Chapter VII

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[15] Speech of August 13, 1793. Printed in _Moniteur_ of August 15.

[16] M. Béon.

[17] _Danton, Homme d’État_, p. 29.

[18] See “Notes of Courtois de l’Aube” in Clarétie’s “Desmoulins.”

[19] _Danton, Homme d’État_, p. 30.

[20] An excellent reading is afforded by the _Avocat aux Conseils du Roi_ of M. Bos (Machal & Billaud, Paris, 1881), quoted more than once in this work.

[21] Since 1728 membership of this body had been purchasable and hereditary; a striking example of how wrongly society was moving.

[22] See Appendix VI.

[23] M. Bos, quoted above.

[24] Ibid., p. 520.

[25] See Appendix V.

[26] See Appendix II. on Danton’s lodgings in Paris.

[27] See Robinet, _Danton vie Privée_, p. 284.

[28] See Appendix VI.

[29] By nature his nose was small. His was one of those faces rarely seen, and always associated with energy and with leadership, whose great foreheads overhang a face that would be small, were it not redeemed by the square jaw and the mouth. Thus Arnault, “une caricature de Socrate.”

[30] I refer to the English reformer who, on taking ship at Bristol, cast his perruque into the water, crying, “I have done with such baubles,” and sailed bald to the New World.

[31] See Appendix VIII.

[32] See Appendix IX.

[33] From the _Almanack Royal_ of 1788. Dr. Robinet, whose opportunities of information are unique, tells us that he first moved into the Rue des Fossés St. Germains, and later into the Cour du Commerce, some time in 1790. The statement as to the first direction is unaccompanied by any authority, but Dr. Robinet possesses a letter with this address on it; now here the definite information of an official list seems to me of the greatest weight.

[34] See Appendices II. and VII. Some rooms look on the Rue des Cordeliers, some on the Cour du Commerce.

[35] De Barentin. See preceding chapter and Appendix V. He became Danton’s client just before the decree that summoned the States-General.

[36] Sécretaire du Sceau.

[37] See Appendix V., Rousselin. The anecdote is little esteemed by Aulard, but is admitted to be of value by other biographers. Aulard relies for his opinion upon the undoubted errors in the matter of date. But Rousselin may have been right in the main, though (writing many years after) mistaken in the matter of a month or so.

[38] E. Champion, _La France en 1789._ _Esprit des Cahiers_ in _La Révolution_ (_Hist. Générale_, viii.).

[39] Ibid.

[40] Aulard, who quotes Chassin, _Les Elections de Paris_, vol. ii. p. 478. M. Aulard tells us that M. Chassin saw the document himself before the war.

[41] Less than six hundred.

[42] Appendix V.

[43] This description is taken from a contemporary water-colour sketch which I have seen in the collection of Dr. Robinet.

[44] See Appendix I.

[45] See the discussion of the somewhat meagre authorities in Robinet, _Danton, Homme d’État_, pp. 37-40.

[46] _Documents authentiques pour servir à l’Histoire de la Révolution Française Danton_, par Alfred Bougeart. Brussels, 1861 (La Croix, Van Meenen & Cie.).

[47] Aulard, who quotes Charavay, _Assemblée electorale de Paris_.

[48] Chassin, _Les Elections et les Cahiers de Paris_, iii. 580-581, on which this whole scene is based.

[49] Aulard, _Revue de la Révolution Française_, February 14, 1893.

[50] See the figures given in the petition against Danton’s arrest, p. 108.

[51] This decree was passed by the Cordeliers on Tuesday, July 21, 1789. It is not so unreasonable as it might seem, for but two days afterwards (July 23rd) the informal municipal body recognises the necessity of new city elections.

[52] Signed 21st September; promulgated 3rd November.

[53] An excellent example is on p. 45 of _Danton, Homme d’État_.

[54] Their names were Peyrilhe, De Blois, De Granville, Dupré, Croharé. They can be found, with all the decrees touching this business, in _Danton, Homme d’État_ (Robinet, 1889), p. 248. Printed, like all the Cordeliers’ decrees, by _Momoro_ in the Rue de la Harpe, and signed, “d’Anton.”

[55] It may be remembered that Bougeart (p. 69) claims the presidency for Danton at the very beginning of ’89. The error of this has been pointed out. On the other hand, Aulard says he was not President till October. This is another error. There is at least one earlier document, that of September, quoted on the preceding page.

[56] They had sat for a while at the Evéché; on the Island of the Cité, while the Manège was being prepared.

[57] _Rev. de Paris_, xxiii. p. 20.

[58] November 11th and 12th.

[59] 22nd of December.

[60] 12th November and 14th of December.

[61] 31 against 20 (Aulard, from _Journal de la Cour et de la Ville_, p. 518).

[62] _Danton, Homme d’État_, pp. 256, &c. Signed, “d’Anton.”

[63] Danton, his friend Legendre, Testulat, Sableé, and Guintin. Several authorities have placed Danton’s election in September 1789 instead of January 1790, an error due (probably) to following Godard’s list, which was published in 1790, but bore the title, “Members of the Commune elected since September 1789.”

[64] Marat’s presses were hidden in a cellar of the Cordeliers now situated under the house of the concierge of the Clinique.

[65] January 19th.

[66] The Rue des Fossés was (and is, under its new name) remarkably straight for an old street. Cannon could be used.

[67] Their names were Ozanne and Damien; the same Damien, I believe, who committed the blunder of September 13, 1791. See p. 150.

[68] Article 9 of the decree of October 8 and 9, 1790.

[69] “Notables-adjoints,” to the number of seven in each district. Danton himself was elected on to such a body in May or June 1790, and served for a few months.

[70] That is, till his election as substitute to the Procureur in December 1791.

[71] January 25, 28; February 4, 16; March 3, 5, 13, 19; June 15, 19, 23. Aulard, _Rev. Française_, February 14, 1893, pp. 142, 143.

[72] It is this warrant which has probably misled one biographer as to the date of the “Affaire Marat.” (_Danton, Homme d’État_, p. 67: “En _mars_ survint l’affaire Marat.”)

[73] That is, of course, the inclusion of Paris into the general scheme of December 1789—a scheme that enfranchised the peasants, but created an oligarchy in the towns. See above, pp. 21, 22, and 93.

[74] He received 12,550 votes, the great bulk of the limited suffrage. Forty-nine odd votes were cast for Danton, but he was obviously not a candidate (Aulard).

[75] _Ami du Peuple_, No. 192.

[76] _Révolutions de France et Brabant_, tom. x. p. 171.

[77] There is a misprint (a very rare thing with this careful historian) in footnote No. 3, p. 231, of M. Aulard’s article on Danton in the _Rev. Française_ for March 14, 1893. For “November” we should read “September,” for we know that the voting was over on September 16. See Robiquet, _Personnel Municipal_, p. 373, and the evidence on all sides that a new poll was ordered on September 17 in his Section.

[78] This big building in the island next Notre Dame disappeared in the restorations of Viollet le Duc. It was often used in the revolutionary period for public meetings, and even the Assembly sat there for a few days after entering Paris in October, and while the Riding-School was being prepared for it.

[79] _Moniteur_, Old Series, No. 316 (1790).

[80] M. Aulard says “somewhere between the 10th and the 15th,” and “nous n’avons pas la date precise.” He has probably overlooked _L’Ami du Peuple_, No. 290, “Le 14 de ce mois Danton a été nommé à la place du Sieur Villette.”

[81] Aulard. The other biographers all assume that he did not resign.

[82] _Orateur du Peuple_, vol. iii. No. 24.

[83] Ibid., vol. vi. No. 27.

[84] The letter will be found in M. Etienne Charavay’s _Assemblée Electorale_, p. 437.

[85] I quote from M. Aulard, _Rev. Française_, March 14, 1893.

[86] Note that Lafayette in his Memoirs (vol. iii. p. 64) talks of Danton “at the head of his battalion.” I doubt an error on the part of a soldier whose business it was to know his own command.

[87] _e.g._ that of the quarter of the Carmelites (ibid.).

[88] _Révolutions de France et Brabant_, No. 74.

[89] See his Collected Works, vol. xii. pp. 264, 265.

[90] M. Aulard points out an error in Condorcet’s own note (xii. p. 267), where it is mentioned as the 12th of July; but the _Bouche de Fer_ of the 10th gives us the above date over these two speeches.

[91] He wrote a funny little letter (among other things) to the _Républicain_ of July 16, describing a “mechanical king,” “who is practically eternal.”

[92] See _Société des Jacobins_, vol. ii. p. 541.

[93] _Moniteur_, July 16, 1791.

[94] _Ami du Peuple_, June 22, 1791.

[95] _Révolutions de France et de Brabant_, No. 82.

[96] This is not a rhetorical exaggeration. It indicates, as will be seen later in the chapter, the very number that finally formed the garrison of the palace—a point not hitherto noticed, and well worth remembering, for it shows how Lafayette’s accusations are half the truth. He had approached Danton, and he had told him many of his plans. Danton had not acceded, but he used the knowledge.

[97] _Révolutions de France et de Brabant_, No. 82.

[98] Appendix II.

[99] On June 24.

[100] I follow Aulard in this as to the general scheme, and largely as to authorities also.

[101] Aulard is my authority for the fact that the actual text of this second petition disappeared in 1871, when the Hotel de Ville was burnt by the Commune, but that Berchez saw it before that event, and carefully drew up a list of the principal names. Danton is not among them.

[102] The _Courrier Français_ of July 22 asks if “the man in holland trousers and a grey waistcoat was Danton,” but says nothing more.

[103] See the letter published in the _Rev. Française_, April 1893, p. 325.

[104] _Orateur du Peuple_, viii. No. 16. Not over-trustworthy.

[105] Possibly later. Beugnot seems to speak as though Danton was still in Troyes on at least as late a date as the 6th of August (_Mémoires_, i. pp. 249-250).

[106] Since writing the above I notice that M. Aulard in the same article quotes a remark of Danton’s in the Electoral Assembly of September 10th. This is taken from the _procès verbal_ of the Assembly, and M. Charavay communicated it to M. Aulard.

[107] His election was not declared till the 7th, but was known on the 6th.

[108] January 20, 1792.

[109] I see in that phrase all Danton’s attitude upon the war.

[110] There was a minority of seven.

[111] Perhaps as early as the evening of the 28th.

[112] This account is translated from the _Moniteur_, August 3, 1792.

[113] _Journal des Débats_, 183.

[114] I take this document from Robinet, _Danton, Homme d’État_, pp. 109, 112; but neither he nor Aulard (who quotes it) gives the authority. The circular is quoted often under the date of August 19; it was issued on that Sunday, but was drawn up and dated on the Saturday to which I have assigned it.

[115] Aulard, who quotes from the _Moniteur_, xii. 445.

[116] The scene can be reconstructed from his testimony at the trial of the Girondins and from his speech at the Jacobins on the 5th of November.

[117] I take all this from Aulard’s article in the _Révolution Française_ of June 14, 1893.

[118] The votes of the 30th, 31st, and 2nd.

[119] The word “illegally” is just, for the constitution of the Commune and all its acts were legally dependent on the Assembly. On the other hand, the Commune had given this committee right to add to its numbers, but such men as Marat, who was not a member of the Commune, were surely not intended.

[120] First _La Poissonnière_, then the _Postes_ and the _Luxembourg_.

[121] It is possible that this sentence, including the preceding phrase, “le tocsin qui va sonner,” &c., are the only part of the speech that has been literally reported. The _Logotachygraphe_ was not founded till January, and while the _Moniteur_ and the _Journal des Débats_ give much the same version, the latter calls it a “summary.”

[122] “Appel à l’impartiale posterité.” Madame Roland had the great historical gift of intuition, that is, she could minutely describe events which never took place. I attach no kind of importance to the passage immediately preceding. If Danton and Pétion were alone, as she describes them, her picture is the picture of a novelist. The phrase quoted above may be authentic—there were witnesses.

[123] _Moniteur_, January 25, 1793. Speech of January 21st.

[124] Speech of January 21, 1793.

[125] The accusations against Danton in this matter are given and criticised in Appendix IV., where the reasons are also given for omitting any mention of Marat’s circular in the text.

[126] For the figures and very interesting details as to Egalité’s election see _Révolution Française_ August 14, 1893, second note, page 129.

[127] More than 700 and less than 1000 died. The common exaggeration is Peltier’s 12,000.

[128] As a fact, his successor, Garat, was not elected till the 9th of October, and did not begin to act till the 12th. Danton seems to have remained at the Ministry till the evening of the 11th.

[129] October 23.

[130] _Michelet_, 1st edition, vol. iv. pp. 392-394.

[131] October 10 and 11.

[132] He made a speech on the 6th of November demanding (of course) the trial of the King, but not with violence. He left for Belgium with Delacroix on the 1st of December.

[133] This Dannon was a friend of Danton’s. He began, but did not complete, a collection of his speeches, &c., and an inquiry into his accounts. He was a member for Pas de Calais. It is not easy to get his name accurately spelt. I follow the spelling of a list of the Convention published in 1794. Dannon voted for banishment.

[134] I must not omit to mention one phrase which is far more characteristic of him—that spoken after Lepelletier’s assassination: “It would be well for us if we could die like that.”

[135] The proofs of the connection with Talleyrand are based only on inference. They will be found discussed in Robinet’s _Danton Emigré_, pp. 12-16 and pp. 270, &c. As for Priestley’s correspondence, it was sympathetic and deep, and continued in spite of the massacres of September. There is a draft of a Constitution in the French archives which some believe to be Priestley’s, but I am confident it is not in his handwriting.

[136] _Moniteur_, March 9, 1793.

[137] _Ibid._ March 10, 1793.

[138] See _Patriote Français_, No. 1308.

[139] See _Moniteur_, March 13, 1793.

[140] Paine’s ignorance of French was such that his speech on Louis’s exile was translated for him.

[141] La Roche du Maine.

[142] Levasseur tells us that Delmas spoke first, and that his remarks took the form of a definite motion for the appearance of the Committees to account for their action. Legendre is mentioned here because he alone is agreed upon by all the eye-witnesses (and by the _Moniteur_) as being the principal defender of Danton. We must not underestimate his courage; it was he who with a very small force shut the club of the Jacobins on the night of the 9th Thermidor, and so turned the flank of the Robespierrian faction.

[143] “Quand les restes de la faction ... ne seront plus ... vous n’aurez plus d’exemples à donner ... ils ne restera que le peuple et vous, et le gouvernement dont vous êtes le centre inviolable.”

[144] “Mauvais citoyen, tu as conspiré; faux ami, tu disais, il y a deux jours, du mal de Desmoulins que tu as perdu; méchant homme, tu as comparé l’opinion publique à une femme de mauvaise vie, tu as dit que l’honneur était ridicule ... si Fabre est innocent, si D’Orléans, si Dumouriez furent innocents tu l’est sans doute. J’en ai trop dit—tu repondras à la justice.”

[145] Robespierre’s notes for St. Just’s report were published by M. France in 1841 among the “Papiers trouvés chez Robespierre.”

[146] “La Convention Nationale après avoir entendu les rapports des Comités de Sureté générale et du Salut Public, décrète d’accusation Camille Desmoulins, Hérault, Danton, Phillippeaux Lacroix ... en conséquence elle declare leur mise en jugement.” These were the last words of St. Just’s speech, and formed his substantive motion.

“Ce décret est adopté à l’unanimité et au milieu des plus vifs applaudissements.”—_Moniteur_, April 2, 1794 (13th Germinal, year II.).

[147] Couthon was a cripple. Once (later) in the Convention it was called out to him “Triumvir,” and he glanced at his legs and said, “How could I be a triumvir?” The logical connection between good legs and triumvirates was more apparent to himself than to those whom he caused to be guillotined.

[148] We have the fragments of this “No. VII.,” which was not published. See M. Clarétie’s _C. Desmoulins_, p. 274 of Mrs. Cashel Hoey’s translation.

[149] Danton would have been thirty-five in October. Desmoulins had been thirty-four in March—_not_ thirty-three, as he said at the trial. I give this on the authority of M. Clarétie, who in his book quotes the birth-certificate, which he himself had seen (March 2, 1760).

[150] March 10, 1793. Exception has been taken to the whole sentiment by Dr. Robinet, but great, or rather unique, as is his authority, I cannot believe that an appeal—especially an exclamatory appeal of this nature—was foreign to his impetuous and merciful temper.

[151] Wallon, _Tribunal Révolutionnaire_, vol. iii. p. 156.

[152] It is known that Fleuriot and Fouquier were alone when the jury were “chosen by lot.” This appeared at the trial of Fouquier. For the notes of Lebrun, see Appendix X.

[153] Wallon, _Tribunal Révolutionnaire_, vol. iii. p. 155.

[154] See Appendix X. The speeches which I have written here are reconstructed from these notes, and I must beg the reader to check the consecutive sentences of the text by reference to the disjointed notes printed in the Appendix.

[155] See p. 199.

[156] Wallon, _Tribunal Révolutionnaire_, iii. 169, quotes _Archives_, W. 342, _Dossier_ 641, 1st Part, No. 34.

[157] Fouquier had written a letter to his distant relative Desmoulins, begging for some employment, on August 20, 1792, just after the success of Danton’s party, in which Desmoulins had of course shared. It is by no means dignified and almost servile. See Clarétie, _Desmoulins_, English edition, p. 318.

[158] This is M. Wallon’s opinion, who gives both versions, and from whom I take so much of this description. See _Tribunal Révolutionnaire_, iii. 177.

[159] All this appears in the trial of Fouquier.

[160] They are given in Clarétie’s _Desmoulins_ in the Appendix.

[161] See the list of the prisoner’s effects in Clarétie’s _Desmoulins_.

[162] This gate may be seen to-day just to the right of the great staircase in the court of the Palais de Justice. It has an iron grating before it.

[163] The original of this I take from Clarétie, who quotes P. A. Lecomte, _Memorial sur la Révolution Française_.

“Lorsqu’arrivés au bords du Phlégéton Camille Desmoulins, D’Eglantine et Danton, Payèrent pour passer ce fleuve redoutable Le nautonnier Charon (citoyen équitable) A nos trois passagers voulait remettre en mains L’excédant de la taxe imposée aux humains. ‘Garde,’ lui dit Danton, ‘la somme toute entière; Je paye pour Couthon, St. Just et Robespierre.’”

[164] It was Madame Gély who told this to Despoi’s grandfather. Clarétie has mentioned it. But Michelet must have heard from the family about this same priest (Kerénavant le Breton), for according to Madame Gély it was he who married Danton for the second time.

[165] Ce qu’il y a de certain d’après le résultat donné par la commission des subsistances militaires, c’est que les armées sont approvisionnées jusque vers le premier octobre; l’armée d’Italie, la plus mal approvisionnée, a des subsistances pour quelques mois, et l’on a déjà préparé pour elle d’autres approvisionnements.

[166] Des traîtres se sont mêlés dans les rangs des patriotes et dans les convois de l’artillerie qui allaient combattre les révoltés; le comité en a fait arrêter la marche, et le comité de surveillance retient les principaux auteurs de ce nouveau complot. Malgré tant de surveillance, quelques soldats français, indignes de ce nom, ont trahi leur devoir et sont allés grossir la horde des rebelles. Partout les obstacles se multiplient; partout les administrations veulent régler les mouvemens des troupes et les commissaires veulent faire les fonctions de généraux, des communes arrêtent à leur gré des armes qui ont une autre destination, et c’est ainsi que toutes les forces s’atténuent et que les brigands ont des succès.

Mais du moins les rives qui correspondent aux perfides de George III. sont garanties. Les trois divisions commandées par le général Canclaux, qui occupent les ports intermédiaires entre les Sables et Nantes, entretiennent la communication entre ces deux villes, et contiennent les brigands à une certaine distance des côtes.

La communication par terre, entre Nantes et Angers, est libre, on travaille à rétablir la libre navigation de la Loire entre ces deux villes. Quelques bateaux armés de canons sont préparés, et suffiront pour cette protection.

Déjà une victoire signalée vient de raviver toutes les espérances de la patrie. A Saint-Mexent, l’artillerie et les approvisionnemens des révoltés sont le prix de la première victoire signalée que les patriotes viennent de remporter.

INDEX

Agriculture, depression of, before Revolution, 16.

Amelinau case, Danton’s opinion in, 51.

Antoinette, Marie, _see_ “Marie Antoinette.”

Arcis-sur-Aube, Danton born at, in 1759, 40; position of, 40; effect on Danton’s politics, 42; visited by Danton in 1791, 148; again in August 1792, 166; last retirement of Danton to, 237.

Army, condition of, at Valmy, 192; Danton’s first mission to, 199; second mission, 204; third, 209; position of on Sambre in June 1793, 297; of “Sambre et Meuse,” 298; attitude towards Robespierre, 299, 300.

Arnault, witness of Danton’s death, 278.

Arrest of D’Eglantine, 246; of Hébert, 247; of Desmoulins and Danton, 248, 249.

Artisans, loss of influence of Church on, 21; their disfranchisement, 22; causes of their discontent, the guild, the octroi, 20; character of before Revolution, numbers, influence of, 19.

Assembly, National, _see_ “States General.”

Bailly, of the professional class, 24; opposition of Cordeliers to, 82; elected mayor of Paris, 112; resignation of, 152.

Barbarian invasions of ninth century, 13.

Barentin, de, intimacy with Danton, 51, 60.

Barrère, a Bourgeois, 23; his action on first committee with Danton, 220; Report against Robespierre, 305, 306.

Bastille, fall of, 73-74; effect of this, 78-80.

Battles, of Valmy, 192, 193; of Jemappes, 196; Neerwinden, 208; Turcoing, 293; Fleurus, 298.

Belgium, Danton proposes annexation of, 204.

Bourgeoisie or middle class, effect of Revolution on, definition of, 22, 23; produces most of the revolutionaries, 23.

Brienne, de, client of Danton’s, 51.

Brissot, draws up petition of Jacobins, 146; attacked by Desmoulins, 226.

Brunswick, Duke of, his manifesto, 161-166; his hesitation, 177.

Burning at stake in United States, 5; by Parliament of Strasbourg in 1789, 5.

Cahiers, their nature, 62, 63; that of Cordeliers destroyed, 63.

Carnot, a Bourgeois, 23; in first Committee of Public Safety, 210; Robespierre’s attack on, 304.

Centralisation, of pre-revolutionary France, 10; quality of, 10; before Revolution, examples of, 16; pre-revolutionary fails to raise revenue, 26; used as a practical engine of reform, rapid raising of armies, 28.

Charlemagne, marks the end of settled Roman order, 12; Imperial tradition of in France, 15.

Charleroy, stronghold of Coburg, 297; captured, 298.

Charpentier, his Café des Écoles, 52; his daughter marries Danton, Mlle., _see_ “Wife.”

Châtelet, impossibility of reforming it, 7; nature of, 98; issue warrant against Marat, 99; against Danton, 107.

Church, its loss of power in villages during eighteenth century, 17; loss of influence over citizens, 21; not main cause of egalitarian feeling in France, 32; intention of making Danton a priest in, 44.

Cicé, de, Danton as orator of municipal deputation demands resignation of, 129, 131.

Civil constitution of clergy, _see_ “Clergy.”

Class system, vigour of, before Revolution, 16.

Classes, social, five principal, before Revolution, 16.

Clergy, Danton’s defence of, 198; civil constitution of, 118; its vast importance, 119, 120; its details, 121; passes the Assembly, 122; Louis ratifies, 123.

Coburg, his position on Sambre, 297; is defeated at Fleurus, 298.

Collot d’Herbois, attacked by Danton in Jacobins, 136; beaten by Danton in election for Substitute Procureur, 152.

Committee of Public Safety, first, proposed by Isnard, Danton elected, 210; determines overthrow of Girondins, 223; Danton resigns from, 234; Robespierre elected on, 234; powerful force in winter of 1793, 240; determination to continue Terror in spite of Danton, 240; abandons Robespierre, 301.

Commune (before August 1792, _see_ “Municipality”), insurrectionary of, August 1792, 161; increases in power, 172; Marat joins its “Comité de Surveillance,” 183; its quarrel with Gironde, 216-228; opposes committee in winter of 1793, 240; attacked by Danton, 243; captured by Robespierre, 293; attempts to save him and fails, 310-314.

Condorcet, of the professional class, 24; example of balance of two French tendencies, 27; demands Republic, 141, 142.

Conseils du Roi, Old Court of Appeals, nature of, 48; Danton enters at Bar of, 49.

Contrat social, written just after Danton’s birth, 41.

Convention, elections of Paris to, Danton elected to, 188; its parties, 189; its appearance on first meeting, 190; declares Republic, 191; debate on king’s death in, 201, 202; votes arrest of Girondins, 202; Legendre defends Danton in, 253; St. Just attacks Danton in, 254, 255; subservience to Robespierre, 296; outlaws him, 307-310.

Cordeliers, district of, social character, 64; position of Convent Hall in, 65; meets after elections, importance of this, 69; petitions against Danton’s arrest, 108; merged in section of Théâtre Français, 112.

Cordeliers, club of, contrasted with Jacobins, 80; their numbers and character, 81; opposition to new municipality, 82; determine on independent use of their guard, 83; attack municipality again, 88, 89; create _Mandat Imperatif_, 89; manifesto to march on Versailles, 91; oppose Lafayette’s discipline in National Guard, 93; oath of their deputies, 94; victory of club over municipality, 96; campaign against restriction of suffrage, 110-113; Danton leaves them for Jacobins, 135; Republican declaration of, on king’s flight, 142; petition of, on king’s flight, not signed by Danton, 146.

Cordelier, Vieux, published by Desmoulins to protest against Terror, 244.

Court, relations of nobles to, 24; form party to influence king at Versailles, 85, 86; last stand in the Tuilleries, 167, 168.

Courts of Law, before Revolution, 48.

Couthon, a Bourgeois, 23; proposes law on worship of God, 290; supports Robespierre in committee, 303.

Dannon, his name mistaken for Danton’s, Le Gallois’s misprint, Michelet’s error based on this, 200, 201.

Danton, a Bourgeois, 23; very typical of nation, his attitude towards Paris, 36; his rise during the war, 37; preliminary summary of his career, 35-39; forerunner of Napoleon, 38; retirement and death, 39; born at Arcis-sur-Aube, 1759, age compared with contemporaries, 40; effect of birthplace on his politics, 42; his father Procureur at Arcis, 42-43; family of, house of, social position of father, death of father, fortune of, his mother and aunts, 43; to be made a priest, 44; educated by Oratorians, their influence, destined for Bar, 45; character as boy, 46; coronation of Louis XVI. seen by, 46-47; his stepfather Recordain, apprenticed to Vinot, solicitor in Paris, called to Bar at Rheims, 47; practice in lower courts, 48; at bar of Conseils du Roi, 49; his Latin oration, 50; his opinion in Montbarey case, Du Barentin his client, and De Brienne, his income at Bar, 51; frequents Charpentier’s Café des Écoles, marriage, dowry of wife, 52; physical appearance, 53; energy, style of oratory, knowledge of English and Italian, 54; reading, pre-revolutionary politics, 55; private life, 56; goes to live in Cour du Commerce, 59; Barentin’s offer of post to, 60; his relation to masonic lodges, 65; summary of his condition on outbreak of Revolution, 56-67; Primary of his District convened, 68; not president of District during elections, 69; at Palais Royal, 71; possibly present at fall of Bastille, 74;

## action night after, clashes with Lafayette, 75;

in Club of Cordeliers, 81; as President of Cordeliers attacks Municipality, 88; creates _Mandat Imperatif_, 89; placards manifesto for march on Versailles, 91; nature of action supporting _Mandat Imperatif_, 95; his success, 96; elected to municipality, 97; defends Marat, 101-107; discovers error in warrant against Marat, 102; appeals to assembly, 103; false effect of his attitude, 104-105; sworn in to municipality, 105; with Legendre, 106; goes in deputation to Louis XVI., 106; warrant for arrest of, issued by Châtelet, 107; district in his favour, 108; his proposition for grand jury, appeal to Assembly, decision in his favour, 109; his policy at close of 1790, 123-125; rejected at municipal elections of 1790, 125; moderation during affair of Nancy, 126; rejected as candidate for Notables, 127; orator of city deputation (November 1790), 128-131; elected head of his battalion, 131; elected to administration of city (1791), 132; letter to De la Rochefoucald, 134; appears in Jacobins, 135; attacks Collot d’Herbois in Jacobins, 136; speech on death of Mirabeau, 137;

## action on April 18, 1791, Desmoulins’ testimony untrustworthy, 138;

attitude during Louis XVI.’s flight, 140-141; attacks Lafayette at Jacobins on king’s flight, 143-145; reads Jacobin petition on Champ de Mars, absence from Cordeliers’ manifestation there, 147; Lafayette orders arrest of (August 4, 1791), 148; his flight to England, 148-149; his return, sent by his section to electoral college, 149; attempted arrest of, 150; elected substitute to Procureur of Paris (November 1791), 152; his chances of a prosperous municipal career, 155; opposes war policy, 156; speech at Jacobins describing himself, 157; justice of his opposition to war, 158; retained on committee of insurrection (July-August, 1792), 161; goes to Arcis to see his mother, 166; leads insurrection of August 10, 167; his position after 10th of August, Minister of Justice, 172; his determination to form a strong government after fall of monarchy, only practical man in executive in August, 1792, 173; addresses Assembly as Minister of Justice, his circular to tribunals, 175; defence of himself in the circular, his power over cabinet, 176; he and Dumouriez see chance of repelling invasion, 177; his interview with Roland and ministers on news of invasion reported by Fabre d’Eglantine, 180-181; his political attitude just before massacres, 182; he orders domiciliary visits and collection of arms, 183; his speech, the volunteers, its success, 184; why he did not interfere during massacres, 185; anecdote of him during massacres, his future comment on, 186; elected to Convention by Paris, 188; his false position in the Mountain, accused of planning massacres, 189; his appearance on first meeting of Convention, 190; resigns Ministry of Justice, 191; repudiates Marat, 192; his diplomacy secures Prussian retreat after Valmy, 194; his attitude towards Dumouriez, partial reconciliation with Gironde, 195; anecdote of theatre and Madame Roland, of meeting with Marat, 196; his reticence after Jemappes, 197; speech on Catholicism opposing Cambon, 198; attempt to reconcile Girondins in meeting at Sceaux, Guadet’s opposition, 198-199; starts on his first mission to army, 199; debates on Louis XVI.’s death, misprint of Danton for Dannon, 200; what he really did in the debate, 201; unusual violence, 202; caused by his wife’s illness, 203; intimacy with Priestley, Talleyrand, his diplomacy spoiled by his own violence on king’s death, demands annexation of Belgium, 204; second mission to army in Belgium, change of his politics on his return, despairs of reconciling Girondins and Paris, 205; accounted for by death of his wife, 206; his military policy and appeal to Paris, 207; creates Revolutionary Tribunal, 208; violently attacked for his intimacy with Dumouriez, 209; supports Isnard’s proposal of Great Committee, is named on it, 210; compared with Mirabeau, 213; summary of Danton’s position in Committee, as it changes, 215; his practical policy impossible with Girondins, 217; difficulty of following his action in April and May, 1793, speech on acquittal of Marat, 218, 219; curious action half in favour of Girondins, proposes committee of twelve through Barrère, 220; but prevents formation of special guard, 221; Danton, through the Committee, overthrows the Gironde, 226; his phrase with regard to Girondins, 227; his difficulty in controlling forces after June 2, 1793, 228; begins to lose his power, 229; still retains enough power at end of June to produce Constitution, 230; and to persuade Convention to his policy, his second marriage, 231; reasons for it, he loses power still more in July, 232; puts his name reluctantly to St. Just’s report attacking fallen Girondins, he resigns his place on Committee, 234; his brilliancy whilst standing alone, great speeches in August, on army, on strengthening government, 235; his despair and illness, Garat’s interview with him, Desmoulins, 236; retires to his home at Arcis, 237; his rest at Arcis, its effects, 237-240; regret for execution of Girondins, returns to the Convention, 239; his new politics against the Terror, 241, 242; his defence of religious liberty and attack on Commune, 243; Robespierre defends him in Jacobins, Desmoulins helps him, publication of “Vieux Cordelier,” 244-245; his first check, D’Eglantine arrested, he knows his attempt has failed, 246; still speaks in Convention, last interview with Robespierre, 247; Panis comes to warn him, he is arrested, 248; his trial and death, 249-281; taken to the Luxembourg with Desmoulins, meets Paine, 249; policy of his defence, of Committee, 251, 252; Legendre defends Danton in Convention, 243; St. Just’s report and vote against Danton, 254-255; his remarks in the prison, 250, 257, 258; trial begins, 259; fear of an armed attempt to save him, his reply to the judges, 261; charges against Danton, 262; Westermann’s replies, 263; Danton’s speech in his own defence, 264, 265, 266; collusion of judge and prosecutor, 267; Renault’s defence, 268; judge and prosecutor appeal to Convention, 269; St. Just’s second speech to Convention against Danton, 270; Billaud-Varennes, 271; taken back to Conciergerie, condemned, his action in prison, 272; passage to guillotine, 273-279; passes David, 275; passes house of Duplay and Robespierre’s window, 276; he rallies Fabre d’Eglantine, 277; rhymes sold in Paris same night, 278; his execution, 279-281; effects of his death, 282, 283, 284; contrasted with Robespierre, 285.

Danton, Madame, _see_ “Wife.”

David, artist, portrait of Danton (_frontispiece_); animosity against Danton, 271; sketches the condemned, 275; false promise to Robespierre, 307.

De Barentin, _see_ “Barentin.”

De Brienne, _see_ “Brienne.”

De Cicé, _see_ “Cicé.”

D’Eglantine, _see_ “Fabre.”

De Séchelles, _see_ “Hérault.”

Decree of Dec. 1788, elections, 61.

Desmoulins, Camille, house in Cour du Commerce, 59; brings news of Necker’s dismissal, 73; member of Cordeliers, 81; testimony as to Danton’s action on April 18, 1791, 138; Danton sleeps in his flat before insurrection of Aug. 10, 1792, 167; his “Histoire des Brissottins,” allied to Robespierre, 226; publishes “Vieux Cordelier,” 244; arrested, 249; his answer to his judges, 261; his examination in court, 268; tears up his written defence, 271; his frenzy going to guillotine, 275, 276; his death, 279.

Districts, Paris divided into sixty, 64.

District of Cordeliers, _see_ “Cordeliers.”

Duke of Brunswick, _see_ “Brunswick.”

Dumouriez, outflanked before Valmy, 192; fears to attack, 193; his political motives, his work with Danton after Valmy, 194, 195; incident in theatre with Danton, 195, 196; treason of, 209; Danton attacked for friendship with, 209, 210.

Education, French, effect of, due to Jesuits, 45; effect of on Robespierre and Desmoulins, 46; of Danton, 44-47.

Egalité elected for Paris, 188.

Eglantine, d’, _see_ “Fabre.”

Elections to, States General decreed, 61; to first municipality, elected by Cordeliers, 88; of priests and bishops, 121; to Legislative, 150; of Paris to Convention, 188; of Danton, Bailly, &c., _see_ under their names.

England, Danton’s flight to, 148, 149.

English constitution, flexibility of, 6; its vices described by Marat, 104.

English language, Danton’s acquaintance with, 54, 249.

English society, homogeneity of in eighteenth century contrasted with the Continent, 73.

Fabre d’Eglantine, poet, member of Cordeliers, 81; escorts officers of Châtelet through mob, 103; reports Danton’s interview with other ministers, 180, 181; arrested, 246; trial of with Danton, 249-272; his luxury in prison, 272; his illness and despair on way to guillotine, 274, 275; his “Maltese orange,” 276; rhymes on him and Danton, 278.

Fear, _see_ “Great.”

Feudalism, founded in troubles of ninth century, 13; fall of, in July, August, 1789, 83-85.

Feuillants, club of, represents Lafayette’s supporters in Legislative, 151.

Flanders, regiment of, arrives to strengthen court in 1789, 90.

Fleurus, battle of, 298.

Fouquier-Tinville, public prosecutor, his action in Danton’s trial, 267-271.

France, centralisation of, before Revolution, 10; egalitarianism in, is not due to Roman law or Church, 32; material state of, prior to Revolution, 10; before Revolution, character of centralisation in, 11; imperial tradition in, 16; origins of social constitution in, 12; specially suited to growth of Roman law, 15; Paris the bond of, 31; re-made by the Revolution, 35; effect of Rousseau upon, 28, 29; united by monarchy, led by Paris as the king’s town, 33.

Français, Théâtre, _see_ “Section.”

Franchise, loss of, by artisans, 21, 22.

French, character of, in pursuing political theories, 26, 27, 28, 29; courts of law, nature in Ancien Régime, 48; education, effect of Jesuit influence on, 45; education, effect of on Robespierre and Desmoulins, Danton’s speech on, 46; peasantry, owners of land before Revolution, 18; peasantry, effect of Revolution on, 18; peasantry, condition before Revolution, 17; village community, decay of, in eighteenth century, 18; loss of Church in, 17; nobility, origin of, as a definite class in ninth century, 13.

French Revolution, _see_ “Revolution.”

Garat, his interview with Danton, 236, 237.

Garran Coulon, Danton’s return from England on election of, 149.

Girondins, represent the professional class, 24; declare war, 15-18; opposition to Danton from the beginning of the Convention, 192; momentary reconciliation with, 195, 196; failure of, meeting at Sceaux, Guadet rejects him, 199; outbreak of quarrel with Paris, 208; expulsion of, 216-228; description of their character, excess of idealism, unworkable with Danton’s practical policy, 217; their misgovernment, opposition of Paris, 218; bad news from Vendée weakens them in May 1793, 219; Isnard’s menace to Paris, 212; firmness during attack, Lanjuinais’ proposal to “break the Commune,” 221; vote of the twenty-nine arrests, 222; confusion of their fall to be explained by great Committee, 223; Danton’s phrase concerning, 227; Vergniaud and Guadet attacked in St. Just’s report, 234; Danton’s pity for, 236, 239.

Gobel, schismatic Bishop of Paris, trial under Robespierre, 291.

Great fear, peasants’ rising destroys feudality, 83, 84.

Guadet, Girondin, rejects Danton at Sceaux, 199; St. Just’s report on, 234.

Guard, National, _see_ “National Guard.”

Guard, Swiss, their defence of the Tuilleries, 166-169; demand for vengeance against, by Parisians, 179; special, proposed for the Convention, 191; weak demand for, by Girondins, 220.

Hébert, member of the Cordeliers, 81; his character, 220; with Commune against Committee in winter, 1793, 240; Danton’s opposition to his religious persecution, 243; his arrest and execution, 247.

Henriot, illegally given command of the city forces by the Commune, 219; at head of attack of Convention, 221, 222; note sent to, by Committee on Danton’s trial, to prevent a rescue, 261; attempt to save Robespierre, 311.

Hérault de Séchelles, present at taking of Bastille, 74; added to Committee, 229; expelled from Committee, 247; trial of, 268, 269; his death, 279.

Herbois, d’, Collot, _see_ “Collot.”

Herman, judge at Danton’s trial, 260-271.

Income, of Danton at Bar, estimated, 51.

Institution, the, importance of, to France, 211, 213; provided by the Committee, 214.

Insurrection, of July 14, 1789, 72, 74; of August 10, 1792, 166, 170; of June 2, 1793, 221, 222; attempted to save Robespierre, 311, 313.

Invasions, siege of Verdun by Brunswick, 177; Beaurepaire’s suicide, capitulation of Verdun, ferment in Paris, 178; causes massacre of September, 180; Valmy, 192, 193; Jemappes, 196; defeat of Neerwinden, 1793, allies cross the Rhine, Alps, and Pyrenees, take Valenciennes, 233; Turcoing, 293; battle of Fleurus, 298.

Isnard, Girondin, proposes Committee of Public Safety, 210; his threat to destroy Paris, 221.

Jacobins, character of, 135; Danton’s speech in, on death of Mirabeau, 137; Danton attacks Lafayette in, 143, 145; moderate petition of, to Assembly on king’s flight, 146; read by Danton in Champs de Mars, 147; joined by radicals in Legislative, 151; debate on war, 155, 156; Robespierre reads his last speech in, 307; Legendre closes, 312.

Jemappes, battle of, 196.

Judge, in Danton’s trial, _see_ “Herman.”

Just, St., _see_ “St. Just.”

Justice, Ministry of, Danton put into, 172; his circular from, 175, 176.

Kersaint, associated with Danton at period of the flight of the king, present at interview of Danton with other ministers in August, 1793, he believes that Brunswick will reach Paris, 181.

King, _see_ “Louis.”

Lafayette, a seceding noble, 25; first clash with Danton, 75; opposition of Cordeliers to, 82; follows the mob to Versailles, 91; his discipline of National Guard opposed by Cordeliers, 93; sends National Guard to arrest Marat, 101; attacked by Danton on flight of the king, 143, 145; his accusation of Danton’s venality, 145; his massacre of the Champs de Mars, 147; again attacked by Danton, 159; threatens civil war, 160.

Law, Roman, twelfth century, renaissance of, study of, rise of the universities, 14.

—— Courts in France, Conseils du Roi, 48.

Lawyers, action of, in preventing reform, 4; become conservative as a body, 18.

Legendre, a Bourgeois, 25; a member of the Cordeliers, 81; defends Danton before the Convention, 243; shuts the Jacobins, 312.

Legislative, elections to, 150; reconciliation with monarchy, 150, 151;

## parties in, 151;

Lafayette’s letter to, 159; receives the Royal Family, 168; quarrels with Commune just before massacres, 183; Danton’s great speech in, 184; close of, 188.

Louis XVI., age of, compared with Danton, 40; his coronation seen by Danton, 46; his attitude to Assembly, 85; his character, 86; brought back to Paris from Versailles by mob, 91; his attitude after this, 92; thanks presented to, by Danton, 106; accepts Civil Constitution of clergy, 123; lost by death of Mirabeau, 137; his attempt to go to St. Cloud, 137; effect of his flight, 139, 140; depends on success of August 10 to receive allies, 168; takes refuge in Parliament, 168; his secret payments, 179; execution of, 202; effect of, on America, 203.

Mandat Imperatif, 89, 95.

—— head of National Guard, his death, 167.

Manifesto of Brunswick, _see_ “Brunswick.”

Manor or village community alone survives ninth century, 13; its survival and power, 14.

Manorial relations, their decay, 5.

Manuel, Danton’s chief in municipality of 1791, 153.

Marat, a Bourgeois, 23; incident of, 97-104; his character, 98; warrant for arrest of, 99; National Guard sent to arrest, 100; importance of issues involved, Lafayette’s action, 101; defended by Danton at Bar of Assembly, 103; his escape, 104; elected to “Comité de Surveillance” before massacres, 183; puts Roland on his list of proscribed, 187; his appearance in the Convention, 192; accused by Girondins, acquitted, 218; stabbed by Charlotte Corday, growth of Terror, 233.

Marie Antoinette, age of compared with Danton, 40; forms a court party against the Parliament, 85; power over Louis after Mirabeau’s death, 137; her determination to hold the Tuilleries, 167; she alone realises the fall of the monarchy, 169; effect of her death on Danton, 241; her shocking trial and its influence on Danton, 242.

Marseillais, their march on Paris, 160.

Marseillaise, 160.

Massacres of September, 178, 187; precipitated by Montmorin’s acquittal, 179; refusal of National Guard to interfere, 180; Danton keeps Ministers at their posts just before, 181; the Comité de Surveillance joined by Marat, 183; begin at the Carmes, 184; causes of Danton’s neutrality during, 185-187; close of the massacres, 188; effect of on politics, 189.

Medieval Reform, continuity of, 3; failure of after fifteenth century, 4.

Middle class, _see_ “Bourgeoisie.”

Mirabeau, age of compared with Danton, 40; calls August 4 “an orgy,” 84; his reasons for supporting the “Civil Constitution of the clergy,” 121; death of, 136; Danton’s sympathy with, and speech on death of, 137; compared with Danton, 213.

Monarchy, French, causes Paris to become head of towns, realises national unity, 33; character of just before Revolution, 11; clogged by local survivals, 12; election of Hugh Capet, 14; examples of pre-revolutionary centralisation in, 16; gradually ceases to be national, 15; origins of its action, 12; reaches power through local institutions, 15; why it could not reform, 12; Danton’s attitude towards in crisis of the king’s flight, 140-145; the fall of, 169, 170; importance of, evident after fall, 171.

Montmorin, evidence of Danton’s venality quoted by Lafayette in Memoirs, really a receipt for Danton’s reimbursement, 145.

—— Lucien de, acquittal of, hurries on massacres of September, 179, 180.

Mountain, party of Paris in the Convention, Danton’s false position in, 189; appearance of members of, 190; attacked by Robespierre, 300.

Municipal, system of France, 32, 33; Revolution, 79.

Municipality, of Paris, first insurrectionary, 76; its weakness, 77; reconstitution of, 87, 88; quarrel with Cordeliers, 93-97, 110-113; Danton elected to, 105-106; Bailly elected mayor of, 124; petitions against ministers, 129-131; insurrectionary Commune plot against, 161; dissolved by insurrectionary Commune, 166; (after Aug. 10, 1792, _see_ “Commune”).

Nancy, affair of, Danton’s moderate action, 126.

Nationality, differentiation of, in ninth century, 13.

National Guard, formed, 77; Lafayette’s plan of, 83; Danton elected head of his battalion, 131; clash with people, 126; divided on April 18, 137; fire on people in Champ de Mars, 147; divided on Aug. 10, 160; Santerre put at head of by Danton, 167; refuse to interfere with massacres, 187; Henriot succeeds Boulanger at head of, 219; attack Convention, 221, 222; do not rise for Robespierre, 213.

Necker, position of, in 1789, his dismissal, 73.

Nobles, origin of, as a definite class in France in ninth century, 13; great numbers of, definition, relation to court, place in Revolution, 24; poverty of, did not at first oppose reform, 25; why they could not rule France, 32.

Notables, Danton rejected as candidate for, 127.

Octroi, effect on artisans, 20.

Oratorians, educated principal revolutionaries, 45.

Osselin, his courage after Montmorin’s acquittal, 180.

Paine, named in Committee with Danton, 197; meets Danton in prison, 249.

Panis, warns Danton before his arrest, 248.

Paris, the bond of France, 31; cause of headship, effect of Revolution on, 30, 31; head of urban system because seat of monarchy, 33; makes Danton’s career, 58; first elections in, 69; solidarity of, in early Revolution, 70; provisional government during attack on Bastille, 76; organises National Guard, 77; model of municipal movement in France, 79; restriction of suffrage in, 110; restrained by Assembly, 111; Bailly elected mayor of, 112; effect of municipal system on, 114; petitions for dismissal of ministers, 129; effect of king’s flight on, 141; Pétion, elected mayor of, 152; anger at first disasters of war, 158; effect of Brunswick’s manifesto on, 161; ferment on news of invasion, 178; clamours against arrested monarchists, 179; Danton will not oppose, 182; anarchy in, during massacres, 187; elections to the Convention in, 188; eulogy of by Danton, 191; anger against Girondins, 208; conflict of, with Girondins, 217; Isnard’s threats against, 221; used by Committee to expel the Gironde, 223; refuses to rise for Robespierre, 313.

Parliament of Paris, nature of, 48.

Parliaments (representative), _see_ “States General,” “Legislative,” “Convention.”

Peasantry, French, condition of, before Revolution, 17; ownership of land by, before the Revolution, 18; effect of Revolution on, 18.

Pétion, elected mayor of Paris, 152; unable to interfere with the massacres, 187; gets some hold on the city at their close, 188; attempt of Danton to get him elected for Paris, 189; named on Committee with Danton, 197.

Petition, of municipality against ministers, 109; of Jacobins on king’s flight, 146; of Cordeliers, 147;

Pitt, his reforms, 6.

Priestley, Danton’s relations with, 149, 204.

Procureur, definition of the office in the old regime, 42, 43; of Paris, during Revolution, 153; Danton elected substitute to, 152.

Professional class, its character, numbers, constitution, 24.

Recordain, stepfather of Danton, 47.

Reform, mediæval, continuity of, 3;

## action of lawyers in preventing failure of, after fifteenth

century, 4; Pitt’s attempt at, 6; impossibility on Continent, 7; impossible to French monarchy, 12; its rapidity helped by centralisation, 28.

Religious liberty, Danton’s speech in favour of, 243.

Republic, not originated by Danton, 140; demanded by Condorcet, 141, 142; declared by Convention, 181.

Revolution, French, nature of, 1, 2; necessity for, on Continent, 7; its violence, 8; questions raised by, 9; material causes of, 10; main causes not economic, 11; classes it dealt with, 16; it revives religion in villages, 17; effect on peasantry, 18; on artisans, 19, 20, 21; on Bourgeois, 22; on professionals and nobles, 24; theory of, 26; effect of Rousseau on, 28, 29; place of Paris in, 30; summary of politics at outset of, 34; its task, the re-creation of France, 35; two periods of, 117, 118; transformation of, in 1790, 114, 123; summary of its results, 314-318.

Revolutionary Tribunal, created by Danton, 208; Marat acquitted by, 218; Hébert tried by, 245; Danton tried by, 249-272; enslaved by Robespierre, 295.

Robespierre, a Bourgeois, 23; age of, 40; effect of education on, 46; joins Committee of Public Safety, 234; his position in winter of 1793, clash with Danton, 241; last interview with Danton, 247; speaks against Danton in Convention, 253; demonstration of condemned before his house, 276; his character, 285; his aims, 286; his misreading of Rousseau, 287; causes of his ascendency, 288-290; abandons Danton’s diplomacy, 292; heads feast of Supreme Being, 294; proposes virtual abolition of trials, 295; destroys independence of Convention, 296; attacks Mountain, 300; abandoned by Committee, 301; causes of his fall, 302-304; his last speech, 306-307; outlawed by Convention, 309-310; his last rally and execution, 310-314.

Roland, a professional, 24; Danton’s power over, in August 1792, interview with, in garden of ministry, 180-181; calls on Santerre to stop the massacres, 187; prosecuted, 222.

—— Madame, her hatred for Danton, 176; she rejects his overtures to Girondins, 196.

Roman Law, its fundamental ideas of ownership and sovereignty, 14; suited to France, 15; not main cause of egalitarian feeling in France, 32.

Rome, transformation of her system in ninth century, 12; the origin of French urban system, 32.

Rousseau, his effect on France, 28, 29; his genius and deficiencies, 29; his faith the source of his power, essentially a reactionary, 29, 30; Robespierre’s view of his system, 286, 287.

Rousselin, our authority for Danton’s boyhood, 46.

Saint Just, age of, compared with Danton, 40; joins great Committee, 229; report on Girondins, 234; speech against Danton, 254-255; second speech against Danton, 270; proposal for bringing prisoners to Paris, 292; with army on Sambre, 297; fails to warn Robespierre, 299; outlawed with Robespierre, 310; joins Robespierre at Hotel de Ville, 312.

St. Priest, his dismissal demanded by Paris, 128-131.

Santerre, a Bourgeois, 23; in the attack on Tuilleries, 161, 167; fails to call out National Guard during massacres, 187.

Sections, replace districts of Paris, forty-eight in number, 112; Danton demands force to be raised from, 207; convened by Robespierrians in Thermidor, 311.

Section du Théâtre Français, replaces Cordeliers, 112; battalion of, Danton elected commander, 131; of Mauconseil begins agitation against ministry, 129; begin insurrection of August 1792, 161.

September, _see_ “Massacres of.”

Social divisions, five principal, before Revolution, 10.

Stake, burning at, in United States, by Parliament of Strasbourg in 1789, 5.

States General (or National Assembly), term Assembly first used, 26; elections to, in Paris, 68; reaction against, in early 1789, 72; success of, after fall of Bastille, 78; night of August 4 in, 85; queen forms party against, political attitude of Louis towards, 85; plotted against, by court, 90; come to Paris, 91; appealed to, in Marat incident, 103;

## action to restrain Paris, 111;

establish Civil Constitution of clergy, 120-123; debate on petition of Paris, 130-132; indecision of, on king’s flight, 146.

Suffrage, _see_ “Franchise.”

Talleyrand, Danton meets, at municipality, writes letter to Louis, 138; connected with Danton’s diplomacy, opposes Chauvelin in London, 204.

Taxes, failure of, before Revolution, 26.

Thermidor, attempted insurrection to save Robespierre in, 310-314.

Tour du Pin, La, dismissal demanded, 128-131.

Towns, nuclei of France, 36; condition of small, 46.

Turcoing, battle of, 283.

Vergniaud, orator of Girondins, understands Danton, 192; present at incident in theatre, 196; his simile in king’s trial, 202; explanation of his vote, 203; his oratory, 217; prosecuted by Convention, 222; St. Just’s report against, 234; Danton’s regret for, 242.

Versailles, Cordeliers’ manifesto for march on, 91; king brought back to Paris from, 91.

Village community, French, decay of, loss of religion in, 17.

Vinot, solicitor in Paris, Danton apprenticed to, 47.

Wife, of Danton, _first_ (Charpentier) married, his devotion to her, 52; her illness and its effect on Danton, 201, 203; her death, its effect on Danton, he exhumes her body, 206; _second_ (Gély) married, 232.

Young, Arthur, his comments on pre-revolutionary France, 10.

THE END