Part VI
. Practical Recipes.
the Plate. the Barrel. Including Arbor, Stopwork, Mainspring, Etc. the Mainspring. the Fusee. Chain. Wheels. Pinions. Set-hands Square. Pivots. Bushing Pivot Holes, Etc. Depths. on the Application of the Geometrical Laws of Depths to Practice. Pallets. Cylinder. Balance Spring. Dial Plate. Metal Dials. Hands. Glasses. Broaching. Solid and Hollow Squares. to Straighten a Rod, Plate Or Wheel.
American Watch Tool Co.
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Chymistry District, WALTHAM, MASS.
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Watches, Clocks, Diamonds, Jewelry and Silverware.
THE
WATCHMAKERS’ HAND BOOK
INTENDED AS A WORKSHOP COMPANION FOR THOSE ENGAGED
IN WATCHMAKING AND ALLIED MECHANICAL ARTS
BY CLAUDIUS SAUNIER
ILLUSTRATED AMERICAN EDITION
REVISED AND ENLARGED BY HENRY G. ABBOTT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE WANTS OF AMERICAN WORKMEN
CHICAGO: GEO. K. HAZLITT & CO., PUBLISHERS. 1894.
COPYRIGHTED 1892, BY GEO. K. HAZLITT & CO.
PREFACE.
M. Saunier’s writings occupy an unique position in Europe, as works of reference for all who are engaged in watchmaking, and it may not be out of place to observe that the American edition of his treatise promises to take a similar place among English-speaking communities.
A glance at the index will show that the information given is essentially practical in its character, and such as will be of use to the watchmaker in his daily work. The volume is thus in no sense an abridgment of the original edition, but on the contrary, it contains much more matter than the original work.
In recent years the work of the ordinary watch repairer has undergone considerable change. The apprenticeship he serves, if indeed it can be called a real apprenticeship, is shorter than formerly. The immense number of badly constructed watches that he is called upon to put in going order for a trifling remuneration, compels him to replace the older methods of procedure by others, whenever by so doing time can be saved. From this point of view, then, the value of the present Hand Book can hardly be over-estimated, since it contains, in a readily accessible form, many details as to the working of metals, and descriptions of various practical operations, new and improved forms of tools, etc.
But the volume will be found of daily use to a wider circle of workers than those above referred to. We believe that there is hardly a branch of the watchmaking trade which may not benefit by the numerous practical details that are given; indeed, although the work is specially designed for the use of watchmakers, a great portion of it will be seen to be no less applicable to other mechanical arts.
M. Saunier’s original works, the _Guide-Manuel de l’Horloger_, and _Recueil des Procedes Pratiques_, which appeared as separate volumes, have been incorporated in this American edition, a large amount of additional information being at the same time added. As the second contained many details that more properly belonged to the first, and _vice versa_, it has been thought desirable to remodel the whole, and, as will be seen from an examination, the six parts that constitute the work are distinct in their character.
With a view to further facilitate the use of this Hand Book as a work of daily reference, an unusually full index has been added, which the reader is recommended in all cases to consult, and no effort has been spared to make the cross references in the body of the work as complete as possible.
It seems desirable here to give some explanation in regard to several of the practical methods described. Every watchmaker will at once recognize that recipes are included which are of the nature of makeshifts, and that it would in many cases be better to replace a piece by a new one rather than to repair it in the manner indicated. But, on the other hand, it has been felt that the work will often be appealed to by those who, from various circumstances, may be prevented from making or procuring a new part that will suit the watch under repair, while those who are not so situated will have no difficulty in deciding for themselves as to which method to adopt.
The original work of M. Saunier, and the English edition, both had the illustrations in the back of the work, which necessitated considerable inconvenience when consulting them. In this edition we have ventured to insert the illustrations in the text that describes them. The antiquated tools, like the bow, bow-lathe, the turns and mandril, have been omitted, and the modern foot-wheel, lathe and accessories substituted.
HENRY G. ABBOTT
INDEX.
_NOTE—The references are in all cases to the pages, not to the paragraphs._
A
Accuracy of tools, to test, 366
” ” rules, to test, 33
Acids, 127
Adjusting rod, to use, 433
Agate, 164
Akerman on hardening, 77
Alcohol, 132
” and glycerine on oilstones, 192
Alloys, 57
” properties of, 108
” that melt at certain temperatures, 82
Alum, 128
Aluminium, 103, 110
” bronze, 104, 110
” solders, 113, 116
Amalgams, 105
American chucks, 224
Ammonium, chloride of, 128
Angle of cutting edges, 235
Angles of escapement, to measure, 465
” measurement of, 26
” to construct equal, 44
” to subdivide, 44
Annealing brass, 96
” steel, 72
Anvil, to harden face of, 88
Appliances for watchmakers, 189
Aqua Regia, 127
Arbor, barrel, to make, 409, 420
” ” ” repair, 428
” ” ” true, 429
” chuck for wheel-cutting, 224, 337
” to straighten, 505
” nut, to drill, 425
” ” diameter of, 425
” set-hands, to adjust, 451
” ” ” tighten, 294
Area, measurement of, 25
Arithmetic, importance of, 17
Arithmetical ratio, 22
Automatic blow-pipe, 201
Ayr stone, 135
Axis of crystallization, 166
B
Back rests, 253
Balance, pivots, form of, 400
” poise of, 401
” protector, 265
” spring stud index, 280
” to make plain, 436
” vibrations of, 460
Balances, proportions of, 401
Balance spring, action of, 473
” ” collet tool, 286, 474
” ” gauge, 475
” ” to center, 377
” ” ” clean, 384
” ” ” draw, 47
” ” ” flatten, 477
” ” ” select, 478
” ” ” weaken, 477
Balance-springs, palladium, 107
” ” platinum, 107
Balas ruby, 162
Bands, 219
Barrel-arbor, to make, 409, 420
” ” ” repair, 428
” ” ” true, 429
” cover, to make, 410
” going, to put together, 385
” hole to bush, 412
” hook, to fix, 411
” clock, to make, 420
” to examine, 379
” ” make, 409
” ” oil, 388
” ” repair, 379, 412
” ” true, 379, 413
” ” upright, 413
Bars, to make, 409
Baths for hardening, 78
Beaupuy burnishers and files, 195
Beat block, 266
Beginners, aids for, 381
Bell-metal, 98
Belts for lathes, 219
Bench, 189, 221
Bent pivot, to redress, 454
Benzine, 133, 384
Berlioz rounding-up cones, 362
Berzelius pastile, 498
Black polish on steel, 154
Bleaching silver dials, 487
Blow-pipes, 199
Blow-pipe, gas, 201
” automatic, 201
Blue polishing stone, 135
Blueing steel, 86
Board, arrangements of, 177, 189
“Body” of steel, 70
Borax as flux for soldering, 128
Bouchons, movable, 456
” to make, 298, 456
” ” rivet, 456
Brass, 90, 110
” cast, 86, 110
” dials, to silver, 491
” etc., drill blade for, 241
” influence of impurities on, 91
” plates, to harden, 92
” rods, to harden, 95
” to anneal, 96
” ” bronze, 121
” ” polish, 149
” ” select, 91
” ” smooth, 139
” wheel teeth, observations on cutting, 346
” wheels, to polish, 149, 135
Brazing, 119
Breguet spring, to set, 476
Broaches, 199
Broaching, 499
” a hole round, 499
Brocot method of hardening brass rods, 95
Broken screw extractor, 262
” ” to remove with alum, 128
Bronze, 98, 110
” aluminium, 103, 110
” to render malleable, 98
Bronzing, 120
Brush, to clean with, 383
Brushes, preparation of, 382
Buff leather, 133
Burnishers, 198
” Beaupuy, 195
” to re-face, 198
Burnishing brass wheels, 135, 149
Burnt iron, 58
Bushing barrel holes, 412
” pivot-holes, 456
C
Caliper, figure-of-8, 197
” for heights, etc., 197
” micrometer, 270
” pallet, 466
” rest, jeweling, 249
” vernier, 278
Camphorated oil, 131
Cannon pinion, to tighten, 449
Carbon in cast iron and steel, 60
Carnelian, 164
Case hardening, 88
Case, to examine, 389
Cast brass, 90
” iron, 60
” steel, 61
Castings, malleable, 61
Catgut bands, to join, 219
Cement, application of, 156
” steel, 62
Center of circle, to find, 44
Centers, to test truth of, 366
” various, 266
Center wheel, 379
” ” to oil, 388
Centering attachments, 253
” from circumference, 307
” in wax, 157, 314
” methods of, 305
” rods, 285, 385
Chain, fusee, to ease, 434
Chain hook, to rivet, 434
Chalk for cleaning, 382
Chamfering tools, 281, 283
Charcoal for polishing, 133
” used for smoothing, 133
Chinese bronzing, 121
Chloride of ammonium, 128
” of zinc as flux for soldering, 118
Chrysolite, 163
Chucks, 224
Circle, divisions of, 24
” sub-division of, 52
” to find center of, 44
Circular oil stones, 191
Circumference, ratio to diameter, 25
” to center from, 307
Cleaning brushes, 383
” files, 193
” gold or gilt objects, 125
” metal dials, 491
” nickel movements, 101
” rough steel, 75
” watches, 382
Clock barrel, to make, 420
” dials, to clean, 491
” hands, to blue, 86
” pinions, to polish, 443
” to time rapidly, 394
Closing barrel holes, etc., 295
Cocks, to make, 409
Colcothar of vitriol, 135
Cold gilding without mercury, 122
” hammering, 74, 92
Collet, balance spring, tool, 286
Coloring gold dials, 493
Compass, proportional, 37
Compasses, 196
Conductivity, 110, 112
Copper, 89
” alloys with gold, 102
” to bronze, 120
Cord of lathe, 219
Countershaft, 220
Counting vibrations, 394
Cover of barrel, groove for, 410
” ” ” to make, 410
Crocus, 135
Crossing out a wheel, 435
Crossings of wheel, to mark, 298
” to renew broken, 440
Crystallization, axis of, 166
Cube root, 20
Curb, to adjust, 415
Cutters, to adjust form of, 353
” for jewels, 165
” ” making grooves, etc., 312
” ” slide rest, 286
” ” steel wheels, 347
” ” teeth, various kinds, 339
” rose and star, 349
” rounding up, to make, 331
” tool for making wheels, 353
” to sharpen slide rest, 287
” wheel, to make, 339
Cutting a file, 194
” edge, angles of, 235
” faces of gravers, forms of, 239
” glass, 498
” wheels, observations on, 310, 348
Cylinder escape wheel, to test, 290
” to oil, 388
” ” pivot a, 454
” ” polish mechanically, 468
D
Dead smoothing, 143
” surface of gold, to restore, 126
Decantation, 136
Definitions, geometrical, 23
Degrees of circle defined, 24
Demagnetizing watches, 403
Density, 108
Depth caliper, 197
Depths, application of laws of, 458, 460
” in stem-wind work, 462
” theoretical and practical, 458, 460
” to ease, 365
” ” secure good, 457
” visible and invisible, to test, 377
Depthing tool, to test accuracy of, 368
Design, to transfer, 30
Dial, enamel, to cut hole in, 484
” ” ” drill, 480
” ” ” reduce diameter of, 486
” ” ” remove figure from, 486
” plate, to cut, 479
” to file hole in, 481
” ” remove enamel from back of, 482
Dials, enamel for, 160
” fixed by feet, 483
” ” ” screws, 482
” gold, to restore, 493
” metal, to clean, 491
” silver, to restore, 487
” to paint hours on, 495
” ” repair, 161
Diamond, 161
” drill, to use, 169
” ” and gravers, 162, 173
” for polishing, 162
” powder, drilling with, 168
” ” to prepare, 135
Diamantine for polishing, 134, 154
Diameter, ratio to circumference, 25
Dies for screw-making, 315
” ” wheel-making, 438
Dividing plate, 298
” scales, etc., 48
” table, micrometrical, 48
Dome, freedom of, 389
Douzieme gauge, 196
Draw-plate, 298
Drawing, geometrical, 28, 40
” instruments, 32
” scales, 33
” to reduce a, 40
Drawn steel, advantages of, 71
Drifting, 296, 415, 502
Drifts, to make, 296, 422
Drill, diamond, 162, 173
” rest, 267
Drilling a barrel-arbor, 423
” enamel dial, 480
” glass, 498
” in the lathe, 308
” lubricants for, 480
” precautions in, 242, 244
” tool, to test accuracy of, 366
” with diamond powder, 168
Drills for oil-cups, 281
” to make, 244
” ” mount diamond, 173
” various, 241
Duplex ruby-roller, to make, 173
E
Elasticity of steel, 70, 84
Electro-gilding, 124
Elements of practical geometry, 23
Elevation defined, 28
Ellipse, to draw, 46
Emery, 134
” paper, to make, 134
” wheels and sticks, 134
Enamel, 159
” false, 161
” to apply cold, 160
” ” remove from back of dial, 482
” dial, to cut hole in, 484
” ” ” drill, 480
” ” ” erase figure from, 486
” ” ” reduce diameter of, 486
” dials fixed by feet, 483
” ” ” by screws, 482
Endshake, 375
Endstone, to fix, 159
” ” make, 171
Engine, wheel-cutting, 330
English movement, to examine, 389
Engraved design, to transfer, 30
Epicycloidal depths, 459
Equaling file, to cut, 194
Erasing figure from enamel dial, 486
Escapements, action of, 376
” gauges for, 465
” play of pivots in, 452
” to examine, 391
” ” measure angles of, 465
” ” oil, 387
Escapewheel, clip for holding, 289
” to test, 290
” cock passage, to turn, 312
Essences for cleaning, 133, 384
Examining watches, 371, 389
Expansion, 109
Extracting broken screws, 128, 262, 317
” square root of numbers, 21
Eyesight, to preserve, 175
F
Face-plate, 257
” universal, 257
False ruby, 163
Figure-of-8 calliper, 197
File, to cut equaling, 194
” ” round-up teeth with, 363
” use of, 178, 193
Files, Beaupuy, 195
” to clean, 193
” ” renew, 193
” ” set in handles, 193
Filing block, 269
” fixture, 268
” flat, 179
” rest, 269
” square by hand, 179, 182, 500
Finger-piece, to make, 418
Flat filing, 179
” ” device for, 182
” polishing, tool for, 302
Fletcher furnaces, 201
Fluxes for soldering, 117
Foot-wheel, 218
Fourth wheel, uprighting of, 379
Fraise, Ingold, 362
Freedom of various parts, 378, 375, 391
Frosted surface on steel, to produce, 144
Frosting silver dial, 487
Furnace temperatures, table of, 78
Furnaces, wind and muffle, 201
Fusee, advantages of, 432
” to adjust, 433
” ” snail, 145
” watch, to examine, 389
Fusion, points of, 110, 112
G
Gauges, 196
” for balance-springs, 475
” ” escapements, 465
” movement, table of, 462
” registering, 274
” staff, 275
Geneva movement, to examine, 374
Geometrical drawing, 28
” proportion, 22
” ratio, 20
Geometry, elements of practical, 23
” importance of, 17
German silver, 100, 110
Gilding, 122
” bath, to prepare, 124
Gilt objects, to clean, 125
Glass, to cement, 157
” ” cut, 498
” ” drill, 498
” use of, 175
Glue, application of, 156
Glycerine and alcohol on oilstones, 191
Gold, 101, 110
” to clean, 126
” ” deaden surface, 126
” ” prepare in powder, 128
” copper alloys, 102
” ” dials, to restore, 493
” solders, 114, 116
” springs, 102, 478
Graduations of scales, etc., 49
Grain of steel, 68
Graining prior to gilding, 125
” steel, 144
Grammaire, 298
Gravers, diamond, 162
” to mount diamond, 162
” use of, 178
” various, 238
Grinder, traverse spindle, 258
Grindstone, 192
Groove, circular, to cut, 311
” for barrel-cover, to make, 410
” straight, to make, 312
” to turn, 312
H
Hairspring, _see_ Balance spring.
” stud index, 280
Hairspringing collet tool, 286
Hammer hardening, 68, 74, 92
Hand fitting pliers, 288
” holder, 287
” to enlarge hole in, 287
” ” set in position, 497
” turning tools, 238
Hands, freedom of, 373
” to blue, 86
” ” to redden, 497
” ” tighten, 287
Handles, to set tools in, 198
Hard steel, to drill, 243
” ” ” turn, 185
Hardening brass, 92
” gold spring, 478
” solutions, 77
” steel, methods of, 77
” ” precautions in, 79
” ” temperature for, 68, 81
Hardness of jewels, to test, 166
” ” steel, 82
” scale of, 111
Health, preservation of, 175
Heat, mode of applying, to temper, 84
” of furnaces, table of, 78
Homogeneity of steel, 68
Hone slates, 134
Holder, escape wheel, 289
” for watch-hand, 287
Holes, methods of tapping, 323
Hook, chain, to rivet, 484
” to fix in barrel, 411
Hooks for catgut bands, 219
Hooked gravers, 288
Hours, to paint on dials, 495
” wheel, freedom of, 374
Hydrochloric acid, 127
” ” flux for soldering, 118
Hydrofluoric acid, 127
Hydrogen in palladium, 107
I
Idlers, 222
Impurities in brass, their influence, 90
” ” steel ” ”, 88
Index, to ease, 478
Ingold fraise, 362
Inks for painting dials, 496
Instruments, drawing, 82
Involute depths, 458
Iridium, alloy with platinum, 107
Iron, cast, 60, 110
” for soldering, 118
” its properties and uses, 57
” oxides of, for polishing, 185
” to case harden, 88
” ” distinguish from steel, 57
” ” restore, 59
” wrought, 57, 110
J
Jewel in pallet, to advance, 463
” resetting tool, 299
” setting, cutters for, 137
” to find axis of, 166
” holes, thickness of, 400
” ” to make, 168
” ” ” set, 171, 298
” ” ” smooth and polish, 169
Jeweling caliper rest, 249
Jewelry, alloys used for, 102
” to clean after soldering, 126
Jewels, 161
” to select, 166
” working in, 165
K
Keyless pinion, to drift, 503
” winding depths, 392, 462
” ” wheel, to make, 441
” work, need of oil, 383
” ” to examine, 392
L
Lamps, 190
Laps for jewelers, 165
Lathe, 210
” attachments, 247
” belts, 219
” care of, 213
” simple form of, 211
” for jewel making, 165
” large size, 216
” to center rods in, 285, 305
” band, 219
Lead, 99, 110
” use of, in brass, 90
Leaves of pinions, to polish, 445
Leclerre’s vibration counter, 395
Left-handed screws, to make, 320
Lever escapement, to examine, 391
Lift, to measure, 465
Lines, to connect up, 45
” ” draw parallel, 43
” ” subdivide, 43
Liquation, 92
Local time, 54
Locking stones, to make, 172
Longitude, value in time, 55
Lubrication of whetstones, 191
M
Magnetism, to remove, 403
Mainspring, setting up, 385
” to blue, 86
” ” make eye, 431
” ” reduce height of, 432
” ” select, 432
Malleability, etc., of steel, 70
Malleable bronze, 98
” castings, 61
” nickel, 100
Materials used in horology, 57
Measurement, exact, 38
” of angles, 26
” ” triangles, squares, etc., 26
” ” various solid bodies 28
Melting points, 110, 112
Mercury, 105, 110
” to purify, 106
Metals, 57
” to cement, 156
Methylated spirit, 132
Micrometers, 196, 270
Micrometer screw, 39, 48
Micrometrical dividing table, 48
Mill cutters for steel teeth, 347
Milling fixture, 258
Minute wheel, freedom of, 374
” ” to cut, 310
Mixed oils, 131
Mortar for making diamond powder 138
Motion work, to examine, 374
Motive force, effect of variations in, 402
Movement, to examine English and American, 389
Movement, to examine Geneva, 374
Muffle furnace, 201
N
Natural steel, 62, 65
Nickel, 99, 110
” movements, 100
” to surface, 147
” ” render malleable, 100
” silver, 100, 110
Nitric acid, 127
O
Oil, 128
” application of, 387
” necessary in keyless work, 393
” retention of, at center pivots, 378, 386
” ” ” on acting surfaces, 132
” tests of quality of, 129
” to secure permanency in, 130
Oil-cup chamferers, 281
Oil-cups, observations on, 282
” to polish, 153
Oilsinks, 131
Oilstone, 135, 190
Oilstones, circular, 191
Oilstone dust, to prepare, 137
Oriental chrysolite, 163
” ruby, 162
” sapphire, 163
Oxides of iron for polishing, 135
P
Paillard’s balance-springs, 108
Painting dials, 495
Palladium, 107
” balance-springs, 108
Pallets, 463
Pallet-opening calliper, 466
” stone, to alter, 464
” ” ” cement, 159
” ” ” make, 172
” ” ” move, 463
Pallets, verge, to open or close, 467
” ” ” measure, 466
Paper used in cleaning watches, 385
Parallel lines, to draw, 42
Parallelogram, 27
Pendulum, counting vibrations of, 394
” spring, _see_ Balance-spring.
” vibrations of, 460
Permanency in oil, to secure, 130
Perpendicular, to erect, 41
Petroleum, use for cleaning, 384
Pewter, composition of, 99
Physical properties of alloys, 108
Pickling dials, 488
Pinion, cannon, to tighten, 449
” hollow, to replace pivot of, 453
” leaves, to polish, 445
” riveting tool, 294
” to drift keyless, 297
” ” increase or decrease, 444
Pinions, etc., cutters for, 349
” high and low numbered, 460
” sizes of, 443
” to make, 442
Pivot-holes, cleaning, 382
Pivot polisher, 250
” to bush, 456
Pivots, balance, length of, 377
” ” form of, 400
” center, 378
” play of, 378, 452
” replacing broken, 453
” to polish mechanically, 454
” ” redress bent, 454
” ” turn, 183
Pivoting a cylinder, 454
Plate, watch, to make, 407
Plates, brass, to harden, 92
” for screw-making, 315
” to straighten, 504
Plating, gold, 124
” silver dials, 491
Platinum, 106
” balance-springs, 108
” to solder, 131
Pliers, 196
” hand-fitting, 288
Poise of balance, 401
Polish, black, on steel, 154
Polisher, form of, 155
Polishing brass, 149
” circular grooves, 428
” cylinder lips, tool for, 468
” escape-wheel teeth, 153
” flat objects, 302
” jewel-holes, 168
” machine for pinions, 445
” materials, 133
” pivots in lathe, 454
” powders, to prepare, 136
” ratchet teeth, 427
” sinks and oil-cups, 153
” steel, 153
” stones, Cadot’s, 136
Positions, timing in, 399
Post, to adjust, 415
Powers of numbers, 20
Precious stones, 161
” ” working in, 164
Preservation of health, 175
Prime numbers, 18
Proportion of numbers, 22
” ” balances, 401
Proportional compass, 37
Protractor, 33
Puddled steel, 62
Pulleys, 222
Pumice-stone, 135
Punch, centering, 285
” riveting, 198
Putty powder, 135
R
Radius defined, 24
Railway time, 55
Ratchet, to renew barrel-arbor, 425
” ” smooth, 140
” ” snail, 141
” teeth, to cut in lathe, 310
” to polish, 427
Ratio, 25
Receipts for watchmakers, 407
Red-stuff, 135
Re-facing burnishers, 198
Registering gauge, 273
Regulating a clock, 398
” ” watch, 396
Renewing files, 193
Repairing watches, 371
Resetting jewels, 300
Resin as flux for soldering, 117
Resist for use in gilding, 125
Retention of oil on acting surfaces, 132
Riveting stake and punch, 198
Rods, brass, to harden, 95
” to straighten, 504
Roller remover, 264
” to make duplex, 173
Roots of numbers, 20
Rose cutters, 349, 357
Rottenstone, 135
Rouge, 135
Rough steel, to clean, 75
Roughing files, 193
Round hole, to broach, 499
Rounding-up attachment, 259
” ” cones, 362
” ” cutters, to make, 331
” ” teeth by hand, 363
” ” tools, 330, 359
Rubitine, 134
Ruby, 162
” false, 163
” roller, to make duplex, 173
Rust, to remove and to prevent, 58
S
Sal-amoniac as flux for soldering, 128
Salts, 128
Sapphire, 163
Sapphirine, 134
Scale, to remove, from steel, 75
Scales used in drawing, 33
Scratch-brushing, 125
Screw dies, 315
” head sinking tools, 260
” ” to smooth, polish and slit, 143, 301
” micrometer, 39
” plates, to make, 316
” ” and taps, 315
” rapid mode of making, 326
Screws, double and treble threaded, 381
” left-handed, 320
” to blue, 86
” ” make internal and external, 315
” ” extract broken, 128, 262, 317
” tray for, 381
Sealing-wax as cement, 155
Seconds circle, to fix, 484
” ” ” make hole for, 484
Sector, 36
Semi-cylindrical drill, 245
Series of holes, to drill, 309
Set-hands arbor, to adjust, 451, 294
” nut, to make, 449
” square, to make, 422, 449, 500
Setting jewel-holes, 171
” ” cutters for, 236
Set-square, to center with, 286
Sharpening cutters, 237
Shear steel, 62, 66
Shellac as cement, 155
Shoulders, cutters for making, 236
” gravers for turning, 239
” to polish square, 155
” ” turn square, 183
Sight, to preserve, 175
Signs used in calculations, 19
Silver, 103, 110
” dial, to restore, 487
” German or nickel, 100, 110
” solders, 114
” solution for dials, 490
” for plating, to apply, 492
” ” ” ” prepare, 491
Sinks in watch plate, 131, 281
” to polish, 153
Sinking tools, 281
Slates, hone, 134
Slide rest, 233
” cutters, 236
” ” to sharpen, 237
” turning with, 234
Sliding tongs, 196
Smoothing brass wheels, 149
” metallic surfaces, 139
Snailing, circular, 141
” steel, 145
” tool for, 146
Soap, application of, 383
Solders for various metals, 113
” hard and soft, 113
Soldering, 112
” fluid, 118
” fluxes used in, 117
” iron, 118
” methods of, 115
” to clean jewelry after, 126
Solid content, measurement of, 28
” geometry, 23
” squares, 500
Specific gravity, 110, 111
” heat, 110, 111
Spelter solders, 114
Spinel ruby, 162
Spiral, to draw, 47
Split chucks, 224
Spotting, circular, 141
” machine, 141
Spring, balance, 473
Springs, to blue, 86
Square hole, to drift a, 502
” measurement of, 26
” root, 21
” set hands, to make, 422, 449, 500
” shoulders, to turn, 183
” to file by hand, 500
” winding, to renew, 430
Squares, solid and hollow, 500
” to make, 422, 449, 500
Staff gauge, 275, 277
” to straighten, 505
Stake, riveting, 198
Staking tool, 293
Star cutters, 348, 357
” wheel, to true, 417
” ” sink, to make, 410
Steel, 61, 110
” characteristics of good, 63
” drawn, 70
” drill blade for, 242
” influence of impurities on, 88
” maximum elasticity of, 82
” precautions in hardening, 79
” preparation of, 72
” to anneal, 72
” ” braze, 119
” ” clean rough, 75
” ” determine qualities of, experimentally, 66
” ” distinguish from iron, 58
” ” polish, 153
” ” restore, 59
” ” snail, 145
” ” smooth, 143
” ” temper, 81
” ” turn hard, 185
” ” whiten, 84
” wheels, cutters for, 347
Stem wind pinion, to drift, 503
” ” wheels, to make, 441
Stepping device, 227
Sterro, 99, 110
Stone, pallet, to cement, 159
Stones for polishing, Cadot’s, 136
” precious, 161
” to make pallet, 172
Stool, 190
Stopping barrel holes, 412
” pivot-holes, 456
Stopwork, proportions of Geneva, 416
” to examine English, 389
” ” examine Geneva, 374
Straight groove, to make, 312
Straightening rods, etc, 504
Stud index, hairspring, 280
Studs, to remove, 291
Subdivision of angles, 44
” ” circle, 52
” ” lines, 43
Sulphuric acid, 127
Surfaces, smoothing of metallic, 139
Surfacing nickel movements, 147
Synchrometer, Guilmet’s, 398
T
Tailstock, 247
Tap, to increase diameter of, 323
Tapping holes, various methods of, 323
Taps for screw-making, 317
” left-handed screw, 320
Teeth, forms of, 365
” of escape wheels, to test, 290
” ” lever escape wheel, to polish, 153
” ” to cut, 330
” precautions in cutting, 341, 346
” steel, to polish, 427
” to renew in wheel, 439
” ” round up, 363
” ” true, 440
Temper, as indicated by blueing, 87
Temperatures, determined by melting alloys, 82
” determination of furnace, 82
” of furnace, approximate, 73
” of temper colors, 82
Tempering steel, 82
Tightening cannon pinions, 293, 449
” hands, 294
” set hands arbor, 294
Time, 54
” standard, 55
” to ascertain true, 54
Timing in positions, 399
” watches and clocks, 394
Tin, 97, 110
” solders, 114, 115
” use of, in brass, 90
Tinning surfaces, 119
Tool, form of, for turning, 238
” for balance spring collet, 286, 474
” ” closing barrel holes, etc., 293
” ” drifting, 296
” ” flat polishing, 301
” ” measuring verge pallets, 466
” ” polishing cylinder lips, 468
” ” ” pinion leaves, 445
” ” ” pivots, 454
” ” resetting jewels, 299
” ” riveting pinions, 293
” ” snailing, 146
” ” spotting, 141
” ” tightening cannon pinions, 293
” ” ” hands, 293
” ” ” set hands arbor, 293
Tools, ordinary small, 260
” need of good assortment, 187
” screw head, 329
” for hand-turning, 238
” ” making jewels, 165
” ” rounding up teeth, 359
” ” sinking screw heads, 260
” ” watchmakers, 189
” to set in handles, 193
” ” sharpen turning, 237
” ” test accuracy of, 366
” ” ” escape wheels, 290
Tool set, 237
Tongs, sliding, 196
Topaz, 164
Tourmaline plates, 167
Tracing, 30
” from dial, 495
Train, play of pivots of, 378
Trains of watches, usual, 394
Transferring, 30
Traverse spindle grinder, 258
Triangles, 26
Tripoli, 135
Trueing a barrel, 412
” ” ” arbor, 429
” ” star-wheel, 417
” ” wheel, 440
Truth of tools, to test, 366
Turning sphere, tool for, 241
” by hand, 238
” tools, forms of, 238
” ” to grind, 237
” velocity in, 235
” with either hand, 186
” ” slide-rest, 233
Turpentine, use of, in drilling, 480
” Venice, as flux for soldering, 117
Tweezers, 196
” for removing studs, 292
U
Universal face-plate, 256
” head, 256,303
Unlocking pallets, to make, 172
Uprighting a barrel, 413
” of center wheel, 378
” tool, to test accuracy of, 367
V
Velocity in turning, 235
Verge pallets, to measure, 466
” ” ” open or close, 467
” to straighten, 505
Vernier, 37
” caliper, 278
” gauge, 278
Vibrations of balance or pendulum, 460
” to count, 394
W
Watch-glass, to reduce, 499
” hand holder, 287
” ” to blue, 86
” ” ” tighten, 293
” plate, to make, 407
” to de-magnetize, 403
” ” time rapidly, 394
Watches, to clean, 382
” ” put together, 385
” ” repair and examine, 371, 389
” usual trains of, 394
Watchmakers’ bench, 221
” receipts, 407
Water, annealing steel in, 73
” of Ayr stone, 135
Watered surfaces on nickel, 147
” surfaces, to produce, 139
Wavy surfaces, to produce, 139
Wax chucks, 157, 230
” to set objects in, 157
Weight of balance, 401
Wheel, cutters, 258
” ” or punch, 438
” ” tool for making, 354
” ” to make, 340
” cutting engine, 330
” ” ” to divide a rule on, 50
” ” ” to polish in, 427
” foot, 218
” mode of holding in cutting, 337
” teeth, to cut in lathe, 336
” tooth, to renew, 439
” to divide, 333
” ” make steel, 441
” ” mark crossings of, 298
” ” rough out, 435
” ” straighten, 504
” ” true, 440
Wheels, arbors for cutting, 337
” identical, 438
” observations on cutting, 346
” steel, cutters for, 347
” to ease depths of, 365
” ” polish brass, 149
” ” repair, 439
Whetstones, 190
White smoothing, 143
Whiting, 136
Wind furnace, 201
Winding square, to make, 422
” ” ” renew, 430
Wire-drawing plate, 298
” gauges, 272
Work-bench, arrangement of, 189
Y
Yellow copper or brass, 90
Z
Zinc, 89
THE WATCHMAKERS’ HAND BOOK.
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