Part 2
The curative effects of medicines may be restrained, changed in form or prevented by untimely administration.
Medicines intended to act on the mucous membrane of the stomach should only be given when that organ is empty. If distant parts are to be affected in the most prompt and efficient manner and the medicine is free from distinct irritating qualities, it should be taken on an empty stomach; as when digestion is going on, the contents of the stomach are acid in reaction and if alkalies are given combinations take place and salts are formed. If alkalies are given before digestion begins, diffusion of the acid-forming constituents of the blood takes place, and in this way the acidity of the gastric juice is promoted; likewise acids given before meals increase the diffusion of the alkaline constituents of the blood.
METHODS OF ADMINISTERING MEDICINES
Drenching, bit, balling gun, capsule gun, bottle, dose syringe and hypodermic syringe.
Anaesthetics administered in feed bags or proper inhaler.
TABLES USED IN PRESCRIPTION WRITING
APOTHECARIES OR TROY WEIGHT.
20 Grains (Granum) (Gr. or Grs.) = 1 Scruple. 3 Scruples (Scrupulum) (Sc.) = 1 Drachm (60 Grs.) 8 Drachms (Drachma) (ʒ) = 1 Ounce. 12 Ounces (Uncia) (℥) = 1 Pound (℔)
In prescription writing the pound sign should not be used; always express large quantities by ounces.
APOTHECARIES’ LIQUID MEASURE.
60 Minims (Minimum) (M. or Ms.) = 1 Fluid Drachm. 8 Fluid Drachms (Fluid Drachma) (fl. ʒ) = 1 Fluid Ounce. 16 Fluid Ounces (Fluid Uncia) (fl. ℥) = 1 Pint. 2 Pints (Octarius) (O.) = 1 Quart. 4 Quarts or 8 Pints = 1 Gallon (congius--C.)
In prescribing liquids the abbreviation for Quarts (Qts.) is never used. If a quart is desired it is expressed as two pints (Oij).
APPROPRIATE EQUIVALENTS OF WINE UNITS IN DOMESTIC MEASURES.
Teaspoon = ʒi. Dessert spoon = ʒii. Table spoon = ℥ss. Cup = ℥iv. Tumbler = ℥viii.
TABLES FOR REGULATING THE DOSES FOR YOUNG ANIMALS
HORSES.
3 years old and upward, full dose. From 1¹⁄₂ years old to 3 years, ¹⁄₂ dose. From 9 to 18 months old, ¹⁄₄ dose. From 4¹⁄₂ to 9 months old, ¹⁄₈ dose. From 1 to 4¹⁄₂ months old, ¹⁄₁₆ dose.
CATTLE.
2 years old and upward, full dose. From 1 to 2 years old, ¹⁄₂ dose. From ¹⁄₂ to 1 year, ¹⁄₄ dose. From 3 to 6 months, ¹⁄₈ dose. From 1 to 3 months, ¹⁄₁₆ dose.
SHEEP.
2 years old and upward, full dose. From 1 to 2 years old, ¹⁄₂ dose. From ¹⁄₂ to 1 year, ¹⁄₄ dose. From 3 to 6 months, ¹⁄₈ dose. From 1 to 3 months, ¹⁄₁₆ dose.
PIGS.
1¹⁄₂ years and upward, full dose. From 9 to 18 months old, ¹⁄₂ dose. From 4¹⁄₂ to 9 months, ¹⁄₄ dose. From 2¹⁄₂ to 4¹⁄₄ months, ¹⁄₈ dose. From 1 to 2¹⁄₂ months, ¹⁄₁₆ dose.
DOGS.
From ¹⁄₂ to 1 year old, full dose. From 3 to 6 months, ¹⁄₂ dose. From 1¹⁄₂ to 3 months, ¹⁄₄ dose. From 20 to 45 days, ¹⁄₈ dose. From 10 to 20 days, ¹⁄₁₆ dose.
THE ART OF PRESCRIBING
The prescription should be as brief and simple as possible. It should be explicit and clearly written. It may be expressed either in Latin or in English. The manner in which the medicine is to be used should be specified. Important instructions as to the rule, systematic regulations or diet of the patient are sometimes necessary.
Prescriptions usually contain two or more of the following four representative constituents: (1) The _basis_ or active ingredients. The practice of conjoining several active medicines has wisely been abandoned. Occasionally, however, it may be advantageous to give together two medicines producing their effects in somewhat different ways. Thus, spasms of the bowels are more often effectually controlled by the conjunction of a stimulant like ether and an anodyne like opium than by either given alone. Pain which is not alleviated by either morphine or atropine is sometimes abated by giving them together. (2) The _adjuvant_ is introduced in order to increase, moderate or modify the action of the basis. Frequently its chief object is to insure solubility and ready absorption. (3) A _corrective_ is occasionally required to temper the effects of the basis. Thus a small dose of opium is prescribed with oil or other laxative in cases of diarrhoea; ginger is generally added to the aloetic mass to prevent its griping. (4) The _vehicle_ generally consists of some comparatively inert substance, added to facilitate administration, such as the treacle, linseed meal or licorice powder used as an excipient for boluses and pills, the benzoated lard or vaseline used for making ointments, and the water given in drenches.
Example:
℞ Barb. Aloes ℥i. Calomel ʒi. Ginger ʒii. Molasses ℥ss. M. et fiat massa, in bolus 1. Sig. Give at once. --John Jones.
In the above prescription aloes is the basis; calomel as an adjuvant, ginger as a corrective, molasses as an excipient.
* * * * *
A prescription is composed of several parts, which may be considered as follows:
1. Heading. 2. Names and quantities of drugs. 3. Directions to compounder. 4. Directions to attendant. 5. Signature of writer.
1. For Gray Tom. July 22, 1916. ℞ { Cupri sulph., 2. { Ferri. sulph. exsic., aa. ℥iss. { Pulv. belladonna fol., { Pulv. gentian rad. aa. ℥iii. 3. M. Ft. Chart No. XII. 4. Sig.--One powder three or four times daily in syrup. --John Jones.
ABBREVIATIONS
PRESCRIPTION WRITING.
Words, phrases and abbreviations commonly used in prescription writing.
℞--means take thou. M.--Misce, mix. Fiat--make. Ad.--add, to make. Et.--means and. Sig.--Signa, label, or write thus. Numerus--number. O.--Octarius, a pint. Ter.--thrice. C. or Cong.--Congius, gallon. Dies.--diem, day. Q. S.--Quantum sufficiat. Sufficient quantity. Bene--well. q. s. ad.--quantity sufficient to make certain amount. Q. h.--quaqua-hora, every hour. aa.--ana. Of each. S.--Semis, means half. S. S.--Semi or Semissis means one-half. Cum.--with. Stat.--statim, immediately. B. I. D.--Bis in die. Twice daily. T. I. D., or T. D.--three times daily, Ter in die. Q. D.--quarter in die; four times daily. P. Æ.--Partes æquales, equal parts. Div.--divide. Gtt.--Guttæ, drops. Grs.--Grains. ʒ--Drachma, dram. ℥--Uncia, ounce. M.--Minims about a drop. ℈--Scruple. M. ft.--mistura fiat; let a mixture be made. Pil.--Pilula; pill. Destil.--Destilla; distill. Liq.--liquor a solution. Pulv.--Pulvis; powder. Fl.--fluidus, fluid. Bol.--Bolus, large pill. Cola--strain. Filtra--filter. Capsula--cap. A capsule. Charta--chart. A paper (medicated). Dosis--Dos. A dose. Massa--Mass. A pill--mass. Unguentum--Ungt. An ointment. Syrups--Syr. A syrup. Vinum.--Vin. A wine. Aqua fontana--Aq. font.--Spring water. Aqua destillata--Aq. dest.--Distilled water.
ACIDUM BORICUM--BORACIC ACID--BORIC ACID
DERIVATION.--Made by evaporation and crystallization of a solution obtained by passing steam issuing from rocks in volcanic regions of Italy, through water; or by the action of hydrochloric or sulphuric acids upon borax. Recovered by filtration and recrystallization.
PROPERTIES.--Transparent colorless scales, of a somewhat pearly luster, six-sided tricline crystals, or a light white, very fine powder, slightly unctuous to the touch; odorless, having a faintly bitterish taste, and permanent in air. Soluble in water, alcohol, glycerine, etc.
DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; foals and calves, 20 to 30 grs.; sheep and pigs, 30 to 40 grs.; dogs, 5 to 20 grs.
PREPARATIONS
GLYCERITUM BOROGLYCERINI--GLYCERITE OF BOROGLYCERIN
Composed of boric acid, 310 parts; glycerin to make 1,000; prepared by heat (303° F.).
## ACTIONS.--Boric acid is a non-volatile, non-irritating antiseptic,
deodorant and astringent, it arrests fermentation of minute organisms, free of irritating effects in solution, when applied to wounds; it lessens suppuration, and is as effective as carbolic acid; can be used in any strength from the pure powder or saturated solution to the mildest form.
USES.--Boric acid is indicated for all purposes for which an antiseptic is used; it is used in diarrhoea in foals, calves and dogs, combined with other drugs; it has a slightly astringent action of itself; it is excreted in the urine, consequently would exert its influence on the bladder in cystitis, cystic catarrh; 1 part in 800 prevents the development of anthrax-bacilli; useful in skin diseases, also used in keratitis and catarrhal and purulent conjunctivitis, six to ten grains to the ounce, with atropine or cocaine when very painful. Useful in distemper of dogs where the bowels are affected, as an antiseptic. Boric acid is preferred to carbolic acid as an antiseptic for dogs. On account of the paralyzing effect of carbolic acid on the nerves, it hinders the healing of wounds to a certain extent, while the boracic acid does not.
Boric acid may be applied pure to wounds and sores or mixed with other suitable drugs as a dusting powder. Equal parts of boric acid and zinc oxide make a cheap and effective healing powder; to an itching wound the addition of an equal quantity of acetanilide increases its value. A saturated solution (four per cent) is useful as a vaginal and uterine douche and to flush the bladder in cystitis.
ACIDUM CARBOLICUM CRUDUM--CRUDE CARBOLIC ACID
DERIVATION.--A liquid consisting of several different constituents of coal tar, particularly creosol and phenol, obtained by fractional distillation.
PROPERTIES.--A nearly colorless, or reddish-brown liquid of a strong disagreeable and creosote-like odor, and gradually turning darker on exposure to the air and light. Soluble in fifteen parts of water.
PHENOL--ACIDUM CARBOLICUM--CARBOLIC ACID
DERIVATION.--Obtained from crude carbolic acid by agitation with caustic soda, heating to 338° F., and adding hydrochloric acid. Then by agitation with sodium chloride, digestion with calcium chloride, and distillation at a temperature between 336° F. and 374° F. and finally by crystallization.
PROPERTIES.--Phenol in its pure state is a solid at ordinary temperatures, crystallizing in minute plates or long rhomboidal needles, white or colorless, of a peculiar odor recalling that of creosote, and an acrid burning taste. It is likely to be colored pinkish or brown under the influence of light and air. Soluble in about 19.6 parts of water, and very soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, glycerin, fixed and volatile oils.
## ACTIONS.--Phenol in large and undiluted doses is an irritant and
narcotic poison; it is used as an antiseptic, parasiticide, antiferment and sometimes used as a local anaesthetic or anodyne in a 2 to 5 per cent solution; also as a caustic, but should not be used as a caustic as a burn from it heals very slowly.
USES.--Internally as a gastric sedative in small doses for vomiting in dogs; is administered in various contagious and infectious diseases with the view of preventing or arresting the development of micro-organisms; it coagulates albumen, is not nearly so active as bichloride of mercury; 1 part to 500 parts of water prevents the growth of anthrax and other bacilli. Full doses produce gastro-enteritis, and collapse, which may end fatally; it is a muscular and nerve paralyzer, both internally and externally, it kills by paralyzing the muscles of respiration and the heart. It is chiefly eliminated from the system by the kidneys, giving the urine a brownish color.
IN SURGERY.--A three to five per cent solution is used for washing out wounds, a two to three per cent for hands, and for itching of the skin, carbolic acid three or four drachms, glycerine two ounces to one pint of water. Do not use over large surface on dogs and not at all on cats.
Phenol treatment for Tetanus, which has given very good results and I would recommend one drachm in three ounces of water, injected hypodermically in the region of neck and shoulder every two or three hours until twelve injections were given and less frequently thereafter.
DOSES.--Of the phenol: Horses and cattle, 10 to 40 grs.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 grs.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 gr., well diluted.
TOXICOLOGY.--Dogs and cats are especially susceptible to the action of carbolic acid, therefore great care must be exercised when washing, especially cats, with any preparation containing carbolic acid. Disinfecting and deodorizing cat’s quarters with any preparation containing carbolic acid makes them sick.
ANTIDOTE.--Sulphates of soda or magnesia. Atropine sulphate hypodermically is a very valuable antidote. Alcohol and vinegar have been used with good results, both internally and externally.
ACIDUM SALICYLICUM--SALICYLIC ACID
An organic acid, existing naturally in combination in various plants, but largely prepared synthetically from carbolic acid.
DERIVATION.--Made by passing carbonic dioxide through sodium carbolate at a temperature of 428° F. (220° C.). 2 NaC₆H₅O (sodium carbolate) + CO₂ = Na₂C₇H₄O₃ (sodium salicylate) + C₆H₆O (phenol). Sodium salicylate is treated with hydrochloric acid when salicylic acid is precipitated.
PROPERTIES.--Light, fine, white, needle-shaped crystals, odorless, having a sweetish, afterwards acrid taste; permanent in air. Soluble in alcohol, ether and hot water; borax increases its solubility.
DOSE.--Horses, 2 to 6 drs.; cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep, 1 to 2 drs.; pigs, 30 to 40 grs.; dogs, 5 to 20 grs.; should be given well diluted; large doses are recommended for fevers, but smaller doses more often repeated in rheumatism.
SODII SALICYLAS--SODIUM SALICYLAS
DERIVATION.--Made by the action of salicylic acid on sodium carbonate. The solution is filtered and heated to expel carbon dioxide.
PROPERTIES.--A white amorphous or crystalline powder or scales; odorless and having a sweetish, saline taste. Permanent in air. Soluble in water, alcohol and glycerine.
DOSE.--Same as for salicylic acid.
PHENYLIS SALICYLAS--PHENYL SALICYLATE (Salol)
DERIVATION.--Made by heating salicylic and carbolic acids with phosphorous pentachloride.
PROPERTIES.--A white crystalline powder; odorless, or having a faintly aromatic odor, and almost tasteless. Permanent in air. Insoluble in water, soluble in ten parts of alcohol and readily soluble in chloroform.
DOSE.--Same as for salicylic acid.
## ACTIONS.--Salicylic acid, sodium salicylate and phenyl salicylate are
powerful antiseptic, anti-rheumatic, diaphoretic, cardiac depressant, antiferment and antipyretic. Salicylic acid is in addition irritant and astringent, continued in large doses is apt to derange digestion; best to be administered on a full stomach.
USES.--For acute rheumatism, influenza, strangles and purpura where there is much sloughing; also as a surgical wash, salicylic acid one part, borax one part to thirty or forty parts of water. Salicylic acid is a more powerful antiseptic than carbolic acid. Salicylic of soda is freely antiseptic. Salicylic acid is highly recommended in intestinal flatulence, given in two drachm doses with one ounce of aromatic spirits of ammonia. In gastric-flatulence give two drachms in capsule, repeat in half hour if necessary.
ACONITUM--ACONITE--MONKSHOOD
DERIVATION.--Aconite is obtained from the root of aconitum napellus, which grows in Northwestern North America, Europe and Asia in mountainous regions, and cultivated in the United States for its beautiful flowers.
PROPERTIES.--The fresh leaves have a faint narcotic odor, most sensible when they are rubbed. Their taste is at first bitterish and herbaceous, afterwards burning and acrid, with a feeling of numbness and tingling on the inside of the lips, tongue and fauces, which is very durable, lasting sometimes many hours. When long chewed they inflame the tongue. The dried leaves have a similar taste, but the acrid impression commences later. Their sensible properties and medical activity are impaired by long keeping. They should be of a green color, and free from mustiness. The root has a feeble earthy odor. Though sweetish at first, it has afterwards the same effect as the leaves upon the mouth and fauces. It shrinks much in drying and becomes darker, but does not lose its acrimony. Those parcels, whether of leaves or roots, should always be rejected which are destitute of this property. Aconite root is officially described as being “slenderly conical, 4 to 10 cm. long, 10 to 20 mm. thick at the crown; occasionally split; longitudinally wrinkled; dark brown and marked with coarse whitish root-scars; fracture short, horny or mealy; internally whitish or light brown; the cambium zone irregular and 5 to 7-angled; odor very slight; taste sweetish, soon becoming acrid and developing a tingling sensation, followed by numbness.”
Preparations of the leaves are not official in the U. S. P. The root is five times stronger than the leaves.
CONSTITUENTS.--The alkaloid representing the action of the drug is aconitine, which is precipitated by ammonia from an aqueous solution of an alcoholic extract of the root of various species. It is a colorless, crystalline or amorphous, gray powder, almost insoluble in water, and soluble in 22 parts of alcohol, in 44 parts of ether and 1 part of chloroform. Its salts are soluble in water. Aconitine or its solutions, unless very dilute, are too poisonous to be tasted.
Commercial preparations vary in purity and strength, and since it is extremely poisonous its internal administration is undesirable. Pseudo-aconitine, aconitine and other alkaloids in combination with aconitic acid have been obtained from aconite, but their identity and chemistry are uncertain.
DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 3 to 20 grs.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 3 grs.; dogs, ¹⁄₁₀ to ¹⁄₁₁ gr.
PREPARATIONS
FLUIDEXTRACTUM ACONITI--FLUIDEXTRACT OF ACONITE
Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water and evaporation. Assayed so that each 100 c. c. contains 0.4 gm. aconitine.
DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 5 to 20 m.; sheep and pigs. 2 to 5 m.; dogs, ¹⁄₁₀ to 1 m.
TINCTURA ACONITI--TINCTURE ACONITE
Made by maceration and percolation of aconite, 100; with alcohol and water to make 1000.
DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 20 m. to 1 dr.; sheep and pigs, 10 to 20 m.; dogs, 2 to 10 m.
Fleming’s Tincture (non-official) (79 per cent).
DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 8 to 20 m.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 2 m.
ACONITINA--ACONITINE
Not used to any extent in veterinary practice; is very unreliable and varying in strength. Aconitine often contains a considerable proportion of aconite and benzaconine, and so varies in activity, which is a great objection to the use of one of the most powerful drugs known.
DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₃₀ to ¹⁄₅ gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₂₀₀ to ¹⁄₁₀₀ gr. subcutaneously.
## Actions of aconite, its preparations and derivative are anodynes and
sedatives, acting specially on the peripheral endings of the sensory nerves, on the heart and on respiration. Aconite kills by respiratory arrest.
Its physiological actions as a cardiac and respiratory sedative renders it a febrifuge; it is also diaphoretic and diuretic. It is prescribed in acute febrile conditions, and in the earlier stages of acute local inflammation. It is used topically to relieve pain.
GENERAL ACTIONS.--Locally applied, in virtue of its action on sensory nerves, aconite produces first irritation, tingling and twitching and subsequently numbness and anesthesia. The tincture of aconite is rapidly absorbed and quickly passed into the tissues, as is shown by the blood of a poisoned dog five minutes after the drug has been administered, being transferred into the veins of another dog without producing the physiological action of the poison.
TOXIC EFFECTS.--One and one-half drachm of the tincture (equal to about one drachm of aconite root) is given as the minimum fatal dose for the horse, one-half drachm will occasionally cause very serious symptoms and where an idiosyncrasy exists as little as fifteen minims will cause toxic symptoms.
It causes great muscular weakness, dimness of sight; pupil at first may be dilated or contracted, but as the end approaches remains dilated; shallow irregular and labored respiration, a slow and small pulse, becoming rapid and imperceptible near the end. Gulping, frothy saliva, flatulence, belching, retching, nausea, etc. There is often a peculiar clicking sound made from the constant attempts at swallowing.
Coldness of surface, clammy sweat, anxious countenance, extreme weakness of the extremities, lowering of temperature 2 to 3 degrees, abolishment of sensation, reflexes and motility and finally death from paralysis of the heart and respiration, with or without convulsions, consciousness being preserved until near the end, when carbon dioxide narcosis sets in.
USES.--It antagonizes the fever process, when properly used is a most valuable drug; it is indicated in all affections, characterized by high resisting pulse, dry, hot skin and elevated body temperature; is useful in acute throat affections as laryngitis, pharyngitis and perotiditis, in small doses often repeated. Indicated in acute inflammation of the organs of respiration. For pleurisy and perotiditis, at the outset, give aconite with opium. Aconite is indicated in simple fevers or in puerperal fever, inflammation of the brain; in acute or inflammatory rheumatism, in acute local inflammation, as arthritis or inflammation resulting from bruises, sprains, etc.
In lymphangitis, laminitis and enteritis, if called in first stages of enteritis give 20 ms. of aconite and repeat with 10 or 15 ms. every hour and between times gives fluid extract of belladonna 15 to 20 ms. every hour and externally woolen blankets wrung out of hot water and wrapped around the body.
In mammitis is also useful in large doses, combined with phytolacca; in spasmodic colic brought on by drinking cold water, give 30 to 60 ms. of the tincture of aconite with other colic mixture; in congestion of the bowels or liver, or in congestion of any part, small repeated doses are better than large ones. It is also advantageously used in lung disorders.
AETHER--ETHER--PURE ETHER
A liquid composed of about 96 per cent, by weight, of absolute ether or ethyl oxide, and about 4 per cent of alcohol containing a little water.
DERIVATION.--Prepared by distillation of alcohol with sulphuric acid. There are two steps in the production of ether; sulphorvinic acid and water are formed in the first step. Sulphorvinic acid is then further acted upon by alcohol. The distillate is freed from water by agitation with calcium oxide and chloride and subjected to redistillation.
PROPERTIES.--A transparent, colorless, mobile liquid, having a characteristic odor and a burning and sweetish taste. Ether is highly volatile and inflammable; its vapor, when mixed with air and ignited, explodes violently. Miscible in all proportions with alcohol, chloroform, benzine, benzol, fixed and volatile oils. Ether is a solvent for fats, oils, alkaloids, resins, gutta percha and guncotton. Upon evaporation ether should have no residue. Ether vapor is heavier than air and consequently etherization should never be done above a light or fire.
DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 ozs.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 drs.; dogs, 10 ms. to 1 dr.
As an anaesthetic, horses and cattle require from 4 to 16 ozs. Smaller animals from 4 drs. to 4 ozs. Chloroform is usually prescribed for large animals and ether for smaller animals. Ether never paralyzes a healthy heart, while chloroform sometimes does. For anaesthetic purposes see anesthesia.
PREPARATIONS
SPIRITUS AETHERIS--SPIRIT OF ETHER
Composed of ether, 325 parts, alcohol to make 1000.
DOSE.--Same as ether.
SPIRITUS AETHERIS COMPOSITUS--COMPOUND SPIRIT OF ETHER--HOFFMAN’S ANODYNE
Composed of ether, 325 parts; alcohol, 650 parts; ethereal oil, 25 parts.
DOSE.--Same as for ether.
## ACTIONS.--Ether is anodyne, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, anthelmintic; a
cardiac, respiratory and cerebral stimulant, an anesthetic and a narcotic poison; one of the best and quickest acting, diffusible, general stimulants, acting on the heart reflexly from the stomach. It is a powerful secretory stimulant, acting especially on the secretions of the stomach, salivary glands and pancreas. On the cerebrum and the motor and sensory nerves, its actions are similar to that of alcohol, but more prompt and less protracted; it is eliminated quickly, chiefly by the lungs.
When inhaled, it first causes irritation of the fauces, a sense of strangulation and cough, then a stage of excitement in which the visible mucous membranes are flushed and the respiration and pulse quickened; a convulsive stage generally follows, with rigid muscles and respiration stertorous; this subsides and complete insensibility is established, the muscles being relaxed and the reflexes abolished; in fact all of the functions of the body are suspended, except respiration and circulation.
If the inhalation be continued these too become paralyzed, death usually resulting from slow paralysis of respiration (chloroform paralyzes quickly); the heart pulsating long after breathing has ceased. Atropine hypodermically is the best antagonist to the toxic effects of ether, also artificial respiration and injections of brandy.