Part 12

THE forms of animal life which are now united in an independent class, under the name Polyzoa, so nearly resemble the Hydroid Zoophytes in general form and appearance that a casual observer may suppose them to be nearly identical. In all but the more recent works, they are treated as distinct indeed, but still included under the general term “ZOOPHYTES.” The animals of both groups are minute, polypiform creatures, mostly living in transparent cells, springing from the sides of a stem which unites a number of individuals in one common life, and grows in a shrub-like form upon any submarine body, such as a shell, a rock, a weed, or even another polypidom to which it is parasitically attached. Each polype, in both classes, protrudes from and retreats within its cell by an independent action, and when protruded puts forth a circle of tentacles whose motion round the mouth is the means of securing nourishment. There are, however, peculiarities in the structure of the Polyzoa which seem to remove them from Zoophytology to a place in the system of nature more nearly connected with Molluscan types. Some of them come so near to the compound ascidians that they have been termed, as an order, “Zoophyta ascidioida.”

The simplest form of polype is that of a fleshy bag open at one end, surmounted by a circle of contractile threads or fingers called tentacles. The plate shows, on a very minute scale, at figs. 1, 3, and 6, several of these little polypiform bodies protruding from their cells. But the Hydra or Fresh-water Polype has no cell, and is quite unconnected with any root thread, or with other individuals of the same species. It is perfectly free, and so simple in its structure, that when the sac which forms its body is turned inside out it will continue to perform the functions of life as before. The greater part, however, of these Hydraform Polypes, although equally simple as individuals, are connected in a compound life by means of their variously formed _polypidom_, as the branched system of cells is termed. The Hydroid Zoophytes are represented in the first plate by the following examples.

HYDROIDA.

SERTULARIA ROSEA. _Pl._ I. _fig._ 6.

A species which has the cells in pairs on opposite sides of the central tube, with the openings turned outwards. In the more enlarged figure is seen a septum across the inner part of each cell which forms the base upon which the polype rests. Fig. 6 _b_ indicates the natural size of the piece of branch represented; but it must be remembered that this is only a small portion of the bushy shrub.

Campanularia syringa. _Pl._ I. _fig._ 8.

This Zoophyte twines itself parasitically upon a species of Sertularia. The cells in this species are thrown out at irregular intervals upon flexible stems which are wrinkled in rings. They consist of lengthened, cylindrical, transparent vases.

CAMPANULARIA VOLUBILIS. _Pl._ I. _fig._ 9.

A still more beautiful species, with lengthened foot-stalks ringed at each end. The polype is remarkable for the protrusion and contractile power of its lips. It has about twenty knobbed tentacula.

POLYZOA.

Among Polyzoa the animal’s body is coated with a membraneous covering, like that of the Tunicated Mollusca, but which is a continuation of the edge of the cell, which doubles back upon the body in such a manner that when the animal protrudes from its cell it pushes out the flexible membrane just as one would turn inside out the finger of a glove. This oneness of cell and polype is a distinctive character of the group. Another is the higher organization of the internal parts. The mouth, surrounded by tentacles, leads by gullet and gizzard through a channel into a digesting stomach, from which the rejectable matter passes upwards through an intestinal canal till it is discharged near the mouth. The tentacles also differ much from those of true Polypes. Instead of being fleshy and contractile, they are rather stiff, resembling spun glass, set on the sides with vibrating cilia, which by their motion up one side and down the other of each tentacle, produce a current which impels their living food into the mouth. When these tentacles are withdrawn, they are gathered up in a bundle, like the stays of an umbrella. Our Plate I. contains the following examples of Polyzoa.

VALKERIA CUSCUTA. _Pl._ I. _fig._ 3.

From a group in one of Mr. Lloyd’s vases. Fig. 3 A is the natural size of the central group of cells, in a specimen coiled round a thread-like weed. Underneath this is the same portion enlarged. When magnified to this apparent size, the cells could be seen in different states, some closed, and others with their bodies protruded. When magnified to 3 D, we could pleasantly watch the gradual eversion of the membrane, then the points of the tentacles slowly appearing, and then, when fully protruded, suddenly expanding into a bell-shaped circle. This was their usual appearance, but sometimes they could be noticed bending inwards, as in fig. 3 C, as if to imprison some living atom of importance. Fig. B represents two tentacles, showing the direction in which the cilia vibrate.

CRISIA DENTICULATA. _Pl._ I. _fig._ 4.

I have only drawn the cells from a prepared specimen. The polypes are like those described above.

GEMELLARIA LORICATA. _Pl._ I. _fig._ 5.

Here the cells are placed in pairs, back to back. 5 A is a very small portion on the natural scale.

CELLULARIA CILIATA. _Pl._ I. _fig._ 7

The cells are alternate on the stem, and are curiously armed with long whip-like cilia or spines. On the back of some of the cells is a very strange appendage, the use of which is not with certainty ascertained. It is a minute body, slightly resembling a vulture’s head, with a movable lower beak. The whole head keeps up a nodding motion, and the movable beak occasionally opens widely, and then suddenly snaps to with a jerk. It has been seen to hold an animalcule between its jaws till the latter has died, but it has no power to communicate the prey to the polype in its cell or to swallow and digest it on its own account. It is certainly not an independent parasite, as has been supposed, and yet its purpose in the animal economy is a mystery. Mr. Gosse conjectures that its use may be, by holding animalcules till they die and decay, to attract by their putrescence crowds of other animalcules, which may thus be drawn within the influence of the polype’s ciliated tentacles. Fig. 7 B shows the form of one of these “birds’ heads,” and fig. 7 C, its position on the cell.

FLUSTRA LINEATA. _Pl._ I. _fig._ 1.

In Flustræ, the cells are placed side by side on an expanded membrane. Fig. 1 represents the general appearance of a species which at least resembles F. lineata as figured in Johnston’s work. It is spread upon a Fucus. Fig. A is an enlarged view of the cells.

FLUSTRA FOLIACEA. _Pl._ I. _fig._ 2.

We figure a frond or two of the common species, which has cells on both sides. It is rarely that the polypes can be seen in a state of expansion.

SERIALARIA LENDIGERA. _Pl._ I. _fig._ 10. NOTAMIA BURSARIA. _Pl._ I. _fig._ 11.

The “tobacco-pipe”“ appendages, fig. 11 B, are of unknown use: they are probably analogous to the birds’ heads in the Cellularæ.

PLATE V. CORALS AND SEA ANEMONES.

CARYOPHYLLÆA SMITHII. _Pl._ V. _fig._ 2. _Pl._ VI. _fig._ 3.

THE connection between Brainstones, Mushroom Corals, and other Madrepores abounding on Polynesian reefs, and the “Sea Anemones,” which have lately become so familiar to us all, can be seen by comparing our comparatively insignificant C. Smithii with our commonest species of Actinia and Sagartia. The former is a beautiful object when the fleshy part and tentacles are wholly or partially expanded. Like Actinia, it has a membranous covering, a simple sac-like stomach, a central mouth, a disk surrounded by contractile and adhesive tentacles. Unlike Actinia, it is fixed to submarine bodies, to which it is glued in very early life, and cannot change its place. Unlike Actinia, its body is supported by a stony skeleton of calcareous plates arranged edgewise so as to radiate from the centre. But as we find some Molluscs furnished with a shell, and others even of the same character and habits without one, so we find that in spite of this seemingly important difference, the animals are very similar in their nature. Since the introduction of glass tanks we have opportunities of seeing anemones crawling up the sides, so as to exhibit their entire basal disk, and then we may observe lightly coloured lines of a less transparent substance than the interstices, radiating from the margin to the centre, some short, others reaching the entire distance, and arranged in exactly the same manner as the plates of Caryophyllæa. These are doubtless flexible walls of compartments dividing the fleshy parts of the softer animals, and corresponding with the septa of the coral. Fig. 2 _a_ represents a section of the latter, to be compared with the basal disk of Sagartia.

SAGARTIA ANGUICOMA. _Pl._ V. _fig._ 3, _a_, _b_.

This genus has been separated from Actinia on account of its habit of throwing out threads when irritated. Although my specimens often assumed the form represented in fig. 3, Mr. Lloyd informs me that it must have arisen from unhealthiness of condition, its usual habit being to contract into a more flattened form. When fully expanded, its transparent and lengthened tentacles present a beautiful appearance. Fig. 3 _a_, showing a basal disk, is given for the purpose already described.

BALANOPHYLLÆA REGIA. _Pl._ V. _fig._ 1.

Another species of British madrepore, found by Mr. Gosse at Ilfracombe, and by Mr. Kingsley at Lundy Island. It is smaller than O. Smithii, of a very bright colour, and always covers the upper part of its bony skeleton, in which the plates are differently arranged from those of the smaller species. Fig. 1 shows the tentacles expanded in an unusual degree; 1 _a_, animal contracted; 1 _b_, the coral; 1 _c_, a tentacle enlarged.

PLATE VI. CORALS AND SEA ANEMONES.

## ACTINIA MESEMBRYANTHEMUM. _Pl._ VI. _fig._ 1 _a_.

THIS common species is more frequently met with than many others, because it prefers shallow water, and often lives high up among rocks which are only covered by the sea at very high tide; so that the creature can, if it will, spend but a short portion of its time immersed. When uncovered by the tide, it gathers up its leathery tunic, and presents the appearance of fig. 1 _a_. When under water it may often be seen expanding its flower-like disk and moving its feelers in search of food. These feelers have a certain power of adhesion, and any not too vigorous animals which they touch are easily drawn towards the centre and swallowed. Around the margin of the tunic are seen peeping out between the tentacles certain bright blue globules looking very like eyes, but whose purpose is not exactly ascertained. Fig. 1 represents the disk only partially expanded.

BUNODES CRASSICORNIS. _Pl._ VI. _fig._ 2.

This genus of Actinioid zoophytes is distinguished from Actinia proper by the tubercles or warts which stud the outer covering of the animal. In B. gemmacea these warts are arranged symmetrically, so as to give a peculiarly jewelled appearance to the body. Being of a large size, the tentacles of B. crassicornis exhibit in great perfection the adhesive powers produced by the nettling threads which proceed from them.

CARYOPHYLLÆA SMITHII. _Pl._ VI. _fig._ 3.

This figure is to show a whiter variety, with the flesh and tentacles fully expanded.

PLATE VIII. MOLLUSCA.

NASSA RETICULATA. _Pl._ VIII. fig. 2, _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, _e_, _f_

A VERY active Mollusc, given here chiefly on account of the opportunity afforded by the birth of young fry in Mr. Lloyd’s tanks. The _Nassa_ feeds on small animalcules, for which, in aquaria, it may be seen routing among the sand and stones, sometimes burying itself among them so as only to show its caudal tube moving along between them. A pair of Nassæ in Mr. Lloyd’s collection, deposited, on the 5th of April, about fifty capsules or bags of eggs upon the stems of weeds (fig. 2 _b_); each capsule contained about a hundred eggs. The capsules opened on the 16th of May, permitting the escape of rotiferous fry (fig. 2, _c_, _d_, _e_), not in the slightest degree resembling the parent, but presenting minute nautilus-shaped transparent shells. These shells rather hang on than cover the bodies, which have a pair of lobes, around which vibrate minute cilia in such a manner as to give them an appearance of rotatory motion. Under a lens they may be seen moving about very actively in various positions, but always with the look of being moved by rapidly turning wheels. We should have been glad to witness the next step towards assuming their ultimate form, but were disappointed, as the embryos died. Fig. 2 _f_ is the tongue of a Nassa, from a photograph by Dr. Kingsley.

FOOTNOTES

{37} _Sertularia operculata_ and _Gemellaria lociculata_; or any of the small _Sertulariæ_, compared with _Crisiæ_ and _Cellulariæ_, are very good examples. For a fuller description of these, see Appendix explaining Plate I.

{67} If any inland reader wishes to see the action of this foot, in the bivalve Molluscs, let him look at the Common Pond-Mussel (Anodon Cygneus), which he will find in most stagnant waters, and see how he burrows with it in the mud, and how, when the water is drawn off, he walks solemnly into deeper water, leaving a furrow behind him.

{70} These shells are so common that I have not cared to figure them.

{72} Plate IX. Fig. 3, represents both parasites on the dead Turritella.

{74} A few words on him, and on sea-anemones in general, may be found in Appendix II. But full details, accompanied with beautiful plates, may be found in Mr. Gosse’s work on British sea-anemones and madrepores, which ought to be in every seaside library.

{90} Handbook to the Marine Aquarium of the Crystal Palace.

{111} An admirable paper on this extraordinary family may be found in the Zoological Society’s Proceedings for July 1858, by Messrs. S. P. Woodward and the late lamented Lucas Barrett. See also Quatrefages, I. 82, or Synapta Duvernæi.

{113} Thalassema Neptuni (Forbes’ British Star-Fishes, p. 259),

{116} The Londoner may see specimens of them at the Zoological Gardens and at the Crystal Palace; as also of the rare and beautiful Sabella, figured in the same plate; and of the Balanophyllia, or a closely-allied species, from the Mediterranean, mentioned in p. 109.

{118} A Naturalist’s Rambles on the Devonshire Coast, p. 110.

{121} Balanophyllia regia, Plate V. fig. 1.

{126a} Amphidotus cordatus.

{126b} Echinus miliaris, Plate VII.

{127} See Professor Sedgwick’s last edition of the “Discourses on the Studies of Cambridge.”

{129} Fissurella græca, Plate X. fig. 5.

{130a} Doris tuberculata and bilineata.

{130b} Eolis papi losa. A Doris and an Eolis, though not of these species, are figured in Plate X.

{136} Plate III.

{138} Certain Parisian zoologists have done me the honour to hint that this description was a play of fancy. I can only answer, that I saw it with my own eyes in my own aquarium. I am not, I hope, in the habit of drawing on my fancy in the presence of infinitely more marvellous Nature. Truth is quite strange enough to be interesting without lies.

{139a} Saxicava rugosa, Plate XI. fig. 2.

{139b} Plate VIII. represents the common Nassa, with the still more common Littorina littorea, their teeth-studded palates, and the free swimming young of the Nassa. (_Vide_ Appendix.)

{140a} Cypræa Europæa.

{140b} Botrylli.

{140c}

_Molluscs_. Doris tuberculata. Sigaretus.

— bilineata. Fissurella.

Eolis papillosa. Arca lactea.

Pleurobranchus plumila. Pecten pusio.

Neritina. Tapes pullastra.

Cypræa. Kellia suborbicularis.

Trochus,—2 species. Shænia Binghami.

Mangelia. Saxicava rugosa.

Triton. Gastrochoena pholadia.

Trophon. Pholas parva.

Nassa,—2 species. Anomiæ,—2 or 3 species

Cerithium. Cynthia,—2 species.

Botryllus, do. _Annelids_. Phyllodoce, and other Nereid Polynoe squamata. worms. _Crustacea_. 4 or 5 species. _Echinoderms_. Echinus miliaris. Ophiocoma neglecla.

Asterias gibbosa. Cucumaria Hyndmanni.

— communis. _Polypes_. Sertularia pumila. Tubulipora patina.

— rugosa. — hispida.

— fallax. — serpens.

— filicula. Crisia eburnea.

Plumularia falcata. Cellepora pumicosa.

— setacea. Lepraliæ,—many species.

Laomedea geniculata. Membranipora pilosa.

Campanularia volubilis. Cellularia ciliata.

## Actinia mesembryanthemum. — scruposa.

## Actinia clavata. — reptans.

— anguicoma. Flustra membranacea, &c.

— crassicornis.

{163} Plate XI. fig. 1.

{167} Plate X. fig. 1.

{170} There are very fine specimens in the Crystal Palace.

{181a} Coryne ramosa.

{181b} Campanularia integra.

{182} Crisidia Eburnea.

{190} Aquarium, p. 163.

{201} P. 34. Figures of it are given in Plate VIII.

{203} P. 259.

{206} But if any young lady, her aquarium having failed, shall (as dozens do) cast out the same Anacharis into the nearest ditch, she shall be followed to her grave by the maledictions of all millers and trout-fishers. Seriously, this is a wanton act of injury to the neighbouring streams, which must be carefully guarded against. As well turn loose queen-wasps to build in your neighbour’s banks.

{215} Very highly also, in interest, ranks M. Quatrefages’ “Rambles of a Naturalist” (about the Mediterranean and the French Coast), translated by M. Otté.

{220} Van Voorst & Co. price 3s.