Chapter I

. Berlin, 1898.

[93] Nomadism is exceptionally characterized by the facility with which, from patriarchal conditions, despotic functions are developed with most far-reaching powers. Ratzel, l. c. Vol. II, pp. 388-9.

[94] Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 408.

[95] Cunow, l. c. pp. 66-7. Similarly among the inhabitants of the Malay Islands numerous examples are found in Radak (Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 267).

[96] Buhl, l. c., p. 17.

[97] Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 66.

[98] Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 118.

[99] Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 167.

[100] Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 218.

[101] Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 125.

[102] Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 124.

[103] Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 118.

[104] Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 125.

[105] Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 346.

[106] Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 245.

[107] Ratzel, l. c. I. pp. 267-8.

[108] Mommsen, l. c. III, pp. 234-5.

[109] Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 167.

[110] Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 229.

[111] Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 128.

[112] Weber’s _Weltgeschichte_, III, p. 163.

[113] Thurnwald, l. c., pp. 702-3.

[114] Thurnwald, l. c., p. 712; cf. Schneider, _Kultur und Denken der alten ÆEgypter_, Leipzig, 1907, p. 38.

[115] Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 599.

[116] Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 362.

[117] Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 344.

[118] Meitzen, l. c. II, p. 633.

[119] Inama-Sternegg, l. c. I, pp. 140-1.

[120] Mommsen, l. c. V, p. 84.

[121] Cf. the detailed exposition of this in F. Oppenheimer’s _Grossgrundeigentum und die soziale Frage_, Book II, Chap. 3.

[122] Mommsen, l. c. III, pp. 234-5.

[123] Thurnwald, l. c., p. 771.

[124] Meitzen, l. c. I, pp. 362f.

[125] Inama-Sternegg, l. c. I, pp. 373, 386.

[126] Cf. F. Oppenheimer’s _Grossgrundeigentum_, p. 272.

[127] Thurnwald, l. c., p. 706.

[128] Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 503.

[129] Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 518.

[130] Meitzen, l. c. I, p. 579: “At the time of the compilation of the Lex Salica, the ancient racial nobility had been reduced to common freemen or else had been annihilated. The officials, on the other hand, are rated at threefold wergeld, 600 solidi, and if one be ‘_puer regis_’ 300 solidi.”

[131] Thurnwald, l. c. p. 712.

[132] Inama-Sternegg, l. c. II, p. 61.

[133] Thurnwald, l. c., p. 705.

[134] “The larger camps of the army of the Rhine obtained their municipal annexes partly through army suttlers and camp followers, and particularly through the veterans, who after the completion of their services remained in their accustomed quarters. Thus there arose distinct from the military quarters proper, a distinct town of cabins (_Canabæ_). In all parts of the Empire, and especially in the various Germanias, there arose in the course of time, from these camps of the legionaries, and particularly from the headquarter stations, cities in the modern sense.”--Mommsen, l. c. V, p. 153.

[135] Eisenhardt, _Gesch. der National Oekonomie_, p. 9: “Aided by the new and more liquid means of payment in cash, it became possible to call into being a new and more independent establishment of soldiers and of officials. As they were paid only periodically it became impossible for them to make themselves independent (as the feudatories had done) and then to turn on their paymaster.” [136] Thurnwald, l. c., p. 773.

[137] Thurnwald, l. c., p. 699.

[138] Thurnwald, l. c., p. 709.

[139] Thurnwald, l. c., p. 711.

[140] Cf. with this F. Oppenheimer’s _Grossgrundeigentum etc._, Book II, Chap. 3.

[141] “Tendency, i. e., a law, whose absolute execution is checked by countervailing circumstances, or is by them retarded, or weakened.” Marx, _Kapital_, vol. III, p. 215.

[142] Cf. the excellent work of Peter Kropotkin, _Mutual Aid in its Development_.

[143] Cf. F. Oppenheimer, _Die Siedlungsgenossenschaft etc._, Berlin, 1896, and his _Grossgrundeigentum und soziale Frage_, Berlin, 1898.

[144] Cf. F. Oppenheimer, _Bevölkerungsgesetz des T. R. Malthus_. _Darstellung and Kritik_, Berlin-Bern, 1901.

[145] Cf. F. Oppenheimer, _Grundgesetz der Marxschen Gesellschaftslehre, Darstellung und Kritik_, Berlin, 1903.

[146] Cf. F. Oppenheimer, _Grundgesetz der Marxschen Gesellschaftslehre_, Part IV., particularly, the twelfth chapter: “Tendency of the Capitalistic Development.”

[147] Cf. F. Oppenheimer, _Grossgrundeigentum und soziale Frage_, Berlin, 1898. Book I,