kému, a large town of the territory of Tágonó, with a considerable mountain towards the south, and many small watercourses.

33rd. Another village of Tágonó.

34th. Village belonging to the territory of Fúluná.

35th. Another village of the same.

36th. A village of the territory Kurdúgu. All these different territories are inhabited by Mandingoes or Wángara.

39th. Kanyénni, a large town situated on a kúrremi or a small watercourse and an important market-place, the most important one of this whole tract with the exception of Furá. The inhabitants Wángaráwa, moslemín, and idolaters.

40th. Ségganá, on a watercourse, as it seems, the same as that of Kanyénni.

50th. Ganóni, an important market-place of the Fúluná.

59th. Tañéra, another place of the Fúluná larger than Ganóni, and built of clay. This is evidently Caillié’s Tangréra (i. p. 385, _et seq._). In going from Tañéra to Yámina, or Nyámina, a journey of twenty-nine short marches, the traveller reaches on the fourth day a large river (probably the Bagoë of Caillié), on the other side of which the territory of Yámina commences.

C.—_From Kirotáshi, a town on the east side of the Niger, one day south of Say, to Wóghodoghó._

1st day. Halt on the west side of the Kwára or Ísa.

2nd. Bóti, residence of a chief of Gurma.

3rd. Wilderness.

4th. Wilderness.

5th. San-katatúgu.

7th. Bizúggu, called by the Háusa traders “Fáda-n-Gurma,” “palace of Gurma,” and residence of a chief called by them Tobáni-n-kífi.

8th. Yenga, the frontier town of Mósi in this direction.

9th. Bennanába (or rather Be-nába) or Nungu, called Nomma by the Fúlbe, Fáda-n-Gurma by the Háusa people, the residence of Bojjo the supreme chief of Gurma: the name of his predecessor, it seems, was Chenchírma or Yengírma. The distance from Bizúggu to the latter place seems rather long for two common marches, although it certainly does not exceed sixty miles; other people make four halts, the first in Landó; the second in Burgu; the third in Kankancháli, a large town; and the fourth, in a place called by the traders “Garí-n-Magájia.”

I here subjoin a route leading from Champagóre to Landó or Lendó, a place which is of considerable importance on account of its being the residence of the warlike chief Wintélle, whose princely title is Fan- du. From Champagóre:—Mayánga a hamlet inhabited by slaves of the Fúlbe; Champelga, already belonging to the territory of Lendó; Lendó.

10th. Tánkurgú.

13th. Kulféla, a well-frequented market-place of Mósi, and of greater importance than all the other towns of Mósi; the governor’s name is Nábere Gáger. The inhabitants are celebrated archers. Another informant going from Kulféla to Tánkurgú makes three stations, the first in Ligílde Málgumá, a large town, the second in Lúlugú, and the third in a village called Kógo.

15th. Wóghodoghó.

N.B.—If this were a tolerably direct road it would have a great influence upon the position of the various places mentioned; but it would seem that my informant turned away from his direct track in order to visit the market-place Kulféla. Other people, in going slowly from Kulféla to Wóghodoghó, spend eight days on the road, sleeping the first night in Páshipánga, the second in Tángay, the third in Zorógo, the next in a place ruled by a man called Máne Bogónje, the fifth in another village called Tángay, and reach Wóghodoghó on the eighth. I shall here join Tánkurgú with Sansánne Mangho by an itinerary, which, however, does not lay claim to completeness.

1st day. Benda, belonging to the territory of Busánga.

2nd. Samga, a large town.

3rd. Kántantí, residence of a chief of its own.

4th. Yanga.

5th. Sansánne Mangho.

D.—_From Yágha to Belánga (long marches)._

1st day. Kábo, a village of Yágha.

2nd. Selúngu, a Gurma village belonging to the territory of Belánga.

3rd. Jafánge, a large Gurma place (long march).

4th. On the bank of the river Shirba in the wilderness.

5th. Beláng or Belánga, residence of one of the Gurma chiefs, styled Bélem-béttu (béttu means chief, king, in the Gurma language), who at present is one of the most powerful rulers of that country; his territory extending about four days’ good march in every direction,—the more important places being Yamba, Sírbalé, Jepángalé, Basérilú, Balga, Tubga, Déngo, Tampódo, Mokka, Yopónga, Japángo, Béla.

From Belánga to Nungu or Be-nába there are four very short days, passing by Yamba, a large place, Yébel-yébel, and Tubga.

E.—_From Jíbo, capital of the province of Gilgóji or Jilgódi (about 60 miles S. from Mundóro, 55 W.S.W. from Áribínda, and 35 S.S.W. from Tínge), by way of Kaye, to Máni and Wóghodoghó (very short marches)._

1st day. Káje.

2nd. Sebbe.

3rd. Gánkomá (not Gaikomá).

4th. Tóngomelle or Tóngomaye, a market-place of some importance, which may be reached on horseback in one day from Jíbo.

5th. Nyange.

6th. Kóbay.

7th. Surgúsumá, the last place of the territory of Gilgóji.

8th. Kélbo, the first village of the territory of Mósi. The border- district in general is regarded as very unsafe.

9th. Déffia.

10th. Sokkopéndu.

11th. Kondu-bétto (probably not the name of the place, but that of the chief; this is perhaps the place Kondu or Kamgo, which is said to have resisted successfully an expedition of Sheikho Áhmedu).

12th. Sába.

13th. Mákkeri.

14th. Kaye, an important place, where several roads meet.

_From Kaye to Wóghodoghó._

1st day. Jetínga.

2nd. Nessemetínga.

3rd. Lúda.

4th. Máku.

5th. Bússumo (or as it is called by the traders “Fádan Bússumo”), an important place, residence of a powerful chief, probably the most powerful of the Mósi chiefs at the present time, especially with regard to cavalry.

6th. Kurzumógo, residence of a governor (“yeríma”) under Bússumo.

7th. Máni, another residence of a powerful chief who, however, in a certain degree seems to acknowledge the supremacy of Bússumo.

8th. Yáko, a considerable place.

10th. Wóghodogó.

F.—_From Máni—Yádega._

1st day. Yáko.

2nd. Kurzomógo, not identical, as it appears, with the synonymous place mentioned in the previous itinerary; residence of a governor under Yádega.

3rd. Jegá, a considerable place, with huts of reed.

4th. Zámche.

5th. Damméko.

6th. Píssela.

7th. Yerímchí (probably only a name given to the place by the traders as being the residence of a yeríma or governor).

8th. Yádega.

G 1.—_From Máni to Kong and back by a more easterly road._

1st day. Temma.

2nd. Yáko.

3rd. Lá.

4th. Sarma.

5th. Bófori.

6th. Sáfané.

7th. Langaféra.

8th. Ditóri.

9th. Téberé.

10th. Kong, a large place, according to informant, inhabited by Bámbara. It can scarcely be identical with the well-known town Kong, if the itinerary be correct; but nevertheless it may be the case.

G 2.—_Return from Kong._

1st day. Furá, a large market-place.

2nd. Dálo.

3rd. Kebéne.

4th. Dúllugu.

5th. Dakay, a place belonging to the territory of Mósi.

6th. Kamshégo.

7th. Neténga.

8th. Lúmbilé.

9th. Jéngaré.

10th. Tenga.

11th. Yáma.

12th. Ímigu.

13th. Máni.

H.—_From Kaye to Belússa, and thence to Belánga._

1st day. Dimla, a large town of Mósi, with a warlike population, therefore called “maimáshi” (mistress of spears) by the traders.

2nd. Ponsa, also a considerable place.

3rd. Píssela.

4th. Belússa, a large town, seat of an independent Gurma chief who possesses numerous cavalry.

From Belússa a person on horseback reaches Belánga comfortably the second day, the great station between these two towns being Alitínga, still belonging to Mósi, and an important place, inhabited by Mósi and Háusa traders; but common native travellers generally halt twice between Belússa and Alitínga, in Nyennyéga and Kobúri, and once between Alitínga and Belánga in a Gurma village called Yamba. Belússa seems to be situated from Belánga not true W., as I have placed it in the map which I sent home, but a little more to the N.

Between Belússa and Kulféla lie the following places:— Jíga, Zámche, Sálugu (still belonging to the territory of Belússa), Kumshégu, Sóre (a market-place), Wunógo, Yirnába (residence of a Mandingo or Wángara chief, whom the traders call Yergáwa), then a village belonging to a Púllo resident in Kulféla (“ungwa serkí-n-Féllani-n-Kulféla”); Futínga, Nakálba, Ligíddemél-demá, and Kulféla.

I.—_From Píssela to Dóre in Libtáko (very short marches)._

1st day. Nagabíngo.

2nd. Ponsa, a large place, the same as that mentioned in the preceding itinerary.

3rd. Gungay.

4th. Nantínga.

5th. Lógu.

6th. Sambánga.

7th. Nákorí.

8th. Kéum.

9th. Belga.

10th. Néba.

11th. Kwála.

12th. Tambo.

13th. Marárraba, belonging to Libtáko, and inhabited by Fúlbe. Marárraba means “half-way” in the Háusa language; and it would be important to know what the names of the two places are between which this village is considered as lying half way.

14th. Kála, also inhabited by Fúlbe.

15th. Débbero-ónkoy, Fúlbe.

16th. Láraba.

17th. Dóre.

K.—_Route from Ségo on the Niger to Méggará in Mienka or Menka._

1st. day. Fenya, having crossed a considerable river called Bábelé Sirsénkené.

2nd. Fáraní, a place inhabited by Dhiúli, Júli, or Mandingoes.

3rd. Fínyaná (ditto).

4th. Kaya, inhabited by Júli and Bámbara.

5th. Gondígasó.

6th. Sinsúnkoró, Bámbara.

7th. Enjénené.

8th. Furá, a village inhabited by slaves of the Fúlbe.

9th. Konobúgu, Bámbara.

10th. Sanánkoró, Bámbara.

11th. Kónina, Bámbara.

12th. Segebúgu.

13th. Yensa, in the territory of the Fóngfoná.

14th. Yessímaná.

15th. Jinna or Jinniná, in the territory of Menka.

16th. Jitámaná, residence of the chief of Menka.

17th. Méggará. Here the territory of Bóbó begins. Tenyéra from here ten days S.S.W., and Kong about twenty-three, by way of Fó and Natkhe, S.E.

[Footnote 155: The Tombo call the Songhay “Jennawélam.”]

[Footnote 156: Duncan’s Travels.]

[Footnote 157: Vol. ii. p. 82. From Baffo to Zafoora. “I had travelled forty-four miles (in one day), almost without halting.” A still greater rate of travelling occurs p. 145.]

[Footnote 158: Duncan says (vol. ii. p. 96) that the Niger appears to be known here only by the name Joleeba, not Joliba. Whatever the form, that name is Mandingo: nevertheless, he states the population expressly to belong to the Felláta (or Fúlbe). The latter, from what he says (pp. 109 and 126), seem to hold the dominion of the country; but none of the names which he gives belong to that language. Then the customs do not agree at all with such a state of society, neither the péto (pp. 101, 116, 119), nor the prostration (pp. 104, 111, 151, 155, 160, 173).]

APPENDIX VII.

PEDIGREE OF THE SHEIKH SÍDI ÁHMED EL BAKÁY.

Sídi ʿUkbå, son of ʿOmár with the surname El Mústajáb, the great conqueror of Barbary.

Sakéra.

Yadrúba.

Sʿaíd.

ʿAbd el Kerím.

Mohammed.

Yakhsha.

Domán.

Yahia.

ʿAlí.

Sídi Áhmed, or Mohammed, el Kuntí, born of a Limtúna mother called Yágedásh. He is said to have died in Fask, a district W. of Shingít.

Sídi Áhmed el Bakáy, died in Waláta.

Sídi ʿOmár e’ Sheikh, is said to have changed the cruel custom, prevailing in the family before him, of murdering all the (male) children except one,—and to have left all his three sons alive. For this reason it is that his name occupies a prominent position in El Bakáy’s poem. He was a great friend of ʿAbd el Kerím ben Mohammed el Maghíli, and is said to have visited, in his company, the learned Sheikh e’ Soyúti in Egypt. He is said to have died A.H. 960 (A.D. 1553), in the district of Gídi or Ígídi, E. of the Sákiet el hamra.

Sídi el Wáfi, although Sídi ʿOmár’s second son, succeeded his father as Welí, while the Sheikhdom rested with his elder brother Sídi Mukhtár, who died in the sanctuary or chapel called Zawyet Kunta, situated in the neighbourhood of Bú-ʿAlí, the ksar or village of Tawát where the family of El Maghíli resided. El Wáfi’s younger brother was Sídi Áhmed e’ Regá.

Sídi Haiballa (Habíb-allah). } } Sídi Mohammed. } These four were only Welíye, without } having the dignity of Sheikh. Sídi Bú-Bakr. } } Bábá Áhmed. }

Mukhtár, also called Mukhtár el kebír, in order to distinguish him from his grandson. With him the dignity of Sheikh was transferred into this branch of the family. He died, A.H. 1226 (A.D. 1811). A dream, or sacred vision, which he had in the year 1209, is very famous in those parts of Negroland.

Sídi Mohammed e’ Sheikh died 2nd Shawál, 1241 (10th May, 1826), during Major Laing’s residence in the hilleh in Ázawád.

Mukhtár, his eldest son, died 1263, in Timbúktu.

Sídi Áhmed el Bakáy, Mukhtár’s younger brother, the present chief.

APPENDIX VIII.

TWO POEMS OF THE SHEIKH EL BAKÁY, WHEREIN HE SATIRIZES THE FÚLBE OF MÁSINA.

* * * * *

الحمد لله وحده وصلى الله على من لا نبى بعده

ولشيخنا وسيدنا احمد البكاى بن شيخنا وسيدنا محمد بن شيخنا وسيدنا المختار يخاطب الجماعة الفلانية الماسنية لما ارادوا ضيفه عبد الكريم بارث الانكليزى النصرانى

قُلْ لِجَيْشِ الفُلَان قُلْتُ شَنِيعا رِمْتُ امْراً امْراً عظيما فظيعـــا

قد طلبتُمْ ضيفى سَتَلْقَوْنَ ضَيْفِى يَوْمَ تلقَوْنَهُ عزيزا منيعـــا

ضيفَ حُرٍّ لحرّة بنتِ حرّ وابوه حرٌّ اجاد الصنيعـــا

لم تَلِدْنى إِماؤٌ ثم ما ربْــــــبَيْنَنِى فى حجورهِنّ رضيعـــا

ما عردنا من سام الّا كريما أَبْيَضَ الوجه سيّدا او قريعـــا

وابى مَنْ عَرَفْتُمُ وابوه ما عردنا مِنْ سامَ الّا رفيعـــا

ليس فى اُمَّهاتهمْ بنتُ عبدٍ تَحْمل الفَحْمَ مِثْلَها أَنْ تَبيعـــا

ابنها ربها ولاكِنْ ابوه ربُّه بَتَّ عتْقَه مُسْتَطيعـــا

لم تلدنى بنتٌ لِحامَ ولا ٱبْنٌ لبنى حامَ الأَلِىِ لَنْ اطيعـــا

لبى حام الالى لا يرون الضْــــــضَيْفَ الّا شهيرةٌ وبديعـــا

انّ ضيفى عِرْضى وما كان عرْضى بمضاعٍ فضيفُه لَنْ يضيعـــا

انّ عبد مناف بن قُصَى بــــــن كِلاب بن مُرّة المستنيعـــا

ولوى بن غالب ونرار بــــــن معدّ أَوْصوُا بِأَنْ لا أَكيعـــا

ونهانى فَهْرُ بنُ مالكِ بْنِ النْــــــنَضْرِ أَنْ أَسْتَرِيبَ او أَسْتَرِيعـــا

عمرَ الشيخ من بنى احمد البكــــــاءِ يَنْمى الوافِىُّ حُرّا نصيعـــا

ونماه الكُنْتِىُّ نجلُ علِىٍّ كان من عُقْبَةَ المجاب صريعـــا

تِلْكَ آبائِىِ الكِرامُ وكانوا ضيفُهُمْ لا يَمُوتُ فى الدَهْرِ ضَيْعـــا

لا يَخافُ السلطانُ أَنَّ حَيْفَ أَوْ أَنَّ بَيْعَ السلطانِ لَيْسَ مَبِيعـــا

منكم لن يراع الا اذا السلــــــطان عبد المجيد من نكمه ريعـــا

دُونَ ما تَطْلبونَ حَرْبٌ وضَرْبٌ وطعانٌ فى الزِنْجِ يُزْجِى النجيعـــا

دون ذاك الفتى وسمر العوالى ومصاعُ السُيُوفِ حَوْلًا كتيعـــا

واحْتِباطُ لأَنْفَاط هنّا وهنّا كَرُعُودٍ قَصَفْنَ ريحًا وريعـــا

تَحْمِلُ الموتَ فيه فِتْيانُ ضَرُّوا تَحْسِبُ الموتَ رَوْضَةً وربيعـــا

مِنْ رَعاريعَ أَوْ غطاريفَ مُرْدٍ وكهولٍ شاختْ فى العزّ جميعـــا

فَوْقَ جُرْدٍ من الجياد عناجيــــــجِ يَعابيِب عُوِّدَتْ انْ تميعـــا

من سِبَطْرٍ نُمْرٍ رباع شناحٍ كان غُرْبًا سكْبا ذريعا سريعـــا

ونشاصيةٍ مطهّمةٍ سلــــــهبةٍ أَوْ ثَقَتْ قَرًى ودسيعـــا

من عِرابٍ للْحوض او لثكانَتْ او كِدالٍ تُسْقُوا الحَليبَ النقيعـــا

شَحْمتى فى قَلَعَتِى مَنْ تصدّى لِشِقاقى اضْحى قميعا قليعـــا

حَسَبى الله ربُّ موسى وعيسى والنبيين أَنْ ارانى كنيعـــا

آيَدَ الواحدَ الفريدَ بنصرٍ فاظلّ الجموع منه الجميعـــا

إِنَّ فِرْعَوْنَ كان أَغْوَى وأَقْوَى ضَلَّ فى اليمّ والجموع صريعـــا

ماسِنَى عَقِّلوا اخاكم يكُنْ لى مِثْلَ بَلِّ ٱلإِمامِ خِلًّا تَبِيعـــا

او يكُنْ لى كما مضى ابواه إِنْ هُما لَمْ يُصابِرا لَمْ يليعـــا

أَوْ يَدَعْنِى مِنْ شَرِّهِ وَأَدَعْهُ إِنَّ خيرا فى الشرّ أَنْ لا يشيعـــا

إِنَّ الاعْلامَ اهل الاحْلامِ مِنْكُمْ آلُ فُودِىَّ ما تَبَنُّوا رفيعـــا

ماتبنّوا الَّا فَتًى أَحْوَذِيًا فى طريقِ العلِى بصيرا سميعـــا

يُكْرِمون الكِرامَ إِذْ مِنْهُمُ هُمْ ثم لا يصحبون خلقا خليعـــا

ثم لا يصحبون الّا ولِيًّا عالمًا شارعاً تقيًا وريعـــا

احْنوا مِنْ جوارنا ما أساتُمْ فلَدَيْنا الوِدادَ أَبْقوا وديعـــا

ولَدَيْنا الثناءَ أَبْقوا ربيطا ولدينا الإخاءَ أَبْقوا وضيعـــا

لَوْ تَشاعونَ مِثْلَهُمْ فيه كُنْتُمْ فَأَجَرْتُمْ رايًا مَعًا وصنيعـــا

لا كِنِ ٱلطَّبْعَ مالِكٌ فَلَوَ ٱسْطَا ع جبنُ الوَرَى لأَضْحَى شجيعـــا

* * * * *

وله ايضا يخاطب الفلان فى شان ضيفه

أَحَقًّا اتى مِنْ عِنْدَ أَحْمَدَ احمد محمّد سِيد العَبْد والعبد اسْوَد

يُسَايِلُ عن ضيفى لِيَرْجعَ ضيفَه فَيَسْلبه من ماله ويُقَيَّدُ

ويجعله ضيفًا لِكاوُورِ عنْدَه وصن شِرْفُ ما ضَيْفِى لِهَذَا مُعَوَّدُ

أَيقطانُ قال القول ام هم حالم بلى حالمٌ والله احمد احمد

ومن دون ضيفى عاقِلٌ ويَلَمْلمٌ وَرِضْوَى وهَمْلانٌ وقُدْسُ وذُرْوَدُ

اياخذه من قَبْلَ أَنْ تاخُذَ الفَنَى على راسِه والمَشْرَفِىُّ المُهَنَّدُ

اياخذه والسيف والرمح نائمٌ على سَرَقٍ إِنَّ الوشيجَ مُقَصَّدُ

اياخذه أَيْنَ التوارقُ كلُّها ومِنْ عَرَبٍ شيخٌ وكَهْلٌ وأَمْرَدُ

بنو الشيخِ عُثْمانَ بْنِ فُودِىَّ جُنْدُنا ومِنْ جُنْدِنا موسى بنُ بوضالَ يَشْهَدُ

وتَرْغَيْتَمُوتُ الُاسْدُ يَقْدُمُ حَيَّهُمْ لِكاوَى بن ام القُطْبى يُبْرِقُ يُرْعِدُ

وإِخْبِى بْنُ سالَمْ حَوْلَمُ إِيݤَوَدَّرَنْ ولِلْوَغْدُ أَݤَّ الحِنَّ جيشٌ محشّد

وفى تِنْݤِرِيݤِيفٍ رِجالٌ أَعِزّةٌ بنو حَمَّلاسِ القومُ فيها تَسَوَّدُ

وتَنْصُرُ ضيفى مِنْ كَلَسّوقِ فِتْيَةٌ لهم أَسَدٌ فى النايِباتِ وأَسْوَدُ

هُمُ القوم فى الإسلام لا يَخْذَلُونَنىِ وهم اخوتى اجدى الىّ وانجد

ولى من بنى الفلان الارض عصبة الى نصْرِ دينِ الله تَسْعى وتحفد

أَحَبُّ اليهم مِنْ بَيْتِهم واهْلهم وأَنْفُسِهِمْ دينُ ٱلْإِلَهِ يُؤَيَّدُ

اذاما راوا كفرا وعصْيانَ ربّهم ابوا ونبوا من كلّ مَنْ هو هومُفْسِدُ

ولى من رجال الله فى الا رض ثم مِنْ ملائكةٍ نصرٌ وجيش مشرّد

وحَسْبى فَحَسْبى اللهُ جلّ جلالُه فما النصر الّا مِنْه والله أَمْجَدُ

فما النصر الّا منه لا من مَلايِكٍ وإِنْ كَثَرُوا جِدًّا وعَزُّوا وحُمِّدُ (او)

هو الله جلّ الله عَوَّدَ نصْرَه على كلِ جبارٍ يَضُرُّ ويَعْنَدُ

وانّى لَتَكْفِينِى مِنْ احمدَ دَعْوَةٌ إِلى الله فى جَوْفٍ مِنَ اليل تَصْعَدُ

ٱسَدِدُها سَهْمًا اليه بِسُحْرَةٍ فَيُصْبِحُ منها وَهْوَ بِالْمَوْتِ مقْصد

فإِنْ تابَ يومًا فَهْو خير له وان ابى لم يَتِبْ فَٱلأَمْرُلِلّه مَسَنَّدُ

فمن قبله فرعونُ نمرودُ قبله وعاد وشدادُ بْن عاد تَمَرَّدُ او

فكلٌّ عليه قَدْ دعى انْبِيَاءُهُمْ ففادوا وبادوا كلّهم وتَفَرَّدُ او

دعى ربَّه موسى وعيسى وصالح وهود وابراهيم ثم محمد

فَمَدْعُوُنا سُبْحَانَهُ واحدٌ كَمَا اجيبوا يُجِيبُ المومنين وينجد

فيا ربِّ اُنْصُرْنِى كَمَا قَد نَصَرْتَهُمْ فإِنَّك لا حجرٌ عليك ولا يَدُ

وصَلِ عليهم ثم سَلِّمْ مُبارِكًا فما مِنْهُمُ الا حمِيدُ وأَحْمَدُ

TRANSLATION OF THE TWO POEMS OF ÁHMED EL BAKÁY.

BY DR. JOHN NICHOLSON, PENRITH.

“IN the name of GOD,” &c.

“And our Sheikh and Lord, Áhmed el Bakáy, the son of our Sheikh and Lord Mohammed, the son of our Sheikh and Lord El Mukhtár, said, addressing the assembly of the Fulán of Másina, when they attacked his guest, ʿAbd el Kerím Barth, the Englishman, the Christian. (The metre is khafíf.)

“TELL the host of the Fulán,—I say, shameful! I am attacked in a great and weighty matter. Ye have sought my guest: you will find him, when you do find him, mighty, protected, the free guest of a free man, who is the son of a free woman who was daughter of a freeman, and whose father was a freeman, who lavished benefits. No slave bore me, nor did such foster me in their bosoms as a suckling; and my father is he whom you know, and his father. We have not descended from Sém, except as noble, as munificent, as white of face, as lords or chieftains. Among their mothers there is no daughter of a slave who bears coals, like herself, that she may sell them; whose son is her master, whereas his father is his master; who effected his manumission, as being obedient. No daughter nor son of Hám was my parent, nor will I obey the sons of the lazy Hám. Among the sons of the lazy Hám none but fat women and corpulent men see guests [?]. My guest is my honour, and my honour never was in jeopardy; therefore its guest shall never be imperilled. ʿAbd Menáf ben Kosay ben Kiláb ben Morra, my ancestor, and Luway ben Gháleb, and Nizár ben Mʿadd, admonish me not to fear; and Fehr ben Málik ben El Nadhr[159] forbids me to entertain alarm or suspicion. El Wáfi increases ʿOmár, the Sheikh of the sons of Áhmed el Bakáy, by the addition of a fair, freeborn man; and El Kuntí increased him—the progeny of ʿAlí—who sprang from ʿUkbå the Accepted, who perished heroically. Such were my ancestors, noblemen, and their guest never died in agony.

“The Sultan is not alarmed that the homage and allegiance of the Sultan will not be duly paid.[160] He will not be afraid of you, until the Sultan ʿAbd el Mejíd is afraid of Nukmah.[161] War and blows are to be found elsewhere than where ye seek; and wounds among the Zinj drive forth the flowing blood,— without molesting this man,—and long spears and cuts of swords round about on all sides, and the explosion of cannons hither and thither, like thunders which crash in blasts and reverberations. They consider the death in which men are destroyed,—they count it a garden and a vernal season of noble youths and gallant lads, and mature men who have grown old together in dignity, mounted on sleek, swift horses, steeds, coursers, trained to run, tall piebalds, five- year-olds, tall, fleet, wide-stepping, rapid, apple-rumped, plump, long- boned, strong in back and neck, Arabian blood-horses of El Hódh, or Tagánet, or Kidál[162], that are fed upon cooling milk.

“I am secure in my position.[163] He who attempts to contend with me will be cut off, overwhelmed. I rely on ALLAH, the Lord of Moses, and Jesus, and the Prophets, that I may see myself contented. HE aids the solitary and deserted with His help, so that He overwhelms the multitude altogether. Lo! Pharaoh was very wicked and very mighty: he lost his way in the sea, and the host were laid low.

“Oh, Másina! reprove your brother, that he may become a submissive friend to me, like the Imám Bello; or that he may be to me as both his parents were before: if they did not suffer, they did not fear. Or, let him leave me alone with his evil, and I will leave him alone. The best of evil is that it should not manifest itself.

“Behold! the learned and the humane among you, the Ál Fódiye[164]; they do not adopt a chief; they do not adopt any but one who is wise about the way of the Most High, and who sees and hears. They respect the honourable, because they are themselves such. They do not associate with the ignoble: they only consort with those that are saints, learned, poets, pious, abstemious. Repair the evil ye have done our neighbour; and preserve affection for us, preserve for us unfailing gratitude and inviolate brotherhood. If ye were willing, like them, ye should be in it, and would earn both fame and benefits. But nature is queen. If cowards only could, they certainly would be brave.”

“And he said again,—addressing the Fullán on the subject of his guest. (The metre is Tawíl.)

“DID Mohammed Síd, the slave, and that slave a black one, really come from Áhmed [ben] Áhmed, to inquire about my guest, in order to make him return as [become] his guest, that he might plunder him, and fetter him, and make him a guest of Kaúri with him, and with San-Shirfu?[165] My guest is not accustomed to this! Or did Yaktán say the speech? Is he not a dreamer? Yes, a dreamer, by ALLAH! Áhmed, Áhmed! And, besides my guest, there is ʿAákil, and Yalamlam, and Ridhwa, and Hamlán, and Kudsu, and Dhurwad.[166] Will he take him before death and the Indian scimitars seize on his own head? Will he take him while the sword and the spear are asleep, by stealth? Lo, the lances do not miss their aim! Will he take him where all the Tawárek are, and of the Arabs, a Sheikh, and a mature man, and a lad?

“The descendants of the Sheikh ʿOthmán ben Fódiye are our army; and of our army Músa ben Bodhál is a witness; and Targaitamútu, the lions, whose tribe Likáway[167], the nephew of Alkúttabu, leads, who lightens, thunders; and Ákhbi ben Sálem, round whom are the Igwádaren, and Woghdu Agga ’l Henne has a gathered host. And among the Tinkiríkíf there are noble men, the Benu Hammalása, whose troop shows valour; and young men from the Kél e’ Súk, who are lions in calamities, and who are brave, assist my guest. These are the people in El Islám: they do not disappoint me, and they are my brothers, and very useful and helpful to me. I have among the tribe of the Fullán a body of men in the land who run and hasten to defend the religion of ALLAH. Dearer to them than their house and family and souls is the religion of ALLAH, who is mighty! Whenever they see infidelity and rebellion against their Lord, they resist, and go aside from every impious person. And I have some of the men of ALLAH in the land, and also of the angels, as an auxiliary and a scattering host. And my trust—my trust is in ALLAH, whose majesty is great! and there is no help except from Him; and ALLAH is most mighty! So there is no help except from Him; not even from the angels, though they be mighty and worthy of praise. He is GOD, who is great! He redoubles His aid against every oppressor who is violent and exorbitant. As for me, it is sufficient protection against Áhmed that I should pray to ALLAH in the belly[168] of this night that approaches. I will aim my prayer at Him, at the dawn, like an arrow. He shall find himself, when he sees to-morrow, smitten with death. But if he repents one day, that will be best for him. But if he refuse,—will not repent,—then the matter is referred to ALLAH. Before him, Pharaoh, and Nimród, and ʿAád, and Sheddád ben ʿAád rebelled: but all those on whom their prophets invoked vengeance perished, and disappeared, and were desolated. Moses, and Jesus, and Sálih, and Húd, and Abraham, and subsequently Mohammed, called on their Lord. He alone then—glory to his name!—is the One we invoke. Just as they obey, so will He answer and help the faithful. Then, help me, O LORD, in the same way as Thou didst help them: for there is no defence and no help above Thee. And bless and prosper them with benedictions; for there are not any among them but those that deserve praise and honour.

“Finished with the help of GOD,” &c. &c.

[Footnote 159: All the preceding names are those of well-known ancestors of Mohammed, the prophet: those that follow are the poet’s own.]

[Footnote 160: I cannot approve this translation of Dr. Nicholson. I read صببعا and translate—“The sultan is not afraid, lest he may not be feared, or obedience not be paid him. The Sultan (ʿAbd el Mejíd) is not a young lad.” El Bakay, I think, opposes here the Sultan ʿAbd el Mejíd to the young chief Áhmedu ben Áhmedu, who was quite a young man. Dr. Nicholson observes that there is a great fault in the metre of the first hemistich; but that the consonants of the text are strictly those of the MS.—H. B.]

[Footnote 161: This place, Nukmah, or Núgguma, is probably the small place of that name in Másina, and not the village called also “Ksar el Mʿallemín,” mentioned above, p. 250. But I am not quite certain about it.—H. B.]

[Footnote 162: Three districts celebrated for their breed of horses. Kidál lies between Mabrúk and the country of the Awelímmiden.—H. B.]

[Footnote 163: Literally, “My fat is in my wallet.” Freitag, “Arab. Prov.” i. p. 664.]

[Footnote 164: The poet here exhibits to the hostile ruler of Másina the docile behaviour of his friends, the rulers of Sókoto, the successors of the Sheikh Fódiye.—H. B.]

[Footnote 165: San-Shirfu is the name of one of the two kádhis of Timbúktu. Kaúri is the name of the emír.—H. B.]

[Footnote 166: This passage about Yaktán neither I nor Dr. Nicholson are able to clear up fully.—H. B.]

[Footnote 167: See what is said about this man, whose name is generally pronounced Elágwi, in the Appendix III. to Vol. V. p. 553. Ákhbi, Woghdu, and the other people are mentioned repeatedly by me.—H. B.]

[Footnote 168: _i.e._ The latter third.]

APPENDIX IX.

* * * * *

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE HISTORY OF SONGHAY AND THE NEIGHBOURING KINGDOMS.

* * * * *

[Footnote 169: Áhmed Bábá, J. L. O. S., vol. ix. p. 526.]

[Footnote 170: Mémoires de la Soc. de Géogr. vol. iii. p. 1.]

[Footnote 171: Descr. dell’ Africa, lib. vii. c. 1.]

[Footnote 172: For this highly important statement, see Ébn Khaldún, trans. by De Slane, vol. iii. p. 201.]

[Footnote 173: Journal Asiatique, i. 1842, p. 50.]

[Footnote 174: Leo, l. vii. c. 1. even speaks of Negroland as if it had been quite unknown before this time, “furono scoperti.”]

[Footnote 175: Ahmed Bábá, J. L. O. S. vol. ix. p. 528. seq. He describes the site of this important town in the most perspicuous and clear manner as being part of the year, from August to February, an island. The town was first founded in a place called Zagaru, on the south side of the southerly branch of the river, and therefore not identical with the Zaghárí of Ébn Batúta. El Bekrí appears to have had no knowledge of Jinni.]

[Footnote 176: El Bekrí, ed. Macguckin de Slane, p. 183. The name بزركانيين which the Arabs gave to the inhabitants seems to have some connection with the surname of one of the successors of Sunni, Bázekin or Bázerkín.]

[Footnote 177: El Bekrí, 179. It is a great pity that just in this place the author, whose statements in general are distinguished by their clearness, should commit a palpable mistake, by placing Ambára (Hómbori) west of Ghánata.]

[Footnote 178: Aloise Ca da Mosto, Navigazione, c. 14.]

[Footnote 179: Edrísi makes great confusion, produced by the similarity of the names, Gógó or Kókó, Kúka (on the Fittri) and Kerker; but what he relates (i. p. 23.) seems really to refer to Gógó.]

[Footnote 180: Edrísi, i. p. 61.; Compare Cooley, p. 66.]

[Footnote 181: Leo, l. vii. c. 6. As it is certain that no king of the name Slímán ruled at that period over Melle, Mr. Cooley, in order to explain Leo’s statement, supposed him to be a king of the Súsu.—_Negroland of the Arabs_, p. 67. seq.]

[Footnote 182: Ébn Khaldún, trans. by De Slane, vol. ii. p. 83. The same author, vol. ii. p. 160. seq., is the authority for the history of Melle. Comp. Cooley, “Negroland,” p. 61. seq.]

[Footnote 183: De Barros, Asia, ed. Lisboa, 1778, l. i. c. 8. p. 220.]

[Footnote 184: Áhmed Bábá, in Journ. Leipsic Oriental Society, p. 530.]

[Footnote 185: The translation of Mr. Ralfs in the Journal of the Leipsic Oriental Society is here not correct. He translates “er bezwang Tumbúktu,” while the words of the author are طوع تُيبُكتُ. We do not know what part in these affairs the general, Sagminhu, bore, who, according to Ebn Khaldún’s account, was stated by some of his informants to have achieved this conquest. There may have been partial resistance in Songhay.]

[Footnote 186: سنغرزو مع - فَرَنا سُرا. The final “mʿa,” in Mandingo, corresponds exactly with the final “ma” in the Kanúri titles.]

[Footnote 187: It is a very remarkable fact, that the titles mentioned by Áhmed Bábá are all formed by attaching to the name of a town the syllable “koy,” which would seem to be of Songhay origin.]

[Footnote 188: Áhmed Bábá says (p. 524.), “ʿAlí Killun put an end to the supremacy of Melle over Songhay. After his death his brother ruled, Silman Nár. Their dominion was limited to Songhay and the neighbouring districts.”]

[Footnote 189: The date seems to be certain, for if Áhmed Bábá had only known that the second dominion of the kings of Melle over Timbúktu, which they lost in the year 837, had lasted 100 years, we might doubt about the fact that the epoch began exactly with the year 737, but the author gives the precise date of that very year. I therefore prefer his arrangement to the arguments of Mr. Ralfs, p. 582.]

[Footnote 190: Makrízi, Notes et Extraits, vol. xii. p. 638. _note_.]

[Footnote 191: Cooley, “Negroland,” p. 79.]

[Footnote 192: Ca da Mosto, Prima Navigazione, c. 13. With regard to Oden, see c. 10.; for Timbúktu, c. 12.]

[Footnote 193: From Áhmed Bábá we learn nothing more respecting the fate of ʿOmár; but we see in another passage that Sonni ʿAlí imprisoned Al Mukhtár, another son of Mohammed Nasr, who, from what follows, it is evident, was Túmbutu-koy.]

[Footnote 194: De Barros, in the highly interesting passage, i. l. 3. c. 12. p. 257.; and the curious report of the German Valentin Ferdinand, by Kunstmann, in Abhandlungen der K. Baier. Akad. cl. iii. vol. viii. first section a. 1856. It is, however, remarkable that the German author, although he speaks of Wadán, does not say anything of it ever having been a factory.]

[Footnote 195: See what I have said respecting the tribe of the Zoghorán, or Jawambe, p. 175.]

[Footnote 196: See De Barros, in the passage mentioned before, “rey dos Fullos.”]

[Footnote 197: The origin of this name, as stated by Áhmed Bábá, is not very probable. But although it is true that “Áskíá” was rather a royal title, which the founder of this new dynasty adopted, nevertheless, in Negroland, the popular name of this great ruler and conqueror is nothing but Áskíá, and that was the reason why Leo calls him only by this name, changing it into Ischia.]

[Footnote 198: Leo, l. vi. c. 2. p. 138., ed. Venezia, 1837.]

[Footnote 199: These words Mr. Ralfs (p. 533.) has neglected to translate.]

[Footnote 200: Whether this ʿOmár received his surname Kumzághu only from the circumstance of his taking the town of Zágha, we cannot decide; but there is no doubt that he must be distinguished from the other brother of the same name, else Áhmed Bábá would be guilty of an absurdity. We never find that a governor of the important province of Kúrmina was at the same time Túmbutu-koy; and the difference of the two individuals is quite evident, for ʿOmár Kumzághu died 926, and ʿOmár, son of Bú Bakr,—that is to say, his other brother,—the Túmbutu-koy, 928. See further down.]

[Footnote 201: De Barros, i. l. iii. c. 12, p. 257, dizendo (the later Mansa, in Manuel’s time) que havia em boa ventura ser lhe enviado este mensajeiro, porque a seu avô que tinha a seu proprio nome fora, enviado otro mensajeiro do otro Rey D. João de Portugal.]

[Footnote 202: Tukalna, as the name is given by Ralfs, is wrong.]

[Footnote 203: In the Gibla, the south-western district of the great desert, there is a tribe of the name Welád Abéri.]

[Footnote 204: This is probably the meaning of the words of Leo, l. vii. c. 4.]

[Footnote 205: This true native form of the name of that country Áhmed Bábá gives himself. At the time when I made the excerpts I did not identify the name, having misspelt it Barka; but the form Barb_ú_ is quite decisive.]

[Footnote 206: Appendix to Clapperton’s Second Expedition, p. 338.:—“And it is recorded that, when the equitable Prince Hadgi Mohammed Allah-kaja (Áskíá) ruled over this province, he could gain no advantage over them.”]

[Footnote 207: باغن فرن مع فُتَ كْيَتال The name is remarkable; “mʿa,” a Mandingo word; it may belong to the title “fereng,” as a sort of tautology.]

[Footnote 208: اللعين المتني تينضر It is not improbable that the name Allʿaín expresses the national term Dhelian, or Dhelianke, to whom this founder of the new dynasty in Fúta Tóro belonged.]

[Footnote 209: The following is the highly interesting account which we have received from De Barros (_Asia_, I. l. 3. c. 12. p. 258.) of this great commotion:—“E não somente per estes e per Pero d’ Evora, mas ainda per hum Mem Royz escudeiro de sua casa e per Pero de Astuniga seu moço d’ esporas que elle levava por companheiro, mandou El Rey algunas vezes recados a El Rey de Tungubutu e ao mesmo _Temalá_ (Damil) que se chiamava Rey dos Fullos. O qual Temalá nestes tiempos foi nas quellas partes _hum incendio de guerra_ levantandose da parte do Sol ex huma Comarca chamada Futa con tanto numero de gente que seccavam hum rio quando a elle chegavam; e assiera esquivo e barbaro este açoute d’ aquella gente pagã que assolava quanto se lhe punha diante. E como con vesta ferocidade tinha feito grande damno emos amigos e servidores del Rey, principalmente a el Rey de Tungubutu, Mandi Mansa, Uli Mansa mandou lhe per algunas vezes seus recados de amizade, e outros de rogo sobre os negocios da guerra que tinha com estes.” It is highly interesting to see how the course of affairs in this quarter confirms all that we know from other sources. Thus M. le Colonel Faidherbe, at present governor of the Senegal, in opposition to common tradition, which would have carried back the foundation of the new dynasty in Fúta, which he well understood proceeded from the east, to the middle of the fourteenth century, arrives at the conclusion that it must have been established about the year 1500. _Bulletin de la Soc. Géogr._, iv. p. 281.]

[Footnote 210: Leo heard this report evidently from merchants, and in a very exaggerated manner; for Áhmed Bábá would be guilty of inaccuracy beyond measure, if he had forgotten to mention a second expedition which Háj Mohammed, according to Leo’s account, undertook three years after the first; nay, such an expedition is totally impossible, on account of the hostility of Kanta the ruler of Kebbi, who made himself independent of Songhay the second year after the expedition to Kátsena, and there was no road from Songhay to Kanó except through Kebbi.]

[Footnote 211: See Vol. I. p. 461. seq.]

[Footnote 212: Leo, l. vii. c. 9.]

[Footnote 213: In this instance also it is not certain whether the town of Kanó be meant, or whether that name at the time attached only to the whole province.]

[Footnote 214: “Tamben per via da fortaleza da Mina mandarão a Mohamed bem Manzugue e neto de Mussa Rey de Songo, que de huma Cidade das mais populosas daquella grao Provincia a que nos communemente chamamos Mandinga, a qual Cidade jaz no parallelo do Cabo das palmas, mettida dentro no sertão per distancia de cento e quarenta leguas, segundo a setuaçao das taboas da nossa Geografia.”—De Barros, _Asia_, l.c. p. 259. That nephew of Músa, therefore, was evidently governor of the former principal province of the kingdom of Melle. The king, says De Barros further on, was not a little surprised at the king of Portugal sending him presents. It is very probable that among these presents were the articles of Portuguese workmanship mentioned by the author of the memoir to Philip II. on the power of Múláy e’ Dhéhebi, as found by the Maroccains among the spoil of Gágho. See lower down.]

[Footnote 215: This phrase, وفيها ذهب الى دِرَ has not been translated by Mr. Ralfs.]

[Footnote 216: There seems little doubt that the name Kábi is here implied, although Áhmed Bábá himself uses the form Kebbi, and he adds that it was the name of a locality, “makán;” but the author had very little knowledge of these easterly regions, and, probably, did not know the relation of Kebbi—which he generally designates as the territory of Kanta—to Dendi, the name commonly given to this province east of the Niger.]

[Footnote 217: De Slane, in “La Revue Africaine,” i. p. 291.]

[Footnote 218: The number may not be much exaggerated. It was probably this example which taught Múláy Hamed that a small well disciplined army was by far more useful for such a purpose than an undisciplined host.]

[Footnote 219: Most probably the people in Morocco had a very confused idea of the relation of the two great rivers of that region, the Senegal and Niger, with the ocean; and both rivers are here meant when Múláy Hámed ordered the army وامرهم باخذ ما هناك من البلدان على شاطي البحر]

[Footnote 220: Revue Africaine, i. 291.]

[Footnote 221: The place Tegháza seems to have had a considerable population at that time, which shows the importance of this traffic. See Caillié, ii. p. 128.]

[Footnote 222: We see from this report the remarkable fact that the whole of Songhay at that time was provided from Tegháza, while we have seen from El Bekrí’s account that in the eleventh century Songhay Proper was supplied from the mines of Taútek. The words of Bábá Áhmed الصبر عن الملح, not translated by Mr. Ralfs, can be only understood by him who has travelled in Negroland, and who knows what a precious article salt is in many regions, and what it is “to be deprived of salt.”]

[Footnote 223: The translation of this passage by Mr. Ralfs (p. 543.) is rather defective.]

[Footnote 224: Bábá Áhmed is here very distinct, stating expressly, apparently in order to contradict current reports,—“and they dug (began to dig) here in Taödénni the salt at this period” (بهذا التاريخ _and they gave up [the salt mines of] Tegháza this time, or on this occasion_). The latter words have not been translated by Mr. Ralfs at all.]

[Footnote 225: Eighteen days’ march with an army from Timbúktu, nine days for a single horseman on flight.]

[Footnote 226: The name Gurma seems to be employed here quite in a general sense.]

[Footnote 227: It is remarkable that Bábá Áhmed does not intimate at all by what road the Bashá arrived.]

[Footnote 228: That Jódar was a eunuch, and a native of Almeria, we learn from a Spanish source, a paper written the 16th of October, 1648, by an unknown author, in “Papeles Curiosas,” of the Egerton Collection, n. 10,262, p. 235.: “Aquel valeroso Eunuco renegado natural de Almeria;” and further on, “Esta conquista hizó el famoso Jaudar, que fué celebre en Berberia como uno de los de la fama.”]

[Footnote 229: Journ. Leip. Oriental Soc., ix. p. 549.]

[Footnote 230: This is not certain, although further on Áhmed Bábá mentions مدافع, which Mr. Ralfs translates (p. 554.) by “Geschütz;” but the common musket being called مدفع by the Arabs in and near Timbúktu, it is not quite certain whether the author means field pieces or matchlocks.]

[Footnote 231: In order to make out the whole numbers of the army of the Bashá, we must add the garrison of Timbúktu, which could certainly not be less than a couple of hundred men.]

[Footnote 232: It would be highly absurd to conclude, from what Áhmed Bábá says of the strength of this army, that its numbers made it so; for in numbers it was certainly a very small army for Negroland, where armies of from 30,000 to 50,000 men are a common occurrence, and the Imám e’ Tekrúri says that the Songhay king had an army of 140,000 men. Revue Africaine, l.c.]

[Footnote 233: Bábá Áhmed writes this name exactly as it is pronounced, كَبِّ, while the name Kábi is never used, but must have been formerly used, as is evident, from the form Kábáwa. See page 201.]

[Footnote 234: تْارَ (p. 553.), not Tara. There is no doubt that the well-known Songhay town of that name (Vol. IV. Ap. V.) is meant.]

[Footnote 235: بلد كلن. According to the writer, whose interesting account Macguckin de Slane has published in the “Revue Africaine,” i. n. 4. p. 296., the authority of Mansúr extended as far as Kanó: nay, even the ruler of Bórnu is said to have made his subjection; but the latter assertion is very improbable, the then ruler of Bórnu being none else than the warlike and energetic Edrís Álawóma. It is remarkable, however, that that author mentions Kanó without saying anything about Kebbi, which was the neighbouring kingdom, intervening between Songhay and Kanó, and at that time very powerful.]

[Footnote 236: See p. 431.]

[Footnote 237: I had no time to excerpt this latter part of Bábá Áhmed’s history, but it is full of information with regard to this turbulent period.]

[Footnote 238: Here again Jackson (_Account of Morocco_, p. 295.) has made a most erroneous statement, saying that Sídi ʿAlí escaped into Súdán, where the king of Bámbara received him hospitably, so that ʿAlí was enabled to collect 8000 black warriors, with whom he marched against Morocco; and that these blacks were the means by which Ismáʿaíl obtained influence in Timbúktu.]

[Footnote 239: There is great confusion in an article concerning this subject in a letter addressed by Jackson to Sir James Bankes, in the Proceedings of the African Association, vol. i. p. 366. Here the annual tribute which Timbúktu paid to this king is estimated at 5,000,000 dollars. The same sort of exaggeration we find in all Jackson’s statements.]

[Footnote 240: Even the very meritorious Gråberg de Hemsö, in his _Specchio di Marocco_, p. 269., repeats this statement.]

[Footnote 241: See M. le Colonel Faidherbe, in _Bulletin de la Soc. Géogr._ 1850.]

[Footnote 242: Shabíni, p. 12.]

[Footnote 243: Proceedings of the African Association, ii. p. 322.]

[Footnote 244: Ritter, Erdkunde von Afrika, p. 446. seq., especially from Sídi Hámed’s statement (p. 363.).]

APPENDIX X.

FRAGMENTS OF A METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.

[Deg. F.: Degrees in scale of Fahrenheit.]

+-----+-------+-------+----------------------------------------------+ |Date.|Hour of|Deg. F.| Remarks. | | | Day. | | | +-----+-------+-------+----------------------------------------------+ |1852.| | | | | | | | | | Nov.| | | | | | | | | | 25 |sunrise| 41 |Outside Kúkawa at the village Kalíluwa. | | | | | | | |1.30 | 91 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | 27 |sunrise| 50 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 74 | | | | | | | | 28 |sunrise| 52 | | | | | | | | |1.15 | 91 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | |sunset | 81 | | | | | | | | 29 |sunrise| 64 | | | | | | | | |1.30 | 93 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 81 | | | | | | | | 30 |sunrise| 58·5 | | | | | | | | Dec.| | | | | | | | | | 1 |sunrise| 57·5 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 87 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 77 | | | | | | | | 2 |sunrise| 59 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 75 | | | | | | | | 3 |sunrise| 52 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 88 |Heavy E. gale. | | | | | | | 4 |sunrise| 51 | | | | | | | | |1 p.m. | 88 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 77 | | | | | | | | 5 |sunrise| 47 | | | | | | | | |1.30 | 94 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | |sunset | 82·3 | | | | | | | | 6 |No observation.| | | | | | | | 7 |1.30 | 81·2 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | |sunset | 70·2 | | | | | | | | 8 |sunrise| 52 |Heavy northerly gale. | | | | | | | |sunset | 69·5 | | | | | | | | 9 |sunrise| 48 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 82·5 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 75 | | | | | | | | 10 |sunrise| 56 |Foggy in the morning. | | | | | | | |sunset | 73·5 | | | | | | | | 11 |sunrise| 54 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 75 | | | | | | | | 12 |sunrise| 53 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 72·5 | | | | | | | | 13 |1.20 | 84 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | 14 |1.45 | 83 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | 15 |sunrise| 57 | | | | | | | | |1.30 | 81 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | |sunset | 76 | | | | | | | | 16 |1.30 | 83 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | |sunset | 72·30 | | | | | | | | 17 | | | | |No observation.| | | 18 | | | | | | | | | 19 |1.30 p | 81 | | | |m. | | | | | | | | | |sunset | 73 | | | | | | | | 20 |sunrise| 50 | | | | | | | | 21 |sunrise| 52 |Cold N.E. gale; very heavy. | | | | | | | |1.40 | 77 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | 22 |sunrise| 40 |Very cold, but no wind. | | | | | | | 23 | | |Foggy morning. | | | | | | | 24 |sunrise| 55 | | | | | | | | 25 |sunrise| 43 | | | | | | | | |1.30 | 78 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | 26 |sunset | 72 | | | | | | | |27 to|No observation.|Sky all this time cloudy. | | 31 | | | | | | | | | | Jan.| | | | | | | | | | 1 |sunset | 73 | | | | | | | | 2 |sunrise| 55 | | | | | | | | 3 to|No observation.| | | 10 | | | | | | | | | | 11 |1.30 | 85 |Fine morning. | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | 12 |sunrise| 56 |Fine morning. | | | | | | | |1.30 | 87·5 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | 13 |sunrise| 54 |Strong wind. | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 75 | | | | | | | | 14 |sunrise| 54 | | | | | | | | |1.30 | 76 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | 15 |sunrise| 51 | | | | | | | | |1.30 | 76 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | 16 |sunrise| 55 | | | | | | | | 17 |sunrise| 57 | | | | | | | | |1.30 | 77 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | 18 |sunrise| 55 | | | | | | | | |1.30 | 77 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | 19 |sunrise| 57 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 80 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 71·5 | | | | | | | | 20 |sunrise| 56·5 | | | | | | | | 21 |2 p.m. | 86 | | | | | | | | 22 |sunrise| 56 |Cold wind. | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 75 | | | | | | | | 23 |sunrise| 47·2 | | | | | | | | |1.30 | 75 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | 24 |sunrise| 50·4 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 80·2 | | | | | | | | 25 |sunrise| 50 | | | | | | | | |1.45 | 85·7 |Fine day. | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | 26 |sunrise| 48·5 | | | | | | | | |1.45 | 85·2 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | 27 |sunrise| 51·5 | | | | | | | | |1.50 | 89·4 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | 28 |sunrise| 59·6 | | | | | | | | |1.45 | 89·5 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | 29 | | | | |No observation.| | | 30 | | | | | | | | | 31 |sunset | 75 | | | | | | | | Feb.| | | | | | | | | | 1 |sunrise| 59·5 | | | | | | | | }|sunrise| 58-60 | | | 2 }| | | | | }|1.30 | 90 | | | to}|p.m. | | | | }| | | | | 24}|sunset | 76 | | | | | | | | 25 | | |In the evening heat-lightning towards N. | | | | | | | 26 | | |Cloudy, the sun shining forth at times; in the| | | | |afternoon the whole sky towards the S. | | | | |overcast with thick clouds; in the evening | | | | |cool and fresh as if after a rain. Heat- | | | | |lightning. | | | | | | | 27 | | |Windy. | | | | | | |March| | | | | | | | | | 3 |1.15 | 95 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | 9 |1.30 | 96 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | 10 |sunrise| 66 | | | | | | | | 11 |sunset | 85 |Cloudy; heavy gale. | | | | | | | 12 |sunrise| 75 |Clear. | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 97 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 92 |The evening and the following night very | | | | |sultry. | | | | | | | 13 |sunrise| 72 | | | | | | | | |1.30 | 92 |The whole day heavy gale. | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | 14 |sunrise| 70 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 92 | | | | | | | | 15 |sunrise| 70 |Weather clear. | | | | | | | |sunset | 88 | | | | | | | | 16 |sunrise| 72 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 96 | | | | | | | | 17 |sunrise| 72 |Fine morning. | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 96·5 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 91·5 | | | | | | | | 18 |sunrise| 72 |Fine morning. | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 98·3 | | | | | | | | 19 |sunrise| 75 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 99 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 92 | | | | | | | | 20 |sunrise| 72 |Very fine morning. | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 98·5 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 92 | | | | | | | | 21 |sunset | 90 | | | | | | | | 22 |1.15 | 101 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | 23 |sunrise| 74 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 106 | | | | | | | | 24 |1.30 | 103·5 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | 25 |1.15 | 100·5 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | 26 |No observation.| | | | | | | | 27 |3 p.m. | 100 | | | | | | | | 28 |3 p.m. | 103 | | | | | | | | 29 |sunrise| 79·5 | | | | | | | | 30 |sunrise| 81 | | | | | | | | |2.15 | 103·5 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | |5.30 | |Heavy gale, sky thickly overcast; no rain with| | |p.m. | |us, but heat-lightning. | | | | | | | 31 |No observation.| | | | | | | |April| | | | | | | | | | 1 |8 p.m. | |Sky thickly overcast; thunder-storm the | | | | |following night, but no rain. | | | | | | | 2 | | |Sky thickly overcast in the morning; a few | | | | |drops of rain. | | | | | | | 3 | | |(Some rain early in the morning.) | | | | | | | 4 |1.30 | (94) |In the cool hall of a clay house. | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | | | 104·5 |In shade outside. | | | | | | | |sunset | 80 | | | | | | | | 5 |sunrise| 70 | | | | | | | | |1.30 | (95) | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | | | 105·7 | | | | | | | | 6 |sunrise| 71·3 | | | | | | | | 7 |1.30 | (95) | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | | | 105·7 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 94 | | | | | | | | 8 |sunrise| 77·5 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 90 | | | | | | | | 9 |sunrise| 72 | | | | | | | | |1.30 | 105·7 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | |sunset | 89 | | | | | | | | 10 |sunrise| 68 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 106 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 89 | | | | | | | | 11 |sunrise| 70 | | | | | | | | |1.30 | 105 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | |sunset | 85 | | | | | | | | 12 |sunrise| 64 | | | | | | | | |1.30 | 106 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 108 | | | | | | | | 13 |sunrise| 66 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 109 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 90 | | | | | | | | 14 |sunrise| 77 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 107·5 | | | | | | | | |2.45 | 110 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 93 | | | | | | | | 15 |sunrise| 77·4 |Strong wind. | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 108 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 95 | | | | | | | | 16 |sunrise| 81 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 110·5 | | | | | | | | 17 |sunrise| 72 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 110·5 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 93 | | | | | | | | 18 |sunrise| 77 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 108·5 |Sky towards W. overcast with clouds. | | | | | | | |sunset | 94 | | | | | | | | 19 |sunrise| 80 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 106·5 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 93 |4.30 p.m. a few drops of rain. | | | | | | | 20 |sunrise| 79 |Sky overcast. | | | | | | | 21 |2 p.m. | 103 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 98 | | | | | | | | 22 |sunrise| 78 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 102 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 95 | | | | | | | | 23 |sunrise| 78 | | | | | | | | 24 |2 p.m. | 106·5 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 93 |Cloudy in the afternoon. | | | | | | | 25 |sunrise| 82 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 106 |Sky overcast. | | | | | | | |sunset | 96 | | | | | | | | 26 |sunrise| 81·7 |Thunder-clouds from east, only a few drops of | | | | |rain; heat-lightning. | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 106 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 95 | | | | | | | | 27 |sunrise| 82 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 110 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 97 | | | | | | | | 28 |2 p.m. | 110 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 98 | | | | | | | | 29 |sunrise| 83 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 98·5 | | | | | | | | 30 |sunrise| 85 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 110 |In the afternoon a thunder-storm rose from E. | | | | |5.15 p.m. heavy gale and a little rain. | | | | | | | |sunset | 92 | | | | | | | | May | | | | | | | | | | 1 |sunrise| 82 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 109 |During the night heavy wind, but no rain. | | | | | | | |sunset | 97 | | | | | | | | 2 |sunrise| 80 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 106 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 98 | | | | | | | | 3 |sunrise| 82 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 109 |During the night wind, heat-lightning. | | | | | | | 4 |sunrise| 82 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 108 |In the afternoon sky cloudy; in the evening | | | | |heat-lightning. | | | | | | | |sunset | 98 | | | | | | | | 5 |sunrise| 81·5 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 105 |Sky overcast and cloudy, but no rain. | | | | | | | |sunset | 97 | | | | | | | | 6 |sunrise| 83 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 106 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 98 |9 o’clock, p.m. all on a sudden, a heavy | | | | |shower, lasting about one hour. | | | | | | | 7 |sunrise| 77 |Air refreshed; windy. | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 101 | | | | | | | | 8 |No observation.|No rain. | | | | | | | 9 |sunrise| 80 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 109 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 95 | | | | | | | | 10 |sunrise| 84 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 105 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 102 |A most oppressive and disagreeable evening. | | | | | | | 11 |sunrise| 82·5 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 104 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 86 |About sunset thunder-storm from N.; good fall | | | | |of rain lasting about one hour, refreshing the| | | | |air. | | | | | | | 12 |sunrise| 76 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 103 | | | | | | | | 13 |sunrise| 99 |In the afternoon thunder-storm with very heavy| | | | |rain. | | | | | | | |sunset | 96·5 | | | | | | | | 14 |sunrise| 75 | | | | | | | | 15 |No observation.| | | | | | | | 16 |sunrise| 80·5 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 93 |In the afternoon clouds. | | | | | | | 17 |sunrise| 79 |Clouds towards the S. | | | | | | | 18 |No observation.| (Gandó.) | | | | | | | 19 |2 p.m. | 104 |Fine cool morning; in the afternoon thunder- | | | | |storm, but no rain. | | | | | | | |sunset | 92·3 | | | | | | | | 20 | | |In the afternoon thunder-storm from N.; after | | | | |sunset a slight shower with us, lasting about | | | | |half an hour. | | | | | | | 21 |sunrise| 80·5 | | | | | | | | 22 |sunrise| 83·5 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 102 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 92 | | | | | | | | 23 |sunrise| 82·5 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 104 | | | | | | | | |4 p.m. | 99 |About 4 p.m. thunder-storm from N. with | | | | |moderate rain about 5 o’clock. | | | | | | | |5 p.m. | 79 | | | | | | | | 24 |sunrise| 78 |A slight fall in the morning; cloudy. | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 95 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 88 | | | | | | | | 25 |sunrise| 78·5 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 107 |About 4 p.m. thunder-storm in the S. | | | | | | | |sunset | 92 | | | | | | | | 26 |sunrise| 77·5 |Early in the morning a few drops of rain. | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 96 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 89 | | | | | | | | 27 |sunrise| 78 |Early in the morning a slight thunder-storm | | | | |with a little rain; the whole day sky | | | | |overcast. | | | | | | | |sunset | 84 | | | | | | | | 28 |sunrise| 79 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 90·5 | | | | | | | | 29 |sunrise| 80 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 94·4 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 82·4 | | | | | | | | 30 |sunrise| 75 |Early in the morning a little rain. | | | | | | | |sunset | 89·5 | | | | | | | | 31 |sunrise| 79·5 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 99 |At 5 p.m. thunder-storm accompanied by heavy | | | | |rain, lasting till late at night. | | | | | | | June| | | | | | | | | | 1 |sunrise| 73·5 | | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 90 |Sky gloomy. | | | | | | | |sunset | 86 | | | | | | | | 2 |sunrise| 76 | | | | | | | | |7 a.m. | 73 |Thick clouds gathering. From 7.30 a.m. rain | | | | |half an hour tolerably heavy, then gentle till| | | | |9 o’clock, when the sun shone forth. | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 90 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 87 | | | | | | | | 3 |sunrise| 77 |A thunder-storm in the distance. | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 92 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 89 | | | | | | | | 4 |sunrise| 73 |In the night thunder-storm, with much rain, | | | | |lasting till late in the morning. | | | | | | | 5 |sunrise| 78 |Thunder-storm gathered from E.; 6.5 a.m. it | | | | |began raining, the first hour heavy, then | | |7 a.m. | 73 |gentle till about 9 o’clock. Thunder-storm | | | | |late in the evening, with a few drops of rain.| | | | | | | 6 |No observation.|Fine morning. | | | | | | | 7 | | |8 a.m. the sun broke through the clouds. | | | | | | | |2 p.m. | 91 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 84·5 | | | | | | | | 8 |sunrise| 75 |Very fine morning. | | | | | | | 9 | | |About 3 o’clock in the morning a moderate | | | | |shower. | | | | | | | 10 | | |About midnight from 10th to 11th a little rain| | | | |accompanied by heat-lightning, but no | | | | |thunderstorm. | | | | | | | 11 | | |In the afternoon thunder-clouds gathering, but| | | | |the rain went southwards. | | | | | | | 12 | | |At 4½ o’clock a.m. a thunder-storm gathering | | | | |from E., followed by violent rain. | | | | | | | 13 |No observation.| | | | | | | | 14 |sunset | 98 | | | | | | | | 15 |sunrise| 87 | | | | | | | | 16 |No observation.|The following night a little rain. | | | | | | | 17 | | |The sun broke through the clouds about 8 a.m. | | | | | | | 18 | | |Fine morning; in the afternoon thunder-storm | | | | |from the E. passed by. | | | | | | | 19 | | |About 4 o’clock p.m. thunder-storm from the | | | | |E., but no rain. | | | | | | | 20 | | |In the afternoon thunder-storm at some | | | | |distance. | | | | | (Say.) | | | | | | | 21 | | |In the afternoon overcast. After sunset a | | | | |thunder-storm gathered from E.N.E., refreshing| | | | |the air; much wind but no rain. | | | | | | | 22 | | |In the following night thunder-storm, but no | | | | |rain. | | | | | | | 23 | | |The sky clearer. | | | | | | | |1.30 | 100 | | | |p.m. | | | | | | | | | 24 | | |Sky overcast. 7 a.m. severe thunder-storm | | | | |gathered, setting in with a violent gale, | | | | |followed by heavy rain, lasting about three | | | | |hours. | | | | | | | |sunset | 84 | | | | | | | | 25 |sunrise| 73·5 |Fine morning. | | | | | | | 26 | | |Cloudy and stormy. | | | | | | | 27 | | |Sky thickly overcast, the clouds proceeding | | | | |from N. 6.45 a.m. to 7.25 moderate rain, | | | | |afterwards gentle till 9 o’clock. | | | | | | | 28 | | |Sky overcast. About noon a few drops. About | | | | |1.30 p.m. heavy rain. | | | | | | | 29 | | |Sky thickly overcast in the morning, | | | | |afterwards cleared up. | | | | | | | 30 | | |Fine morning, tolerably clear. In the | | | | |afternoon a thunder-storm in the distance; | | | | |late in the evening a second one gathered from| | | | |E. and reached us after 11 o’clock, with | | | | |extraordinary force for the first hour, then | | | | |more gentle till 2 o’clock a.m. | | | | | | | July| | | | | | | | | | 1 |No observation.| | | | | | | | 2 | | |Sky about noon thickly overcast and atmosphere| | | | |oppressive; cleared up in the afternoon. | | | | | | | 3 | | |Clear. | | | | | | | 4 |No observation.| | | | | | | | 5 | | |Sky overcast. 8.30 a.m. a thunder-storm | | | | |gathered, accompanied by violent rain till | | | | |9.45, afterwards lasting with intermission | | | | |till 12.30. | | | | | | | 6 | | |Fine weather. | | | | | | | 7 |No observation.| | | | | | | | 8 | | |In the afternoon a heavy thunder-storm, but no| | | | |rain. | | | | | | | 9 | | |Sky overcast, rainy. 10 a.m. the sun broke | | | | |through the clouds. | | | | | | | 10 | | |4 p.m. a thunder-storm gathered from N. | | | | |proceeded westward, bringing us only a few | | | | |drops. | | | | | | | |sunset | 80 | | | | | | | | 11 | | |In the afternoon a thunder-storm, but only a | | | | |few drops of rain. | | | | | | | 12 | | |No thunder-storm; windy. (Libtáko.) | | | | | | | 13 | | |During the following night heavy thunder- | | | | |storm, but no rain here. | | | | | | | 14 | | |About 4 o’clock p.m. thunder-storm towards S.,| | | | |but not a drop of rain. | | | | | | | 15 | | |In the afternoon again thunder-storm without a| | | | |drop of rain. | | | | | | | 16 | | |Cool. | | | | | | | 17 | | |After 2 p.m. thunder-storm in the distance, | | | | |the whole sky becoming gradually overcast. | | | | |From 5.15 p.m. moderate rain till 8.30, and | | | | |afterwards a slight fall. | | | | | | | 18 | | |Atmosphere refreshed. In the evening moderate | | | | |rain. | | | | | | | 19 | | |At 2 p.m. considerable rain, with frequent | | | | |interruptions, but no thunder-storm. | | | | | | | 20 | | |Sky in the morning very cloudy, but no rain. | | | | | | | 21 | | |Wind westerly; no rain. | | | | | | | 22 | | |At 7.40 a.m. a black thunder-storm gathering | | | | |from the E., followed by moderate rain lasting| | | | |till 10 o’clock. | | | | | | | 23 | | |Sky mostly overcast. About 5 p.m. thunder- | | | | |storm towards N.W., then turned by E. towards | | | | |S., and reached us about 8 p.m. again from the| | | | |W.; first moderate rain, afterwards very | | | | |heavy, but not accompanied by wind, continuing| | | | |till 11 o’clock at night. | | | | | | | 24 | | |Fine sunny day; no rain. | | | | | | | 25 | | |Clear. | | | | | | | 26 | | |About 2 a.m. heavy thunder-storm, followed by | | | | |rain lasting till 7 o’clock. | | | | | | | 27 | | |Late in the evening thunder-storm followed | | | | |after midnight by moderate rain, at times | | | | |interrupted. | | | | | | | 28 | | |At 6.30 a.m. a heavy thunder-storm gathering | | | | |from E., followed by heavy rain, lasting till | | | | |noon. Sky did not clear up till near sunset. | | | | | | | 29 | | |Clear. | | | | | | | 30 | | |Heavy dew at night, fine morning, scarcely a | | | | |cloud to be seen. At 9 o’clock p.m. a violent | | | | |thunder-storm with heavy rain. | | | | | | | 31 | | |The sun broke through the clouds about 7 a.m.,| | | | |and the day remained fine till 3 o’clock p.m.,| | | | |when the clouds gathered, and at 4 p.m. were | | | | |followed by a very heavy shower, lasting about| | | | |hour with the utmost violence, after which it | | | | |became more moderate, lasting till long after | | | | |midnight. | | | | | | | Aug.| | | | | | | | | | 1 | | |In the afternoon cloudy, but no rain. | | | | | | | 2 | | |Very fine day, but the heat gradually | | | | |oppressive; clouds gathering in the afternoon.| | | | |At 9 o’clock p.m. heavy gusts of wind and | | | | |moderate rain till morning. | | | | | | | 3 | | |At 2 p.m. thunder-storm in S.W.; about 9 p.m. | | | | |violent thunder-storm with heavy rain, lasting| | | | |about ½ hour, followed by a second rain very | | | | |slight, but lasting till morning. | | | | | | | 4 | | |At 4.40 p.m. a heavy shower lasting till 4.55.| | | | | | | 5 | | |Clear. | | | | | | | 6 | | |In the evening thunder-storm with heavy rain. | | | | | | | 7 | | |No rain. | | | | | | | 8 | | |Clear. | | | | | | | 9 | | |Sky overcast. | | | | | | | 10 | | |7 p.m. a very violent thunder-storm with heavy| | | | |gusts of wind and much rain. | | | | | | | 11 | | |No rain. | | | | | | | 12 | | |4 o’clock p.m. a thunder-storm from the E., | | | | |with rain lasting about ¾ hour, first violent,| | | | |afterwards becoming more moderate. | | | | | | | 13 | | |In the afternoon thunder-storm towards the S. | | | | | | | 14 | | |7 a.m. dark thunder-clouds gathered from N., | | | | |bringing a little rain, and the electric | | | | |matter not having been discharged a very | | | | |sultry day followed. | | | | | | | 15 | | |The whole day thunder-storm towards N. and W. | | | | | | | 16 | | |Past midnight a violent thunder-storm | | | | |gathered, followed by moderate rain, and | | | | |another fall of rain towards morning. | | | | | | | 17 | | |At 4½ o’clock p.m. a little rain. | | | | | | | 18 |No observation.| | | | | | | | 19 | | |In the night thunder-storm but no rain. | | | | | | | 20 |No observation.| | | | | | | | 21 | | |Clear but very warm. | | | | | | | 22 | | |After 6 p.m. a heavy thunder-storm from E., | | | | |with much wind, but moderate rain; the air not| | | | |much refreshed. | | | | | | | 23 | | |Warm sunny day. | | | | | | | 24 | | | | |No observation.| | | 25 | | | | | | | | | 29 | | |A thunder-storm; heat-lightning without rain. | | | | | | | 30 | | |At noon a thunder-storm from the east. 12.45 a| | | | |little rain. The rain clouds went from S. to | | | | |W., then turned northwards; in that direction | | | | |much rain. | | | | | | | 31 | | |Morning cool; in the evening a thunder-storm | | | | |without rain in our neighbourhood. | | | | | | |Sept.| | | | | | | | | | 1 | | |In the evening the sky thickly overcast; | | | | |thunder-storm gathered, only a few drops of | | | | |rain, heavy gale. | | | | | | | 2 |No observation.| | | | | | | | 3 | | |3 p.m. a thunder-storm as in general, from the| | | | |E. 3.3 tolerably heavy rain, only three | | | | |minutes. 4.35 p.m. a second thunder-storm. | | | | | | | 4 | | |Heat-lightning in the evening; heavy gale. | | | | | | | 5 | | |Heavy westerly gale. | | | | | | | 6 | | | | |No observation.| (Timbúktu.) | | 7 | | | | | | | | | 8 | | |In the evening thunder-storm with heavy | | | | |clouds, but without rain. | | | | | | | 9 | | |In the evening heavy thunder-storm from the | | | | |N.; violent rain from 8 to 8.30 p.m., then | | | | |less severe till 11.5; afterwards heavy gale. | | | | | | | 10 | | |In the afternoon a little rain. | | | | | | | 11 | | |Sky in the afternoon thickly overcast. | | | | | | | 12 | | | | | | | |Cloudy. | | 13 | | | | | | | | | | 14 | | |2.5 p.m. a little rain; afterwards thunder- | | | | |storm and considerable rain. | | | | | | | 15 | | |The clouds driven about by a storm. | | | | | | | 16 | | |Greater part cloudy. | | | | | | | 17 | | |Tolerably clear. | | | | | | | 18 | | |2 p.m. very violent gale, followed by | | | | |considerable rain. | | | | | | | 19 | | |Fine morning. | | | | | | | 20 | | |Early in the morning heavy gale with a few | | | | |drops of rain; air became cooler. | | | | | | | 21 | | |Tolerably clear. | | | | | | | 22 | | |At 7 o’clock p.m. a thunder-storm with | | | | |moderate rain. | | | | | | | 23 | | |Heavy gale. | | | | | | | 24 | | |Clearer. | | | | | | | 25 | | |Sunrise not clear; afterwards windy. | | | | | | | 26 | | |In the evening thunder-storm without rain. | | | | | | | 27 | | |Sky not clear. About noon a gale arose. | | | | | | | 28 | | |Towards morning a little rain; sky thickly | | | | |overcast; several times rain, especially in | | | | |the afternoon; in the evening considerable | | | | |rain. | | | | | | | 29 | | |1.30 p.m. heavy rain, but short. 8 p.m. | | | | |another fall of rain, moderate, but lasting | | | | |till 11 o’clock. | | | | | | | 30 |No observation.| | | | | | | | Oct.| | | | | | | | | | 1 |No observation.| | | | | | | | 2 | | |In the afternoon thunder-storm passed by | | | | |towards the W. without bringing rain. | | | | | | | 3 | | |3.33 p.m. thunder-storm with heavy rain, | | | | |lasting more than an hour. | | | | | | | 4 to| | |Clear. | | 7 | | | | | | | | | | 8 | | |4 o’clock p.m. thunder-storm towards the N. | | | | | | | 9 | | |4 p.m. rain with interruption. | | | | | | | 10 | | |Sky not clear. | | | | | | | 11 | | | | | | | |Clear. | | 12 | | | | | | | | | | 13 | | |Overcast; at 4 p.m. a thunder-storm from the | | | | |N. with heavy gale, but only a few drops of | | | | |rain. | | | | | | | 14 | | | | | | | | | | 15 | | |Cloudy in the east. | | | | | | | 16 | | | | | | | | | | 17 | | |In the afternoon cloudy. | | | | | | | 18 | | |Night cool; fine morning. | | | | | | | 19 | | |Cool night. | | | | | | | 20 |No observation.| | | | | | | | 21 | | |The morning cloudy; N.E. gale. | | | | | | | 22 | | |N.E. wind. | | | | | | | 23 | | |Clear; gradually N.E. wind arose. | | | | | | | 24 |No observation.| | | | | | | | 25 | | |Very cold night. | | | | | | | 26 | | |Clear cold morning. | | | | | | |27 to| | | | Nov.|No observation.|Tolerably clear. | | 24 | | | | | | | | | 25 |sunrise| 56 | | | | | | | | |sunset | 76 | | | | | | | | 26 |sunrise| 56 | | | | | | | | 27 |sunrise| 63 | | | | | | | | 28 |sunrise| 62 | | | | | | | | 30 | | |Very cold; heavy northerly gale. | | | | | | | | | |Month of December no rain; sky generally dull | | | | |in the morning, only occasionally clear. | +-----+-------+-------+----------------------------------------------+

END OF THE FOURTH VOLUME.

LONDON PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO. NEW-STREET SQUARE

Transcriber's note:

Dotless _yā’_ ى has been transcribed as _yā’_ ي, except in Appendix VIII.

The position of diacritics in Appendix VIII. has often been adjusted based on the German edition.

Changes in the ERRATA have been done, as well as the following:

pg 37, Changed: "hence the precarious. allegiance" to: "hence the precarious allegiance"

pg 153, Changed: "incur the se-severest condemnation" to: "the severest"

pg 378, Changed: "very often less Besides the" to: "very often less. Besides the"

pg 411, footnote 93, Changed: "See Vol. I. p. 323, note." to: "p. 333"

pg 481, Added ” after: "or the “Sane-gungu"

pg 481, footnote 136, Changed: "Kasbah, Ah´med Bábá’s account" to: "Áhmed"

pg 523, Changed: "are the places Alíbaná, Bidáji" to: "Alíbawá"

pg 542, Changed: "bokki meams baobabs" to: "means"

pg 568, Changed: "الفُلأَن" to: "الفُلَان"

pg 569, Changed: "لبى حام الالى" to: "لبنى"

pg 569, Changed: "حُرّا نصيعـــ" to: "نصيعـــا"

pg 572, Changed: "ابوا ونبوا عن كلّ" to: "من"

pg 619, Changed: "Ís-hák thereforere crossed the river" to: "therefore"

pg 625, Changed: "Thus wrote old Bábá Ah´med" to: "Áhmed"

pg 627,, footnote 240, Changed: "Gråberg de Hemso̊" to: "Hemsö"

Minor changes in punctuation have been done silently.

Other spelling inconsistencies have been left unchanged.