Part 11
5. Go and —— it on your master’s chair, Phiz.
6. Did the soldiers —— on the damp ground?
7. This land —— too low for grain fields.
8. How long has my fan been —— on the window sill?
9. Grant —— in bed dictating his Memoirs.
10. The tools have —— here in the wet and are rusted.
=Exercise 2.=—Supply the correct form of _sit_ or _set_ in each of these sentences, and give your reason in each case.
_Sit_ means to be in a sitting position.
_Set_ means to place a thing down in a position of rest.
1. By and by we looked in, and there —— Miss Eugene.
2. Have you —— here long, or did you just come?
3. I will —— my suit case here, and then —— in your seat.
4. Why did you —— there so long without speaking?
5. Father —— the white hen to-day, so she will be —— for about three weeks.
6. The little bird —— and sings at his door in the sun.
7. Who has been —— in my chair?
=Exercise 3.=—Supply the correct form of _rise_ and _raise_ in each of these sentences, and give your reason in each case.
_Rise_ means to move from a lower to a higher position.
_Raise_ means to cause to rise.
1. The bread —— very slowly that cold day.
2. Bread —— because of the yeast in it.
3. After the bread had ——, we set the pans in the oven.
4. They —— the old house so as to put a furnace in the cellar.
5. The Black River —— sixteen inches yesterday.
6. If the river continues to ——, the dam will go out.
7. Shall we —— the flag at sunrise?
The present tense form of some verbs is misused for the past tense. We should say, “The tailor _came_ (not _come_) last night,” “I _ran_ (not _run_) a mile yesterday,” “And then he _said_ (not _says_), ‘Hurry up.’” The verbs oftenest misused in this way are _come_, _give_, _run_, _say_, and _see_.
Study the following correct sentences:—
He _came_ last night.
She _came_ to meet me.
It _came_ without warning.
I _ran_ a mile yesterday.
He _ran_ in front of me.
She _ran_ out of sugar.
At last he _said_, “I will go.”
John _said_, “The schoolhouse is on fire.”
I _said_, “Ring the bells.”
He _gave_ me a dollar.
I _gave_ the child a penny.
She _gave_ it to me.
They _ran_ up a bill.
The dog _ran_ behind.
The baby _ran_ to his mother.
I _saw_ the parade yesterday.
He _saw_ me go out.
She _saw_ them at the window.
I _came_, I _saw_, I _conquered_.
Some persons make a wrong past tense for certain verbs, and use such forms as _blowed_ and _drawed_, when they should use _blew_ and _drew_.
=Exercise 4.=—Supply the correct form for the past tense in each of these sentences:—
1. _Blow._ The wind soon —— the smoke away.
2. _Draw._ The boat —— four feet of water.
3. _Grow._ Lucy —— too fast to be strong.
4. _Know._ Nobody —— the right date but me.
5. _Throw._ Who —— the ball last?
Some persons use the past participle of _see_ and _do_ for the past tense. We should say, “I _saw_ (not _seen_) my duty, and I _did_ (not done) it.”
Study these correct sentences:—
I _saw_ the boat go down.
Who _saw_ the star first?
We _saw_ the elephant dance.
He _did_ his own work.
She _did_ it too fast.
Everybody _did_ what he could.
Another common error is the use of the past tense of a verb for the past
## participle, as in the expressions _is broke_ and _had froze_.
=Exercise 5.=—Supply the correct form in each of these sentences:—
1. _Begin._ First we must finish what we have ——.
2. _Break._ Dear me! I have —— the bird’s seed dish.
3. _Drink._ Have you —— all the milk?
4. _Freeze._ If the lagoon is ——, we can go skating.
5. _Steal._ Why do you think that the purse was ——?
6. _Swim._ Have you ever —— out to the island?
LV. VOICE
=218.= When we say, “The fish swallowed the worm,” we have a sentence made up of a subject, a verb, and an object complement. The subject names the doer of the action, while the object names the receiver of the
## action. The verb _swallowed_ could have nothing for subject but some word
that indicates the doer of the action. How is it with the verbs _broke_, _struck_, _whittled_? A verb that requires for its subject the name of the doer of an action is said to be in the =active voice=.
=219.= When we say, “The worm was swallowed by the fish,” we have a sentence made up of a subject, a verb, and a prepositional phrase. The subject names the receiver of the action, and the phrase tells by whom the action was performed. The verb _was swallowed_ could have nothing for subject but some word that indicates the receiver of the action. How is it with the verbs _was swept_, _has been eaten_, _will be cut_? A verb that requires for its subject the name of the receiver of the action is said to be in the =passive voice=.
=220.= When a verb is changed from the active to the passive voice, the object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb. Hence it is evident that only transitive verbs can have the passive voice.
=221.= A verb is conjugated in the passive voice by adding the past
## participle of the verb to the conjugation of the verb _be_.
=222.= Conjugation of the verb _see_ in the passive voice:—
INDICATIVE MODE
PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE
I am seen we are seen I was seen we were seen thou art seen you are seen thou wast seen you were seen he is seen they are seen he was seen they were seen
FUTURE TENSE
I shall be seen we shall be seen thou wilt be seen you will be seen he will be seen they will be seen
PRESENT PERFECT
I have been seen we have been seen thou hast been seen you have been seen he has been seen they have been seen
PAST PERFECT
I had been seen we had been seen thou hadst been seen you had been seen he had been seen they had been seen
FUTURE PERFECT
I shall have been seen we shall have been seen thou wilt have been seen you will have been seen he will have been seen they will have been seen
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE
PRESENT PAST
I be seen we be seen I were seen we were seen thou be seen you be seen thou were seen you were seen he be seen they be seen he were seen they were seen
PRESENT PERFECT
I have been seen we have been seen thou have been seen you have been seen he have been seen they have been seen
PAST PERFECT
I had been seen we had been seen thou had been seen you had been seen he had been seen they had been seen
IMPERATIVE MODE
be seen (_you_ or _thou_) be seen (_you_ or _ye_)
=223.= Conjugation of the verb _see_ in the passive voice, indicative mode, interrogative form:—
INDICATIVE MODE
PRESENT PAST
am I seen are we seen was I seen were we seen art thou seen are you seen wast thou seen were you seen is he seen are they seen was he seen were they seen
FUTURE
shall I be seen shall we be seen shalt thou be seen shall you be seen will he be seen will they be seen
PRESENT PERFECT
have I been seen have we been seen hast thou been seen have you been seen has he been seen have they been seen
PAST PERFECT
had I been seen had we been seen hadst thou been seen had you been seen had he been seen had they been seen
FUTURE PERFECT
shall I have been seen shall we have been seen shalt thou have been seen shall you have been seen will he have been seen will they have been seen
=Summary.=—=Voice= is that property of a verb which shows whether the subject names the doer or the receiver of an action.
The =active voice= shows that the subject names the doer of an action.
The =passive voice= shows that the subject names the receiver of an
## action.
A verb is conjugated in the passive voice by adding the past participle of the verb to the conjugation of the verb _be_.
No intransitive verb has a passive voice.
=Exercise 1.=—Conjugate the verbs _draw_, _take_, _find_, _forget_, and _leave_ in the passive voice, both declaratively and interrogatively.
=Exercise 2.=—Select the verbs in the following sentences. Tell whether they are transitive or intransitive. Give the tense, mode, voice, and subject of each. Change the active verbs to the passive voice and the passive to the active.
NOTE.—When the verb is passive, the name of the doer of the
## action is often omitted. Sometimes we do not know who the doer
is; as, “The art of printing was invented in China long ago.” Sometimes we do not wish to tell who the doer is; as, “A window was broken in the basement yesterday.” Sometimes the subject is so obvious as not to be worth telling; as, “Lying is despised.” In changing sentences like these three to the active voice, we must supply a subject for the verb. For instance, in changing the sentence, “The pie was cut into four pieces,” we might say, “Mother cut the pie into four pieces.”
1. The babe was conveyed to the church in a grand procession. The road, all the way, was carpeted with green rushes. Over this road the little infant Elizabeth was borne by one of her godmothers. She was wrapped in a mantle of purple velvet, with a long train. This train was trimmed with ermine, a very costly kind of fur, and was borne by lords and ladies of high rank. These dignitaries were appointed for the purpose by the king.
2. The height of the pinnacle is determined by the breadth of the base.
3. Leicester Hospital supports twelve old soldiers and their wives.
4. After the housework had been done, they went out to the sunny garden, and picked the luscious red raspberries, not forgetful of the time when Mrs. Howe had set out the bushes with her own hands.
5. Many of these splendid castles on the Rhine have been destroyed in modern times.
6. It is wonderful and beautiful how a man and his dog will stick to one another through thick and thin.
7. The door had been very firmly fastened, but the crowd tore it away bodily, and the light of the torches streamed into the room.
8. This garden is shaded by long lines of trees, and adorned with fountains and statues.
9.
Away to the window I flew like a flash, Tore open the shutters, and threw up the sash.
10. Elephants are very strictly preserved by the English government.
11. The farm boy picks up the potatoes after they have been dug; he drives the cows night and morning; he brings wood and water and splits kindling; he gets up the horse and puts out the horse; whether he is in the house or out of it, there is always something for him to do.
12.
They who do their souls no wrong, But keep at eve the faith of morn, Shall daily hear the angel song, “To-day the Prince of Peace is born.”
13. Mr. Marley has been dead these seven years.
14. The Peterkins told how their mother had put salt in the coffee, and how the chemist had made it worse instead of better.
15. We climbed the Alps, veiled our faces before the awful splendors of Mont Blanc, trembled on the verge of dizzy heights, shrank back from fathomless abysses, picked our way across the _Mer de Glace_, and cowered beneath the weight of the whole incumbent mass of mountains as we went through the tunnel.
Tell the part of speech and use of _way_, sentence 1, _forgetful_ 4, _one another_ 6, _open_ 9, _up_ 9, _souls_ 12, _years_ 13, _worse_ 14.
LVI. THE PASSIVE VOICE
=224.= Every combination of some form of the verb _be_ with the past
## participle of a transitive verb is not necessarily a passive verb.
For example, one passive form of the verb _do_ is _is done_, but it does not follow that _is done_ is always a passive verb. In the sentence, “The meat is done now,” we do not mean that the meat is receiving an action, hence _is done_ cannot be a passive verb. We mean to tell the condition of the meat, that it is _done_ meat. The word _done_ is used in precisely the same way as an adjective; as if we should say, “The meat is _good_ now,” In other words, the participle _done_ is a subjective complement.
Past participles are used as subjective complements to tell the condition of something _after_ an action has been performed on it; as, “Every window in the house is _broken_,” “My dress is badly _torn_,” “The old house is _deserted_.”
=225.= When we are in doubt as to whether we have a true passive verb or not, we may apply these tests: (1) Does the sentence mean that the subject is acted upon? (2) Can we add a phrase, telling the performer of the action? (3) Can we change the sentence to the active voice, keeping, of course, the same tense?
Let us take, for instance, the sentence, “Courage is praised.” We do mean that courage receives the praising. We can add the phrase _by everybody_. And we can change the sentence to the active sentence, “Everybody praises courage.” Hence _is praised_ is the verb, and is in the passive voice.
But in the sentence, “Every seat in the balcony is taken,” if _is taken_ is a passive verb, it must mean, since it is present tense, that every seat is receiving an action now. It does not mean this, but it does mean that every seat is a _taken_ seat, hence _taken_ is used as a subjective complement, and the verb is just the one word _is_.
=226.= We learned in Lesson XXXVII that some verbs like _make_, _elect_, _appoint_, and _call_, are often followed by a direct object and an objective complement; as, “We called our canary Buttercup.”
When such a sentence is changed to the passive voice, the direct object becomes, of course, the subject, and we have the sentence, “Our canary was called Buttercup.” The word _Buttercup_ has now become a subjective complement. How do we know this?
When the objective complement is an adjective, as in the sentence, “She kept the polished floor as _bright_ as a mirror,” if we change the sentence to the passive voice, the adjective becomes a subjective complement; as, “The polished floor was kept as bright as a mirror.”
=227.= We learned in Lesson XXXIV that certain verbs may be followed by both an indirect and a direct object; as, “Fred told Arthur the news.”
In changing this sentence to the passive voice we may use the direct object for the subject of the passive verb; as, “The news was told to Arthur by Fred”; or we may use the indirect object for the subject of the passive verb; as, “Arthur was told the news by Fred.” In the latter case we have an idiomatic construction—a passive verb _was told_ taking a direct object _the news_. The direct object of a passive verb is often called a =retained object=, because it remains as an object after the sentence has been changed to the passive voice.
Not all sentences containing a direct and an indirect object can be changed to the passive voice in two ways. We say, “A rose was given to me,” or “I was given a rose.” We say, “A holiday was promised to the children,” or “The children were promised a holiday.” But we do not say, “I was passed the bread,” “I was written a note,” or “I was poured a cup of tea.”
=Summary.=—The past participle of a transitive verb may be used as the subjective complement of some form of the verb _be_. In such a case it denotes the condition of the subject.
When a sentence containing a direct object and an objective complement is changed to the passive voice, the direct object becomes the subject, and the objective complement becomes a subjective complement.
Some sentences containing both an indirect and a direct object may be changed to the passive voice in two ways, either the direct object or the indirect object becoming the subject.
=Exercise 1.=—Select each verb in the following sentences. Tell its voice, and how it is completed.
1. The time of the singing of birds is come, and the voice of the turtle is heard in the land.
2. Queen Elizabeth is often familiarly called Queen Bess.
3. Rebecca’s face was so swollen with tears and so sharp with misery that for a moment Uncle Jerry scarcely recognized her.
4. To put it mildly, Mrs. Howe was greatly pleased when she was elected first president of the Murray Hill Society.
5. When the eggs had been beaten stiff, the little cook sifted the sugar.
6. Christ the Lord is risen to-day.
7. The colonists were so disheartened and alarmed that they sailed at once for England.
8. The youngest girl in the senior class was chosen valedictorian.
9. When the automobile ran off the bridge, every one was surprised at the driver’s escape.
10. The black colt had been named Odin, but he was always called Teddy.
11.
The day is past and gone, The evening shades appear.
12. Those people are mistaken who say that hard work does not pay—they have never really tried it.
13. The room was made cool and dark, so that the lady might sleep.
14. The roofs of the long red barns, which had been stained green by the weather, were struck by the level rays of the low, western sun.
15. The fabric of common order in America is sound and strong at the center; the pattern is well marked, and the threads are firmly woven.
16. Harvard College may be regarded as the legitimate child of Emmanuel College at Cambridge in England.
=Exercise 2.=—Make either one or two passive sentences out of each sentence in Exercise 2, page 90. Tell in each case what becomes of the subject, the direct object, and the indirect object.
LVII. THE PROGRESSIVE CONJUGATION
=228.= We have learned to conjugate verbs both declaratively and interrogatively, in both the active and the passive voice. There is another form of conjugation, as shown in the statements, _I am laughing_, _I was laughing_, _I shall be laughing_, _I have been laughing_, etc.
We use this form of conjugation when we wish to call attention to the _continuance_ of the action asserted by the verb, and we call it the =progressive conjugation=.
=229.= Just as we use the past participle in conjugating a verb in the passive voice, so we use the =present participle= in conjugating a verb in the progressive form. _Laughing_ is the present participle of the verb _laugh_. The present participle of every verb ends in _ing_; as, _running_, _hoping_, _tying_.
=230.= Synopsis of the progressive conjugation of the verb _see_:—
NOTE.—In the =synopsis= of a conjugation we give only one form for each tense, instead of six forms.
INDICATIVE MODE
_Present_ I am seeing _Past_ I was seeing _Future_ I shall be seeing _Present Perfect_ I have been seeing _Past Perfect_ I had been seeing _Future Perfect_ I shall have been seeing
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE
_Present_ I be seeing _Past_ I were seeing _Present Perfect_ I have been seeing _Past Perfect_ I had been seeing
IMPERATIVE MODE
be seeing (you, thou, ye)
=231.= The progressive conjugation may be made interrogative by changing the position of the auxiliary; as, _am I seeing?_ _was I seeing?_ etc.
=Summary.=—The =progressive conjugation= is used to denote a continued
## action.
It is made by joining the present participle of a given verb to the conjugation of the verb _be_.
=Exercise.=—Conjugate the verbs _lift_, _dine_, and _get_ in the progressive form, both declaratively and interrogatively.
LVIII. THE EMPHATIC CONJUGATION
=232.= In the indicative mode, present tense, we may say, _I study_, which is the common form, or _I am studying_, which is the progressive form, or _I do study_, which is the =emphatic form=.
=233.= The emphatic conjugation is made by using the auxiliary verb _do_. It is found only in the present and past tenses of the indicative mode, and in the imperative mode.
=234.= Conjugation of the verb _try_ in the emphatic form.
INDICATIVE MODE
PRESENT TENSE
I do try we do try thou dost try you do try he does try they do try
PAST TENSE
I did try we did try thou didst try you did try he did try they did try
IMPERATIVE MODE
do try (thou, you, or ye)
=235.= The two tenses of the indicative mode, emphatic form, may be made interrogative, as we learned in Lesson LI.
=236.= The emphatic form is used for other purposes than for emphasis. It is generally used instead of the ordinary forms when the adverb _not_ modifies the predicate. We say, “I do not love thee, Dr. Fell,” instead of “I love thee not.” And in the imperative mode with _not_ we say, “Do not run with the ball,” instead of “Run not with the ball.”
LIX. PARSING OF VERBS
=237.= When we parse a verb, we should tell,—
(1) Its class as to form,—regular or irregular.
(2) Its principal parts.
(3) Its class as to use,—transitive or intransitive.
(4) Its voice,—active or passive.
(5) Its mode,—indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.
(6) Its tense.
(7) Its person.
(8) Its number.
(9) Its form of conjugation,—interrogative, progressive, or emphatic.
(10) Its simple subject.
(11) Its complement (if any),—direct object, subjective complement, or objective complement.
=Exercise.=—Parse each verb in the following sentences:—
1. What are you smiling at, Lady Mother?
2. The shades were lowered at the windows, the lamps were lighted, the great family table was drawn towards the fire.
3. When he went out from the village at the head of his men one fine day, while the sun was shining brightly, and the birds were singing, he did not neglect a single one of the many things which he had been told always brought good luck to the hunting.
4. “No,” said Mrs. Howe, “I don’t enjoy moving, but the children do. They have been transporting clocks, and pictures, and lamps all the forenoon, when they haven’t been loading the dray, but they don’t seem a bit tired.”
5. What shall it profit a man if he gain the whole world and lose his own soul?
6. Child, was not your father called Mustapha the tailor?
7. Do look at those gateposts!
8. The hens had been mysteriously disappearing for over a month.
9. Stir not a step till I come again.
10. Do you wonder that I missed a word in spelling?
11. Son, have any told thee that thou art beautiful beyond all men?
12. Hadn’t you been putting on airs?
LX. THE AUXILIARY VERBS _SHALL_ AND _WILL_
=238.= In conjugating a verb in the future tense, indicative mode, we make use of the auxiliaries _shall_ and _will_.
_Singular_ _Plural_
I shall go we shall go thou wilt go you will go he will go they will go