CHAPTER XVIII

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ON THE BRINK OF THE GRAND CAÑON.--THE UNIQUE MARVEL OF NATURE.

The way seemed long. With the heat and dust and slow progress, it was exceedingly wearisome. Our modern nerves are not attuned to the slow crawling of a prairie-wagon. There had been growing for some time in the coach a feeling that the journey did not pay; that, in fact, no mere scenery could compensate for the fatigue of the trip. The imagination did not rise to it. "It will have to be a very big cañon," said the duchess.

Late in the afternoon we entered an open pine forest, passed through a meadow where the Indians had set their camp by a shallow pond, and drove along a ridge, in the cool shades, for three or four miles. Suddenly, on the edge of a descent, we who were on the box saw through the tree-tops a vision that stopped the pulse for a second, and filled us with excitement. It was only a glimpse, far off and apparently lifted up--red towers, purple cliffs, wide-spread apart, hints of color and splendor; on the right distance, mansions, gold and white and carmine (so the light made them), architectural habitations in the sky it must be, and suggestions of others far off in the middle distance--a substantial aerial city, or the ruins of one, such as the prophet saw in a vision. It was only a glimpse. Our hearts were in our mouths. We had a vague impression of something wonderful, fearful--some incomparable splendor that was not earthly. Were we drawing near the "City?" and should we have yet a more perfect view thereof? Was it Jerusalem or some Hindoo temples there in the sky? "It was builded of pearls and precious stones, also the streets were paved with gold; so that by reason of the natural glory of the city, and the reflection of the sunbeams upon it, Christian with desire fell sick." It was a momentary vision of a vast amphitheatre of splendor, mostly hidden by the trees and the edge of the plateau.

We descended into a hollow. There was the well, a log-cabin, a tent or two under the pine-trees. We dismounted with impatient haste. The sun was low in the horizon, and had long withdrawn from this grassy dell. Tired as we were, we could not wait. It was only to ascend the little steep, stony slope--300 yards--and we should see! Our party were straggling up the hill: two or three had reached the edge. I looked up. The duchess threw up her arms and screamed. We were not fifteen paces behind, but we saw nothing. We took the few steps, and the whole magnificence broke upon us. No one could be prepared for it. The scene is one to strike dumb with awe, or to unstring the nerves; one might stand in silent astonishment, another would burst into tears.

There are some experiences that cannot be repeated--one's first view of Rome, one's first view of Jerusalem. But these emotions are produced by association, by the sudden standing face to face with the scenes most wrought into our whole life and education by tradition and religion. This was without association, as it was without parallel. It was a shock so novel that the mind, dazed, quite failed to comprehend it. All that we could grasp was a vast confusion of amphitheatres and strange architectural forms resplendent with color. The vastness of the view amazed us quite as much as its transcendent beauty.

[Illustration: GRAND CAÑON OF THE COLORADO--VIEW FROM THE HANSE TRAIL.]

We had expected a cañon--two lines of perpendicular walls 6000 feet high, with the ribbon of a river at the bottom; but the reader may dismiss all his notions of a cañon, indeed of any sort of mountain or gorge scenery with which he is familiar. We had come into a new world. What we saw was not a cañon, or a chasm, or a gorge, but a vast area which is a break in the plateau. From where we stood it was twelve miles across to the opposite walls--a level line of mesa on the Utah side. We looked up and down for twenty to thirty miles. This great space is filled with gigantic architectural constructions, with amphitheatres, gorges, precipices, walls of masonry, fortresses terraced up to the level of the eye, temples mountain size, all brilliant with horizontal lines of color--streaks of solid hues a few feet in width, streaks a thousand feet in width--yellows, mingled white and gray, orange, dull red, brown, blue, carmine, green, all blending in the sunlight into one transcendent suffusion of splendor. Afar off we saw the river in two places, a mere thread, as motionless and smooth as a strip of mirror, only we knew it was a turbid, boiling torrent, 6000 feet below us. Directly opposite the overhanging ledge on which we stood was a mountain, the sloping base of which was ashy gray and bluish; it rose in a series of terraces to a thousand-feet wall of dark red sandstone, receding upward, with ranges of columns and many fantastic sculptures, to a finial row of gigantic opera-glasses 6000 feet above the river. The great San Francisco Mountain, with its snowy crater, which we had passed on the way, might have been set down in the place of this one, and it would have been only one in a multitude of such forms that met the eye whichever way we looked. Indeed, all the vast mountains in this region might be hidden in this cañon.

Wandering a little away from the group and out of sight, and turning suddenly to the scene from another point of view, I experienced for a moment an indescribable terror of nature, a confusion of mind, a fear to be alone in such a presence. With all this grotesqueness and majesty of form and radiance of color, creation seemed in a whirl. With our education in scenery of a totally different kind, I suppose it would need long acquaintance with this to familiarize one with it to the extent of perfect mental comprehension.

The vast abyss has an atmosphere of its own, one always changing and producing new effects, an atmosphere and shadows and tones of its own--golden, rosy, gray, brilliant, and sombre, and playing a thousand fantastic tricks to the vision. The rich and wonderful color effects, says Captain Dutton, "are due to the inherent colors of the rocks, modified by the atmosphere. Like any other great series of strata in the plateau province, the carboniferous has its own range of colors, which might serve to distinguish it, even if we had no other criterion. The summit strata are pale gray, with a faint yellowish cast. Beneath them the cross-bedded sandstone appears, showing a mottled surface of pale pinkish hue. Underneath this member are nearly 1000 feet of the lower Aubrey sandstones, displaying an intensely brilliant red, which is somewhat marked by the talus shot down from the gray cherty limestone at the summit. Beneath the lower Aubrey is the face of the Red Wall limestone, from 2000 to 3000 feet high. It has a strong red tone, but a very peculiar one. Most of the red strata of the West have the brownish or vermilion tones, but these are rather purplish red, as if the pigment had been treated to a dash of blue. It is not quite certain that this may not arise in part from the intervention of the blue haze, and probably it is rendered more conspicuous by this cause; but, on the whole, the purplish cast seems to be inherent. This is the dominant color of the cañon, for the expanse of the rock surface displayed is more than half in the Red Wall group."

I was continually likening this to a vast city rather than a landscape, but it was a city of no man's creation nor of any man's conception. In the visions which inspired or crazy painters have had of the New Jerusalem, of Babylon the Great, of a heaven in the atmosphere, with endless perspective of towers and steeps that hang in the twilight sky, the imagination has tried to reach this reality. But here are effects beyond the artist, forms the architect has not hinted at; and yet everything reminds us of man's work. And the explorers have tried by the use of Oriental nomenclature to bring it within our comprehension, the East being the land of the imagination. There is the Hindoo Amphitheatre, the Bright Angel Amphitheatre, the Ottoman Amphitheatre, Shiva's Temple, Vishnu's Temple, Vulcan's Throne. And here, indeed, is the idea of the pagoda architecture, of the terrace architecture, of the bizarre constructions which rise with projecting buttresses, rows of pillars, recesses, battlements, esplanades, and low walls, hanging gardens, and truncated pinnacles. It is a city, but a city of the imagination. In many pages I could tell what I saw in one day's lounging for a mile or so along the edge of the precipice. The view changed at every step, and was never half an hour the same in one place. Nor did it need much fancy to create illusions or pictures of unearthly beauty. There was a castle, terraced up with columns, plain enough, and below it a parade-ground; at any moment the knights in armor and with banners might emerge from the red gates and deploy there, while the ladies looked down from the balconies. But there were many castles and fortresses and barracks and noble mansions. And the rich sculpture in this brilliant color! In time I began to see queer details: a Richardson house, with low portals and round arches, surmounted by a Nuremberg gable; perfect panels, 600 feet high, for the setting of pictures; a train of cars partly derailed at the door of a long, low warehouse, with a garden in front of it. There was no end to such devices.

It was long before I could comprehend the vastness of the view, see the enormous chasms and rents and seams, and the many architectural ranges separated by great gulfs, between me and the wall of the mesa twelve miles distant. Away to the north-east was the blue Navajo Mountain, the lone peak in the horizon; but on the southern side of it lay a desert level, which in the afternoon light took on the exact appearance of a blue lake; its edge this side was a wall thousands of feet high, many miles in length, and straightly horizontal; over this seemed to fall water. I could see the foam of it at the foot of the cliff; and below that was a lake of shimmering silver, in which the giant precipice and the fall and their color were mirrored. Of course there was no silver lake, and the reflection that simulated it was only the sun on the lower part of the immense wall.

Some one said that all that was needed to perfect this scene was a Niagara Falls. I thought what figure a fall 150 feet high and 3000 long would make in this arena. It would need a spy-glass to discover it. An adequate Niagara here should be at least three miles in breadth, and fall 2000 feet over one of these walls. And the Yosemite--ah! the lovely Yosemite! Dumped down into this wilderness of gorges and mountains, it would take a guide who knew of its existence a long time to find it.

The process of creation is here laid bare through the geologic periods. The strata of rock, deposited or upheaved, preserve their horizontal and parallel courses. If we imagine a river flowing on a plain, it would wear for itself a deeper and deeper channel. The walls of this channel would recede irregularly by weathering and by the coming in of other streams. The channel would go on deepening, and the outer walls would again recede. If the rocks were of different material and degrees of hardness, the forms would be carved in the fantastic and architectural manner we find them here. The Colorado flows through the tortuous inner chasm, and where we see it, it is 6000 feet below the surface where we stand, and below the towers of the terraced forms nearer it. The splendid views of the cañon at this point given in Captain Dutton's report are from Point Sublime, on the north side. There seems to have been no way of reaching the river from that point. From the south side the descent, though wearisome, is feasible. It reverses mountaineering to descend 6000 feet for a view, and there is a certain pleasure in standing on a mountain summit without the trouble of climbing it. Hance, the guide, who has charge of the well, has made a path to the bottom. The route is seven miles long. Half-way down he has a house by a spring. At the bottom, somewhere in those depths, is a sort of farm, grass capable of sustaining horses and cattle, and ground where fruit-trees can grow. Horses are actually living there, and parties descend there with tents, and camp for days at a time. It is a world of its own. Some of the photographic views presented here, all inadequate, are taken from points on Hance's trail. But no camera or pen can convey an adequate conception of what Captain Dutton happily calls a great innovation in the modern ideas of scenery. To the eye educated to any other, it may be shocking, grotesque, incomprehensible; but "those who have long and carefully studied the Grand Cañon of the Colorado do not hesitate for a moment to pronounce it by far the most sublime of all earthly spectacles."

I have space only to refer to the geologic history in Captain Dutton's report of 1882, of which there should be a popular edition. The waters of the Atlantic once overflowed this region, and were separated from the Pacific, if at all, only by a ridge. The story is of long eras of deposits, of removal, of upheaval, and of volcanic action. It is estimated that in one period the thickness of strata removed and transported away was 10,000 feet. Long after the Colorado began its work of corrosion there was a mighty upheaval. The reader will find the story of the making of the Grand Cañon more fascinating than any romance.

Without knowing this story the impression that one has in looking on this scene is that of immense antiquity, hardly anywhere else on earth so overwhelming as here. It has been here in all its lonely grandeur and transcendent beauty, exactly as it is, for what to us is an eternity, unknown, unseen by human eye. To the recent Indian, who roved along its brink or descended to its recesses, it was not strange, because he had known no other than the plateau scenery. It is only within a quarter of a century that the Grand Cañon has been known to the civilized world. It is scarcely known now. It is a world largely unexplored. Those who best know it are most sensitive to its awe and splendor. It is never twice the same, for, as I said, it has an atmosphere of its own. I was told by Hance that he once saw a thunder-storm in it. He described the chaos of clouds in the pit, the roar of the tempest, the reverberations of thunder, the inconceivable splendor of the rainbows mingled with the colors of the towers and terraces. It was as if the world were breaking up. He fled away to his hut in terror.

The day is near when this scenery must be made accessible. A railway can easily be built from Flagstaff. The projected road from Utah, crossing the Colorado at Lee's Ferry, would come within twenty miles of the Grand Cañon, and a branch to it could be built. The region is arid, and in the "sight-seeing" part of the year the few surface wells and springs are likely to go dry. The greatest difficulty would be in procuring water for railway service or for such houses of entertainment as are necessary. It could, no doubt, be piped from the San Francisco Mountain. At any rate, ingenuity will overcome the difficulties, and travellers from the wide world will flock thither, for there is revealed the long-kept secret, the unique achievement of nature.

APPENDIX.

A CLIMATE FOR INVALIDS.

The following notes on the climate of Southern California, written by Dr. H. A. Johnson, of Chicago, at the solicitation of the writer of this volume and for his information, I print with his permission, because the testimony of a physician who has made a special study of climatology in Europe and America, and is a recognized authority, belongs of right to the public:

The choice of a climate for invalids or semi-invalids involves the consideration of: First, the invalid, his physical condition (that is, disease), his peculiarities (mental and emotional), his social habits, and his natural and artificial needs. Second, the elements of climate, such as temperature, moisture, direction and force of winds, the averages of the elements, the extremes of variation, and the rapidity of change.

The climates of the western and south-western portions of the United States are well suited to a variety of morbid conditions, especially those pertaining to the pulmonary organs and the nervous system. Very few localities, however, are equally well adapted to diseases of innervation of circulation and respiration. For the first and second, as a rule, high altitudes are not advisable; for the third, altitudes of from two thousand to six thousand feet are not only admissible but by many thought to be desirable. It seems, however, probable that it is to the dryness of the air and the general antagonisms to vegetable growths, rather than to altitude alone, that the benefits derived in these regions by persons suffering from consumption and kindred diseases should be credited.

Proximity to large bodies of water, river valleys, and damp plateaus are undesirable as places of residence for invalids with lung troubles. There are exceptions to this rule. Localities near the sea with a climate subject to slight variations in temperature, a dry atmosphere, little rainfall, much sunshine, not so cold in winter as to prevent much out-door life and not so hot in summer as to make out-door exercise exhausting, are well adapted not only to troubles of the nervous and circulatory systems, but also to those of the respiratory organs.

Such a climate is found in the extreme southern portions of California. At San Diego the rainfall is much less, the air is drier, and the number of sunshiny days very much larger than on our Atlantic seaboard, or in Central and Northern California. The winters are not cold; flowers bloom in the open air all the year round; the summers are not hot. The mountains and sea combine to give to this region a climate with few sudden changes, and with a comfortable range of all essential elements.

A residence during a part of the winter of 1889-90 at Coronado Beach, and a somewhat careful study of the comparative climatology of the south-western portions of the United States, leads me to think that we have few localities where the comforts of life can be secured, and which at the same time are so well adapted to the needs of a variety of invalids, as San Diego and its surroundings. In saying this I do not wish to be understood as preferring it to all others for some one condition or disease, but only that for weak hearts, disabled lungs, and worn-out nerves it seems to me to be unsurpassed.

CHICAGO, _July 12, 1890_.

THE COMING OF WINTER IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

From Mr. Theodore S. Van Dyke's altogether admirable book on _Southern California_ I have permission to quote the following exquisite description of the floral procession from December to March, when the Land of the Sun is awakened by the first winter rain:

Sometimes this season commences with a fair rain in November, after a light shower or two in October, but some of the very best seasons begin about the time that all begin to lose hope. November adds its full tribute to the stream of sunshine that for months has poured along the land; and, perhaps, December closes the long file of cloudless days with banners of blue and gold. The plains and slopes lie bare and brown; the low hills that break away from them are yellow with dead foxtail or wild oats, gray with mustard-stalks, or ashy green with chemisal or sage. Even the chaparral, that robes the higher hills in living green, has a tired air, and the long timber-line that marks the cañon winding up the mountain-slopes is decidedly paler. The sea-breeze has fallen off to a faint breath of air; the land lies silent and dreamy with golden haze; the air grows drier, the sun hotter, and the shade cooler; the smoke of brush-fires hangs at times along the sky; the water has risen in the springs and sloughs as if to meet the coming rain, but it has never looked less like rain than it now does.

Suddenly a new wind arises from the vast watery plains upon the south-west; long, fleecy streams of cloud reach out along the sky; the distant mountain-tops seem swimming in a film of haze, and the great California weather prophet--a creature upon whom the storms of adverse experience have beaten for years without making even a weather crack in the smooth cheek of his conceit--lavishes his wisdom as confidently as if he had never made a false prediction. After a large amount of fuss, and enough preliminary skirmishing over the sky for a dozen storms in any Eastern State, the clouds at last get ready, and a soft pattering is heard upon the roof--the sweetest music that ever cheers a Californian ear, and one which the author of "The Rain upon the Roof" should have heard before writing his poem.

When the sun again appears it is with a softer, milder beam than before. The land looks bright and refreshed, like a tired and dirty boy who has had a good bath and a nap, and already the lately bare plains and hill-sides show a greenish tinge. Fine little leaves of various kinds are springing from the ground, but nearly all are lost in a general profusion of dark green ones, of such shape and delicacy of texture that a careless eye might readily take them for ferns. This is the alfileria, the prevailing flower of the land. The rain may continue at intervals. Daily the land grows greener, while the shades of green, varied by the play of sunlight on the slopes and rolling hills, increase in number and intensity. Here the color is soft, and there bright; yonder it rolls in wavy alternations, and yonder it reaches in an unbroken shade where the plain sweeps broad and free. For many weeks green is the only color, though cold nights may perhaps tinge it with a rusty red. About the first of February a little starlike flower of bluish pink begins to shine along the ground. This is the bloom of the alfileria, and swiftly it spreads from the southern slopes, where it begins, and runs from meadow to hill-top. Soon after a cream-colored bell-flower begins to nod from a tall, slender stalk; another of sky-blue soon opens beside it; beneath these a little five-petaled flower of deep pink tries to outshine the blossoms of the alfileria; and above them soon stands the radiant shooting-star, with reflexed petals of white, yellow, and pink shining behind its purplish ovaries. On every side violets, here of the purest golden hue and overpowering fragrance, appear in numbers beyond all conception. And soon six or seven varieties of clover, all with fine, delicate leaves, unfold flowers of yellow, red, and pink. Delicate little crucifers of white and yellow shine modestly below all these; little cream-colored flowers on slender scapes look skyward on every side; while others of purer white, with every variety of petal, crowd up among them. Standing now upon some hill-side that commands miles of landscape, one is dazzled with a blaze of color, from acres and acres of pink, great fields of violets, vast reaches of blue, endless sweeps of white.

Upon this--merely the warp of the carpet about to cover the land--the sun fast weaves a woof of splendor. Along the southern slopes of the lower hills soon beams the orange light of the poppy, which swiftly kindles the adjacent slopes, then flames along the meadow, and blazes upon the northern hill-sides. Spires of green, mounting on every side, soon open upon the top into lilies of deep lavender, and the scarlet bracts of the painted-cup glow side by side with the crimson of the cardinal-flower. And soon comes the iris, with its broad golden eye fringed with rays of lavender blue; and five varieties of phacelia overwhelm some places with waves of purple, blue, indigo, and whitish pink. The evening primrose covers the lower slopes with long sheets of brightest yellow, and from the hills above the rock-rose adds its golden bloom to that of the sorrel and the wild alfalfa, until the hills almost outshine the bright light from the slopes and plains. And through all this nods a tulip of most delicate lavender; vetches, lupins, and all the members of the wild-pea family are pushing and winding their way everywhere in every shade of crimson, purple, and white; along the ground crowfoot weaves a mantle of white, through which, amid a thousand comrades, the orthocarpus rears its tufted head of pink. Among all these are mixed a thousand other flowers, plenty enough as plenty would be accounted in other countries, but here mere pin-points on a great map of colors.

As the stranger gazes upon this carpet that now covers hill and dale, undulates over the table-lands, and robes even the mountain with a brilliancy and breadth of color that strikes the eye from miles away, he exhausts his vocabulary of superlatives, and goes away imagining he has seen it all. Yet he has seen only the background of an embroidery more varied, more curious and splendid, than the carpet upon which it is wrought. Asters bright with centre of gold and lavender rays soon shine high above the iris, and a new and larger tulip of deepest yellow nods where its lavender cousin is drooping its lately proud head. New bell-flowers of white and blue and indigo rise above the first, which served merely as ushers to the display, and whole acres ablaze with the orange of the poppy are fast turning with the indigo of the larkspur. Where the ground was lately aglow with the marigold and the four-o'clock the tall penstemon now reaches out a hundred arms full-hung with trumpets of purple and pink. Here the silene rears high its head with fringed corolla of scarlet; and there the wild gooseberry dazzles the eye with a perfect shower of tubular flowers of the same bright color. The mimulus alone is almost enough to color the hills. Half a dozen varieties, some with long, narrow, trumpet-shaped flowers, others with broad flaring mouths; some of them tall herbs, and others large shrubs, with varying shades of dark red, light red, orange, cream-color, and yellow, spangle hill-side, rock-pile, and ravine. Among them the morning-glory twines with flowers of purest white, new lupins climb over the old ones, and the trailing vetch festoons rock and shrub and tree with long garlands of crimson, purple, and pink. Over the scarlet of the gooseberry or the gold of the high-bush mimulus along the hills, the honeysuckle hangs its tubes of richest cream-color, and the wild cucumber pours a shower of white over the green leaves of the sumach or sage. Snap-dragons of blue and white, dandelions that you must look at three or four times to be certain what they are, thistles that are soft and tender with flowers too pretty for the thistle family, orchids that you may try in vain to classify, and sages and mints of which you can barely recognize the genera, with cruciferæ, compositæ, and what-not, add to the glare and confusion.

Meanwhile, the chaparral, which during the long dry season has robed the hills in sombre green, begins to brighten with new life; new leaves adorn the ragged red arms of the manzanita, and among them blow thousands of little urn-shaped flowers of rose-color and white. The bright green of one lilac is almost lost in a luxuriance of sky-blue blossoms, and the white lilac looks at a distance as if drifted over with snow. The cercocarpus almost rivals the lilac in its display of white and blue, and the dark, forbidding adenostoma now showers forth dense panicles of little white flowers. Here, too, a new mimulus pours floods of yellow light, and high above them all the yucca rears its great plume of purple and white.

Thus marches on for weeks the floral procession, new turns bringing new banners into view, or casting on old ones a brighter light, but ever showing a riotous profusion of splendor until member after member drops gradually out of the ranks, and only a band of stragglers is left marching away into the summer. But myriads of ferns, twenty-one varieties of which are quite common, and of a fineness and delicacy rarely seen elsewhere, still stand green in the shade of the rocks and trees along the hills, and many a flower lingers in the timber or cañons long after its friends on the open hills or plains have faded away. In the cañons and timber are also many flowers that are not found in the open ground, and as late as the middle of September, only twenty miles from the sea, and at an elevation of but fifteen hundred feet, I have gathered bouquets that would attract immediate attention anywhere. The whole land abounds with flowers both curious and lovely; but those only have been mentioned which force themselves upon one's attention. Where the sheep have not ruined all beauty, and the rains have been sufficient, they take as full possession of the land as the daisy and wild carrot do of some Eastern meadows. There are thousands of others, which it would be a hopeless task to enumerate, which are even more numerous than most of the favorite wild flowers are in the East, yet they are not abundant enough to give character to the country. For instance, there is a great larkspur, six feet high, with a score of branching arms, all studded with spurred flowers of such brilliant red that it looks like a fountain of strontium fire; but you will not see it every time you turn around. A tall lily grows in the same way, with a hundred golden flowers shining on its many arms, but it must be sought in certain places. So the tiger-lily and the columbine must be sought in the mountains, the rose and sweetbrier on low ground, the night-shades and the helianthus in the timbered cañons and gulches.

Delicacy and brilliancy characterize nearly all the California flowers, and nearly all are so strange, so different from the other members of their families, that they would be an ornament to any greenhouse. The alfileria, for instance, is the richest and strongest fodder in the world. It is the main-stay of the stock-grower, and when raked up after drying makes excellent hay; yet it is a geranium, delicate and pretty, when not too rank.

But suddenly the full blaze of color is gone, and the summer is at hand. Brown tints begin to creep over the plains; the wild oats no longer ripple in silvery waves beneath the sun and wind; and the foxtail, that shone so brightly green along the hill-side, takes on a golden hue. The light lavender tint of the chorizanthe now spreads along the hills where the poppy so lately flamed, and over the dead morning-glory the dodder weaves its orange floss. A vast army of cruciferæ and compositæ soon overruns the land with bright yellow, and numerous varieties of mint tinge it with blue or purple; but the greater portion of the annual vegetation is dead or dying. The distant peaks of granite now begin to glow at evening with a soft purple hue; the light poured into the deep ravines towards sundown floods them with a crimson mist; on the shady hill-sides the chaparral looks bluer, and on the sunny hill-sides is a brighter green than before.

COMPARATIVE TEMPERATURE AROUND THE WORLD.

The following table, published by the Pasadena Board of Trade, shows the comparative temperature of well-known places in various parts of the world, arranged according to the difference between their average winter and average summer:

----------------------------------------------------------------------- Place. | Winter.| Spring.| Summer.| Autumn.| Difference | | | | | Summer, | | | | | Winter. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Funchal, Madeira | 62.88 | 64.55 | 70.89 | 70.19 | 8.01 St. Michael, Azores | 57.83 | 61.17 | 68.33 | 62.33 | 10.50 PASADENA | 56.00 | 61.07 | 67.61 | 62.31 | 11.61 Santa Cruz, Canaries | 64.65 | 68.87 | 76.68 | 74.17 | 12.03 Santa Barbara | 54.29 | 59.45 | 67.71 | 63.11 | 13.42 Nassau, Bahama Islands | 70.67 | 77.67 | 86.00 | 80.33 | 15.33 San Diego, California | 54.09 | 60.14 | 69.67 | 64.63 | 15.58 Cadiz, Spain | 52.90 | 59.93 | 70.43 | 65.35 | 17.53 Lisbon, Portugal | 53.00 | 60.00 | 71.00 | 62.00 | 18.00 Malta | 57.46 | 62.76 | 78.20 | 71.03 | 20.74 Algiers | 55.00 | 66.00 | 77.00 | 60.00 | 22.00 St Augustine, Florida | 58.25 | 68.69 | 80.36 | 71.90 | 22.11 Rome, Italy | 48.90 | 57.65 | 72.16 | 63.96 | 23.26 Sacramento, California | 47.92 | 59.17 | 71.19 | 61.72 | 23.27 Mentone | 49.50 | 60.00 | 73.00 | 56.60 | 23.50 Nice, Italy | 47.88 | 56.23 | 72.26 | 61.63 | 24.44 New Orleans, Louisiana | 56.00 | 69.37 | 81.08 | 69.80 | 25.08 Cairo, Egypt | 58.52 | 73.58 | 85.10 | 71.48 | 26.58 Jacksonville, Florida | 55.02 | 68.88 | 81.93 | 62.54 | 96.91 Pau, France | 41.86 | 54.06 | 70.72 | 57.39 | 28.86 Florence, Italy | 44.30 | 56.00 | 74.00 | 60.70 | 29.70 San Antonio, Texas | 52.74 | 70.48 | 83.73 | 71.56 | 30.99 Aiken, South Carolina | 45.82 | 61.32 | 77.36 | 61.96 | 31.54 Fort Yuma, California | 57.96 | 73.40 | 92.07 | 75.66 | 34.11 Visalia, California | 45.38 | 59.40 | 80.78 | 60.34 | 35.40 Santa Fé, New Mexico | 30.28 | 50.06 | 70.50 | 51.34 | 40.22 Boston, Mass | 28.08 | 45.61 | 68.68 | 51.04 | 40.60 New York, N. Y. | 31.93 | 48.26 | 72.62 | 48.50 | 40.69 Albuquerque, New Mexico| 34.78 | 56.36 | 76.27 | 56.33 | 41.40 Denver, Colorado, | 27.66 | 46.33 | 71.66 | 47.16 | 44.00 St. Paul, Minnesota | 15.09 | 41.29 | 68.03 | 44.98 | 52.94 Minneapolis, Minnesota | 12.87 | 40.12 | 68.34 | 45.33 | 55.47 -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CALIFORNIA AND ITALY.

The Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce, in its pamphlet describing that city and county, gives a letter from the Signal Service Observer at Sacramento, comparing the temperature of places in California and Italy. He writes:

To prove to your many and intelligent readers the equability and uniformity Of the climate of Santa Barbara, San Diego, and Los Angeles, as compared with Mentone and San Remo, of the Riviera of Italy and of Corfu, I append the monthly temperature for each place. Please notice a much warmer temperature in winter at the California stations, and also a much cooler summer temperature at the same places than at any of the foreign places, except Corfu. The table speaks with more emphasis and certainty than I can, and is as follows:

+-----------+---------+-----------+----------+----------+---------+---------+ | | San | Santa | Los | | San | | | Month. | Diego's | Barbara's | Angeles' | Mentone's| Remo's | Corfu's | | | mean temperature. | +-----------+---------+-----------+----------+----------+---------+---------+ |January | 53.7 | 54.4 | 52.8 | 48.2 | 47.2 | 53.6 | |February | 54.2 | 55.6 | 54.2 | 48.5 | 50.2 | 51.8 | |March | 55.6 | 56.4 | 56.0 | 52.0 | 52.0 | 53.6 | |April | 57.8 | 58.8 | 57.9 | 57.2 | 57.0 | 58.3 | |May | 61.1 | 60.2 | 61.0 | 63.0 | 62.9 | 66.7 | |June | 64.4 | 62.6 | 65.5 | 70.0 | 69.2 | 72.3 | |July | 67.3 | 65.7 | 68.3 | 75.0 | 74.3 | 67.7 | |August | 68.7 | 67.0 | 69.5 | 75.0 | 73.8 | 81.3 | |September | 66.6 | 65.6 | 67.5 | 69.0 | 70.6 | 78.8 | |October | 62.5 | 62.1 | 62.7 | 74.4 | 61.8 | 70.8 | |November | 58.2 | 58.0 | 58.8 | 54.0 | 58.3 | 63.8 | |December | 55.5 | 55.3 | 54.8 | 49.0 | 49.3 | 68.4 | | | | | | | | | | Averages | 60.6 | 60.2 | 60.4 | 60.4 | 60.1 | 65.6 | +-----------+---------+-----------+----------+----------+---------+---------+

The table on pages 210 and 211, "Extremes of Heat and Cold," is published by the San Diego Land and Farm Company, whose pamphlet says:

The United States records at San Diego Signal Station show that in ten years there were but 120 days on which the mercury passed 80°. Of these 120 there were but 41 on which it passed 85°, but 22 when it passed 90°, but four over 95°, and only one over 100°; to wit, 101°, the highest ever recorded here. During all this time there was not a day on which the mercury did not fall to at least 70° during the night, and there were but five days on which it did not fall even lower. During the same ten years there were but six days on which the mercury fell below 35°. This low temperature comes only in extremely dry weather in winter, and lasts but a few minutes, happening just before sunrise. On two of these six days it fell to 32° at daylight, the lowest point ever registered here. The lowest mid-day temperature is 52°, occurring only four times in these ten years. From 65° to 70° is the average temperature of noonday throughout the greater part of the year.

FIVE YEARS IN SANTA BARBARA.

[Transcriber's note: Table has been turned from original to fit, along with using abbreviations for the months and a legend.]

The following table, from the self-registering thermometer in the observatory of Mr. Hugh D. Vail, shows the mean temperature of each month in the years 1885 to 1889 at Santa Barbara, and also the mean temperature of the warmest and coldest days in each month:

A = Mean Temperature of each Month. B = Mean Temperature of Warmest Day. C = Mean Temperature of Coldest Day. D = Monthly Rainfall, Inches.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------ MONTH. Jan.| Feb.| Mar. | Apr.| May | June| July| Aug.| Sep.| Oct.| Nov.| Dec. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1885. A|53.2 | 56.7 |59.1 |60.9 |60.0 |62.0 | 66.1| 68.0| 66.9| 63.0|58.9 | 57.2 B|57.0 | 65.5 |62,5 |70.5 |64.6 |68.0 | 73.0| 78.8| 78.8| 72.0|64.8 | 65.7 C|49.5 | 51,5 |56.0 |54.0 |54.0 |58.5 | 62.2| 62.5| 72.0| 58.5|50.0 | 52.0 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1886. A|55.0 | 59.6 |53.1 |55.7 |60.5 |62.0 | 66.3| 68.2| 63.8| 58.3|56.3 | 55.8 B|73.5 | 70.0 |59.5 |61.5 |65.5 |67.5 | 72.0| 72.0| 68.3| 62.5|66.2 | 65.8 C|47.5 | 45.0 |46.2 |50.5 |54.0 |58.5 | 63.3| 63.2| 57.0| 51.7|49.8 | 49.5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1887. A|54.67| 50.4 |57.0 |58.43|60.0 |63.7 | 64.6| 64.8| 66.0| 65.0|58.9 | 52.8 B|63.5 | 61.1 |64.8 |66.8 |67.0 |79.0 | 71.3| 69.7| 70.5| 74.0|65.3 | 59.6 C|49.0 | 45.3 |52.0 |51.0 |53.3 |59.0 | 60.9| 62.0| 61.5| 59.3|47.5 | 49.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1888. A|49.0 | 53.8 |53.0 |59.9 |57.6 |64.4 | 67.0| 66.3| 67.9| 63.5|59 8 |.56.5 B|58.7 | 57.5 |60.5 |75.0 |64.5 |69.0 | 72.0| 72.0| 76.2| 76.9|61.3 | 63.0 C|41.0 | 49.0 |46.0 |53.0 |51.7 |59.5 | 63.0| 63.5| 63.2| 59.0|54.5 | 52.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1889. A|53.0 | 55.4 |58.0 |59.9 |60.0 |62.5 | 64.2| 67.3| 68.8| 63.9|59.6 | 54.4 B|58.0 | 65.0 |67.0 |72.7 |68.5 |65.7 | 84.0| 77.0| 78.0| 70.3|65.7 | 60.7 C|48.8 | 45.5 |52.5 |52.7 |54.5 |58.5 | 61.0| 63.0| 62.0| 60.0|54.5 | 50.0 D| 0.29| 1.29| 7.31| 0.49| 0.76| 0.13| ...| ... | ... | 8.69| 3.21| 10.64

Observations made at San Diego City, compiled from Report Of the Chief Signal Officer of the U. S. Army.

[Transcriber's note: Table has been modified from original to fit, using abbreviations for the months and a legend.]

Column headers: a = Average number of cloudy days for each month and year. b = Average number of fair days for each month and year. c = Average number of clear days for each month and year. d = Average cloudiness, scale 0 to 10, for each month and year. e = Average hourly velocity of wind for each month and year. f = Average precipitation for each month and year. g = Minimum temperature for each month and year. h = Maximum temperature for each month and year. i = Mean temperature for each month and year. j = Mean normal barometer of San Diego for each month and year for four years.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | OBSERVATIONS EXTENDING OVER A PERIOD OF TWELVE YEARS. MONTH. | a | b | c | d | e f | g | h | i | j ---------+------------------------------------------------------------+------- January | 8.5 | 11.2 | 11.3 | 4.1 | 5.1 | 1.85 | 32.0 | 78.0 | 53.6 | 30.027 February | 7.9 | 11.3 | 9.0 | 4.4 | 6.0 | 2.07 | 35.0 | 82.6 | 54.3 | 30.058 March | 9.6.| 12.7 | 8.7 | 4.8 | 6.4 | 0.97 | 38.0 | 99.0 | 55.7 | 30.004 April | 7.9 | 11.9 | 10.2 | 4.4 | 6.6 | 0.68 | 39.0 | 87.0 | 57.7 | 29.965 May |10.9 | 12.1 | 8.0 | 5.2 | 6.7 | 0.26 | 45.4 | 94.0 | 61.0 | 29.893 June | 8.1.| 15.2 | 6.7 | 5.0 | 6.3 | 0.05 | 51.0 | 94.0 | 64.4 | 29.864 July | 6.7 | 16.1 | 8.2 | 4.7 | 6.3 | 0.02 | 54.0 | 86.0 | 67.1 | 29.849 August | 4.7 | 16.9 | 9.4 | 4.1 | 6.0 | 0.23 | 54.0 | 86.0 | 68.7 | 29.894 September| 4.4 | 13.9 | 11.7 | 3.7 | 5.9 | 0.05 | 49.5 |101.0 | 66.8 | 29.840 October | 5.6 | 12.6 | 12.8 | 3.9 | 5.4 | 0.49 | 44.0 | 92.0 | 62.9 | 29.905 November | 6.5 | 10.0 | 13.5 | 3.6 | 5.1 | 0.70 | 38.0 | 85.0 | 58.3 | 29.991 December | 6.6 | 11.2 | 13.2 | 3.7 | 5.1 | 2.12 | 32.0 | 82.0 | 55.6 | 30.009 Mean | | | | | | | | | | annual |87.4 |155.1 |122.7 | 4.3 | 5.9.| 9.49 | 42.6 | 88.8 | 60.5 | 29.942 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EXTREMES OF HEAT AND COLD.

The following table, taken from the Report of the Chief Signal Officer, shows the highest and lowest temperatures recorded since the opening of stations of the Signal Service at the points named, for the number of years indicated. An asterisk (*) denotes below zero:

a = Maximum b = Minimum c = Number of Years of Observation.

------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Jan. | Feb. | March.| April.| May. | June.| ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Locality of Station | c | a | b | a | b | a | b | a | b | a | b | a | b | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Charleston, S. C. | 12| 80| 23| 78| 26| 85| 28| 87| 32| 94| 47| 94| 65| Denver, Col. | 12| 67|*29| 72|*22| 81|*10| 83| 4| 92| 27| 89| 50| Jacksonville, Fla. | 12| 80| 24| 83| 32| 88| 31| 91| 37| 99| 48|101| 62| L'S ANG'LES, CAL. | 6| 82| 30| 86| 28| 99| 34| 94| 39|100| 40|104| 47| New Orleans, La. | 13| 78| 20| 80| 33| 84| 37| 86| 38| 92| 56| 97| 65| Newport, R. I. | 2| 48| 2| 50| 4| 60| 4| 62| 26| 75| 33| 91| 41| New York | 13| 64| *6| 69| *4| 72| *3| 81| 20| 94| 34| 95| 47| Pensacola, Fla. | 4| 74| 29| 78| 31| 79| 36| 87| 34| 93| 47| 97| 64| SAN DIEGO, CAL. | 12| 78| 32| 83| 35| 99| 38| 87| 39| 94| 45| 94| 51| San Francisco, Cal. | 12| 69| 36| 71| 35| 77| 39| 81| 40| 86| 45| 95| 48| -------------------------------------------------------------------------

EXTREMES OF HEAT AND COLD.--_Continued._

------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | July.| Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Locality of Station | c | a | b | a | b | a | b | a | b | a | b | a | b | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Charleston, S. C. | 12| 94| 69| 96| 69| 94| 64| 89| 49| 81| 33| 78| 22| Denver, Col. | 12| 91| 59| 93| 60| 93| 51| 84| 38| 73| 23| 69| 1| Jacksonville, Fla. | 12|104| 68|100| 66| 98| 56| 92| 40| 84| 30| 81| 19| L'S ANG'LES, CAL. | 6| 98| 51|100| 50|104| 44| 97| 43| 86| 34| 88| 30| New Orleans, La. | 13| 96| 70| 97| 69| 92| 58| 89| 40| 82| 32| 78| 20| Newport, R. I. | 9| 87| 56| 85| 45| 77| 39| 75| 29| 62| 17| 56| *9| New York | 13| 99| 57| 96| 53|100| 36| 83| 31| 74| 7| 66| *6| Pensacola, Fla. | 4| 97| 64| 93| 69| 93| 57| 89| 45| 81| 28| 76| 17| SAN DIEGO, CAL. | 12| 86| 54| 86| 54|101| 50| 92| 44| 85| 38| 82| 32| San Francisco, Cal. | 12| 83| 49| 89| 50| 92| 50| 84| 45| 78| 41| 68| 34| -------------------------------------------------------------------------

STATEMENTS OF SMALL CROPS.

The following statements of crops on small pieces of ground, mostly in Los Angeles County, in 1890, were furnished to the Chamber of Commerce in Los Angeles, and are entirely trustworthy. Nearly all of them bear date August 1st. This is a fair sample from all Southern California:

PEACHES.

Ernest Dewey, Pomona--Golden Cling Peaches, 10 acres, 7 years old, produced 47 tons green; sold dried for $4800; cost of production, $243.70; net profit, $4556.30. Soil, sandy loam; not irrigated. Amount of rain, 28 inches, winter of 1889-90.

H. H. Rose, Santa Anita Township (3/4 of a mile from Lamanda Park)--2-6/7 acres; produced 47,543 pounds; sold for $863.46; cost of production, $104; net profit, $759.46. Soil, light sandy loam; not irrigated. Produced in 1889 12,000 pounds, which sold at $1.70 per 100 pounds.

E. R. Thompson, Azusa (2 miles south of depot)--2-1/6 acres, 233 trees, produced 57,655 pounds; sold for $864.82-1/2; cost of production, $140; net profit, $724.82-1/2. Soil, sandy loam; irrigated three times in summer, 1 inch to 7 acres. Trees 7 years old, not more than two-thirds grown.

P. O'Connor, Downey--20 trees produced 4000 pounds; sold for $60; cost of production $5; net profit, $55. Soil, sandy loam; not irrigated. Crop sold on the ground.

H. Hood, Downey City (1/4 of a mile from depot)--1/4 of an acre produced 7-1/2 tons; sold for $150; cost of production, $10; net profit, $140. Damp sandy soil; not irrigated.

F. D. Smith (between Azusa and Glendora, 1-1/4 miles from depot)--1 acre produced 14,361 pounds; sold for $252.51; cost of production, $20; net profit, $232.51. Dark sandy loam; irrigated once. Trees 5 and 6 years old.

P. O. Johnson, Ranchito--17 trees, 10 years old, produced 4-3/4 tons; sold 4-1/4 tons for $120; cost of production, $10; net profit, $110; very little irrigation. Sales were 1/2c. per pound under market rate.

PRUNES.

E. P. Naylor (3 miles from Pomona)--15 acres produced 149 tons; sold for $7450; cost of production, $527; net profit, $6923. Soil, loam, with some sand; irrigated, 1 inch per 10 acres.

W. H. Baker, Downey (1/2 a mile from depot)--1-1/2 acres produced 12,529 pounds; sold for $551.90; cost of production, $50; net profit, $501.90. Soil, sandy loam; not irrigated.

Howe Bros. (2 miles from Lordsburg)--800 trees, which had received no care for 2 years, produced 28 tons; sold for $1400; cost of production, $200; net profit, $1200. Soil, gravelly loam, red; partially irrigated. Messrs. Howe state that they came into possession of this place in March, 1890. The weeds were as high as the trees and the ground was very hard. Only about 500 of the trees had a fair crop on them.

W. A. Spalding, Azusa--1/3 of an acre produced 10,404 pounds; sold for $156.06; cost of production, $10; net profit, $146.06. Soil, sandy loam.

E. A. Hubbard, Pomona (1-1/2 miles from depot)--4-1/2 acres produced 24 tons; sold green for $1080; cost of production, $280; net profit, $800. Soil, dark sandy loam; irrigated. This entire ranch of 9 acres was bought in 1884 for $1575.

F. M. Smith (1-1/4 miles east of Azusa)--3/5 of an acre produced 17,174 pounds; sold for $315.84; cost of production, $25; net profit, $290. Soil, deep, dark sandy loam; irrigated once in the spring. Trees 5 years old.

George Rhorer (1/2 of a mile east of North Pomona)--13 acres produced 88 tons; sold for $4400 on the trees; cost of production, $260; net profit, $4140. Soil, gravelly loam; irrigated, 1 inch to 8 acres. Trees planted 5 years ago last spring.

J. S. Flory (between the Big and Little Tejunga rivers)--1-1/3 acres or 135 trees 20 feet apart each way; 100 of the trees 4 years old, the balance of the trees 5 years old; produced 5230 pounds dried; sold for $523; cost of production, $18; net profit, $505. Soil, light loam, with some sand; not irrigated.

W. Caruthers (2 miles north of Downey)--3/4 of an acre produced 5 tons; sold for $222; cost of production, $7.50; net profit, $215. Soil, sandy loam; not irrigated. Trees 4 years old.

James Loney, Pomona--2 acres; product sold for $1150; cost of production, $50; net profit, $1100. Soil, sandy loam.

I. W. Lord, Eswena--5 acres produced 40 tons; sold for $2000; cost of production, $300; net profit, $1700. Soil, sandy loam.

M. B. Moulton, Pomona--3 acres; sold for $1873; cost of production, $215; net profit, $1658. Soil, deep sandy loam. Trees 9 years old.

Ernest Dewey, Pomona--6 acres produced 38 tons green; dried, at 10 cents a pound, $3147; cost of production, $403; profit, $2734. Soil, sandy loam; irrigated one inch to 10 acres. Sixty per cent. increase over former year.

C. S. Ambrose, Pomona--12 acres produced 77 tons; $50 per ton gross, $3850; labor of one hand one year, $150; profit, $3700. Soil, gravelly; very little irrigation. Prunes sold on trees.

ORANGES.

Joachim F. Jarchow, San Gabriel--2-1/2 acres; 10-year trees; product sold for $1650; cost of production $100, including cultivation of 7-1/2 acres, not bearing; net profit, $1550.

F. D. Smith, Azusa--6-1/2 acres produced 600 boxes; sold for $1200; cost of production, $130; net profit, $1070. Soil, dark sandy loam; irrigated three times. Trees 4 years old.

George Lightfoot, South Pasadena--5-1/2 acres produced 700 boxes; sold for $1100; cost of production, $50; net profit, $1050. Soil, rich, sandy loam; irrigated once a year.

H. Hood, Downey--1/2 of an acre produced 275 boxes; sold for $275; cost of production, $25; net profit, $250. Soil, damp, sandy; not irrigated.

W. G. Earle, Azusa--1 acre produced 210 boxes; sold for $262; cost of production, $15; net profit, $247. Soil, sandy loam; irrigated four times.

Nathaniel Hayden, Vernon--4 acres; 986 boxes at $1.20 per box; sales, $1182; cost of production, $50; net profit, $1132. Loam; irrigated. Other products on the 4 acres.

H. O. Fosdick, Santa Ana--1 acre; 6 years old; 350 boxes; sales, $700; cost of production and packing, $50; net profit, $650. Loam; irrigated.

J. H. Isbell, Rivera--1 acre, 82 trees; 16 years old; sales, $600; cost of production, $25; profit, $575. Irrigated. $1.10 per box for early delivery, $1.65 for later.

GRAPES.

William Bernhard, Monte Vista--10 acres produced 25 tons; sold for $750; cost of production, $70; net profit, $680. Soil, heavy loam; not irrigated. Vines 5 years old.

Dillon, Kennealy & McClure, Burbank (1 mile from Roscoe Station)--200 acres produced 90,000 gallons of wine; cost of production, $5000; net profit, about $30,000. Soil, sandy loam; not irrigated; vineyard in very healthy condition.

P. O'Connor (2-1/2 miles south of Downey)--12 acres produced 100 tons; sold for $1500; cost of production, $360; net profit, $1140. Soil, sandy loam; not irrigated. Vines planted in 1884, when the land would not sell for $100 per acre.

J. K. Banks (1-3/4 miles from Downey)--40 acres produced 250 tons; sold for $3900; cost of production, $1300; net profit, $2600. Soil, sandy loam.

BERRIES.

W. Y. Earle (2-1/2 miles from Azusa)--Strawberries, 2-1/2 acres produced 15,000 boxes; sold for $750; cost of production, $225; net profit, $525. Soil, sandy loam; irrigated. Shipped 3000 boxes to Ogden, Utah, and 6000 boxes to Albuquerque and El Paso.

Benjamin Norris, Pomona--Blackberries, 1/4 of an acre produced 2500 pounds; sold for $100; cost of production, $5; net profit, $95. Soil, light sandy; irrigated.

S. H. Eye, Covina--Raspberries, 5/9 of an acre produced 1800 pounds; sold for $195; cost of production, $85; net profit, $110. Soil, sandy loam; irrigated.

J. O. Houser, Covina--Blackberries, 1/4 of an acre produced 648 pounds; sold for $71.28; cost of production, $18; net profit, $53.28. Soil, sandy loam; irrigated. First year's crop.

APRICOTS.

T. D. Leslie (1 mile from Pomona)--1 acre produced 10 tons; sold for $250; cost of production, $60; net profit, $190. Soil, loose, gravelly; irrigated; 1 inch to 10 acres. First crop.

George Lightfoot, South Pasadena--2 acres produced 11 tons; sold for $260; cost of production, $20; net profit, $240. Soil, sandy loam; not irrigated.

T. D. Smith, Azusa--1 acre produced 13,555 pounds; sold for $169.44; cost of production, $25; net profit, $144.44. Soil, sandy loam; irrigated once. Trees 5 years old.

W. Y. Earle (2-1/2 miles from Azusa)--6 acres produced 6 tons; sold for $350; cost of production, $25; net profit, $325. Soil, sandy loam; not irrigated. Trees 3 years old.

W. A. Spalding, Azusa--335 trees produced 15,478 pounds; sold for $647.43; cost of production, $50; net profit, $597.43. Soil, sandy loam.

Mrs. Winkler, Pomona--3/4 of an acre, 90 trees; product sold for $381; cost of production, $28.40; net profit, $352.60. Soil, sandy loam; not irrigated. Only help, small boys and girls.

MISCELLANEOUS FRUITS.

E. A. Bonine, Lamanda Park--Apricots, nectarines, prunes, peaches, and lemons, 30 acres produced 160 tons; sold for $8000; cost of production, $1500; net profit, $6500. No irrigation.

J. P. Fleming (1-1/2 miles from Rivera)--Walnuts, 40 acres produced 12-1/2 tons; sold for $2120; cost of production, $120; net profit, $2000. Soil, sandy loam; not irrigated.

George Lightfoot, South Pasadena--Lemons, 2 acres produced 500 boxes; sold for $720; cost of production, $20; net profit, $700. Soil, rich sandy loam; not irrigated. Trees 10 years old.

W. A. Spalding, Azusa--Nectarines, 96 trees produced 19,378 pounds; sold for $242.22; cost of production, $35; net profit, $207.22. Soil, sandy loam.

F. D. Smith, Azusa--Nectarines, 1-2/5 acres produced 36,350 pounds; sold for $363.50; cost of production, $35; net profit, $318.50. Soil, deep dark sandy loam; irrigated once in spring. Trees 5 and 6 years old.

C. D. Ambrose (4 miles north of Pomona)--Pears, 3 acres produced 33,422 pounds; sold green for $1092.66; cost of production, $57; net profit, $1035.66. Soil, foot-hill loam;

## partly irrigated.

N. Hayden--Statement of amount of fruit taken from 4 acres for one season at Vernon District: 985 boxes oranges, 15 boxes lemons, 8000 pounds apricots, 2200 pounds peaches, 200 pounds loquats, 2500 pounds nectarines, 4000 pounds apples, 1000 pounds plums, 1000 pounds prunes, 1000 pounds figs, 150 pounds walnuts, 500 pounds pears. Proceeds, $1650. A family of five were supplied with all the fruit they wanted besides the above.

POTATOES.

O. Bullis, Compton--28-3/4 acres produced 3000 sacks; sold for $3000; cost of production, $500; net profit, $2500. Soil, peat; not irrigated. This land has been in potatoes 3 years, and will be sown to cabbages, thus producing two crops this year.

P. F. Cogswell, El Monte--25 acres produced 150 tons; sold for $3400; cost of production, $450; net profit, $2950. Soil, sediment; not irrigated.

M. Metcalf, El Monte--8 acres produced 64 tons; sold for $900; cost of production, $50; net profit, $850. Soil, sandy loam; not irrigated.

Jacob Vernon (1-1/2 miles from Covina)--3 acres produced 400 sacks; sold for $405.88; cost of production, $5; net profit, $400.88. Soil, sandy loam; irrigated one acre. Two-thirds of crop was volunteer.

H. Hood, Downey--Sweet potatoes, 1 acre produced 300 sacks; sold for $300; cost of production, $30; net profit, $270. Soil, sandy loam; not irrigated.

C. C. Stub, Savannah (1 mile from depot)--10 acres produced 1000 sacks; sold for $2000; cost of production, $100; net profit, $1900. Soil, sandy loam; not irrigated. A grain crop was raised on the same land this year.

ONIONS.

F. A. Atwater and C. P. Eldridge, Clearwater--1 acre produced 211 sacks; sold for $211; cost of production, $100; net profit, $111. Soil, sandy loam; no irrigation. At present prices the onions would have brought $633.

Charles Lauber, Downey--1 acre produced 113 sacks; sold for $642; cost of production, $50; net profit, $592. No attention was paid to the cultivation of this crop. Soil, sandy loam; not irrigated. At present prices the same onions would have brought $803.

MISCELLANEOUS VEGETABLES.

Eugene Lassene, University--Pumpkins, 5 acres produced 150 loads; sold for $4 per load; cost of production, $3 per acre; net profit, $585. Soil, sandy loam. A crop of barley was raised from the same land this year.

P. K. Wood, Clearwater--Pea-nuts, 3 acres produced 5000 pounds; sold for $250; cost of production, $40; net profit, $210. Soil, light sandy; not irrigated. Planted too deep, and got about one-third crop.

Oliver E. Roberts (Terrace Farm, Cahuenga Valley)--3 acres tomatoes; sold product for $461.75. Soil, foot-hill; not irrigated; second crop, watermelons. One-half acre green peppers; sold product for $54.30. 1-1/2 acres of green peas; sold product for $220. 17 fig-trees; first crop sold for $40. Total product of 54 acres, $776.05.

Jacob Miller, Cahuenga--Green peas, 10 acres; 43,615 pounds; sales, $3052; cost of production and marketing, $500; profit, $2552. Soil, foot-hill; not irrigated. Second crop, melons.

W. W. Bliss, Duarte--Honey, 215 stands; 15,000 pounds; sales, $785. Mountain district. Bees worth $1 to $3 per stand.

James Stewart, Downey--Figs, 3 acres; 20 tons, at $50, $1000. Not irrigated; 26 inches rain; 1 acre of trees 16 years old, 2 acres 5 years. Figs sold on trees.

The mineral wealth of Southern California is not yet appreciated. Among the rare minerals which promise much is a very large deposit of tin in the Temescal Cañon, below South Riverside. It is in the hands of an English company. It is estimated that there are 23 square miles rich in tin ore, and it is said that the average yield of tin is 20-1/4 per cent.

INDEX.

Acamo, 165, 170.

Adenostoma, 205.

Africa, 18.

Aiken, South Carolina, Temperature of, 207.

Ailantus, 134.

Alaska, 34.

Albuquerque, New Mexico, 165.

---- temperature of, 207.

Alfalfa, 23, 98, 101, 204.

Alfileria, 203, 206.

Algiers, Temperature of, 207.

Alhambra, 124.

Almond, 18, 19, 101.

Alpine pass, 1.

Amalfi, 30.

Ambrose, C. D., 215.

Ambrose, Ernest, 213.

Anacapa, 2.

Anaheim, 134.

Antelope, 114, 188.

Apples, 19, 96, 97, 127.

---- prices and profits, 215.

---- San Diego, 97.

Apricots, 18, 19, 43, 92.

---- prices and profits, 214, 215.

Arcadian Station, 126.

Arizona, 5, 149, 164, 173, 177.

---- Cattle Company, 186.

---- desert, 79.

Arrow-head Hot Springs, 117.

Artist Point, 154.

Atlantic, 5, 18, 47, 165, 198.

Atwater, F. A., 216.

Aubrey sandstones, 195.

Australian lady-bug, 129.

---- navels, 120.

Azusa, 211-215.

Baker, W. H., 212.

Baldwin plantation, 127.

Banana, 19, 134.

Bancroft, H. H., 56.

Banks, J. K., 214.

Banning, 96.

Barley, 8, 14, 25, 138.

---- prices and profits, 216.

Beans, 138.

Bear Valley Dam, 117, 118.

Bees, 217.

Bell-flower, 204.

Bernhard, William, 214.

Berries, 141.

Big Tejunga River, 212.

Big Trees (Mariposa), 150, 156-161.

Birch, 134.

Blackberries--prices and profits, 214.

Bliss, W. W., 217.

Bohemia Töplitz waters, 163.

Bonine, E. A., 215.

Boston, Massachusetts, Temperature of, 207.

Bozenta (Count), 134.

Brandy, 136.

Breezes, 70, 123, 184, 203. (See Winds.)

Bright Angel Amphitheatre, 195.

Buenaventura, 138.

Bullis, O., 215

Burbank, 214.

Cactus, 69, 165.

Cadiz, Spain. Temperature of, 207.

Cahuenga Valley, 216.

Cairo, Egypt, Temperature of, 207.

Capri, 30, 80.

Carlisle school, 168.

Carlsbad, 163.

Carrot (wild), 206.

Caruthers, W., 213.

Cataract Cañon, 182.

Cedars, 185, 186.

Cereals, 12. (See Grains.)

Chalcedony Park, 183.

Chamber of Commerce, Los Angeles, 211.

---- ---- San Diego, 143.

Chaparral, 81, 202, 205, 206.

Charleston, South Carolina, Temperature of, 210, 211.

Chautauqua, The, 76.

Chemisal, 202.

Cherries, 43.

Chief Signal Officer, U. S. A., Report of, 210.

China trade, 142.

Chorizanthe, 206.

Chula Vista, 144.

Clearwater, 216.

Climate, 4-6, 9, 29, 43, 45, 48, 130, 140, 142, 146.

---- adapted to health, 29, 37, 38, 45, 46.

---- adapted to recreation, 70.

---- compared to European, 5; to Italian, 18; to Mediterranean, 18; to Tangierian, 46.

---- discussed and described, 10, 38, 44, 45.

---- affected by ocean and deserts, 4, 8, 29, 45.

---- effect on character, 88.

---- effect on disease, 50.

---- effect on fruits, 10.

---- effect on horses, 55.

---- effect on longevity, 56, 59, 62.

---- effect on seasons, 10, 43, 65, 66.

---- Hufeland on, 52.

---- insular, 76.

---- in various altitudes, 46.

---- Johnson (Dr.) on, 201.

---- of Coronado Beach, 47, 81, 87.

---- of New Mexico, 164.

---- of Pasadena, 130.

---- of San Diego, 49.

---- of winter, 43, 48.

---- Van Dyke on, 6, 78.

Climatic regions, 4.

Clover, 204.

Cogswell, P. F., 216.

Colorado desert, 2-5, 6, 33, 34, 46.

---- Grand Cañon, 149. (See Grand Cañon.)

---- Plateau, 182.

---- ---- description of, 177.

---- River, 8, 197, 199.

---- ---- course described, 177.

Columbine, 206.

Como, 1.

Compton, 215.

Concord coach, 184.

Cooper, Ellwood, 125.

Corfu, Temperature of, 208.

Corn, 9, 12, 14, 25, 98.

Coronado Beach, 29, 33, 47, 87, 202.

---- ---- climate, 47, 81, 87.

---- ---- Description of, 80-87.

---- Islands, 30.

---- Vasques de, 32, 165.

Covina, 214, 216.

Cremation among Indians, 60.

Crossthwaite, Philip, Longevity of, 61.

Crowfoot, 204.

Crucifers, 204.

Cucumbers, 205.

Cuyamaca (mountain) 6, 18, 33, 37.

----(reservoir), 144.

Cypress (Monterey), 49, 82, 130.

---- Point (tree), 161.

---- ---- description of, 162.

Cypriote ware, 169.

Cyprus, 82, 134.

Daisy, 206.

Dandelion, 205.

Date (palms), 19, 42, 49, 85, 134.

Denver, Colorado, Temperature of, 207, 210, 211.

Deserts, 2-7, 84, 79.

---- affecting climate, 4, 8, 29, 45.

---- describing beauty of, 175.

Dewey, Ernest, 211, 213.

Dew-falls, 123.

Dillon, Kennealy & McClure, 214.

District of the Grand Cañon--area described, 177.

Downey, 211-214, 216, 217.

---- City, 211.

Duarte, 217.

Dutton, Captain C. E., 181, 194, 198.

Earle, W. G., 213.

Earle, W. Y., 214, 215.

East San Gabriel Hotel, 127.

Eaton Cañon, 130.

Egypt, 178.

El Cajon, 37, 56, 79, 111, 144.

El Capitan, 154.

Eldridge, C. P., 216.

Elm, 134.

El Monte, 216.

English Walnut, 18, 19, 34, 48, 101, 129, 134.

Escondido, 140, 141.

Eswena, 213.

Eucalyptus, 23, 48, 112, 123, 134.

Eye, S. H., 214.

Fan-palm, 49, 134.

Fern (Australian), 123, 205.

Fig, 18, 19, 34, 101, 141, 144, 147.

---- cultivation discussed, 34.

---- prices and profits, 215-217.

Flagstaff, 182, 183, 199.

Fleming, J. P., 215.

Florence Hotel, 80.

Florence, Italy, Temperature of, 207.

Flory, J. S., 212.

Fogs, 4, 8, 38, 47, 123.

Fort Yuma, California, Temperature of, 207.

Fosdick, H. O., 213.

Foxtail, 206.

Franciscan Fathers, 42.

Franciscan missions, 24.

Fresno, 115, 128.

Frosts, 10, 19, 123.

Fruits, 9, 12, 13, 15, 18, 20, 37, 43, 46, 47, 96, 141, 144, 198.

Fruits compared to European, 18.

---- cultivation and speculation discussed, 20, 93, 107, 140.

---- great region for, 97.

---- grouped, 18, 19, 92, 94-96, 101, 115, 127, 211-217.

---- lands adapted to, 37, 46, 96.

---- orchards, 67, 165.

---- rapid growth of, 115.

---- Riverside method for, 104.

---- winter, 48.

Fumigation, Cost of, 124, 129.

Funchal, Madeira, Temperature of, 207.

Gardens, 46, 67, 147, 165.

Geraniums, 49.

Glendora, 212.

Golden Gate, 42.

Gooseberry, 205.

Government land, 93.

Grain, 12, 14, 15, 19, 23, 25, 140.

Grand Cañon, 149, 178, 181.

---- ---- area of district of, 177.

---- ---- description of, 181, 182, 190-200.

---- ---- journey to the, 182-190.

Grapes, 15, 18, 19, 92, 93, 98, 101.

---- diseases of, 128.

---- Old Mission, 128.

---- prices and profits of, 96.

---- raisin. (See Raisins.)

Grape-vines, 79, 91, 123.

---- ---- on small farms, 107.

---- ---- prices and profits of, 96.

---- ---- Santa Anita, 127.

Grayback (mountain), 34, 46.

Great Wash fault, 178, 182.

_Grevillea robusta_, 123.

Guava, 19, 134.

Gums, 138.

Hance (guide), 198, 199.

Harvard Observatory, 130.

Hawaii Islands, 5.

Hayden, Nathaniel, 213, 215.

Helianthus, 206.

Heliotrope, 10, 41, 49.

Hesperia, 96.

Hindoo Amphitheatre, 195.

Holbrook, 183.

Honey--prices and profits of, 217.

Honeysuckle, 205.

Hood, H., 211, 213, 216.

Horses, 55, 70.

Hotel del Coronado, 29, 87.

---- del Monte Park, 161.

---- Raymond, 79, 130, 133.

Hot Springs (Las Vegas), 163, 164.

Houser, J. O., 214.

Houses, Suggestions on, 68.

Howe Bros., 212.

Hubbard, E. A., 212.

Hufeland, on climate and health, 52.

Humidity, 38, 43.

Huntington, Dr., 50.

Hurricane Ledge or Fault, 182.

_Icerya purchasi_, 129.

Indiana settlement, 94.

Indians, 55, 187, 188

---- affected by climate, 55.

---- converted by missionaries, 24.

---- longevity of, 59.

---- Mojave, 2, 169.

---- Navajos, 170, 183.

---- Oualapai, 188.

---- Pueblo, 165.

---- ---- at Acamo, 165.

---- ---- at Isleta, 165.

---- ---- at Laguna, 165-173.

Ingo County, 34.

Inspiration Point, 150, 154.

Iris, 204.

Irrigation, 97, 117, 147, 165.

---- at Pasadena, 130.

---- at Pomona, 15, 94, 124, 211, 215.

---- at Redlands, 102, 104, 118.

---- at San Diego, 144.

---- at Santa Ana, 134.

---- by companies, 94.

---- by natural means, 11, 14, 37.

---- cost of, 98.

---- for apricots, berries, grapes, onions, oranges, peaches, potatoes, prunes, vegetables, 211-217.

---- for orchards, 120.

---- for wheat, 100.

---- in relation to fruits and crops, 19, 99, 100, 101.

---- necessity of, 15, 19, 88.

---- results of, discussed, 12, 14, 15.

---- Riverside method of, 102, 104.

---- three methods of, 102.

---- Van Dyke on, 102, 103.

Isbell, J. H., 213.

Ischia, 30.

Isleta, 165.

Isthmus route, 142.

Italy, 1, 2, 4, 18, 68, 69, 75, 87. (See Our Italy.)

Ives, Lieutenant, 181.

Jacksonville, Florida, Temperature of, 207, 210, 211.

Japanese persimmon, 134.

Japan trade, 142.

Jarchom, Joachim F., 213.

Johnson, Dr. H. A., on climate, 201.

Johnson, P. O., 212.

Josephites, 117.

Julian (rainfall), 48.

Kaibab Plateau, 178, 181, 182.

Kanab Cañon, 178, 182.

Kanab Plateau, 178, 181, 182.

Kelp, 38, 161.

Kentucky racers, 55.

Kern County, 16, 94, 114.

Kimball, F. A., 125.

King River, 114.

Labor, "boom" prices of, 109.

---- necessity of, 108.

Ladies' Annex, 143.

Laguna--climate of, 174.

---- description of, 165-168.

---- Indians at, 165-173.

Lamanda Park, 215.

Land, 12, 14, 23, 147.

---- adapted to apricots, berries, grapes, onions, oranges, peaches, potatoes, prunes, vegetables, 211-217.

---- adapted to fruits, 97, 141.

---- arable, 93, 140, 142, 145.

---- capabilities of, 17, 91-95, 114.

---- converted from deserts, 94.

---- crops adapted to, 108.

---- elements constituting value of, 95.

---- experiments of settlers on, 111.

---- for farms and gardens, 107.

---- Government, 93.

---- of the Sun, 147, 202.

---- profits and prices of, 20, 23, 95-98, 117.

---- raisin, 114.

---- speculations in, 24, 107, 143.

La Playa, 33.

Larkspur, 205, 206.

Las Flores, 140.

Lassene, Eugene, 216.

Las Vegas Hot Springs, 163, 164.

Lauber, Charles, 216.

Lee's Ferry, 199.

Lemons, 1, 18, 19, 79, 93, 107, 129, 137, 144.

Leslie, T. D., 214.

Lightfoot, George, 213, 214.

Lilac, 205.

Lilies, 204, 206.

Limes, 18.

Lisbon, Portugal, Temperature of, 207.

Little Colorado River, 177, 181, 182.

Little Tejunga River, 212.

Live-oaks, 49, 69, 72, 79, 127, 134, 140, 161.

Locust, 134.

Lombardy, 1.

Loney, James, 213.

Longevity at El Cajon, 56.

---- at San Diego, 59, 60.

---- climatic influence on, 56, 59, 62.

---- Dr. Bancroft on, 56.

---- Dr. Palmer on, 59, 60.

---- Dr. Remondino on, 52.

---- Dr. Winder on, 56.

---- Father Ubach on, 59, 62.

---- Hufeland on, 52.

Longevity, Philip Crossthwaite, Story of, 61.

Loquats, 21.

---- prices and profits of, 215.

Lord, I. W., 213.

Lordsburg, 212.

Los Angeles, 12, 15, 16, 26, 46, 71, 76, 79, 94, 95, 97, 124, 128, 129, 133-135.

---- ---- assessment roll and birth rate of, 136.

---- ---- climate of, 12, 15, 26, 76, 79, 95, 124, 129, 133.

---- ---- County, 211.

---- ---- description of, 135, 136.

---- ---- report of Chamber of Commerce of, 207, 211.

---- ---- River, 11, 99.

---- ---- temperature of, 44, 207, 210, 211.

---- ---- wines, 136.

Los Coronados, 2.

Lupins, 205.

Maggiore, 1.

Magnolia, 41, 48, 123.

Maguey, 69.

Malta, Temperature of, 207.

Manitoba, 5.

Manzanita, 205.

Maple, 134.

Marble Cañon, 177.

Marguerites, 82.

Marienbad, 163.

Marigold, 205.

Mariposa (big trees), 150, 156-161.

Martinique, 48.

Mediterranean--climate of the, 37, 46, 80.

---- fruits and products of the, 18.

---- Our, 18, 46.

Mentone, 6.

---- temperature of, 207, 208.

Merced River, 150, 155.

Meserve plantation, 124.

Metcalf, M., 216.

Methusaleh of trees, 158.

Mexican Gulf, 18.

---- ranch house, 67.

Mexico, 2, 11, 30, 33, 40, 47.

---- small-pox from, 64.

Miller, Jacob, 216.

Mimulus, 205.

Minerals, 142.

Minneapolis, Minnesota, Temperature of, 207.

Mint, 205, 206.

Mirror Lake, 154.

Mission Cañon, 75.

---- of San Diego, 60.

---- of San Tomas, 60.

Mississippi Valley, 38.

Modjeska, Madame, 134.

Moisture in relation to health, 201.

Mojave Desert, 2, 7.

---- Indians, 7, 169.

Montecito (Santa Barbara), 123.

Monterey, 42, 47, 49, 72, 149.

---- cypress, 82, 130.

---- description of, 161, 162.

Monte Vista, 214.

Montezuma, 164.

---- Hotel, 163.

Monticello, 75.

Mormons, 117.

Morning-glory, 205.

Moulton, M. B., 213.

Mount Whitney, 34.

---- Wilson, 130.

Murillo--pictures by, 26.

Mustard stalks, 202.

Mütterlager, 163.

Naples, 34.

Nassau, Bahama Islands, Temperature of, 207.

National City, 33, 79, 125, 144.

---- Soldiers' Home, 76.

Navajo Indians, 170, 183.

---- Mountains, 196.

Naylor, E. P., 212.

Neah Bay, 47, 76.

Nebraska, 175.

Nectarines, 19, 92.

---- prices and profits of, 215.

Nevadas, 34, 150.

New Mexico, 79, 164, 173.

---- ---- climate of, 164.

---- ---- desert of, 149.

---- ---- scenery of, 163-165.

New Orleans, Louisiana, Temperature of, 207, 210, 211.

Newport, Rhode Island, Temperature of, 210, 211.

New York, N. Y., Temperature of, 207, 210, 211.

Niagara Falls, 153, 197.

Nice, 207.

Nightshade, 206.

Norris, Benjamin, 214.

Northern Africa, 69.

---- Arizona, 177.

---- Pomona, 212.

Nuts, 18, 138.

Oats, 206.

O'Connor, P., 211, 214.

Old Baldy Mountain, 4.

Olives, 1, 18, 19, 24, 37, 115, 129, 134, 147, 162.

---- at Pomona, 125.

---- at Santa Barbara, 37.

---- Cooper on, 125.

---- cultivation of, discussed, 19, 37, 125.

---- future of, 125, 126.

---- Mission, 125, 126.

---- prices and profits of, 126.

Onions--prices and profits of, 216.

Ontario, 15, 124.

Orange City, 46.

---- ---- description of, 134.

---- County, 16, 46, 79, 111, 134.

Oranges, 10, 11, 15, 16, 18, 19, 25, 66, 79, 93, 101, 107, 108, 115, 123, 129, 138, 144.

---- as resource, 91.

---- at Redlands, 119.

---- cost of land for, 97.

---- diseases and care of, 101, 129, 137.

---- groves, 20, 118, 123, 127.

---- irrigation for, 213.

---- prices and profits of, 97, 107, 119, 120, 124, 213, 215.

---- Riverside as centre, 119.

---- varieties of, 120, 123.

Orchards, 20, 24, 41, 144, 147.

Orchids, 205.

Orthocarpus, 204.

Otay, 145.

Ottoman Amphitheatre, 195.

Oualapai Indians, 188.

Our Italy, Description of, 18.

Pacific, 2-5, 8, 16, 29, 58, 75, 142, 165, 198.

---- trade, 142.

Painted Desert, 185, 186.

Palmer, Dr. Edward, 59, 60.

Palms, 41, 42, 67, 69, 85, 123, 130, 134.

---- date, 42, 49, 69, 85.

---- fan, 49.

---- royal, 55, 85.

Paria Plateau, 178.

Pasadena, 15, 67, 94, 95, 124, 130.

---- Board of Trade, 207.

---- climate, 130.

---- description of, 130-134.

---- temperature of, 133, 207.

---- trees of, 134.

Passion-vine, 49.

Pau, France, Temperature of, 207.

Peach, 92, 101, 182, 211.

---- prices and profits of, 211, 212, 215.

Peachblow Mountain, 185.

Pea-nuts--prices and profits of, 216.

Pears--prices and profits of, 215.

Pensacola, Florida, Temperature of, 210, 211.

Penstemon, 205.

Pepper, 48, 67, 123, 134.

---- prices and profits of, 216.

Peruvians, 169.

Pineapple, 19.

Pines, 42, 72, 134, 185, 188-190.

---- spruce, 182.

---- sugar, 42, 150, 157.

Pink Cliffs, 178.

Plums, 92.

---- prices and profits of, 215.

Point Arguilles, 1.

---- Conception, 2-4, 47, 72, 137.

Point Loma, 8, 30, 33, 81.

---- Sublime, 181, 198.

---- Vincent, 76.

Pomegranate, 19, 134.

Pomona, 15, 94, 95, 124, 211-215.

---- description of, 124.

---- irrigation at, 15, 94, 95, 124, 211-215.

---- land at, 94.

---- olives at, 125.

---- temperature of, 7, 44.

Poplar, 134.

Poppy, 204-206.

Portuguese hamlet, 33.

Potatoes, 14.

---- prices and profits of, 215.

Powell, Major J. W., 181.

Profitable products discussed, 19.

Prometheus Unbound, 178.

Prunes, 18, 93, 96, 115.

---- prices and profits of, 212, 213, 215.

Pueblo Indians, 165-183.

Puenta, 124.

Puget Sound, 47.

Pumpkins--prices and profits of, 216.

Quail, 8, 140.

Rabbits, 140.

Rain, 12, 38, 47, 48, 49, 123, 138, 202, 203, 206.

---- at Julian, Los Angeles, Monterey, Neah Bay, Point Conception, Riverside, Santa Cruz, San Diego, San Jacinto, 47, 202.

---- in relation to health, 202.

---- on deserts described, 187.

---- season for, 47.

Rainbow Fall, 154.

Raisin grape, 144.

Raisins, 18, 19, 93, 108, 136.

---- at Los Angeles, 136.

---- at Redlands, 119.

---- curing, 107.

---- Malaga, 37.

---- prices and profits of, 96, 114, 115.

Ranchito, 212.

Raspberries--prices and profits of, 214.

Raymond Hotel, 133, 149.

Red Horse Well, 186, 187.

Redlands, 15, 95-97, 124.

---- centre for oranges, 119.

---- description of, 118, 121-123.

---- history of growth of, 118.

---- irrigation of, 102-104, 118.

---- resources of, 120.

---- return on fruits, 97, 98, 124.

Redondo, 3.

---- Beach, 12.

---- description of, 76.

Red Wall limestone, 195.

Redwood, 134.

Remondino, Dr., 40, 52, 56, 59, 60.

Remondino, Dr., on health, 62.

---- on horses, 55, 61.

---- on longevity, 40, 61.

Rhorer, George, 212.

Rio Grande del Norte, 165.

Rio Puerco, 165.

Rivera, 213, 215.

Riverside, 15, 95, 124.

---- centre of orange growth, 119.

---- description of, 123-127.

---- growth in resources, 120.

---- irrigation at, 102-104.

---- price of land, 95-98.

---- return on fruits, 97, 98, 124.

Riviera, Italy, Temperature of, 7, 45, 208.

Roberts, Oliver E., 216.

Rock-rose, 204.

Rome, Italy, Temperature of, 207.

Roscoe Station, 214.

Rose, H. H., 211.

Roses, 41, 49, 66, 138, 206.

Royal palms, 85.

Sacramento, California, Temperature of, 207.

Sages, 202, 205.

Sahara, 6.

San Antonio, Texas, Temperature of, 207.

San Bernardino, 4, 15-17, 33, 34, 118.

---- ---- description of, 116, 117.

---- ---- land, prices of, 96, 117.

---- ---- Mountain, 4, 7.

---- ---- River, 11.

---- ---- temperature at, 6, 33, 44, 46, 210, 211.

San Diego, 2, 9, 15, 24, 26, 34, 42, 43, 47, 62, 72, 79, 80, 94.

---- ---- as a health resort, 50.

---- ---- Chamber of Commerce, 143.

---- ---- climate of, 49, 50.

---- ---- commercial possibilities of, 142.

---- ---- converted lands, 94.

---- ---- description of, 29-34, 79-81, 142-145.

---- ---- fruits, 37, 97.

---- ---- Land and Farm Company, 208.

---- ---- longevity at, 60.

---- ---- markets, 43.

---- ---- mission, 24, 60.

---- ---- rainfall at, 47, 202.

---- ---- recreations at, 41, 71.

---- ---- temperature of, 30, 44, 49, 50, 207, 210, 211.

---- ---- Bay, 2, 3.

---- ---- County, 4, 6, 16, 34.

---- ---- ---- description of, 140-145.

---- ---- River, 4, 6, 11, 16, 34.

San Francisco, 2, 42, 142.

---- ---- Mountain, 182, 185, 194, 200.

---- ---- River, 185.

---- ---- temperature at, 210, 211.

San Gabriel, 4, 15, 26, 72, 94, 213.

San Gabriel, description of, 124-128.

---- ---- mission, 26.

---- ---- Mountain, 4, 5.

---- ---- River, 11.

---- ---- Valley, 72, 94.

San Jacinto Range, 4, 17, 33, 46, 118.

---- ---- rain at, 48.

San Joaquin, 7, 37, 114.

San Juan, 177.

---- ---- Capristrano, 79.

---- ---- San José, 124.

San Luis Obispo, 16.

---- ---- River, 11.

San Mateo Cañon, 118.

San Miguel, 33.

San Nicolas, 2.

San Pedro, 3, 135.

San Remo, Temperature of, 208.

Santa Ana, 2, 13, 72, 94, 99, 118.

---- ---- description of, 124.

---- ---- Mountain, 134.

---- ---- River, 11, 79, 134.

---- ---- Township, 15, 127, 211.

---- ---- Valley, 2, 72, 213.

Santa Barbara, 2, 3, 9, 37, 67.

---- ---- at Montecito, 123.

---- ---- Channel, 2, 3.

---- ---- County, 16.

---- ---- description of, 72, 137, 138.

---- ---- fruits, 37, 129.

---- ---- Island, 2, 3.

---- ---- Mountain, 17.

---- ---- olives, 37, 125.

---- ---- temperature of, 29, 44, 207.

Santa Catalina, 2, 134.

Santa Clara, 43, 138.

---- ---- River, 11.

Santa Clemente, 2.

Santa Cruz, 2, 47, 157.

---- ---- Canaries, Temperature of, 207.

Santa Fé line, 117, 119, 163, 165, 182.

---- ---- New Mexico, Temperature of, 207.

Santa Margarita River, 11.

Santa Miguel, 2.

Santa Monica, 3.

---- ---- description of, 76.

---- ---- irrigation at, 134.

Santa Rosa, 2, 140.

Santa Ynes, 4, 72.

Santiago, 46.

---- ---- Cañon, 134.

San Tomas mission, 60.

Savannah, 216.

Sea-lions, 30, 161.

Seasons, 6, 10, 37, 38, 43, 65, 66, 81.

---- description of the, 65, 66.

---- Van Dyke on the, 202-206.

_Sequoia semper virens_, 157.

_Sequoias gigantea_, 157, 158.

Serra, Father Junipero, 24.

Serrano, Don Antonio, 61, 62.

Sheavwitz Plateau, 178.

Sheep, 12, 206.

Shiva's Temple, 195.

Shooting-star, 203.

Sicily, 18, 69.

Sierra Madre, 4, 15, 37, 42, 46, 71, 94, 114, 118.

---- ---- Villa, 130.

Sierra Nevada, 2, 3.

Sierras, 153, 161.

Signal Service Observer, 207.

Silene, 204.

Smith, F. D., 212-215.

---- F. M., 212.

---- T. D., 214.

Smithsonian Institution, 59.

Snap-dragon, 205.

Sorrel, 204.

Sorrento, 132.

Southern California, 2-4, 16.

---- ---- climate of, 29, 38, 45, 55, 56, 59, 62, 130.

---- ---- commerce of, 18.

---- ---- compared to Italy, 46.

---- ---- counties of, 16.

---- ---- history of, 24, 25.

---- ---- "Our Italy," 18, 46.

---- ---- pride of nations, the, 26.

---- ---- rainy seasons in. (See Rain.)

---- ---- rapid growth of fruits in, 115.

---- ---- recreations of, 69-71.

---- ---- temperature of, 43, 133. (See Temperature.)

---- Italy, 69, 147.

---- Pacific Railroad, 149.

---- Utah, 177.

South Pasadena, 213, 214.

---- Riverside, 217.

Spain, 149.

Spalding, W. A., 212, 215.

Spanish adventurers, 24, 30.

Spruce-pine, 182.

St. Augustine, Florida, Temperature of, 207.

St. Michael, Azores, Temperature of, 207.

St. Paul, Minnesota, Temperature of, 207.

State Commission, 156.

Stewart, James, 217.

Stone, 142.

Strawberries, 10.

---- prices and profits of, 214.

Stub, C. C., 216.

Sugar-pine, 150, 157.

Sumach, 205.

Sunset Mountain, 185.

Sweetbrier, 206.

Sweetwater Dam, 144.

Switzerland, 149.

Sycamore, 79, 134.

Table Mountain, 33.

Tangier, 45.

Temperature, 4, 5, 29, 37, 38.

Temperature compared to European, 45.

---- discussed, 43, 45.

---- of Coronado Beach, 87.

---- of Los Angeles, 44, 207, 210, 211.

---- of Monterey, 72.

---- of Pasadena, 13, 207.

---- of Pomona, 44.

---- of San Bernardino, 6, 33, 44, 46, 210, 211.

---- of San Diego, 30, 44, 49, 50, 210, 211.

---- of Santa Barbara, 29, 44, 207.

---- relation of, to health, 201.

---- statistics, 44, 45, 72.

---- statistics compared, 207, 208, 210, 211.

---- Van Dyke on, 50.

Temecula Cañon, 140.

Temescal Cañon, 217.

The Rockies, 10.

Thistle, 205.

Thompson, E. R., 211.

Tia Juana River, 11, 30, 145.

Tiger-lily, 206.

Tin, 217.

Tomatoes--prices and profits of, 216.

Töplitz waters, 163.

Toroweap Valley, 182.

Trees, 48, 69, 130, 134, 138, 147, 156, 198.

---- description of, 150, 156-161.

---- region of Mariposa big, 156.

Tulip, 204.

Tustin City, 134.

Ubach, Father A. D., 59, 60, 62.

Uinkaret Plateau, 178.

Umbrella-tree, 69, 184.

University Heights, 80, 81.

Utah, 177, 178, 199.

Vail, Hugh D., 209.

Van Dyke, Theodore S., 4, 140, 202.

---- on climate, 6, 78.

---- on floral procession and seasons, 202-206.

---- on growth in population, 145.

---- on irrigation, 102, 103.

---- on temperature, 50.

Van Dyke, Theodore S., on winds, 8, 203.

Vedolia cardinalis (Australian lady-bug), 129.

Vegetables, 112, 216.

Ventura, 16, 137.

Vermilion Cliffs, 178.

Vernon, 213, 215.

---- Jacob, 216.

Vesuvius, 33.

Vetch, 203.

Vines, 20, 23-25, 67, 79, 91, 107, 123, 128, 144, 147.

Violets, 203.

Visalia, California, Temperature of, 207.

Vishnu's Temple, 196.

Vulcan's Throne, 196.

Wages, "Boom," 109.

Walnut Creek Cañon, 183.

Walnuts, 14, 19, 115.

---- prices and profits of, 215.

Water, 186.

---- how measured, 98.

---- price of, 97, 98.

Watermelons--prices and profits of, 216.

Wawona, 150.

Wells, 186.

Wheat, 2, 5, 14, 25, 138.

---- affected by irrigation, 100.

White Cliffs, 178.

Wild Oats, 202.

Williams, 182.

Willow, 134.

Winder, Dr. W. A., on longevity, 56.

Winds, 4, 6, 8, 29, 30, 38, 47, 70, 78, 123, 184, 203.

---- relation of, to health, 201.

---- Van Dyke on, 8, 203.

Wine, 20, 92, 93, 107, 136, 137.

Winkler, Mrs., 215.

Wood, P. K., 216.

Yosemite, 150, 153, 154, 161, 197.

---- description of, 149-156.

Yucca, 205.

Zuñis, 165.

THE END.

BY CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER.

As We Were Saying.

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