Part 8
The New Relativity in Physics. _Science_, New York, 1913. New ser., vol. 38, pp. 466-474.
Explains the relativity of time with diagrams and references to the literature.
Other articles of general interest may be found in:
_Science_: July 16, 1909; May 20, 1910; June 20, 1913; April 24, 1914; Dec. 5, 1919.
_Scientific American Supplement_: April 7, 1917; Dec. 17, 1910.
London _Nation_: Nov. 14 and Dec. 27, 1919.
London _Times_: Nov. 8, 18, and 25, Dec. 4 and 19, 1919.
London _Nature_: Almost every number in Nov., Dec., 1919, Jan., Feb., 1920.
New York _Times_: Nov. 7 and 16, Dec. 21, 1919.
New York _Sun_: Nov. 10, 1919.
_The New Republic_: Jan. 21, 1920.
_For the mathematical reader_:
EINSTEIN, ALBERT.
Bases physiques d’une théorie de la gravitation. Société Astronomique de France. _Bulletin_, Paris, 1917, Tome 31, pp. 407-411.
Die formale Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie. Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. _Sitzungsberichte_, Berlin, 1904 (Juli-Dez.), pp. 1030-1085.
Die Grundlagen der allgemeinen. Relativitätstheorie. _Annalen_ _der Physik_, Leipzig, 1916, Band 49, Folge 4, p. 769.
Ist die Trägheit eines Korpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig? _Annalen der Physik_, Leipzig, 1905, Band 18, Folge 4, pp. 639-644.
Lichtgeschwindigkeit und Statik des Gravitätionsfeldes. _Annalen der Physik_, Leipzig, 1912, Band 38, Folge 4, pp. 355-369.
Prinzipielles zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie. _Annalen_ _der Physik_, Leipzig, 1918, Band 55, Folge 4, pp. 241-244.
Uber das Relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen. _Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und_ _Elektronik_, Leipzig, 1908, Band 4, pp. 411-462.
Uber den Einfluss der Schwerkraft auf die Ausbreitung des Lichtes. _Annalen der Physik_, Lypzig, 1911. Band 35, pp. 898-908.
Uber die Möglichkeit einer neuen Prüfung des Relativitätsprinzips. _Annalen der Physik_, Leipzig, 1907, Band 23, pp. 197-208.
Uber die vom Relativitätsprinzip geforderte Trägheit der Energie. _Annalen der Physik_, Leipzig, 1907, Band 23, Folge 4, pp. 371-384.
Uber einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffendes heuristischen Gesichtspunkt. _Annalen der_ _Physik_, Leipzig, 1905, Band 17, Folge 4, pp. 132-148.
Zum gegenwärtigen Stande des Gravitätionsproblems. _Physikalische Zeitschrift_, Leipzig, 1913, Band 14, pp. 1249-1266.
Zum Relativitäts Problem. _Scientia_, Bologna, 1914, vol. 15, pp. 337-48.
Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Korper. _Annalen der_ _Physik_, Leipzig, 1905, Band 17, Folge 4, pp. 891-921.
Zur Theorie der Lichterzeugung und Lichtabsorption. _Annalen der Physik_, Leipzig, 1906, Band 20, Folge 4, pp. 199-206.
Spielen Gravitationsfelder im Aufbau der materiellen Elementarteilchen eine wesentliche Rolle? _Sitz. Preuss._ _Akad. Wiss._, April 10, 1919.
EINSTEIN, ALBERT, and MARCEL GROSSMAN.
Entwurf einer verallgemeinerten Relativitätstheorie und einer Theorie der Gravitation. _Zeitschrift für Mathematik_ _und Physik_, Leipzig, 1914, Band 62, pp. 225-261.
EINSTEIN, LORENTZ and MINKOWSKI.
Relativitätsprinzip, Das. Eine Sammlung von Abhandlungen. Mit Anmerkungen von A. Sommerfeld und Vorwort von O. Blumenthal. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1913, 89 p. (_Fortschritte der mathematischen Wissenschaften in_ _Monographien_, Heft 2.)
A reprint of these three famous fundamental papers.
ABRAHAM, M.
Die neue Mechanik. _Scientia_, Bologna, 1914, vol. 15, pp. 8-27.
Nochmals Relativität und Gravitation. Bemerkungen zu A. Einsteins Erwiderung. _Annalen der Physik_, Leipzig, 1912, Folge 4, vol. 39, pp. 444-448.
BACKLUND, A. V.
Zusammenstellung einer Theorie der klassischen Dynamik und der neuen Gravitätionstheorie von Einstein. _Arkiv för_ _mathematik, astronomie, och fysik_, Stockholm, 1919, Band 14, no. 11, 64 seite.
BATEMAN, H.
General Relativity Theory. _Phil. Mag._, Feb., 1909, vol. 37.
Applies the theory to life and mind.
BRILLOUIN, MARCEL.
Propos Sceptiques au Sujet du Principe de Relativité. _Scientia_, Bologna, 1913, vol. 13, pp. 10-26.
BROSE, HENRY L.
Einstein’s Theory of Relativity (non-math. form). Lecture published in pamphlet by B. H. Blackwell. Noted in _English Mechanic_, Dec. 19, 1919.
CARMICHAEL, ROBERT DANIEL.
The Theory of Relativity. _Mathematical Monographs_, no. 12. New York: John Wiley, 1913.
COBB, CHARLES W.
Relativity. _Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific_ _Method_, Jan. 18, 1917.
CONWAY, A. W.
Relativity. _Edin. Math. Tracts_, no. 3, London, 1913.
CROMMELIN, A. C. D.
Results of the Total Solar Eclipse of May 29 and the Relativity Theory. _Science_, vol. 50, pp. 518-520. _Sci. Amer._ _Supp._, Dec. 6, 1919.
CUNNINGHAM, E.
Report on the Relativity Theory of Gravitation. London, Green, 1915.
DEZUANI, ARMANDO.
Equilibrio relativo ed equazioni gravitazionali di Einstein nel caso stazionario. _Il nuovo cimento_, Pisa, 1919, vol. 18, pp. 5-25, July, 1919.
DONDER, T. DE.
Gravitational Tensors of Einstein’s Theory. _Science Abstracts_, April 30, 1919.
DROSTE, J.
The Field of Moving Centers in Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation. Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen. _Proceedings_, Amsterdam, 1916, vol. 19, pp. 447-475.
The Field of a Single Center in Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation and the Motion of a Particle in that Field. Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen. _Proceedings_, Amsterdam, 1916, vol. 19, pp. 197-218.
EDDINGTON, A. S.
Report on the Relativity Theory of Gravitation. London: Fleetway Press, 1918. 91 p.
The only account of Einstein’s latest theory in English.
EDDINGTON, A. S., and OTHERS.
The Deflection of Light by Gravitation and the Einstein Theory of Relativity. The Report of the British Eclipse Expedition to the Royal Society. _Scientific Monthly_, Jan., 1920.
GROSSMAN, MARCEL.
Définitions, méthodes et problèmes mathématiques relatifs à la théorie de la gravitation. _Archives des Sciences_ _Physiques et Naturelles_, Genève, Jan.-Juin, 1914, 4 période, Tome 37, pp. 13-19.
GUILLAUME, E.
Theory of Relativity. _Archives des Sciences_, Dec., 1918, vol. 46.
HUMM, R. J.
Energy Equations of General Theory of Relativity. _Annalen_ _der Physik_, 1919, vol. 58.
HUNTINGTON, EDWARD V.
A new approach to the theory of relativity. Festschrift Heinrich Weber. Leipzig, 1912, pp. 147-169.
ISHIWARA, JUN.
Zur relativistischen Theorie der Gravitation. Tohoku Imperial University. _Science_ reports, ser. 1, Sendai, Japan, vol. 4, pp. 111-160.
KAFKA, H.
Tensor Analysis. _Annalen der Physik_, 1919, vol. 58, pp. 1-54.
KOTTLER, FRIEDRICH.
Uber die physikalischen Grundlagen der einsteinschen Gravitätionstheorie. _Annalen der Physik_, Leipzig, 1918, Band 56, Folge 4, pp. 408-462. LARMOR, J.
Essence of Physical Relativity. _Nat. Acad. Sci. Proc._, vol. 4, Nov., 1918.
LAUE, RD. M.
Das Relativitätsprinzip. Braunschweig, 1911. 208 p.
LECORNU, LÉON.
La Mécanique. Paris: Flammarion, 1909.
LORENTZ, H. A.
Considerations élémentaires sur le principe de relativité. _Revue générale des sciences_, Paris, 1914. Tome 25, pp. 179-186.
La gravitation. _Scientia._ Bologna, 1914, vol. 6, pp. 28-59.
Das Relativitätsprinzip. 1914.
La Gravitation. _Scientia_, Bologna, 1914, vol. 16, pp. 28-59.
On Einstein’s theory of gravitation. Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen. _Proceedings_, Amsterdam, 1917-18, vol. 19, pp. 1341-1369; vol. 20, pp. 2-34.
On Hamilton’s principle in Einstein’s theory of gravitation. Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen. _Proceedings_, Amsterdam, 1917, vol. 19, pp. 751-765.
LUNN, ARTHUR C.
Some functional equations in the theory of relativity. American Mathematical Society. _Bulletin_, Lancaster, Pa., 1919, vol. 26, pp. 26-34.
MICHELSON, A. A., and MORLEY, E. W.
The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether. _American Journal of Science_, 1887, vol. 34, p. 333.
See also: _Astro-Physical Journal_, vol. 37, pp. 100-193. The report of the crucial experiments that upset the idea of a stationary ether.
MINKOWSKI, HERMANN.
Relativitätsprinzip. _Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung._ Leipzig, 1915, Band, 24, pp. 1241-1244.
NORDSTRÖM, GUNNAR.
Einstein’s theory of gravitation and Herglotz’s mechanics of continua. Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen. _Proceedings_, Amsterdam, 1917, vol. 19.
NORDSTRÖM, G.
On the Energy of the Gravitation Field in Einstein’s Theory. Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen. _Proceedings_, Amsterdam, 1918, vol. 20, pp. 1238-1245.
PALATINI, A.
La Teoria di Relatività nel suo Sviluppo Storieo. _Scientia_, Nov. and Dec., 1919 (in Italian and French).
PLANCK, MAX.
Zur Dynamik bewegter Systeme. Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. _Sitzungberichte_, Berlin, 1907, pp. 542-570.
His theory.
PETZOLDT, J.
Does the Relativity Theory Exclude the Reality of Space and Time? _Deutsche Phys. Gesell._, Dec. 30, 1918.
RITZ, W.
La gravitation. _Scientia_, Bologna, 1909, vol. 5, pp. 152-165.
RUFUS, CARL.
Relativity in astronomy. _Popular Astronomy_, Northfield, Minn., 1918, vol. 26, pp. 160-165.
SILBERSTEIN, L.
The Theory of Relativity. London: Macmillan, 1914, 92 p.
SITTER, W. DE.
On Einstein’s theory of gravitation, and its astronomical consequences. Royal Astronomical Society. _Monthly Notices_, London, 1915-18, vol. 76, pp. 699-728; vol. 77, pp. 155-184; vol. 78, pp. 3-28.
On the relativity of rotation in Einstein’s theory. Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen. _Proceedings_, Amsterdam, 1917, vol. 19, pp. 527-532.
On the relativity of inertia. Remarks concerning Einstein’s latest hypothesis. Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen. _Proceedings_, Amsterdam, 1917, vol. 19, pp. 1217-1255.
Planetary motion and the motion of the moon according to Einstein’s theory. Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen. _Proceedings_, Amsterdam, 1916, vol. 19, pp. 367-381.
Further Remarks on the Solutions of the Field-equations of Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation. Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen. _Proceedings_, Amsterdam, 1918, vol. 20, pp. 1309-1312.
ST. JOHN, CHARLES EDWARD.
The principle of generalized relativity and the displacement of the Fraunhofer lines toward the red. Carnegie Institution of Washington. _Contributions of the Mount_ _Wilson Solar Observatory_, Washington, vol. 7, no. 138.
TRESLIN, J.
The equations of the theory of electrons in a gravitation field of Einstein deduced from a variation principle. Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen. _Proceedings_, Amsterdam, 1917, Band 19, pp. 892-896.
TUNZELMAN, G. W. DE.
Relativity Theory. _Science Progress_, 1919, vol. 13.
WEYL, H.
Eine neue Erweiterung der Relativitätstheorie. _Annalen_ _der Physik_, 1919, vol. 59, pp. 100-123.
Raum, Zeit, Materie. Springer. 1918.
Zur Gravitätionstheorie. _Annalen der Physik_, 1917, vol. 54, pp. 117-145.
WILSON, EDWIN BIDWELL.
Generalized coördinates, relativity, and gravitation. _Astrophysical_ _Journal_, Chicago, 1917, vol. 45, pp. 244-253.
WILSON, WILLIAM.
Relativity and gravitation. Physical Society of London. _Proceedings_, London, 1919, vol. 31, pp. 69-77.
WILSON and LEWIS.
The Time-Space Manifold. _Proceedings of the American_ _Academy of Arts and Sciences_, Nov., 1912, vol. 48, pp. 389-506.
THANKS
Most of the mathematical references cited above have been borrowed bodily from the book list prepared by Miss Mary E. Todd of the Science Room of the New York Public Library and published in the _Library Journal_. As soon as the Einstein craze struck New York these books were placed on a long table and it has been difficult to find a seat at this table, day or evening, ever since. At Cambridge University when Professor Eddington lectured on the Einstein theory the students waiting for the opening of the hall doors formed a cue extending half-way across Trinity Great Court. It is unusual in any university to have “standing room only” at a lecture on mathematical physics.
About half of the present volume appeared in _The Independent_ of November 29, December 7, 13, and 20, 1919, and I am indebted to Hamilton Holt, the editor, and to Karl V. S. Howland, the publisher of that magazine, for the privilege of reprinting them in book form. I am further grateful to several professors of physics, mathematics, astronomy and philosophy who have been kind enough to criticize and correct this material, but since it would not be fair to hold them responsible for my personal views and unconventional language I shall have to express my thanks to them in private.
INDEX
Bergson, Henri, 47, 51, 52
Carlyle, iv
Curvature of space, 26, 35, 38, 96
Eclipse observations, 2, 65, 72
Einstein, Albert Postulates of, 13, 83, 111 Theory of time, 109 Theory of gravitation, 39, 58, 76, 80, 86, 93, 96, 109 Life of, 78 Works of, 116, 117
Equivalence, principle of, 14, 83, 86
Ether, 8, 11, 88, 106
Flammarion, Camille, 40
Flatland, 35, 57
Fourth dimension, 24, 34, 49
Gravitation, 68, 74, 77, 80, 86, 90
Laws, natural, 102, 109
Light, deflection of ray, 11, 62, 79, 85
Light, pressure of, 67, 93
Lodge, Sir Oliver, 2, 68, 75, 87, 88
Lorentz, 22, 111, 112, 118
Macdonald, George, 34
Maxwell, Clerk, 67, 111, 112
Mercury, orbit of, 14, 66
Michelson and Morley experiment, 11, 21, 22, 85
Minkowski, iv, 18
Mirror, images, 18
Motion picture illustrations, 31, 44, 46, 50, 53
Newton, 15, 23, 39, 66, 76, 79, 87, 90, 95
Non-Euclidean geometry, 30, 48, 57, 112
Planck, 98, 121
Poincaré, H., 88, 107
Relativity of measurements, 15, 20, 26
Relativity of motion, 4, 8, 15, 23
Relativity of time, 15, 24, 47, 51
Slade, 58, 60
Spectrum, shifting of lines of, 14, 77, 85
Theories, reception of new, 98, 101
Theory of relativity, 2, 15
Thomson, Sir Joseph, 3, 93, 94, 95
Time as fourth dimension, 30, 32, 49
Time, reversal of, 41, 44
Wells, H. G., 32, 34, 40, 52
Zöllner, 58, 60
=TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES=
Simple typographical errors have been silently corrected; unbalanced quotation marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.
Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they were not changed.
Inconsistent hyphens left as printed.