Part 26
Saliva, its chemical effect upon potato, 20; upon syrup, 21, 33, 34, 35; its action in infant life, 36; an important therapeutic agent, 45, 93, 94, 95; mastication promotes flow of, 96, 101; dry food produces greater flow than moist, 97, 147; complicated physiological functions of, 191-192, 337, 392, 393, 395, 396
Salivary digestion, in the stomach, 335, 341; effect of mastication and cooking of food upon, 391; imperfect, 394
—— glands, the, 155; analogy between the innervation mechanism and the glands of digestion, 188-190; the exciting agencies of the nervous mechanism of, 191; their particular properties, 191-194; differences between the exciting agencies of the different, 194-198; Professor Pawlow’s sham-feeding experiment, 198-211, 280
—— secretion, excitants of, 191
Sapidity, 44
Sauces, 269
Schäfer, 40, 82
Schmidt, experiments of, 202, 204, 231; conditions for success, 204-206
Schütz, experiments of, 305, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 327, 332
Schwartz, experiments of, 303, 304
Scientific Assessors, Board of, 67, 68, 181
Secretions, digestive, 180
Secretory fibres, 183
—— nerves, 266
Segmentation, 386, 388
Selection, of nutriment, 7
Self-nutrition, secret of, xii
Sensory nerves, 187
Sham feeding, experiments in, 198-211, 214-246; psychic effect may become an absolute and independent factor in, 209, 279
Sheffield Scientific School, the, experiments at, 53, 68
Sight, the sense of, 210
Sivén, experiments of, 81
Skatol, the odourous, 47
Sleep, exercises no restraining influence upon the gastric glands, 206; effect of, 383-386
Smell, the sense of, 210
Snyder, Dr., experiment in nutritive equilibrium, 37-38
Société de Biologie, the, 46
Sodium, salts of, 277; promote a flow of gastric juice, 277, 278, 279, 281, 282
Soft foods, 97, 129, 136, 142, 160, 162
Solid foods, 94, 268
Solray Sociological Institute, the, 68
Sorbonne, Universitie de la, 68
Soups, 266, 267
South Africa, 11
—— America, 124
“Spectator,” the, 28
Sphincter, the, 315, 316, 317, 331, 333, 341
Spinach, 99
Spirits, 93, 94
Ssanozki, Professor, experiments of, 203, 228
Starch, needed by body, 20, 21, 78, 98; changed into maltose, 101, 102; danger to the stomach in receiving an excess of, 141-146; the last constituent to leave the stomach, 145, 170, 171, 172, 270, 337, 393, 395, 396;
Starling, experiments of, 343, 344, 345, 346, 359
Stews, 266
Stomach, the, struggles bravely to overcome abuse, 19; man’s ignorance concerning requirements of, 23; mastication acts reflexly upon, 102; a long-suffering organ, 138; its danger of receiving an excess of starch, 141; starch the last constituent to leave, 145; necessity of alkali in, 146; secretory work of, 182, 183, 229; secretory nerves of, 210, 227; the seat of certain definite sensations, 241; the initial impulse towards awakening an appetite may originate in, 244, 246; no material progress in the physiology of, 250; Nature endeavours to prepare lactic acid in, 269; acids supplement weak action in, 270, 279; catarrhal affections of, 280; gives no obvious external sign of its workings, 301; studied by means of the Röntgen rays, 301-341; Galen’s observations on the functions of, 302; Fallopius’s views upon, 302; the motor functions of, 304; the anatomy of, 306; its relations to the shadow, 306; the musculature of, 308; normal movements of, 309; the peptonising function of, 314; its appearance at various stages of digestion, 319; composed of two physiologically distinct portions, 324, 340; its movements in vomiting, 325; effect of its movements upon the food, 328; attempts to perform function of teeth, 333; salivary digestion in, 335; inhibition of its movements during emotion, 337
—— fluids, 393, 394
Suffocation, caused by inefficient mastication, 137
Sugar, 21, 78, 89, 95, 169, 337, 393, 395
Sugar-cane, 123, 124, 169
“Sure and Certain Method of Attaining a Long and Healthful Life,” Luigi Cornaro’s treatise upon, 28
Swallowing, facilitated by mastication, 97; mechanism of, 284. _See also_ Swallowing Impulse, the
—— Impulse, the, xxxii, 8, 9, 93, 94
—— reflex, Dr. Van Someren’s, 26, 44
Sweet potato, 124
Sweets, why pleasant, 268, 269
Sympathetic nerve, the, an undoubted exciter of the gastric glands and of the pancreas, 183
Syrup, chemical effect of saliva upon, 21
T
Tapioca, 132
Taplin, 125
Tasmanians, the, 122
Taste, delicacy of the sense of, 22, 23; should be dissipated in the mouth, 93, 210; necessary to give an impulse to the organs of, 253; the nutritive value of food should be considered rather than, 261
—— gratification, 93
Tea, 132
Tea-taster, the professional, methods of, 23, 93
Teeth, the, influence of mastication upon, 110; changes during man’s evolution, 115-121; instances of vigorous use, 122-126; irregularity in, 156; evils of imperfect use of, 157; examination of, 174-179; the
stomach attempts to perform function of, 333
“Text-Book of Physiology,” Schäfer’s, 40
“That Last Waif: or Social Quarantine,” xxv
Therapeutic experiments, pathological, 249
Therapeutics, precepts of, 272
Thierfelder, 39
Thirst, 95
Thompson, Dr., 142
—— Prof. W. H., 180, 181
Thorax, the, 290
Tobacco-chewing, 103, 129
Tokio, University of, 55
Tongue, the, needs exercise, 154
Tonic constrictions, the, 344; the appearance of, 370-373, 385, 387
—— rings, the, 373
Tonsillitis, 144, 148
Tooth-brush, the, 177
Tooth-powder, 178
Toxins, absorbed into the blood, 40, 41, 44, 143
Training, for athletes, why necessary, 22
“Traité Analytique de la Digestion,” Blondlot’s, 181
Treves, Sir Frederick, on bolting of food, 140, 141
Trinity College, Dublin, 180
Trophic fibres, 183
Tryptophane, 47
Tuberculosis, 144
Turin, Italy, Congress of Physiologists at, 26, 48, 56, 91
——, University of, 68, 284
U
Urine, should be inoffensive, 42, 93, 274
V
Vagus nerve, the, an undoubted exciter of the gastric glands and of the pancreas, 183; its functions almost interminable, 183, 249
Van Someren, Dr. Ernest, xxv, 7, 12; his paper “Was Luigi Cornaro Right?” 26-46; his swallowing reflex, 26, 44; his experiments confirmed by Marckwald, 46; Sir Michael Foster’s Note upon his paper, 48-52; the Cambridge tests, 49-52, 53, 60, 91, 92, 98
Van Valzah, 146
Veal, 100
Veddahs, the, 128
Vegetable food, experiments with, 40; necessitates more thorough mastication than animal, 97, 98, 173; influenced more by cooking than animal, 118, 132, 170
Vegetables, 43, 78
Venice, Italy, 30, 63, 64, 91
Vermicelli, 132
Vermicular contraction, 343
—— wave, the, 345
Vermiform appendix, the, 140
Vice, traced to perversion of nutrition, 73
Vienna, 65
—— bread, 131
Vinegar, 269
Vivisection, 303, 305
Voice, the, requires lusty exercise in youth, 149
Voit diet, the, 76, 81, 84, 86
Vomiting, the act of, 193, 303; movements of the stomach in, 325, 341
W
Wallace, Dr. G. Sim, 110, 113, 130, 154, 158, 161, 169, 174, 177
Walther, Dr., experiments of, 267, 276
Washington, D. C., 70
Water, how to drink, 9, 34, 95, 268, 391, 392
—— biscuit, 391
Weight, must become normal, 43
Welch, Dr. Prof. William H., 67, 68
Wepfer, experiments of, 303, 304
Wheat, unground pearl, 392, 393, 394
—— flour, 392
Wine, how to take, 9, 22, 23
Wine-tasters, the professional, methods of, 23, 93
Wolves, experiments upon, 303
Wood, Maj. Gen. Leonard, 69, 70
Worry, causes indigestion, 7
Wulfson, Dr., 197
X
X-ray. _See_ Röntgen ray
Y
Yale investigation, the, x, xi, xiii-xv, xvii, xviii, xix, xxxiii
—— Gymnasium, the, 87
—— test, the, 5, 69, 75-91
—— University, 68
Z
Z, in the nutrition alphabet, 10, 12;
Zuntz, Dr. Prof. N., 67, 68
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Appetite alone can judge accurately of the former, and the true Swallowing Impulse is the limitation of the latter. If we study the natural instincts, the rest will take care of itself.
[2] This is very strong evidence that appetite knows what to do and when to do it, if you study and consult it and give it a chance to prescribe.
[3] The Yale test reported herein by Professor Chittenden showed the possibility of full alimentation according to the requirements of Economic Nutrition in from 24 to 26 minutes daily, which is less than 1∕48 of a day. Beginners of the practice of careful mouth-treatment of their food _may_ require more time, but, whatever it may be, it is worth it. A little care for a short period will establish a right habit, and then no further tedious attention nor unusual time will be necessary to accomplish a perfectly healthy nutrition.
[4] Physiological Economy in Nutrition: The Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York.
[5] William Heinemann: London.
[6] The author is not yet permitted to publish the particulars of these reforms in process, but he has official information regarding them and is in full sympathy with them.
[7] Dental surgeons now speak of the upper jaw as the maxilla, and of the lower jaw as the mandible.
[8] This subject I am obliged to deal with very briefly, and am compelled to omit the reasons for my conclusions.
[9] Recent observations go to show that man possesses no power of digesting cellulose, though this substance is to a limited extent capable of solution by the agency of bacteria in the lower portions of his alimentary canal.
[10] I am under great obligation to Miss Eva Dunn, who has collected valuable information for me on this and kindred subjects.
[11] Social History of the Races of Mankind, 1881.
[12] S. Powers: Tribes of California, 1877.
[13] E. M. Curr: The Australian Races, 1886-7. Taplin: The Narrinyeri; an account of Tribes of South Australian Aborigines, 1879.
[14] J. F. Nansen: Eskimo Life, 1893.
[15] Dr. Kane: Arctic Exploration, 1854.
[16] E. Astrup: With Peary near the Pole, 1898.
[17] Sir George Grey: Journal of Two Expeditions in North-West and Western Australia, 1841.
[18] Muster: With the Patagonians, 1869.
[19] Bailey: Transactions of the Ethnological Society, 1862.
[20] E. M. Curr: The Australian Race, 1886-87.
[21] The Causes and Prevention of Decay in Teeth, pp. 88, 89. London, 1902.
[22] Gilbert Barling also traces the relationship between appendicitis and diet. “In a considerable number of cases,” he writes, “the attack of appendicitis can be directly attributed to unsuitable food--pork, mackerel, over-ripe or under-ripe fruit, uncooked vegetables” (Brit. Med. Jour., vol. i., 1903, p. 61).
[23] My friend, Dr. Thompson, undertook, at my suggestion, some experiments to test the digestibility of raw starch within the mouth; he found that raw potato yields abundant sugar when subjected to long-continued mastication.
[24] _The Lancet_, March 21st, 1903, p. 806.
[25] Brit. Med. Jour., Epitome, vol. i., 1903, p. 45.
[26] A further aid to the circulation in the naso-pharynx is afforded by the lusty use of the voice. It a natural for the young human to cry and to shout, and unless this instinct is allowed full play the child is apt to suffer in health. I cannot but think that the modern child is too much repressed in this respect, and that he is not afforded, especially in towns, proper opportunity of venting his vocal energy in out-door play. May we not have here a contributory factor in the causation of adenoids?
[27] Among the Australian skulls I have examined in museums caries of the wisdom teeth--_i.e._, in those very teeth which, as shown by their atrophy, are least used--is by no means uncommon (though it is possible that some of the skulls belong to natives who have embraced the dietetic customs of the white man). I submit that this fact may fairly be used as an argument in favour of the view that inefficient use of the teeth predisposes them to caries by interfering with their resisting power, though it must be acknowledged that the position of the wisdom teeth places them at a disadvantage, owing to the tendency of food to accumulate about them, especially in undeveloped jaws in which they have not adequate room.
[28] This film can be felt by the tongue as a somewhat rough covering, which gives place to a smooth surface after the use of the tooth-brush.
[29] By the term “external stimulus” I mean here without distinction every outward agency of nature, as well as every agency which has its seat within the organism. The word “external” applies here to everything with the single exception of the nervous system itself.
[30] One may be permitted to use this expression for the sake of brevity.
[31] _Kwas_ is a favourite Russian drink, prepared from water, bread or meal, with malt and yeast. It contains a considerable quantity of lactic acid, some acetic acid, and other products of fermentation.
[32] An investigation by Cannon and Day (_American Journal of Physiology_, 1903) has confirmed this conclusion. An hour after starchy food mixed with saliva was ingested a unit volume of the food in the cardiac end of the stomach contained almost twice the amount of sugar found in a unit volume of the food in the pyloric end.
[33] The results of this investigation were reported to the Boston Society of Medical Sciences, November 19, 1901.
[34] Without the possibility of seeing the relations of a movement to the ends of the intestine, it cannot be stated absolutely whether the movement is peristaltic or antiperistaltic. Such relations can be seen on the fluorescent screen only near the stomach and near the ileocæcal valve. The evidence that advancing peristalsis is the normal movement is so overwhelming that I have assumed that when food is moving in loops not visibly related to fixed points it is moving forward.
[35] In this case the fæces were soft.
[36] While Napoleon was building his power and fame he was very careful and abstemious, but in later life succumbed to luxury and gluttony; Bismarck’s rise and decline were similarly related to dietary influences.--H. F.