CHAPTER XVIII

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Neither the signal success of the expedition under General Scott, nor the preparations which were being made by the general government, for the more rigorous prosecution of the war against them, caused the Indians to relax their exertions to harrass the frontier inhabitants. The ease with which they had overcome the two armies sent against them under Harmar and St. Clair, inspired them with contempt for our troops, and induced a belief of their own invincibility, if practising the vigilance necessary to guard against a surprise. To the want of this vigilance, they ascribed the success of Gen. Scott; and deeming it necessary only to exercise greater precaution to avoid similar results, they guarded more diligently the passes into their country, while discursive parties of their warriors would perpetrate their accustomed acts of aggression upon the persons and property of the whites.

About the middle of May, 1792, a party of savages came upon a branch of Hacker's creek, and approaching late in the evening a field recently cleared by John Waggoner, found him seated on a log, resting himself after the labors of the day. In this company of Indians was the since justly celebrated General Tecumseh, who leaving his companions to make sure of those in the house, placed his gun on the fence and fired deliberately at Waggoner. The leaden messenger of death failed of its errand, and passing through the sleeve of his shirt, left Waggoner uninjured, to try his speed with the Indian. Taking a direction opposite the house, to avoid coming in contact with the savages there, he outstripped his pursuer, and got safely off.

[303] In the mean time, those who had been left to operate against those of the family who were at the house, finding a small boy in the yard, killed and scalped him; and proceeding on, made prisoners of Mrs. Waggoner and her six children, and departed immediately with them, lest the escape of her husband, should lead to their instant pursuit. They were disappointed in this expectation. A company of men was soon collected, who repaired to the then desolate mansion, and from thence followed on the trail of the savages. About a mile from the house, one of the children was found where its brains had been beaten out with a club, and the scalp torn from its head. A small distance farther, lay Mrs. Waggoner and two others of her children,--their lifeless bodies mangled in the most barbarous and shocking manner. Having thus freed themselves from the principal impediments to a rapid retreat, the savages hastened on; and the pursuit was unavailing. They reached their towns with the remaining prisoners--two girls and a boy--and avoided chastisement for the outrage. The elder of the two girls did not long remain with them; but escaping to the neighborhood of Detroit with another female prisoner, continued there until after the treaty of 1795. Her sister abided with her captors 'till the close of the war; and the boy until during the war of 1812. He was then seen among some friendly Indians, and bearing a strong resemblance in features to his father, was recognized as Waggoner's captive son. He had married a squaw, by whom he had several children, was attached to his manner of life, and for a time resisted every importunity, to withdraw himself from among them. When his father visited him, it was with difficulty he was enticed to return to the haunts of his childhood, and the associates of his younger days, even on a temporary visit. When however he did return to them, the attention and kindly conduct of his friends, prevailed with him to remain, until he married and took up his permanent abode amid the habitations of civilized men. Still with the feelings natural to a father, his heart yearns towards his children in the forest; and at times he seems to lament that he ever forsook them.[1]

In the summer of this year, a parcel of horses were taken from the West Fork, and the Indians who had stolen them, being discovered as they were retiring, they were pursued by Captain Coburn, who was stationed at the mouth of Little [304] Kenhawa with a party of men as scouts. Following them across the Ohio river, he overtook them some distance in the Indian country, and retaking the horses, returned to his station. Hitherto property recovered from the savages, had been invariably restored to those from whom it had been stolen; but on the present occasion a different course was pursued. Contending that they received compensation for services rendered by them in Virginia, and were not bound to treat without its limits in pursuit of the savages or to retake the property of which they had divested its rightful owners, they claimed the horses as plunder taken from the Indians, sold them, and divided the proceeds of sale among themselves--much to the dissatisfaction of those from whom the savages had taken them.[2]

In the course of the ensuing fall, Henry Neal, William Triplett and Daniel Rowell, from Neal's station ascended the Little Kenhawa in canoes to the mouth of the Burning Spring run, from whence they proceeded on a Buffoloe hunt in the adjoining woods. But they had been seen as they plied their canoes up the river, by a party of Indians, who no sooner saw them placed in a situation favoring the bloody purposes of their hearts, than they fired upon them. Neal and Triplett were killed, and fell into the river.--Rowell was missed and escaped by swimming the Kenhawa, the Indians shooting at him as he swam. In a few days after the dead were found in a ripple and buried. The Indians had not been able to draw them from their watery grave, and obtain their scalps.

During this year unsuccessful attempts were made by the general government, to terminate Indian hostilities by negotiation. They were too much elated with their recent success, to think of burying their resentments in a treaty of peace; and so little did they fear the operation of the governmental forces, and such was their confidence in their own strength, that they not only refused to negotiate at all, but put to death two of those who were sent to them as messengers of peace. Major Truman and Col. Hardin, severally sent upon this mission, were murdered by them; and when commissioners to treat with them, were received by them, their only answer was, a positive refusal to enter into a treaty.[3]

When this determination was made known to the President, every precaution which could be used, was taken by him to prevent the recurrence of these enormities which were daily committed on the [305] frontier, and particularly in the new state of Kentucky. Gen. St. Clair, after having asked that a court of enquiry should be held, to consider of his conduct in the campaign of 1791, and finding that his request could not be granted, resigned the command of the army, and was succeeded by Gen. Anthony Wayne. That the operations of the army might not be defeated as heretofore, by a too great reliance on undisciplined militia, it was recommended to Congress to authorize the raising of three additional regiments of regular soldiers; and the bill for complying with this recommendation, notwithstanding it was strenuously opposed by a strong party hostile to the then administration, was finally passed.[4]

The forts Hamilton and Jefferson, erected by Gen. St. Clair, continued to be well garrisoned; but there was some difficulty in supplying them with provisions--the Indians being always in readiness to intercept them on their way. As early as April 1792, they taught us the necessity of having a strong guard to escort supplies with safety, by a successful attack on Major Adair; who with one hundred and twenty volunteers from Kentucky, had charge of a number of pack horses laden with provisions. He was engaged by a body of savages, not much superior in number, and although he was under cover of Fort St. Clair, yet did they drive him into the fort, and carry off the provisions and pack horses. The courage and bold daring of the Indians, was eminently conspicuous on this occasion. They fought with nearly equal numbers, against a body of troops, better tutored in the science of open warfare, well mounted and equipped, armed with every necessary weapon, and almost under the guns of the fort. And they fought successfully,--killing one captain and ten privates, wounding several, and taking property estimated to be worth fifteen thousand dollars. Nothing seemed to abate their ardor for war. Neither the strong garrisons placed in the forts erected so far in advance of the settlements, nor the great preparations which were making for striking an effectual blow at them, caused them for an instant to slacken in hostilities, or check their movements against the frontier.

In the spring of 1793, a party of warriors proceeding towards the head waters of the Monongahela river, discovered a marked way, leading a direction which they did not know to be inhabited by whites. It led to a settlement which had been recently made on Elk river, by Jeremiah and Benjamin Carpenter and a few others from Bath county, and who had been particularly careful to make nor leave any path which might lead to a discovery of their situation, but Adam O'Brien moving into the same section of country in the spring of 1792, and being rather an indifferent woodsman, incautiously blazed the trees in several directions so as to enable him readily to find his home, when business or pleasure should have drawn him from it. It was upon one of these marked traces that the Indians chanced to fall; and pursuing it, came to the deserted cabin of [306] O'Brien: he having returned to the interior, because of his not making a sufficiency of grain for the subsistence of his family. Proceeding from O'Brien's, they came to the House of Benjamin Carpenter, whom they found alone and killed. Mrs. Carpenter being discovered by them, before she was aware of their presence, was tomahawked and scalped, a small distance from the yard.

The burning of Benjamin Carpenter's house, led to a discovery of these outrages; and the remaining inhabitants of that neighborhood, remote from any fort or populous settlement to which they could fly for security, retired to the mountains and remained for several days concealed in a cave. They then caught their horses and moved their families to the West Fork; and when they visited the places of their former habitancy for the purpose of collecting their stock and carrying it off with their other property, scarce a vestige of them was to be seen,--the Indians had been there after they left the cave, and burned the houses, pillaged their movable property, and destroyed the cattle and hogs.

Among the few interesting incidents which occurred in the upper country, during this year, was the captivity and remarkable escape of two brothers, John and Henry Johnson:--the former thirteen, the latter eleven years of age. They lived at a station on the west side of the Ohio river near above Indian Short creek; and being at some distance from the house, engaged in the sportive amusements of youth, became fatigued and seated themselves on an old log for the purpose of resting. They presently observed two men coming towards them, whom they believed to be white men from the station until they approached so close as to leave no prospect of escape by flight, when to their great grief they saw that two Indians were beside them. They were made prisoners, and taken about four miles, when after partaking of some roasted meat and parched corn given them by their captors, they were arranged for the night, by being placed between the two Indians and each encircled in the arms of the one next him.

Henry, the younger of the brothers, had grieved much at the idea of being carried off by the Indians, and during his short but sorrowful journey across the hills, had wept immoderately. John had in vain endeavored to comfort him with the hope that they should be enabled to elude the vigilence of the savages, and to return to the hearth of their parents and brethren. He refused to be comforted.--The ugly red man, with his tomahawk and scalping knife, which had been often called in to quiet the cries of his infancy, was now actually before him; and every scene of torture and of torment which had been depicted, by narration, to his youthful eye, was now present to his terrified imagination, hightened by the thought that they were about to be re-enacted on himself. In anticipation of this horrid doom for some time he wept in bitterness and affliction; but

[307] "The tear down childhood's cheek that flows, Is like the dew drop on the rose;-- When next the summer breeze comes by And waves the bush, the flower is dry."--

When the fire was kindled at night, the supper prepared and offered to him, all idea of his future fate was merged in their present kindness; and Henry soon sunk to sleep, though enclosed in horrid hug, by savage arms.

It was different with John. He felt the reality of their situation.--He was alive to the anguish which he knew would agitate the bosom of his mother, and he thought over the means of allaying it so intensely, that sleep was banished from his eyes. Finding the others all locked in deep repose, he disengaged himself from the embrace of the savage at his side, and walked to the fire. To test the soundness of their sleep, he rekindled the dying blaze, and moved freely about it. All remained still and motionless,--no suppressed breathing, betrayed a feigned repose. He gently twitched the sleeping Henry, and whispering softly in his ear, bade him get up. Henry obeyed, and they both stood by the fire. "I think, said John, we had better go home now." "Oh! replied Henry, they will follow and catch us again." "Never fear that, rejoined John, we'll kill them before we go." The idea was for some time opposed by Henry; but when he beheld the savages so soundly asleep, and listened to his brother's plan of executing his wish, he finally consented to act the part prescribed him.

The only gun which the Indians had, was resting against a tree, at the foot of which lay their tomahawks. John placed it on a log, with the muzzle near to the head of one of the savages; cocked it, and leaving Henry with his finger to the trigger, ready to pull upon the signal being given, he repaired to his own station. Holding in his hand one of their tomahawks, he stood astride of the other Indian, and as he raised his arm to deal death to the sleeping savage, Henry fired, and shooting off the lower part of the Indian's jaw, called to his brother, "_lay on, for I've done for this one_," seized up the gun and ran off. The first blow of the tomahawk took effect on the back of the neck, and was not fatal. The Indian attempted to spring up; but John repeated his strokes with such force and so quickly, that he soon brought him again to the ground; and leaving him dead proceeded on after his brother.

They presently came to a path which they recollected to have travelled, the preceding evening, and keeping along it, arrived at the station awhile before day. The inhabitants were however, all up and in much uneasiness for the fate of the boys; and when they came near and heard a well known voice exclaim in accents of deep distress, "_Poor little fellows, they are killed or taken prisoners_," John replied aloud,--"No mother, we are here again."

When the tale of their captivity, and the means by which their deliverance was effected, were told, they did not obtain full credence. [308] Piqued at the doubts expressed by some, John observed, "you had better go and see." "But, can you again find the spot," said one. "Yes, replied he, I hung my hat up at the turning out place and can soon shew you the spot." Accompanied by several of the men, John returned to the theatre of his daring exploits; and the truth of his statement received ample confirmation. The savage who had been tomahawked was lying dead by the fire--the other had crawled some distance; but was tracked by his blood until found, when it was agreed to leave him, "_as he must die at any rate_."

Companies of rangers had been for several seasons stationed on the Ohio river, for the greater security of the persons and property of those who resided on and near the frontier. During this year a company which had been stationed at the mouth of Fishing creek,[5] and had remained there until its term of service had expired, determined then on a scout into the Indian country; and crossing the river, marched on for some days before they saw any thing which indicated their nearness to Indians. Pursuing a path which seemed to be much used, they came in view of an Indian camp, and observing another path, which likewise seemed to be much frequented, Ensign Levi Morgan was sent with a detachment of the men, to see if it would conduct them to where were others of the Indians, who soon returned with the information that he had seen another of their encampments close by. Upon the receipt of this intelligence, the Lieutenant was sent forward with a party of men to attack the second encampment, while the Captain with the residue of the company should proceed against that which had been first discovered, and commence an assault on it, when he should hear the firing of the Lieutenant's party at the camp which he was sent to assail.

When the second camp was approached and the men posted at intervals around it, awaiting the light of day to begin the assault, the Lieutenant discovered that there was a greater force of Indians with whom he would have to contend than was expected, and prudently resolved to withdraw his men without coming into collision with them. Orders for this movement were directly given, and the party immediately retired. There was however, one of the detachment, who had been posted some small distance in advance of the others with directions to fire as soon as the Indians should be seen stirring, and who, unapprized of the withdrawal of the others, [309] maintained his station, until he observed a squaw issuing from a camp, when he fired at her and rushed up, expecting to be supported by his comrades. He fell into the hands of those whom he had thus assailed; but his fate was far different from what he had every reason to suppose it would be, under those circumstances. It was the hunting camp of Isaac Zane, and the female at whom he had shot was the daughter of Zane; the ball had slightly wounded her in the wrist. Her father, although he had been with the Indians ever since his captivity when only nine years of age, had not yet acquired the ferocious and vindictive passions of those with whom he had associated; but practising the forbearance and forgiveness of christian and civilized man, generously conducted the wanton assailant so far upon his way, that he was enabled though alone to reach the settlement in safety. His fate was different from that of those, who had been taken prisoners by that part of the company which remained at the first camp with the Captain. When the Lieutenant with the detachment, rejoined the others, disappointment at the failure of the expedition under him, led some of the men to fall upon the Indian prisoners and inhumanly murder them.

Notwithstanding that preparations for an active campaign against the savages was fast ripening to their perfection, and that the troops of the general government had penetrated as far as to the field, on which had been fought the fatal battle of the fourth of November, 1791, and erected there Fort Recovery,[6] yet did they not cease from their accustomed inroads upon the settlements, even after the winter of 1793.--In March 1794, a party of them crossed the Ohio river, and as they were advancing towards the settlements on the upper branches of the Monongahela, met with Joseph Cox, then on his way to the mouth of Leading creek on Little Kenhawa, for a load of furs and skins which he had left there, at the close of his hunt the preceding fall. Cox very unexpectedly met them in a narrow pass, and instantly wheeled his horse to ride off. Endeavoring to stimulate the horse to greater speed by the application of the whip, the animal became stubborn and refused to go at all, when Cox was forced to dismount and seek safety on foot. His pursuers gained rapidly upon him, and he saw that one of them would soon overtake him. He faced the savage who was near, and raised his gun to fire; but nothing daunted, the Indian rushed forward. Cox's gun [310] missed fire, and he was instantly a prisoner. He was taken to their towns and detained in captivity for some time; but at length made his escape, and returned safely to the settlement.

On the 24th of July, six Indians visited the West Fork river, and at the mouth of Freeman's creek, met with, and made prisoner, a daughter of John Runyan. She was taken off by two of the party of savages, but did not go more than ten or twelve miles, before she was put to death. The four Indians who remained, proceeded down the river and on the next day came to the house of William Carder, near below the mouth of Hacker's creek. Mr. Carder discovered them approaching, in time to fasten his door; but in the confusion of the minute, shut out two of his children, who however ran off unperceived by the savages and arrived in safety at the house of a neighbor. He then commenced firing and hallooing, so as to alarm those who were near and intimidate the Indians. Both objects were accomplished. The Indians contented themselves with shooting at the cattle, and then retreated; and Mr. Joseph Chevront, who lived hardby, hearing the report of the guns and the loud cries of Carder, sent his own family to a place of safety, and with nobleness of purpose, ran to the relief of his neighbor. He enabled Carder to remove his family to a place of greater security, although the enemy were yet near, and engaged in skinning one of the cattle that they might take with them a supply of meat. On the next day a company of men assembled, and went in pursuit; but they could not trail the savages far, because of the great caution with which they had retreated, and returned without accomplishing any thing.

Two days afterward, when it was believed that the Indians had left the neighborhood, they came on Hacker's creek near to the farm of Jacob Cozad, and finding four of his sons bathing, took three of them prisoners, and killed the fourth, by repeatedly stabbing him with a bayonet attached to a staff. The boys, of whom they made prisoners, were immediately taken to the Indian towns and kept in captivity until the treaty of Greenville in 1795. Two of them were then delivered up to their father, who attended to enquire for them,--the third was not heard of for some time after, but was at length found at Sandusky, by his elder brother and brought home.

After the victory obtained by General Wayne over the Indians, [311] Jacob Cozad, Jr. was doomed to be burned to death, in revenge of the loss then sustained by the savages. Every preparation for carrying into execution this dreadful determination was quickly made. The wood was piled, the intended victim was apprized of his approaching fate, and before the flaming torch was applied to the faggots, he was told to take leave of those who were assembled to witness the awful spectacle. The crowd was great, and the unhappy youth could with difficulty press his way through them. Amid the jeers and taunts of those whom he would address, he was proceeding to discharge the last sad act of his life, when a female, whose countenance beamed with benignity, beckoned him to follow her. He did not hesitate. He approached as if to bid her farewell, and she succeeded in taking him off unobserved by the many eyes gazing around, and concealed him in a wigwam among some trunks and covered loosely with a blanket. He was presently missed, and a search immediately made for him. Many passed near in quest of the devoted victim, and he could hear their steps and note their disappointment. After awhile the uproar ceased, and he felt more confident of security. In a few minutes more he heard approaching footsteps and felt that the blanket was removed from him. He turned to surrender himself to his pursuers, and meet a dreadful death.--But no! they were two of his master's sons who had been directed where to find him, and they conducted him securely to the Old Delaware town, where he remained until carried to camp upon the conclusion of a treaty of peace.[7]

In a short time after the happening of the events at Cozad's, a party of Indians made an irruption upon Tygart's Valley. For some time the inhabitants of that settlement had enjoyed a most fortunate exemption from savage molestation; and although they had somewhat relaxed in vigilance, they did not however omit to pursue a course calculated to ensure a continuance of their tranquillity and repose. Instead of flying for security, as they had formerly, to the neighboring forts upon the return of spring, the increase of population and the increased capacity of the communion to repel aggression, caused them to neglect other acts of precaution, and only to assemble at

## particular houses, when danger was believed to be instant and at hand.

In consequence of the reports which reached them of the injuries lately committed by the [312] savages upon the West Fork, several families collected at the house of Mr. Joseph Canaan for mutual security, and while thus assembled, were visited by a party of Indians, when perfectly unprepared for resistance. The savages entered the house awhile after dark, and approaching the bed on which Mr. Canaan was lolling, one of them addressed him with the familiarity of an old acquaintance and saying "how d'ye do, how d'ye do," presented his hand. Mr. Canaan was rising to reciprocate the greeting, when he was pierced by a ball discharged at him from another savage, and fell dead. The report of the gun at once told, who were the visitors, and put them upon using immediate exertions to effect their safety by flight. A young man who was near when Canaan was shot, aimed at the murderer a blow with a drawing knife, which took effect on the head of the savage and brought him to the ground. Ralston then escaped through the door, and fled in safety, although fired at as he fled.

When the Indians entered the house, there was a Mrs. Ward sitting in the room. So soon as she observed that the intruders were savages, she passed into another apartment with two of the children, and going out with them through a window, got safely away. Mr. Lewis (brother to Mrs. Canaan) likewise escaped from a back room, in which he had been asleep at the firing of the gun. Three children were tomahawked and scalped,--Mrs. Canaan made prisoner, and the savages withdrew. The severe wound inflicted on the head of the Indian by Ralston, made it necessary that they should delay their return to their towns, until his recovery; and they accordingly remained near the head of the middle fork of Buchannon, for several weeks. Their extreme caution in travelling, rendered any attempt to discover them unavailing; and when their companion was restored they proceeded on, uninterruptedly. On the close of the war, Mrs. Canaan was redeemed from captivity by a brother from Brunswick, in New Jersey, and restored to her surviving friends.

Thus far in the year 1794, the army of the United States had not been organised for efficient operations. Gen. Wayne had been actively employed in the discharge of every preparatory duty devolving on him; and those distinguishing characteristics of uncommon daring and bravery, which had acquired for him the appellation of "_Mad Anthony_," and which [313] so eminently fitted him for the command of an army warring against savages, gave promise of success to his arms.

Before the troops marched from Fort Washington, it was deemed advisable to have an abundant supply of provisions in the different forts in advance of this, as well for the supply of their respective garrisons, as for the subsistence of the general army, in the event of its being driven into them, by untoward circumstances. With this view, three hundred pack-horses, laden with flour, were sent on to Fort Recovery; and, as it was known that considerable bodies of the enemy were constantly hovering about the forts, and awaiting opportunities of cutting off any detachments from the main army, Major McMahon, with eighty riflemen under Capt. Hartshorn, and fifty dragoons, under Capt. Taylor, was ordered on as an escort. This force was too great to justify the savages in making an attack, until they could unite the many war parties which were near;.and before this could be effected, Major McMahon reached his destination.

On the 30th of July,[8] as the escort was about leaving Fort Recovery, it was attacked by an army of one thousand Indians, in the immediate vicinity of the fort. Captain Hartshorn had advanced only three or four hundred yards, at the head of the riflemen, when he was unexpectedly beset on every side. With the most consummate bravery and good conduct, he maintained the unequal conflict, until Major McMahon, placing himself at the head of the cavalry, charged upon the enemy, and was repulsed with considerable loss. Maj. McMahon, Capt. Taylor and Cornet Terry fell upon the first onset, and many of the privates were killed or wounded. The whole savage force being now brought to press on Capt. Hartshorn, that brave officer was forced to try and regain the Fort, but the enemy interposed its strength, to prevent this movement. Lieutenant Drake and Ensign Dodd, with twenty volunteers, marched from Fort Recovery and forcing a passage through a column of the enemy at the point of the bayonet, joined the rifle corps, at the instant that Capt. Hartshorn received a shot which broke his thigh. Lieut. Craig being killed and Lieut. Marks taken prisoner, Lieut. Drake conducted the retreat; and while endeavoring for an instant to hold the enemy in check, so as to enable the soldiers to bring off their wounded captain, himself received a shot in the groin, and the retreat was resumed, leaving Capt. Hartshorn on the field.

[314] When the remnant of the troops came within the walls of the Fort, Lieut. Michael, who had been early detached by Capt. Hartshorn to the flank of the enemy, was found to be missing, and was given up as lost. But while his friends were deploring his unfortunate fate, he and Lieut. Marks, who had been early taken prisoner, were seen rushing through the enemy, from opposite directions towards the Fort. They gained it safely, notwithstanding they were actively pursued, and many shots fired at them. Lieut. Marks had got off by knocking down the Indian who held him prisoner; and Lieut. Michael had lost all of his party, but three men. The entire loss of the Americans was twenty-three killed, and forty wounded.[9] The riflemen brought in ten scalps which were taken early in the action; beyond this the enemy's loss was never ascertained. Many of them were no doubt killed and wounded, as they advanced in solid columns up to the very muzzles of the guns, and were afterwards seen carrying off many of their warriors on pack horses.

At length Gen. Wayne put the army over which he had been given the command, in motion;[10] and upon its arrival at the confluence of the Au Glaize and the Miami of the Lakes, another effort was made for the attainment of peace, without the effusion of blood. Commissioners were sent forward to the Indians to effect this desirable object; who exhorted them to listen to their propositions for terminating the war, and no longer to be deluded by the counsels of white emissaries, who had not the power to afford them protection; but only sought to involve the frontier of the United States in a war, from which much evil, but no good could possibly result to either party. The savages however felt confident that success would again attend their arms, and deriving additional incentives to war from their proximity to the British fort, recently erected at the foot of the rapids, declined the overture for peace, and seemed ardently to desire the battle, which they knew must soon be fought.

The Indian army at this time, amounted to about two thousand warriors, and when reconnoitered on the 19th of August were found encamped in a thick bushy wood and near to the British Fort. The army of Gen. Wayne was equal in numbers to that of the enemy; and when on the morning of the 20th, it took up the line of march, the troops were so disposed as to avoid being surprised, and to come into action on the [315] shortest notice, and under the most favorable circumstances. A select battalion of mounted volunteers, commanded by Major Price, moving in advance of the main army, had proceeded but a few miles, when a fire so severe was aimed at it by the savages concealed, as usual, that it was forced to fall back. The enemy had chosen their ground with great judgment, taking a position behind the fallen timber,[11] which had been prostrated by a tornado, and in a woods so thick as to render it impracticable for the cavalry to act with effect. They were formed into three regular lines, much extended in front, within supporting distance of each other, and reaching about two miles; and their first effort was to turn the left flank of the American army.

Gen. Wayne ordered the first line of his army to advance with trailed arms, to rouse the enemy from their covert at the point of the bayonet, and when up to deliver a close and well directed fire, to be followed by a charge so brisk as not to allow them time to reload or form their lines. The second line was ordered to the support of the first; and Capt. Campbell at the head of the cavalry, and Gen. Scott at the head of the mounted volunteers were sent forward to turn the left and right wings of the enemy. All these complicated orders were promptly executed; but such was the impetuosity of the charge made by the first line of infantry, so completely and entirely was the enemy broken by it, and so rapid the pursuit, that only a small part of the second line and of the mounted volunteers were in time to participate in the action, notwithstanding the great exertions of their respective officers to co-operate in the engagement; and in less than one hour, the savages were driven more than two miles and within gunshot of the British Fort, by less than one half their numbers.

Gen. Wayne remained three days on the banks of the Miami, in front of the field of battle left to the full and quiet possession of his army, by the flight and dispersion of the savages. In this time, all the houses and cornfields, both above and below the British Fort, and among the rest, the houses and stores of Col. McKee,[12] an English trader of great influence among the Indians and which had been invariably exerted to prolong the war, were consumed by fire or otherwise entirely destroyed. On the 27th, the American army returned to its head quarters, laying waste the cornfields and villages on each side of the river for about fifty miles; and [316] this too in the most populous and best improved part of the Indian country.

The loss sustained by the American army, in obtaining this brilliant victory, over a savage enemy flushed with former successes, amounted to thirty-three killed and one hundred wounded:[13] that of the enemy was never ascertained. In his official account of the action, Gen. Wayne says, "The woods were strewed for a considerable distance, with the dead bodies of the Indians and their white auxiliaries;" and at a council held a few days after, when British agents endeavored to prevail on them to risk another engagement, they expressed a determination to "bury the bloody hatchet" saying, that they had just lost more than two hundred of their warriors.

Some events occurred during this engagement, which are deemed worthy of being recorded here, although not of general interest. While Capt. Campbell was engaged in turning the left-flank, of the enemy, three of them plunged into the river, and endeavored to escape the fury of the conflict, by swimming to the opposite shore. They were seen by two negroes, who were on the bank to which the Indians were aiming, and who concealed themselves behind a log for the purpose of intercepting them. When within shooting distance one of the negroes fired and killed one of the Indians. The other two took hold of him to drag him to shore, when one of them was killed, by the fire of the other negro. The remaining Indian, being now in shoal water, endeavored to draw both the dead to the bank; but before he could effect this, the negro who had first fired, had reloaded, and again discharging his gun, killed him also, and the three floated down the river.

Another circumstance is related, which shows the obstinacy with which the contest was maintained by individuals in both armies. A soldier and an Indian came in collision, the one having an unloaded gun,--the other a tomahawk. After the action was over, they were both found dead; the soldier with his bayonet in the body of the Indian,--and the Indian with his tomahawk in the head of the soldier.

Notwithstanding the signal victory, obtained by General Wayne over the Indians, yet did their hostility to the whites lead them to acts of occasional violence, and kept them for some time from acceding to the proposals for peace. In [317] consequence of this, their whole country was laid waste, and forts erected in the hearts of their settlements at once to starve and awe them into quiet. The desired effect was produced. Their crops being laid waste, their villages burned, fortresses erected in various parts of their country and kept well garrisoned, and a victorious army ready to bear down upon them at any instant, there was no alternative left them but to sue for peace. When the Shawanees made known their wish to bury the _bloody hatchet_, Gen. Wayne refused to treat singly with them, and declared that all the different tribes of the North Western Indians should be parties to any treaty which he should make. This required some time as they had been much dispersed after the defeat of the 20th of August, and the great devastation committed on their crops and provisions by the American army, had driven many to the woods, to procure a precarious subsistence by hunting. Still however, to such abject want and wretchedness were they reduced, that exertions were immediately made to collect them in general council; and as this was the work of some time, it was not effected until midsummer of 1795.

In this interval of time, there was but a solitary interruption, caused by savage aggression, to the general repose and quiet of North Western Virginia; and that interruption occurred in a settlement which had been exempt from invasion since the year 1782. In the summer of 1795, the trail of a large party of Indians was discovered on Leading creek, and proceeding directly towards the settlements on the head of the West Fork, those on Buchannon river, or in Tygart's Valley. In consequence of the uncertainty against which of them, the savages would direct their operations, intelligence of the discovery which had been made, was sent by express to all; and measures, to guard against the happening of any unpleasant result, were taken by all, save the inhabitants on Buchannon. They had so long been exempt from the murderous incursions of the savages, while other settlements not remote from them, were yearly deluged with blood, that a false security was engendered, in the issue, fatal to the lives and happiness of some of them, by causing them to neglect the use of such precautionary means, as would warn them of the near approach of danger, and ward it when it came.

Pursuing their usual avocations in despite of the warning which had been given them, on the day after the express had [318] sounded an alarm among them, as John Bozarth, sen. and his sons George and John were busied in drawing grain from the field to the barn, the agonizing shrieks of those at the house rent the air around them; and they hastened to ascertain, and if practicable avert the cause. The elasticity of youth enabled George to approach the house some few paces in advance of his father, but the practised eye of the old gentleman, first discovered an Indian, only a small distance from his son, and with his gun raised to fire upon him. With parental solicitude he exclaimed, "See George, an Indian is going to shoot you." George was then too near the savage, to think of escaping by flight. He looked at him steadily, and when he supposed the fatal aim was taken and the finger just pressing on the trigger, he fell, and the ball whistled by him. Not doubting but that the youth had fallen in death, the savage passed by him and pressed in pursuit of the father.

Mr. Bozarth had not attained to that age when the sinews become too much relaxed for active exertion, but was yet springy and agile, and was enabled to keep ahead of his pursuer. Despairing of overtaking him, by reason of his great speed, the savage hurled a tomahawk at his head. It passed harmless by; and the old gentleman got safely off.

When George Bozarth fell as the Indian fired, he lay still as if dead, and supposing the scalping knife would be next applied to his head, determined on seizing the savage by the legs as he would stoop over him, and endeavor to bring him to the ground; when he hoped to be able to gain the mastery over him. Seeing him pass on in pursuit of his father, he arose and took to flight also. On his way he overtook a younger brother, who had become alarmed, and was hobbling slowly away on a sore foot. George gave him every aid in his power to facilitate his flight, until he discovered that another of the savages was pressing close upon them. Knowing that if he remained with his brother, both must inevitably perish, he was reluctantly forced to leave him to his fate. Proceeding on, he came up with his father, who not doubting but he was killed when the savage fired at him, broke forth with the exclamation, "_Why George, I thought you were dead_," and manifested, even in that sorrowful moment, a joyful feeling at his mistake.

The Indians who were at the house, wrought their work of blood upon such as would have been impediments to their [319] retreat; and killing two or three smaller children, took Mrs. Bozarth and two boys prisoners. With these they made their way to their towns and arrived in time to surrender their captives to Gen. Wayne.

This was the last mischief done by the Indians in North Western Virginia. For twenty years the inhabitants of that section of the country, had suffered all the horrors of savage warfare, and all the woes which spring from the uncurbed indulgence of those barbarous and vindicitive passions, which bear sway in savage breasts. The treaty of Greenville, concluded on the 3d of August 1795, put a period to the war, and with it, to those acts of devastation and death which had so long spread dismay and gloom throughout the land.

FINIS. ----- [1] Drake, in _Aboriginal Races of North America_ (15th ed.), p. 616, cites the Waggoner massacre as "the first exploit in which we find Tecumseh engaged." L. V. McWhorter sends me this interesting note, giving the local tradition regarding the affair: "John Waggoner lived on Jesse's Run, more than two miles above its junction with Hacker's Creek. While engaged in burning logs in his clearing, he was sitting upon a log, with a handspike lying across his lap. It was thought that Tecumseh mistook this tool for a gun, and was nervous. But three in number, the Indians had entered the district with some trepidation. Over Sunday, while the settlers were holding religious services in West's Fort, the savages lay in a neighboring ravine. The dogs of the settlement barked furiously at them, and ran toward their hiding place, trying to lead their masters; but the latter supposed that the animals had merely scented wolves, hence paid no attention to them. Tecumseh was but thirty paces from Waggoner when he fired, and it is singular that he missed, for the latter was a large man and in fair view. Waggoner sprang up and started for his cabin, a short distance only, but when about fifteen yards away saw an Indian chasing one of the children around the house. Waggoner was unarmed; his gun was in the house, but he feared to enter, so ran for help to the cabin of Hardman, a neighbor. But Hardman was out hunting, and there was no gun left there. The screams of his family were now plainly heard by Waggoner, and he was with difficulty restrained from rushing back to help them, unarmed. Jesse Hughes carried the news into the fort, and a rescue party at once set out. Mrs. Waggoner and her three youngest children had been carried across the ridge to where is now Rev. Mansfield McWhorter's farm, on McKenley's Run, and here they were tomahawked and scalped. Henry McWhorter helped to carry the bodies to the fort, but made no mention of their being 'mangled in the most barbarous and shocking manner.'"

The boy Peter, then eight years old, remained with the Indians for twenty years. The manner of his return, as related to me by Mr. McWhorter, was singular, and furnishes an interesting and instructive romance of the border. One Baker, one of John Waggoner's neighbors, went to Ohio to "squat," and on Paint Creek saw Peter with a band of Indians, recognizing him by the strong family resemblance. Baker at once wrote to the elder Waggoner, telling him of his discovery, and the latter soon visited the Paint Creek band, with a view to inducing his son to return home. But Peter was loth to go. He was united to a squaw, and by her had two children. In tears, she bitterly opposed his going. When finally he yielded to parental appeals, he promised her he would soon be back again. When the time for his return to the forest came, his relatives kept him under guard; when it had passed, he was afraid to return to his Indian relatives, having broken his word. Gradually he became reconciled in a measure to his new surroundings, but was ever melancholy, frequently lamenting that he had left his savage family. "Some time after his return to civilization," continues McWhorter, "an Indian woman, supposed to be his wife, passed through the Hacker Creek settlements, inquiring for Peter, and going on toward the East. She appeared to be demented, and sang snatches of savage songs. Peter never knew of her presence, nor would any one inform her of his whereabouts. He was reticent about his life among the Indians, and no details of that feature of his career became known to his white friends."

Tecumseh, who is said to have been born on Hacker's Creek, possibly at a village near the mouth of Jesse's Run, visited the white settlements there, after the peace, and told the whites of his experiences in connection with the Waggoner massacre.--R. G. T.

[2] It must be acknowledged that many of these militia forays against the Indians partook of the nature of buccaneering. The spoils were often considerable. Clark, in his Kaskaskia campaign (1778), captured so much booty, in property and slaves, that he declares his men were made "almost rich."--R. G. T.

[3] In the spring of 1792, Major Trueman, Colonel Hardin, and Mr. Freeman were dispatched from Fort Washington by different routes, to open peace negotiations, but they were murdered by the savages. Gen. Rufus Putnam, aided by Hekewelder, the Moravian, succeeded in binding the Wabash and Illinois Indians to keep the peace. Later, Benjamin Lincoln, Timothy Pickering, and Beverly Randolph were ordered by the president to go to the Maumee to conclude a general treaty which Indians had declared their willingness to enter into. But the commissioners were detained at Niagara by sham conferences with Gov. John Graves Simcoe, of Canada, until the middle of July, when the Indians sent them word that unless they would in advance "agree that the Ohio shall remain the boundary between us," the proposed "meeting would be altogether unnecessary." The commissioners declined to accept this ultimatum, and returned home. Meanwhile, General Wayne was prosecuting preparations for an active campaign against the hostiles.--R. G. T.

[4] On a plain near the old French-Indian-English trading village, called Logstown (just below the present Economy, Pa., on the north side of the Ohio, 18 miles below Pittsburg), Wayne's army lay encamped from November, 1792, to April 30, 1793. The army was fancifully called the "Legion of the United States," and the camp was known as Legionville. From here, Wayne proceeded to Cincinnati, and took up his headquarters in Fort Washington.--R. G. T.

[5] Fishing Creek enters the Ohio 128 miles below Pittsburgh. At its mouth is now the town of New Martinsville, W. Va.--R. G. T.

[6] This was an expedition made by Gen. James Wilkinson, second in command under Wayne, in December, 1793. He marched to the field from Fort Washington at the head of a thousand men, and left a garrison at the new fort.--R. G. T.

[7] McWhorter says that the capture of the Cozad boys took place at the mouth of Lanson Run, near Berlin, W. Va. The boy who was killed was but six years of age; crying for his mother, an Indian grasped him by the heels and cracked his head against a tree,--a favorite method of murdering white children, among Indian war parties. "Jacob yelled once, after starting with the Indians, but was knocked down by a gun in the hands of one of the savages. When he came to his senses, a squaw was dragging him up hill by one foot. He remained with the Indians for about two years, being adopted into a chief's family. He died in 1862, in his eighty-ninth year."--R. G. T.

[8] Thirtieth of June.--R. G. T.

[9] The white loss, in killed, was 22, including Major McMahon.--R. G. T.

[10] The force started August 8. Besides the regulars, were about 1,100 mounted Kentucky militia, under Gen. Charles Scott.--R. G. T.

[11] Hence the popular name of the engagement, "Battle of Fallen Timbers."--R. G. T.

[12] Alexander McKee, the renegade, of whom mention has frequently been made in foregoing pages.--R. G. T.

[13] Later authorities place the white loss at 107, killed and wounded.--R. G. T.

INDEX. Acosta, Father Joseph, on origin of Indians, 14.

Adair, James, _History of American Indians_, 17-23.

Adair, Maj., attacked by Indians, 413.

Albermarle county, Va., 54.

Alexander, Archibald, early settler, 52; in Sandy-creek voyage, 81.

Alexander, John, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81.

Alexandria, O., old Shawneetown at, 82, 92.

Alexandria, Va., 60, 181.

Alleghany county, Va., census (1830), 55.

Alleghany mountains, early Indians in, 44, 45, 47; crossed by English, 63-66.

Alleghany river, early Indians on, 45, 46, 73; discovered by Le Moyne, 64; French on, 65; Grant's defeat, 71; in Dunmore's war, 150; in Revolution, 301, 309.

Allen, ----, killed at Point Pleasant, 171.

Almon, J., _Remembrancer_, 355.

Amherst county, Va., militia of, 99.

Amherst, Jeffrey, orders Bouquet's expedition, 107.

Anderson, James, early settler, 126.

Appalachas, Indian village, attacked by Narvaez, 7.

Arbuckle, Matthew, in Dunmore's war, 165, 170, 175; at murder of Cornstalk, 211, 212, 216; commandant of Ft. Randolph, 209, 241.

Archæology. _See_ Mound-builders.

Archer, Betsy, daughter of Sampson, 52.

Archer, Sampson, early settler, 52, 89.

Arkansas river, Salling at, 48.

Armstrong, Capt., on Harmar's campaign, 394.

Ashcraft, Uriah, attacked by Indians, 397.

Ashly, Lieut., killed by Indians, 332.

Athol, Thomas, 93.

Au Glaize river, treaty of, 376; Wayne on, 424, 425.

Augusta county, Va., formed, 55, 57, 61, 151; early settlers in, 53; census (1830), 55, 56; militia of, 49, 52, 66, 68, 81, 90, 164, 166, 170, 209, 210; McDowell's fight, 52; ransom of Moores, 374; Preston's _Register of Indian Depredations_, 87; _History of_, 246.

Bailey, ----, in Dunmore's war, 169.

Bailey, Minter, 240.

Baker, ----, discovers Peter Waggoner, 410.

Baker, Henry, killed by Indians, 291, 292.

Baker, Joshua, murders Logan family, 125, 148-150.

Baker, William, explores Kentucky, 115.

Baker's bottom, massacre of Indians at, 134, 142, 148-150, 184.

Bald Eagle, killed by whites, 135, 136.

Barkley, Elihu, with Braddock, 66.

Barlow, Joel, agent of Scioto Co., 60.

Bartlett's run, 248.

Bath county, Va., census (1830), 55, 56.

Baxter's run, 247.

Bean, Capt., on Sandusky campaign, 328.

Beard, Samuel, early settler, 127.

Bear Grass river, early settlements on, 274; foray on, 384, 385.

Beaver, Delaware chief, 45.

Beaver river, Shingiss Old Town, 45; Moravians on, 314; Ft. McIntosh built, 237; treaty at Ft. McIntosh, 366.

Bedinger, George M., in Bowman's campaign, 271.

Bedford county, Pa., 190; in "Black boys" uprising, 112-114.

Bedford county, Va., 70; militia of, 164.

Bell, James, with Braddock, 66.

Berkeley county, W. Va., census (1830), 55, 56; militia of, 164.

Berkeley, Sir William, fosters western exploration, 64.

Berlin, W. Va., 290; foray near, 421.

Beverly, W. Va., origin of, 74.

Big Beaver river. _See_ Beaver.

Big Bone creek, Clark at, 146.

Big Bone lick, 271.

Biggs, Benjamin, early settler, 125, 203; killed by Indians, 332.

Big Hockhocking river. _See_ Hockhocking.

Big Kanawha river. _See_ Great Kanawha.

Big Knives. _See_ Long Knives.

Big lick, 162.

Big Miami river. _See_ Miami.

Big Sandy river, in Shawnee campaign, 81-86.

Big Sewell mountain, origin of name, 57.

Bildercock, ----, militia officer, 227, 228.

Bingamon creek, forays on, 367, 369.

Bird, Henry, attacks American borderers, 254; beseiges Ft. Laurens, 262; invades Kentucky, 286, 297-300, 305.

Black Beard, Shawnee chief, 268.

Black boys, border regulators, 105, 106; attack Pennsylvania traders, 109-116.

Black Fish, Shawnee chief, 201, 202, 266, 268, 273.

Black Hoof, Shawnee chief, 268.

Bledsoe, Anthony, in Dunmore's war, 167.

Blevins, William, early settler, 59, 60.

Blue licks, 268; Boone's captivity, 265-267; battle of, 351-354, 388.

Blue ridge, 69, 83, 100; early tribes of, 44, 47; early explorations of, 64; Borden grant, 51; first settlements beyond, 50, 52, 55.

Bluestone river, 61; in Sandy creek voyage, 82.

Boiling Springs, Ky., represented in Transylvania legislature, 193.

Bolivar, O., 261.

Bonnett, John, killed by Indians, 377.

Boone county, N. Y., Delawares in, 136.

Boone, Daniel, on Holston, 59; first explores Kentucky, 142-144; second trip (1773), 144, 145, 147; in Dunmore's war, 152, 153, 190; founds Boonesborough, 190-197; captured by Indians, 265-267; in Chêne's attack on Boonesborough, 268, 269; in Paint creek expedition, 267, 268; at battle of Blue licks, 351-353.

Boone, Mrs. Daniel, first white woman in Kentucky, 196, 197.

Boone, James, killed by Indians, 144, 145.

Boone, Squire, explores Kentucky, 143, 144.

Boonesborough, Ky., founded, 190-197; first attacked by Indians, 200, 202, 205; Bowman's arrival, 207, 208; during Boone's captivity, 265-267; Chêne's attack on, 268, 270; during Revolution, 350, 351.

Booth's creek, origin of name, 122, 123; forays on, 247, 248, 290, 309, 343.

Booth, James, early settler, 122, 123; killed by Indians, 247.

Borden, Benjamin, Sr., land-grant, 50-54, 66; sketch, 51.

Borden, Benjamin, Jr., 52.

Boshears, William, scouting service, 227, 228.

Botetourt county, Va., 66, 70; census (1830), 55, 56; Holston settlement, 59; militia of, 81, 164, 165, 167, 209, 210.

Bouquet, Henry, campaign against Indians, 106-109, 173; treaty with Indians, 91, 141, 173, 179.

Bourbon county, Ky., 67, 115.

Bowman, James L., 79.

Bowman, John, campaign (1779), 190; early defense of Kentucky, 207, 208; Chillicothe expedition, 271-274; cited, 268; sketch, 271.

Boyd, John, killed by Indians, 222.

Bozarth, George, adventure with Indians, 429, 430.

Bozarth, John, Sr., attacked by Indians, 279, 429, 430.

Bozarth, John, Jr., adventure with Indians, 429, 430.

Bozarth, Mrs., adventures with Indians, 279, 280.

Braddock, Edward, campaign and defeat of, 65-69, 71, 72, 77, 105, 106, 143, 145, 147, 169.

Braddock, Pa., 68.

Braddock's road, history of, 77.

Brain, ----, killed by Indians, 240.

Brain, Benjamin, captured by Indians, 280, 281.

Brain, Isaac, captured by Indians, 280, 281.

Brain, James, killed by Indians, 280, 281.

Brant, Joseph, Indian chief, 254.

Braxton county, Va., Bulltown massacre, 136-138.

Breckenridge, Robert, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81.

Brenton, Capt., on Sandusky campaign, 328.

Bridger, ----, killed by Indians, 292.

Brinton, Maj., on Sandusky campaign, 328.

Brodhead, Daniel, expedition to Muskingum, 300-305, 309; receives news from Moravians, 315.

Brooke county, W. Va., census (1830), 55, 63; forays in, 380, 381.

Brooks, Thomas, scout, 266.

Brown, ----, in New-river foray, 96, 97.

Brown, ----, killed by Indians, 161.

Brown, Adam, Sr., imprisoned by Indians, 96, 97.

Brown, Adam, Jr., 96.

Brown, Coleman, killed by Indians, 156.

Brown, James, chases Indians, 246; attacked by Indians, 311.

Brown, John, early hunter, 121.

Brown, Samuel, captured by Indians, 96.

Brownsville, Pa. _See_ Redstone.

Bryan, William, companion of Boone, 144.

Bryant, William, killed by Indians, 348.

Bryant station, Ky., threatened by Bird, 296; beseiged by Caldwell, 348-351, 353, 354.

Buchanan, John, diary of, 49.

Buckhannon river, early settlements on, 117-122, 127; Bulltown massacre, 136; in Dunmore's war, 151; Indian forays on, 151, 275, 282, 284, 288, 290, 318, 319, 340, 342, 343, 422, 428.

Buffalo creek, first settlement on, 125; Indian forays, 318, 374-376.

Buffalo gap, Mackey's settlement near, 50.

Buffington, Jonathan, captured by Indians, 311.

Buffington, Mrs., killed by Indians, 311.

Buford, ----, captain in Dunmore's war, 164, 165, 170, 171.

Bulger, Maj., killed at Blue licks, 353.

Bulgess, Adj., killed by Indians, 403.

Bull, Capt., killed by whites, 136-138.

Bullitt, Thomas, in Forbes's campaign, 71; surveys Connolly tract, 145, 146; sketch, 71, 72.

Bullock, Leonard Henley, of Transylvania Co., 191.

Bulltown, Va., massacre of Delawares near, 136-138.

Burd, James, at Redstone, 77-79.

Burning Spring, 82, 85.

Burns, James, killed by Indians, 245.

Bush, Adam, chases Indians, 397.

Bush, John, adventure with Indians, 341, 343; killed by Indians, 396.

Bush, Mrs. John, adventure with Indians, 396, 397.

Bushy run, Bouquet's fight on, 108.

Butler, Mann, _Kentucky_, 193.

Butler, Richard, treaty commissioner, 366, 388; in St. Clair's campaign, 401-403.

Butler, Robert, early settler, 126.

Butterfield, Consul W., _Crawford's Expedition Against Sandusky_, 328; _History of the Girtys_, 153, 178, 189, 224, 308, 347, 404; _Washington-Irvine Correspondence_, 262.

Cabell county, W. Va., census (1830), 55, 56.

Cahokia, Ill., founded by La Salle, 6; Indian mounds at, 40; captured by Clark, 253.

Caldwell, William, expedition against Kentucky, 348-354.

California, O., founded, 392.

Calf Pasture river, in Pontiac war, 97.

Callaway, Richard, at Watauga treaty, 192.

Cameron, Charles, at Point Pleasant, 174.

Cameron, Daniel, killed by Indians, 311.

Campbell, Arthur, militia officer, 268.

Campbell, Capt., on Wayne's campaign, 426, 427.

Campbell, George, border poet, 110, 111.

Campbell, John, at Point Pleasant, 174.

Campbell, William, settles on Holston, 59; at Point Pleasant, 174.

Camp Charlotte, Indian treaty at, 145, 173, 176-186, 190, 197.

Camp Union, in Dunmore's war, 164, 165, 167.

Canaan, Joseph, killed by Indians, 422.

Canestoga Indians, killed by Paxton boys, 104, 105.

Captina creek, in Dunmore's war, 134, 138, 148, 149, 153; in Revolution, 230.

Carder, William, attacked by Indians, 419, 420.

Carlisle, Pa., trial of Smith, 113-115; Scotch-Irish at, 143.

Carmichael's, Pa., founded, 123.

Carpenter, Benjamin, killed by Indians, 414.

Carpenter, Dr., captured by Indians, 96, 97.

Carpenter, Jeremiah, 414.

Carpenter, John, captured by Indians, 319.

Carpenter, Nicholas, adventure with Indians, 399, 400.

Carpenter, William, killed by Indians, 96, 97.

Carr's creek, massacre on, 172, 173.

Carver, ----, settles on Greenbrier, 57.

Carver, Jonathan, visits western Indians, 20, 21, 23, 24; on Indian creek, 38.

Casper's lick, 152.

Catawba Indians, early strength of, 46; attack Delawares, 47; fought by McDowell, 52; claim Kentucky, 142, 194.

Catawba river, early Indians on, 46; Patton's settlement, 51; forays on, 96, 98.

Catholics (Roman), missionary efforts of, 36; at Gallipolis, 60. _See_ Jesuits.

Cayahoga river, Delawares on, 45.

Cayuga Indians, strength of, 46; in Dunmore's war, 155, 172.

Cedar creek, early settlement on, 52.

Champlain, Samuel de, founds Quebec, 4, 5.

Charleston, S. C., 49, 59.

Charlevoix, Father, on origin of Indians, 15, 16.

Cheat river, 63, 118; first settlements on, 75, 76, 126; massacre of Indians on, 135; Indian forays on, 240, 291, 310, 311.

Chêne, Isidore, attacks Boonesborough, 268-270.

Cherokee Indians, early strength of, 46; capture Salling, 48, 49; Williamson among, 104; visit Gov. Glen, 59; in Sandy-creek voyage, 81, 82; opposition to Kentucky settlers, 142, 145; cession to Henderson, 192, 195; during Revolution, 347.

Chevrout, Joseph, relieves Carder, 420.

Chew, Colby, explores Kentucky, 81.

Chickamauga Indians, claim Kentucky, 142.

Chickasaw Indians, early strength, 46; claim Kentucky, 142; cession to Henderson, 195; in St. Clair's campaign, 403-405.

Childers, William, settles on Youghiogheny, 117, 118.

Chillicothe towns, Dyer's captivity, 87; in Dunmore's war, 176, 179, 182, 183, 187; Boone's captivity, 266, 267; Bowman's expedition against, 271-274; in Piqua expedition, 305, 307-309; Indian council at, 346, 347; in Harmar's campaign, 393, 394.

Chillicothe (Old), Renick captivity, 91; Hannah Dennis's escape, 91-93.

Chillicothe (New), Hannah Dennis's escape, 92.

Chippewa Indians, early strength, 46; fight Clark, 252; during Revolution, 347; at Ft. McIntosh treaty, 366, 388.

Chiyawee, Wyandot chief, 172.

Christian, William, in Cherokee campaign, 59; in New-river foray, 99; in Dunmore's war, 165, 167, 170, 171, 190; killed by Indians, 385.

Cincinnati, Indian relics found in, 42; Clark on site of, 306; genesis of, 390-393; in Harmar's campaign, 393-395; in St. Clair's campaign, 401, 405; in Wayne's campaign, 413, 419, 423.

Circleville, O., Indians mounds at, 41.

Clark, ----, on St. Clair's campaign, 402.

Clark, George, scout, 271.

Clark, George Rogers, on Indian mounds, 40; in Dunmore's war, 134, 164; arrival in Kentucky, 197, 200; in early defense of Kentucky, 207; founds Louisville, 146; Illinois campaign, 121, 123, 190, 252-255, 257-261, 270, 294, 295, 411; Piqua campaign, 305-309; Shawnee campaign, 354, 355; Wabash campaign, 386; treaty commissioner, 366, 388; in Spanish conspiracy, 130; sketch, 253, 254.

Clark, John, ambushed by Indians, 262.

Clarke, Col., Pennsylvania militia officer, 263, 264.

Clarksburg, W. Va., 275; founded, 127; in Dunmore's war, 151; during Revolution, 284, 310, 311, 341, 342, 345; miscellaneous forays near, 376, 381, 383, 397.

Clay, ----, killed by Indians, 166.

Clegg, ----, family captured by Indians, 398, 399.

Clendennin's settlement, Hannah Dennis at, 93; massacre at, 93-95; family captured by Indians, 172, 173.

Clinch river, first settlements on, 59, 60; Boone on, 145, 152; in Henderson's grant, 193; foray on, 374.

Coburn, Capt., chases Indians, 410, 411.

Coburn's creek, 248, 249.

Cochran, Nathaniel, captured by Indians, 247, 250, 251.

Cocke, William, at Watauga treaty, 192.

Cohunnewago Indians, strength of, 46.

Colden, C., _Five Nations of New York_, 194.

Coleman, Moses, killed by Indians, 285.

Columbia, O., founded, 391, 392.

Congo creek, 176.

Connecticut, relinquishes Western land claim, 389.

Connelly, ----, early settler, 126.

Connoly, Darby, killed by Indians, 234.

Connolly, John, agent of Dunmore, 74, 142, 145, 149; in Dunmore's war, 164, 179-181, 188; land claim at Louisville, 145, 146.

Conococheague valley, massacre in, 101, 105; a fur-trade centre, 109, 113.

Cooley, William, companion of Boone, 143.

Coomes, William, adventure with Indians, 201.

Coon, ----, daughter killed by Indians, 218, 219.

Coonce, Mark, French trader, 79.

Cooper, ----, killed by Indians, 311.

Coplin, Benjamin, kills an Indian, 344.

Corbly, John, attacked by Indiana, 345.

Corn island, Clark at, 253, 294.

Cornstalk, Shawnee chief, at Point Pleasant, 168, 170, 172, 173; at treaty of Camp Charlotte, 183-186; imprisoned at Ft. Randolph, 209, 215, 216; murder of, 173, 211-214, 235, 236, 241, 266; sketch of, 172, 173.

Cornwallis, Lord, surrender of, 347.

Coshocton, O., 153, 314.

Coshocton, Indian village, Brodhead's expedition against, 302-305, 309, 316.

Cottrial, Andrew, early settler, 127.

Cottrial, Samuel, early settler, 127; attacked by Indians, 284, 285.

Cowan, John, on Bullitt's survey, 146.

Coward, ----, adventure with Indians, 166.

Cowpasture river, 91.

Cox, Joseph, captured by Indians, 419.

Cozad, Jacob, Sr., sons killed by Indians, 420.

Cozad, Jacob, Jr., escapes from Indians, 420, 421.

Craig, Lieut., killed by Indians, 424.

Craig, James, adventure with Indians, 203.

Craig's creek, 90.

Crawford, ----, killed by Indians, 344.

Crawford, James, early settler, 123.

Crawford, John, killed by Indians, 331, 334, 336.

Crawford, William, in Dunmore's war, 164, 168, 179, 185, 220; Sandusky campaign of, 328-339; sketch, 334.

Crawford, William (nephew of foregoing), killed by Indians, 331.

Cresap, Michael, in Dunmore's war, 134, 149, 154, 164; accused by Logan, 184.

Cresap, Thomas, opens Braddock's road, 77.

Crooked creek, 169, 170.

Crooked run, Indian forays on, 282, 344.

Cross creek, 78.

Cross, Thomas, Sr., 91.

Crouch, James, wounded by Indians, 287.

Crouse, Peter, killed by Indians, 282.

Culpeper county, Va., 59; militia of, 66; in Dunmore's war, 159, 164.

Cumberland county, Pa., 143.

Cumberland Gap, Walden's trip, 60; Boone opens path, 143, 192.

Cumberland, Md., Ohio Co.'s post at, 77.

Cumberland river, Walden's trip, 60; explored by Smith, 115; Boone on, 152; in Henderson's purchase, 192, 193; foray on, 200.

Cundiff, ----, killed at Point Pleasant, 171.

Cunningham, Edward, fight with Indians, 238, 239, 367-370, 373.

Cunningham, Robert, early settler, 126.

Cunningham, Thomas, 218; family attacked by Indians, 367, 373.

Cunningham, Mrs. Thomas, captured by Indians, 367-373.

Curl, Jeremiah, attacked by Indians, 288, 289.

Curner, ----, on Mad-river campaign, 387.

Cusick, David, _Ancient History of Six Nations_, 18, 26, 40.

Cutright, Benjamin, early settler, 122.

Cutright, John, Sr., early settler, 122; murders Indians, 137; wounded by Indians, 290.

Cutright, John, Jr., 122.

Cutright, Peter, attacked by Indians, 288, 289.

Danville, Ky., origin of, 274; convention at, 115, 190.

Davis, ----, settles on Holston, 59.

Davis, Mrs., daughter of John Jackson, 121.

Davisson, ----, killed by Indians, 373.

Davisson, Daniel, early settler, 127.

Davisson, Josiah, brother of Nathaniel, 283.

Davisson, Nathaniel, killed by Indians, 283, 284.

Davisson, Obadiah, early settler, 127.

Decker, Thomas, early settler, 123; attacked by Indians, 77, 78.

Decker's creek, first settlement on, 77.

De Creve Coeurs, St. John, _Lettres_, 153.

De Hass, Wills, _History of Indian Wars_, 222.

De Huron, George, on origin of Indians, 15.

De Kalb, Baron, 86.

De Laet, John, on origin of Indians, 14.

Delaware Indians, on Upper Ohio, 45, 46; attacked by Catawbas, 47; in Decker's creek massacre, 77-79; Seybert massacre, 88, 89; New-river foray, 96-99; Bulltown massacre, 136-138; Pontiac's conspiracy, 136; claim Kentucky, 142; in Dunmore's war, 150, 172, 179; during Revolution, 219, 263, 301, 303, 314, 315, 320, 332, 333, 347; in Harmar's campaign, 393; Ft. McIntosh treaty, 366, 388; subsequent foray, 371; Wayne's campaign, 421.

Delaware river, massacre on, 101-104.

De Moraez, Emanuel, on origin of Indians, 14.

Denman, Matthias, founds Cincinnati, 390-392.

Dennis, Hannah, imprisoned by Indians, 89-93, 95.

Dennis, Joseph, killed by Indians, 89.

Denton, ----, assists Mrs. Cunningham, 372.

Denton, Mrs., settles in Kentucky, 197.

Deny, William, coroner of Bedford, 114.

De Peyster, Arent Schuyler, commandant at Detroit, 295, 317, 365.

De Soto, Ferdinand, discovers Mississippi, 7, 8.

Detroit, 91; Indian villages near, 46; under French domination, 72; Logan at, 155, 156; Connolly at, 181; Boone at, 266, 267; English headquarters during Revolution, 252, 254, 255, 257; English machinations at, 207, 231, 247, 286, 295, 299, 317, 320, 336, 337; arrival of peace news, 365.

De Villiers, defeats Washington, 74; destroys Redstone fort, 77.

Dickinson, John, in Dunmore's war. 170, 175.

Dillon, ----, killed at Point Pleasant, 171.

Dillon, Mrs., killed by Indians, 240.

Dinwiddie, Robert, governor of Virginia, 53, 65; authorizes Sandy-creek voyage, 81, 83, 84; _Papers_, 68, 86.

Dix, Webster, 119.

Dodd, Ensign, on Wayne's campaign, 424.

Doddridge, John, early settler, 125.

Doddridge, Joseph, _Notes on the Settlements_, 125, 126, 153, 183; MS. of, 221.

Donelson, Col., runs Indian boundary, 195.

Donnelly, Andrew, beseiged by Indians, 242-245; repulses them, 291.

Dorman, Timothy, captured by Indians, 340, 341; turns renegade, 341, 342.

Dougherty, Daniel, captured by Indians, 311, 312.

Dougherty, Mrs., killed by Indians, 311.

Doughty, Maj., builds Ft. Washington, 391.

Douglas, James, on Bullitt's survey, 146.

Dragging Canoe, Cherokee chief, 192.

Dragoo, Mrs., killed by Indians, 374, 375.

Drake, Lieut., on Wayne's campaign, 424.

Drake, Lieut.-col., on St. Clair's campaign, 402.

Drake, Samuel G., _Aboriginal Races of North America_, 409.

Draper, Lyman C., historical notes by, 40, 50-53, 57-60, 65, 66, 68, 71, 72, 75, 79, 81, 83, 85-88, 90, 96, 97, 99, 101, 104, 106-108, 115, 121, 123; interviews Salling's descendants, 48; on aboriginal claims to Kentucky, 193-195; cited, 183, 203, 254.

Drinnon, Thomas, attacked by Indians, 292, 293.

Drinnon, Lawrence, attacked by Indians, 291, 292.

Duke, Francis, killed by Indians, 359, 360.

Dunbar, Pa., settled by Gist, 74.

Dunkard bottom, settled, 126; massacre on, 240.

Dunkard creek, a war trail, 75: first settled on, 75; forays on, 249, 250, 279, 398, 399.

Dunkards, early settlements by, 75; massacre of, 76, 77.

Dunkin, John, militia officer, 207.

Dunlap, James, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81; killed by Indians, 87.

Dunlap creek, first settlement on, 77; foray on, 96.

Dunmore, Lord, 74; in Dunmore's war, 135-190, 197, 209, 220, 253, 385; opposes Henderson's purchase, 192.

Du Pratz, Le Page, _History of Louisiana_, 49.

Durrett, Reuben T., _Centenary of Louisville_, 294.

Dutch, introduce African slavery, 10; in New York, 48.

Dyer, James, imprisoned by Indians, 87, 88.

East Meadows, Braddock at, 67.

Eckarly family, early settlers, 126.

Eckarly, Thomas, Dunkard pioneer, 75; massacre of his brother, 76, 77.

Economy, Pa., 413.

Ecuyer, Simeon, under Bouquet. 107.

Edwards, David, killed by Indians, 252.

Edwards, William, Moravian missionary, 314, 317.

Elk creek, in Caldwell's invasion, 351; during Revolution, 284; foray on, 367.

Elk river, origin of name, 118, 119; first settlement on, 126, 127; Stroud massacre, 136, 137; in Dunmore's war, 166, 167, 175; foray on, 414.

Elk's Eye creek. _See_ Muskingum.

Ellinipsico, Cornstalk's son, 172, 211-213.

Elliott, Matthew, in Dunmore's war, 182, 189; attacks Wheeling, 316, 317; encourages forays, 347, 388.

Ellis, Franklin, _History of Fayette Co._, 77.

English, territorial claims of, 1-5, 7; emigration to Virginia, 49; first occupation of the Ohio, 63; struggle for Forks of Ohio, 64-74; Braddock's campaign, 65-69; Forbes's campaign, 69-73; Bouquet's expedition, 106-109; Dunmore's war, 134-190; Bird's invasion, 294-300, 305, 336, 337; Caldwell's invasion, 348-354; second seige of Wheeling, 356, 357; encourage forays on American borderers, 147, 207-210, 215, 216, 224, 225, 231, 236, 252, 253, 260, 285, 286, 317, 388, 425-427.

Episcopalians, 50, 57.

Fairfax, Lord, land-grant of, 50, 51, 334; militia officer, 101.

Fairfield, Va., settled, 52.

Fallen Timbers, battle of, 425-428.

Falling Spring, Va., 86.

Falls of Ohio. _See_ Louisville.

Fauquier county, Va., 145.

Fauquier, governor of Virginia, 86.

Fayette county, Pa., settled, 74, 123; militia from, 328.

Fayette county, W. Va., 57.

Fayetteville, N. C., 192.

Field, John, with Braddock, 66; adventure with Indians, 159-161; in Dunmore's war, 164, 166, 169, 171.

Files. _See_ Foyle, Robert.

Files creek, first settlement on, 74.

Files family, massacre of, 126.

Filson, John, partner of Denman, 391; _Boone's Narrative_, 268.

Fincastle county, Va., 56, 220; Preston as surveyor, 140, 146; militia of, 167.

Findlay, John, explores Kentucky, 142-144.

Fink, ----, killed by Indians, 340.

Fink, John, killed by Indians, 318, 319.

Fink, Henry, early settler, 126; attacked by Indians, 288, 318, 319.

Fink's run, 122.

Fish creek, a war trail, 75, 399; Clark at, 134, 253; foray on, 399.

Fishing creek, foray on, 374; garrison on, 417.

Fitzpatrick, John, on Bullitt's survey. 146.

Fleming, William, in Dunmore's war, 164, 167-170, 174, 175.

Flesher, Henry, attacked by Indians, 366, 367.

Floyd, John, Kentucky surveyor, 152; _Diary of_, 196; builds fort at Louisville, 294; in Piqua campaign, 307.

Florida, discovered by Spanish, 7, 8.

Folebaum, George, killed by Indians, 362.

Folke, George, killed by Indians, 102, 103.

Fontaine, Maj., killed by Indians, 395.

Forbes, John, campaign against Ft. Du Quesne, 69-73, 77, 79, 108, 145, 190.

Fordyce, Capt., 72.

Foreman, William, defeated by Indians, 228-230, 356.

Fort Bedford, in "Black boys" uprising, 112-114.

Fort Bolling, during Revolution, 226.

Fort Boone, seat of Henderson colony, 153.

Fort Buckhannon, during Revolution, 313.

Fort Burd. _See_ Redstone.

Fort Bush, 121.

Fort Casinoe, in Dunmore's war, 151.

Fort Coburn, during Revolution, 248.

Fort Crevecoeur, built by La Salle, 6; Salling at, 48.

Fort Cumberland, 71.

Fort Dickenson, massacre of children, 100.

Fort Dinwiddie, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81; in New-river foray, 97, 99; during Revolution, 291.

Fort Du Quesne, erected, 65; Braddock's expedition, 65-69; Forbes's campaign, 69-73; destroyed, 73. _See_ Pittsburg.

Fort Fincastle. _See_ Wheeling.

Fort Finney, built, 392; treaty of, 388.

Fort Frederick, 71.

Fort Frontenac, built by La Salle, 6; Salling at, 48.

Fort Gower, in Dunmore's war, 179, 182.

Fort Greenville. _See_ Greenville, O.

Fort Hadden, during Revolution, 286.

Fort Hamilton, built by St. Clair, 401; in Wayne's campaign, 413.

Fort Henry. _See_ Wheeling.

Fort Holliday, during Revolution, 226, 227.

Fort Jackson, in Dunmore's war, 151.

Fort Jefferson (Ky.), built by Clark, 254.

Fort Jefferson (O.), built by St. Clair, 401-403, 405; in Wayne's campaign, 413.

Fort Laurens, during Revolution, 256, 261-265.

Fort Le Boeuf, Washington at, 74, 77.

Fort Ligonier, in Forbes's campaign, 73.

Fort Littleton, in French and Indian war, 190.

Fort Loudon, in "Black boys" uprising, 110, 111.

Fort McIntosh, built, 237; during Revolution, 263, 265; treaty of, 366.

Fort Martin, during Revolution, 282.

Fort Massac, Clark at, 253.

Fort Miami, Indian villages near, 46.

Fort Necessity, Washington's defeat at, 69, 74, 77, 145.

Fort Nutter, in Dunmore's war, 151; during Revolution, 275, 341.

Fort Pitt. _See_ Pittsburg.

Fort Pleasant, Eckarly at, 76.

Fort Powers, during Revolution, 247.

Fort Pricket, in Dunmore's war, 151; during Revolution, 240, 275, 279.

Fort Randolph. _See_ Point Pleasant.

Fort Recovery, 401; built by Wilkinson, 419; in Wayne's campaign, 423, 424.

Fort Richards, during Revolution, 240, 241.

Fort Sackville. _See_ Vincennes.

Fort St. Joseph, Indian villages near, 46; in Wayne's campaign, 413.

Fort Seybert, massacre at, 87-89.

Fort Shepherd, in Dunmore's war, 151.

Fort Stradler, during Revolution, 249, 250.

Fort Stanwix, treaty of, 70, 195.

Fort Washington. _See_ Cincinnati.

Fort Wells, 381.

Fort West, during Revolution, 240, 241, 245, 246; forays against, 287-290, 410.

Fort Westfall, in Dunmore's war, 151; during Revolution, 343.

Fort Wilson, during Revolution, 343.

Fort Young, Hannah Dennis at, 93; in New-river foray, 96, 97.

Fox river, explored by French, 6.

Foyle, Robert, settles on Files's creek, 74; massacre of family, 75.

Franklin, Benjamin, 145.

Franklin county, Pa., 106.

Franklin, W. Va., 87.

Frederick county, Va., established, 55; census (1830), 55, 56; Borden manor, 51; militia of, 101, 164.

Freeman, ----, killed by Indians, 412.

Freeman, Mrs., killed by Indians, 245, 246.

Freeman's creek, forays on, 396, 419.

French in America, territorial claims, 5; early explorations, 4-6; occupy Upper Ohio, 45, 63, 64; ransom Salling, 48; conflict with Ohio Co., 64, 65, 74, 77, 123, 147; on Muskingum, 79: on Scioto, 82; Braddock's campaign, 65-69; Forbes's campaign, 69-73; French and Indian war, 143, 145, 156, 159, 190, 334; found Gallipolis, 60, 82; make peace with England, 106, 120; in attack on Boonesborough, 268-270; relations with Clark, 254.

French creek, Smith's expedition to, 106.

French lick, 193.

Friedensstadt, Pa., Moravian village, 314, 319.

Friend, Joseph, chases Indians, 311.

Frothingham, Lieut., killed by Indians, 395.

Fry, Col., in Braddock's army, 66.

Fullenwieder, Peter, defends Rice's fort, 362.

Fur trade, tribal barter, 34; at Winchester, 47; Borden's trade, 51; of Ohio Co., 64, 65, 67, 74, 77, 147; on Scioto, 82; French and English rivalry, 138, 139; Findlay's adventures, 143; of Dunkards, 76; Gibson's, 79; "Black-boys" trouble, 106, 109-116; Simpson's adventures, 118, 119; at Pringle's fort, 120; in Dunmore's war, 150; McKee's, 347; in W. Va., 361.

Furrenash, Charles, children killed by Indians, 313.

Gaddis, Thomas, on Sandusky campaign, 328.

Gage, Thomas, confers with Connolly, 181.

Gallatin, Albert, founds Geneva, W. Va., 117.

Gallipolis, founded by French, 60, 82, 84.

Game, pioneers as hunters, 131; on Greenbrier, 56, 57, 126; in Kentucky, 196, 198, 199, 206, 265, 266; in Valley of Virginia, 119-122; in Tygart's valley, 232, 234; in West Virginia, 280, 283, 367, 374, 375, 410, 411.

Garcia, Gregorio, on origin of Indians, 14.

Gates, Horatio, at Saratoga, 86.

Gatliff, Charles, fights Indians, 244.

Gauley river. 57; Stroud massacre, 136, 137.

Genêt, Edmund Charles, commissions Clark, 254.

Geneva, W. Va., founded, 117.

George, Robert, attacks James Smith, 114.

George's creek, Pringle settlement, 117; murder of Bald Eagle, 136.

Georgia, early slavery in, 9, 10; in Tecumseh's conspiracy, 36.

Germans, at Gallipolis. 60.

Gibson, Col. John, at Fort Pitt, 78, 79; in Dunmore's war, 176, 184; expert swordsman, 207; commands Ft. Laurens, 256, 261-265.

Gibson, John, family captured by Indians, 287.

Giles county, Va., census (1830), 55, 56.

Gilmore, ----, killed by Indians, 211, 212.

Girty, George and James, renegades, 178; during Revolution, 295.

Girty, Simon, in Dunmore's war, 178, 179, 184, 189; not at Wheeling seige, 224, 225, 231; during Revolution, 254, 262, 273, 295, 308, 333, 334, 347, 350-353; subsequent forays, 372, 388; in St. Clair's defeat, 404.

Gist, Christopher, visits Shingiss, 45; trip down Ohio, 79; settles Fayette Co., Pa., 74, 77, 123.

Glass, ----, family attacked by Indians, 380, 381.

Glenn, ----, governor of South Carolina, 59.

Glum, Mrs., at seige of Wheeling, 225.

Gnadenhütten, Moravian village, 314, 317; sacked by whites, 319, 321-327.

Gnatty creek, foray on, 382.

Goff, John, early settler, 126.

Goldsby, ----, killed at Point Pleasant, 171.

Gooch, Sir William, grants Borden manor, 50, 51.

Gordon, Capt, killed at Blue Licks, 353.

Goschocking. _See_ Coshocton.

Graham, James, killed by Indians, 245.

Grand Portage, Carver at, 20.

Grand river. _See_ Ottawa.

Grant, James, with Braddock, 66; defeated by Indians, 68-73; in "Blackboys" uprising, 110, 111.

Grave creek, Indian mounds on, 40; first settlement on, 125; in Dunmore's war, 134; in Foreman's defeat, 229, 230, 235, 356.

Grayson county, Va., census (1830), 55.

Great bridge, Va., defeat of Fordyce, 72.

Greathouse, Daniel, murders Logan's family, 125, 149.

Great Kanawha river, 60, 61; Salling on, 49; discovered by Wood, 64; in Sandycreek voyage, 82, 85; in Hannah Dennis's escape, 93; Squire Boone on, 143; in Dunmore's war, 145, 159-161, 164-167, 169-174, 178; in Hand's expedition, 209-211; during Revolution, 291-292; salines of, 265.

Great Meadows. Washington at, 77, 145.

Great Miami river. _See_ Miami.

Great Sandy river, 60, 61; in New-river foray, 96.

Green, George, at seige of Wheeling, 356.

Green river, Henderson's grant on, 196; early surveys, 365; early settlements, 274.

Green, Thomas M., _Spanish Conspiracy_, 386.

Greenbrier county, W. Va., 53, 54, 57, 71, 91; census (1830), 55, 56; Shawnee attack (1755), 81; Clendennin massacre, 93-95; militia from, 210, 211; emigrants from, 286; forays into, 242-245, 291-293.

Greenbrier river, 61; explored, 126; origin of name, 49; Loyal Co.'s grant, 49; first settlements on, 56-59; Lewis on, 68; in Pontiac's war, 97.

Greenlee, Mary, enters land on Borden manor, 52, 53.

Greenville, O., Ft. Hamilton built, 401; treaty at, 420, 430.

Gregg, Mrs., attacked by Indians, 343.

Grenadier Squaw, in Dunmore's war, 176; at Ft. Randolph, 242; in Mad-river campaign, 388.

Grigsby; Charles, family killed by Indians, 217, 218.

Grim, John, 183.

Grollon, Father, on origin of Indians, 15, 16.

Grundy, Felix, 247.

Grundy, William, killed by Indians, 247.

Gunn, Catharine, imprisoned by Indians, 98.

Gwinnett, Button, killed by McIntosh, 237.

Hacker, John, settles on Buckhannon, 121, 122; daughter wounded by Indians, 378-380.

Hacker, Mrs., attacked by Indians, 245.

Hacker, William, early hunter, 121; murders Indians, 135, 137; attacked by Indians, 245.

Hacker's creek, Indian relics on, 42; origin of name, 121, 122; first settlement on, 127; in Dunmore's war, 151; Bulltown massacre, 136, 137; killing of Hughes and Lowther, 240, 241; Waggoner massacre, 408, 411; miscellaneous forays on, 275, 287-290, 367, 377, 382, 419, 420.

Hadden, ----, early settler, 126.

Hadden, John, 234.

Hagerstown, Md., 361.

Hagle, Michael, killed by Indians, 341.

Haldimand, Sir Frederick, English general-in-chief, 252, 261.

Half King, Wyandot chief, 230, 316.

Hall, Capt., murders Cornstalk, 211, 212.

Hall, James, _Sketches of the West_, 193.

Hall, Minor C., 287.

Hamilton, ----, adventure with Indians, 211, 212.

Hamilton, Capt., chases Indians. 245.

Hamilton, Henry, English lieutenant-governor, 207, 210; encourages Indian forays, 224, 225, 252, 266, 268, 269; attacks Clark, 253, 257, 258; captured by Clark, 254, 255, 259-261.

Hamilton, Miss, captured by Indians, 234.

Hammond, Philip, scouting adventure, 242, 243.

Hampden Sydney College, Va., 81.

Hampshire county, W. Va., census (1830), 56; militia from, 101, 230.

Hamtramck, J. F., on Harmar's campaign, 394; on St. Clair's campaign, 401.

Hancock, William, escapes from Indians, 267, 268.

Hand, Edward, commands Ft. Pitt. 209-211, 213, 214, 216, 219, 221, 230; MS. of, 221; sketch, 210.

Handsucker, ----, killed by Indians, 398, 399.

Hangard. _See_ Redstone.

Hanover county, Va., 191.

Haptonstall, Abraham, on Bullitt's survey, 146.

Harbert, ----, killed by Indians, 233.

Hardin county, Ky., origin of name, 123.

Hardin, John, early Kentucky settler, 123; on Harmar's campaign, 394; killed by Indians, 412.

Hardman, ----, of Hacker's creek, 410.

Hardy county, W. Va., census (1830), 56.

Hargus, John, kills an Indian, 154, 155.

Harlan, Silas, in Bowman's campaign, 271.

Harland, Maj., killed at Blue Licks, 253.

Harmar, Josiah, at treaty of Ft. McIntosh, 366; occupies Ft. Washington, 391, 392; campaign of, 384, 393-395, 400, 408.

Harpold, Nicholas, kills Indians, 135.

Harrison, ----, attacked by Indians, 344.

Harrison, Benjamin, in Dunmore's war, 170; governor of Virginia, 366.

Harrison, Burr, rescued by Logan, 203.

Harrison county, W. Va., 373; census (1830), 56, 63; first sheriff of, 127; forays in, 217, 369.

Harrison, S. R., cited, 310.

Harrison, William, killed by Indians, 331, 334, 336.

Harrison, William H., defeats Tecumseh, 36.

Harrod, James, on Bullitt's survey, 146; founds Harrodsburg, 152, 190, 191; prominence as a pioneer, 197, 200; sketch, 190, 191.

Harrod, Samuel, explores Kentucky, 190.

Harrod, William, with Clark, 190; in Bowman's campaign, 271, 273.

Harrodsburg, Ky., founded, 146, 152, 190, 191, 197; represented in Transylvania legislature, 193; first attacked by Indians, 200-202, 205, 208; Clark's defense of, 253; settlers' council at, 271.

Hart, David, of Transylvania Co., 191.

Hart, Nathaniel, of Transylvania Co., 191-193.

Hart, Thomas, of Transylvania Co., 191.

Hartley, Cecil B., _Life of Wetzel_, 161.

Hartshorn, ----, ensign in Harmar's campaign, 394; captain with Wayne, 423, 424.

Haymond, John, chases Indians, 398.

Hayward, John, _History of Tennessee_, 60.

Hazard, Samuel, _U. S. Register_, 193.

Heavener, Nicholas, 121.

Heckewelder, John G., Moravian missionary, 97, 301, 302, 314, 315, 317; peace commissioner, 412; _Narrative_, 325; sketch, 301, 302.

Hedgman river, 55.

Hellen, Thomas, captured by Indians, 156, 157; killed by Indians, 161.

Helms, Leonard, holds Vincennes, 258, 260.

Henderson, Archibald, 193.

Henderson, Nathaniel, at Watauga treaty, 192.

Henderson, Richard, founds Transylvania, 153, 191-196; sketch, 191-193.

Henderson, Samuel, father of Richard, 191.

Henderson, Leonard, 193.

Hennepin, Father Louis, French explorer, 6.

Henry county, Va., 60.

Henry, Patrick, governor of Virginia, 173, 186, 220, 366.

Herbert, William, in Dunmore's war, 167, 175.

Hickenbotham, Capt., attacks Indians, 99.

Hickman, Adam, Jr., 127.

Hickman, Sotha, early settler, 127, 284.

Hill, Richard, attacked by Indians, 291.

Hinkstone, ----, captured by Indians, 297, 298, 305.

Hite, Isaac, on Bullitt's survey, 146.

Hockhocking river, in Dunmore's war, 168, 179, 182, 183; Indians raided on, 383.

Hockingport, O., founded, 179.

Hogan, Mrs., settles in Kentucky, 197.

Hogg, James, of Transylvania Co., 191.

Hogg, Peter, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81-85.

Hogg, William, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81.

Hoggin, ----, of St. Asaph's, 205.

Holden, Joseph, companion of Boone, 143.

Holder, John, in Bowman's campaign, 271.

Holder's station, Ky., during Caldwell's invasion, 349.

Hollis, John, Indian spy, 245.

Holmes, John, informs against James Smith, 114.

Holston, Stephen, settles on Holston, 59.

Holston river, 60; first settlements on, 58, 115; forays on, 158, 184.

Holston settlements, militia of, 165, 170, 268; Harrod at, 190; Boone at, 196; Logan at, 204-206; Mrs. Cunningham at, 372, 373.

Hornbeck, Benjamin, captured by Indians, 311.

Hornbeck, Mrs., killed by Indians, 311.

Horse Shoe bottom, settled, 126.

Horton, Joshua, explores Kentucky, 115.

Howard, John, companion of Salling, 49.

Hudson, William, killed by Indians, 203.

Hughes, Charles, chases Indians, 246.

Hughes, Elias, scouting service, 312; fights Indians, 345, 376, 377.

Hughes, Jesse, early hunter, 121; chases Indians, 246, 378, 379, 410; services at Ft. West, 288; scouting service, 312; escapes from Indians, 399, 400; daughter captured by Indians, 377-380; character, 137.

Hughes, Thomas, early settler, 121, 123; defense of borderers, 367; killed by Indians, 240, 241.

Hughey, Joseph, killed by Indians, 168.

Hull, Samuel, killed by Indians, 383.

Huron Indians, possible origin of, 16.

Husted, Gilbert, captured by Indians, 248.

Hutchins, Thomas, geographer, 46.

Iberville. Lemoyne d', finds Mississippi, 7.

Ice, John, killed by Indians, 374.

Illinois, early French in, 6, 7; Clark's expedition to, 146, 252-255, 257, 261.

Illinois Indians, claim Kentucky, 142; agree to keep peace, 412.

Ingles, Capt., on New-river campaign, 99.

Indian creek, foray on, 312, 313.

Indian Short creek, 380, 381, 415.

Indians, origin of, 12-27; beliefs, customs and traditions, 17-43; forest commerce, 34; prehistoric remains, 39-43; intimacy with French, 5, 64; relations with Spanish, 7-9; claims to Kentucky reviewed, 193-195; relations with first settlers, 129-133; Christian missions among, 106. _See_ the several tribes.

Iroquois Indians, supposed origin of, 44; oppose French on Ohio, 64; at Easton treaty, 58; at Ft. Stanwix treaty, 70; claim Kentucky, 194, 195.

Irvine, William, releases Moravians, 317; Indian campaign of, 355.

Isaac's creek, 312.

Ivens, Sally, captured by Indians, 373, 374.

Jackson, ----, adventure with Indians, 289.

Jackson county, O., 175.

Jackson county, W. Va., 137.

Jackson, Edward, early settler, 121.

Jackson, George, early settler, 121; attacked by Indians, 313; defends Buckhannon, 342; chases Indians, 398.

Jackson, John, early settler, 121; attacked by Indians, 313.

Jackson, Ned J., 287.

Jackson's river, 57, 71, 81; Hannah Dennis on, 93; in Pontiac war, 97; forays on, 90, 96, 173.

James, Enoch, adventure with Indians, 218, 219.

James river, 61, 66, 86; Salling on, 48, 50; early settlements on, 52; McDowell's fight, 52; Borden's grant, 50-53; forays on, 89-91, 96.

Jefferson county, W.Va., census (1830), 56.

Jefferson, Thomas, on origin of Indians, 13, 14, 25, 26; on Indian mounds, 41; "improves" Logan's speech, 184; _Notes on Virginia_, 134.

Jesuits, early missions to Indians, 14, 15, 60, 64, 410, 411: _Relations_, 194.

Jew, ----, killed by Indians, 91.

Jew, Sally, imprisoned by Indians, 90.

Johnson, ----, thought to have been killed by James Smith, 113-115.

Johnson, Henry and John, escape from Indians, 415-417.

Johnson, Richard M., 348.

Johnson, Robert, arrives in Kentucky, 348.

Johnson, William, family massacred by Indians, 381, 382.

Johnson, Sir William, British Indian superintendent, 108, 136.

Johnston, William, of Transylvania, 191.

Joliet, Louis, discovers Mississippi, 5, 6.

Judah, Henry, kills Indians, 135.

Juggins, Elizabeth, adventure with Indians, 309, 310.

Juggins, John, killed by Indians, 290.

Juniata river, 112, 113.

Kanawha county, W. Va., census (1830), 55, 56.

Kaskaskia, Ill., 294; founded by La Salle, 6; Salling at, 48; Clark's capture of, 253-255, 257, 258, 260, 411.

Kate (negress), at seige of Wheeling, 356.

Keeney's knob, massacre at, 173.

Kekionga, Miami village, 393.

Kellar, Isaac, killed by Indians, 385.

Kelly, Tady, in Dunmore's war, 153.

Kelly, Walter, killed by Indians, 159-161.

Kennedy, John, wounded by Indians, 203.

Kenton, Simon, border scout, 161; in Dunmore's war, 164, 167; arrival in Kentucky, 197.

Kentucky, 66, 67, 75; Indian antiquities in, 43; exploration by Salling, 48, 49; by Bullitt, 71; by Walker, 81; by Smith, 115; by Findlay, 142, 143; by Boone, 142-145, 147, 152, 153, 190; by Stone, 190; Indian claims to, 193-195; Connolly's survey, 145, 146; first settlements in, 123, 197; early land jobbing, 196, 197; Harrodsburg founded, 146, 190; Indian opposition to first settlers, 140-142, 189, 190, 200-208; character of pioneers, 197-200; rapid increase of population, 274; Transylvania Co., 191-196; early missions, 106; Spanish conspiracy, 130; state convention, 106.

Kentucky river, Boone on, 152, 153; Harrod on, 190; Catawbas on, 194; in Henderson's purchase. 192, 193, 195, 196; forays on, 268, 269, 374.

Kercheval, Samuel, _History of Valley of Virginia_, 49, 87, 88.

Kersey, Lieut. [Kearsey, John], builds at Columbia. 390, 391.

Kettle, Richard, chases Indians, 311.

Killbuck, Delaware chief, 88.

Kimberlain, Jacob, escapes from Indians, 99.

King, Thomas, Iroquois chief, 58.

Kinnikinnick creek, 174, 176.

Kiskepila. _See_ Little Eagle.

Kittanning, in Hand's expedition, 210.

Knight, John, captured by Indians, 332-335, 338.

Knoxville, Tenn., 60.

Kuhn, Abraham, Wyandot chief, 97.

Kuydendall, Capt., in Dunmore's war, 182.

Lackey, Thomas, warns settlers, 286.

Lake Cayuga, early Indians on, 46.

Lake Erie, Catawbas on, 47.

Lake Michigan, early French on, 6.

Lancaster, Pa., massacre of Canestogas, 104, 105; treaty of, 195.

Land claims, Loyal Co., 49, 58; Lord Fairfax, 50, 51; Borden manor, 50-53; Ohio Co., 64, 65, 67, 74, 77, 147; Pittsylvania, 145; Virginia military warrants, 145; Transylvania Co., 191-196; Connolly, 145, 146; early Kentucky jobbers, 196, 197; "tomahawk rights," 126; Indian attitude toward, 140, 141; commissioners killed by Indians, 311; post-Revolutionary military warrants, 365, 366; Ohio Co. of Associates, 389, 390; Scioto Co., 60; Miami purchase, 390-392.

Lane, Lalph, attempts western exploration, 64.

Langlade, Charles, at Braddock's defeat, 68.

L'Anguille, Miami village, 407.

La Salle, Chevalier, explorations of, 6, 7; at falls of Ohio, 64.

Lanson run, 421.

Laurel hills, 126; explored by Walden, 60; by Cresap, 77; by Boone, 192.

Lawless, Henry, explores Kentucky, 81.

Leading creek, 419; forays on, 311, 428.

Lederer, John, on Blue ridge, 64.

Lee. Arthur, treaty commissioner, 366, 388.

Lee county, Va., census (1830), 56.

Leet, Maj., on Sandusky campaign, 330.

Leffler, George, early settler, 125; defends Rice's fort, 362.

Leffler, Jacob, Jr., defends Rice's fort, 362.

Legget, George, lost in Indian foray, 399.

Le Moyne, Father, discovers Alleghany, 64.

Lewis, ----, escapes from Indians, 422.

Lewis, Andrew, 49, 50; explores Greenbrier, 57, 58; with Braddock, 66; in Forbes's campaign, 68-73; in Sandy-creek voyage, 81-83, 86; in Dunmore's war, 151, 164-168, 170, 174-176, 178-183, 190; _Journal_, 81, 82.

Lewis, Charles, with Braddock, 66; in Pontiac's war, 97; in Dunmore's war, 151, 159, 166-168; death, 168-171; _Journal_, 69.

Lewis county, W. Va., census (1830), 56, 63.

Lewis, John (1), father of Andrew, 53, 62; explores Greenbrier, 57, 58; with Braddock, 66; settles Augusta, 66; sketch, 49, 50.

Lewis, John (2), scalped by Indians, 102.

Lewis, John, Jr., with Braddock, 66.

Lewis, Margaret, wife of John (1), 53.

Lewis, Samuel, defends Greenbrier, 244, 245.

Lewis, Thomas, son of John (1), 50; with Braddock, 66.

Lewis, William, with Braddock, 66.

Lewisburgh, W. Va., founded, 164, 165, 244; massacre near, 172, 173.

Lexington, Ky., 271; founded, 52, 274; threatened by Bird, 296-298, 305; during Caldwell's invasion, 349, 351.

Licking river, Thompson's surveys, 146; early settlements on, 274; Boone's captivity, 265, 266; Bird's invasion, 295, 297, 298; in Piqua campaign, 305, 307; in Caldwell's invasion, 348; other Revolutionary happenings, 271, 352.

Lichtenau, Moravian village, 314.

Limestone creek, 348.

Lincoln, Benjamin, peace commissioner, 412.

Lineback, ----, _Relation_, 324.

Linn, John, in defense of Wheeling, 356, 358.

Linn, William, at Foreman's defeat, 229, 230.

Linsey, Joseph, settles on Youghiogheny, 117, 118.

Little Carpenter, a Cherokee, 192.

Little Eagle, Mingo chief, 78, 79.

Little Kenawha river, Bulltown massacre, 136-138; in Dunmore's war, 165, 179; during Revolution, 232, 284; miscellaneous forays on, 376, 397, 400, 411, 419.

Little Meadow creek, 166.

Little Meadows, 77.

Little Miami river, Shawnees on, 271; Boone on, 266; during Revolution, 273; Symmes's land-grant on, 390-392; in Harmar's campaign, 393; in St. Clair's campaign, 400-405.

Little Saluda river, Holston on, 59.

Little Sewell mountain, origin of name, 57.

Lochaber, treaty of, 195.

Lockard, Patrick, with Braddock, 66.

Lockport, O., 314.

Lockridge, ----, at Point Pleasant, 175.

Locust Grove, Ky., 254.

Logan, Ann, adventure with Indians, 203.

Logan, Benjamin, builds Logan's station, 197; in seige thereof, 200, 202-207; in Bowman's campaign, 271-273; in Piqua campaign, 306; at Blue Licks, 351-354; in Shawnee campaign, 355; in Miami campaign, 386-388; sketch, 204.

Logan county, O., 153.

Logan county, W. Va., census (1830), 56.

Logan, Mingo chief, massacre of family, 125, 134, 138, 142, 148-150, 184; attacks whites, 155-158; speech of, 184.

Logan's station, Ky., founded, 197; represented in Transylvania legislature, 193; attacked by Indians, 200, 202-208.

Logstown, old trading post, 413; Dyer's captivity, 87; treaty at, 195.

Long, ----, assists Mrs. Cunningham, 372.

"Long Knives," origin of term, 79, 80; use of, 183, 186, 207, 406.

Looney's creek, 89; Pringle settlement on, 118.

Losantiville, origin of name, 391, 392. _See_ Cincinnati.

Loss creek, 218.

Lost creek, foray on, 383.

Louisa Company, settles Kentucky, 191.

Louisiana, founded, 7; French in, 64; Spanish in, 130.

Louisville, 271, 357; Iroquois defeat Shawnees, 194, 195; La Salle at, 64; Findlay at, 143; Boone at, 152; surveyed by Bullitt, 145; founded by Clark, 146, 253, 254; threatened by Bird, 294; in Clark's Wabash expedition, 386; _Literary News-Letter_, 193.

Love, Philip, in Dunmore's war, 170.

Lowdermilk, Will H., _History of Cumberland_, 77.

Lowther, Jonathan, killed by Indians, 241.

Lowther, Robert, early settler, 127.

Lowther, William, militia officer, 127, 128; chases Indians, 312, 313, 376, 377.

Loyal Company, land grant on Greenbrier, 49, 58.

Loyal Hanna river, in Forbes's campaign, 73; foray on, 108.

Ludlow, Israel, partner of Denman, 391.

Luttsell, John, of Transylvania Co., 191, 193.

Lynn, Jane, marries Hugh Paul and David Stuart, 53, 54.

Lynn, Margaret, wife of John Lewis, 49.

Lytle, William, on Mad-river campaign, 387, 388.

McBride, Capt., killed at Blue Licks, 353.

McClannahan, Robert, killed at Point Pleasant, 171.

McClelland, John, on Sandusky campaign, 328, 336.

McClelland's station, Ky., attacked by Indians, 200.

McClure, Mrs., captured by Indians, 385.

McCollum, John, in New-river foray, 99.

McCulloch, William, in Dunmore's war, 180.

McCullough family, early settlers, 125.

McCullough, Maj., at seige of Wheeling, 228.

McCullough, Miss, at seige of Wheeling, 356.

McDonald, Angus, Wapatomica expedition, 138, 153-155, 164, 165; in Dunmore's war, 220.

McDowell, Ephraim, early settler, 52.

McDowell, James, 52.

McDowell, John, early settler, 53; killed by Indians, 49, 51, 52, 66.

McDowell, Thomas, killed by Indians, 196.

McFeeters, Jeremiah, killed by Indians, 196.

McGary, Maj., of St. Asaph's, 205; at Blue Licks, 352; in Mad-river campaign, 388.

McGary, Mrs., settles in Kentucky, 197.

McGuire, Maj., wounds an Indian, 381.

McIntire, John, killed by Indians, 397, 398.

McIntosh, Lachlan, commandant at Pittsburgh, 210, 237, 300; expedition against Sandusky, 252, 255, 256, 261, 264, 265.

McIver, Hugh, killed by Indians, 292.

Mack, John, family massacred by Indians, 382.

McKee, Alexander, in Dunmore's war, 189; during Revolution, 254, 295, 347; ransoms Mrs. Cunningham, 372; encourages forays, 388; property destroyed by Wayne, 426.

McKee, Capt., commandant at Ft. Randolph, 241-243.

McKee, William, at Point Pleasant, 174.

McKenley's run, 410.

Mackey, John, early settler, 49, 50, 66.

Mackinaw, in Tecumseh's conspiracy, 36; Chippewa villages near, 46.

McKinley, John, killed by Indians, 333.

McKnight, Charles, _Our Western Border_, 373.

McLain, John, killed by Indians, 287.

McMahon, Maj., killed by Indians, 423.

McMahon's creek, 162.

McMechen, James, a Wheeling settler, 222, 228, 230.

McMurtry, Capt., killed by Indians, 395.

McNutt, John, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81, 85, 86; in Revolution, 86; _Journal_, 86.

McWhorter, Henry, early settler, 287, 288, 410.

McWhorter, J. M., 288.

McWhorter, L. V., cited, 119, 137, 278, 287, 340, 368-371, 376, 377, 409-411, 421.

McWhorter, Mansfield, 410.

Mad river, 124; Logan's campaign to, 386-388.

Mahoning creek, 210.

Manear, John, killed by Indians, 311.

Mann's lick, 152.

Marietta, O., the Scioto purchase, 60; settled by Ohio Co., 389, 390; cattle supply attacked, 399, 400.

Marion county, W. Va., 279.

Marks, Lieut., on Wayne's campaign, 424.

Marquette, Father James, discovers Mississippi, 5, 6.

Marshall, James, militia officer, 327, 328.

Martin, ----, settles on Greenbrier, 57.

Martin, ----, in seige of St. Asaph's, 204.

Martin, Gov., opposes Henderson's purchase, 192, 193.

Martin, Jesse, 123.

Martin, William, 123.

Martin's station, Ky., sacked by Bird, 296, 298; defended, 350.

Martinsville, Va., 60.

Maryland, emigrants from, 125.

Mason county, W. Va., census (1830), 56.

Mason, Samuel, at seige of Wheeling, 221-224, 228.

Massachusetts, relinquishes Western land claim, 389.

Massawomee Indians, in West Virginia, 44.

Matthew, John, early settler, 52.

Matthews, George, attacked by Indians, 90, 91; in Dunmore's war, 169, 170, 174.

Matthews, John, with Braddock, 66.

Matthews, Maj., 52.

Maumee Indians, 374.

Maumee river, Mrs. Cunningham on, 372; in Harmar's campaign, 393; in St. Clair's campaign, 401; peace commissioners sent to, 412; in Wayne's campaign, 424-426.

Maury, Thomas, killed by Indians, 91.

Maxwell, Audley, attacked by Indians, 90, 91.

Maxwell, William, attacked by Indians, 90, 91.

May, John, 385.

Maysville, Ky., 348.

Meadow river, 242.

Merrill, John, wounded by Indians, 405, 406.

Merrill, Mrs. John, adventure with Indians, 406.

Myers, R. C. V., _Life of Wetzel_, 161.

Miami Indians, early strength of, 46; Renick captivity, 91; operate against Clark, 252; in Harmar's campaign, 393-395; in St. Clair's campaign, 400-405: raided by Scott, 407, 408.

Miami river, Indians on, 46; in Renick captivity, 91; in Clark's campaign, 254; during Revolution, 295, 299, 355; arrival of peace news, 365; military land-claims on, 366; Logan's campaign on, 386; treaty of Ft. Finney, 388; Symmes's land-grant on, 390, 392; in Harmar's campaign, 393-395; in St. Clair's campaign, 400-405.

Michael, Lieut., on Wayne's campaign, 424.

Michillimackinac, 255. _See_ Mackinaw.

Middle Island creek, foray on, 381, 398.

Miller, Jacob, killed by Indians (Delaware river), 102.

Miller, Jacob, killed by Indians (Ft. Coburn), 249.

Miller, Jacob, defends Ft. Rice, 361, 362.

Mills, Thomas, killed by Indians, 338, 339.

Minear, John, early settler, 126.

Mingo Bottom, Indian village at, 78; in Moravian expedition, 320; in Crawford's campaign, 328, 329.

Mingo Indians, on Upper Ohio, 45; Decker's-creek massacre, 77-79; New-river foray, 96-99; claim Kentucky, 142; massacre of Logan's family, 134, 138, 142, 148-150; Logan's forays, 155-158; Dunmore's war generally, 172, 179, 184, 185, 253; during Revolution, 219, 262, 308, 336, 347.

Mingo Junction, O. _See_ Mingo Bottom.

Missions among Kentucky and Tennessee Indians, 106. _See_ Catholics and Moravians.

Missasago Indians, in St. Clair's campaign, 404.

Mississippi river, 255; territorial claims in basin of, 5; French on, 5-7, 63; Spanish on, 7, 8, 130, 254; Salling on, 49; Holston on, 59; Chickasaws on, 195; in Tecumseh's conspiracy, 36; Cornstalk's knowledge of, 211.

Mitchell, John, 122.

Moffett, Capt., ambuscaded, 97.

Mohican Indians, in King Philip's war, 32, 33.

Moluntha, Shawnee chief, 268.

Monday, ----, killed by Indians, 293.

Monongahela river, 73-75; early Indians on, 45, 47; French on, 65; Braddock's defeat, 67-69, 72; Grant's defeat, 71; Gist's settlement, 74; Pringle settlement, 117, 118, 122; other early settlements, 77, 117. 123, 125, 190; in Dunmore's war, 135, 141, 146, 150, 151, 161; during Revolution, 221, 222, 237, 271, 309; militia from, 320; forays on, 381, 414, 419.

Monongalia county, W.Va., census (1830), 56, 63; during Revolution, 311; forays in, 344, 374, 398, 399.

Monroe county, W. Va., census (1830), 55, 56.

Montgomery, Col., companion of Clark, 254.

Montgomery county, Va., census (1830), 55, 56.

Montgomery, John, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81.

Monteur, ----, family massacred, 318.

Monticello, Va., 253.

Montour, John, Delaware chief, 179.

Mooney, James, adventure with Indians, 168; companion of Boone, 143.

Moore, ----, attacked by Indians, 385.

Moore, Andrew, early settler, 52; in Dunmore's war, 174.

Moore, James, Sr., killed by Indians, 373.

Moore, James, Jr., captured by Indians, 374.

Moore, Jane, burned by Indians, 374.

Moore, Mrs. John, burned by Indians, 373, 374.

Moore, Lieut., killed by Indians, 241.

Moore, Mary, captured by Indians, 374.

Moorefield, W. Va., founded, 124.

Moorehead, ----, Youghiogheny settler, 114.

Moravians, missionaries and Indians, 36, 412; give information to Hand, 219; visited by Brodhead, 301, 302; villages sacked by whites, 313-327, 340; historical sketch, 314.

Morgan county, W. Va., census (1830), 56.

Morgan, Daniel, 276.

Morgan, David, early settler, 123; adventure with Indians, 276-279.

Morgan, George, Indian agent, 219, 224.

Morgan, Greenwood S., 279.

Morgan, Levi, adventures with Indians, 375, 376, 417, 418.

Morgan, Sarah and Stephen, adventure with Indians, 276-279.

Morgan, William, early settler, 126; escapes from Indians, 240.

Morgantown, Pa., 75; founded, 123; foray near, 248, 249.

Morlin, Thomas, early peddler, 47, 48.

Morrow, William, in Dunmore's war, 169, 171.

Mound-building, by early Indians, 39-43.

Moundsville, W. Va., "big mound" at, 40; settled, 125, 230.

Mount Braddock. Pa., settled, 123.

Muddy creek, 123; first settled, 58; Clendennin massacre, 93-95; miscellaneous forays on, 159, 161, 172, 173, 293, 345.

Mulhollin, Polly. _See_ Mary Greenlee.

Munsee Indians, on Susquehanna, 46; raided by Brodhead, 301; during Revolution, 347.

Munseka, Shawnee chief, 266.

Murphey, John, killed by Indians, 238.

Murphy, Samuel, 183.

Muscle shoals, 59.

Muskingum river, early Indians on, 46; Gist on, 79; Bouquet's expedition, 108; Indian atrocities on, 150, 396; Wapatomica campaign, 153-155; Moravian villages on, 219; during Revolution, 300-305, 314, 320, 328; land cession by Indians, 366; Ohio Co.'s grant, 389; Waterford founded, 392.

Nain Indians, threatened by Paxtons, 105.

Nanny's run, 127.

Natchez, Holston at, 59.

Narragansett Indians, war with Puritans, 31-33.

Narvaez, Pamphilio de, in Florida, 7.

Nashville, Tenn., 115.

Neal, Henry, killed by Indians, 411, 412.

Neal, James, slave stolen from, 400.

Neely, Alexander, companion of Boone, 143, 144.

Nelson, ----, early settler, 126.

Nelson county, Va., foray in, 405, 406.

Nelsonville, O., 183.

Nemacolin, Delaware Indian, 77.

Nemacolin's path. _See_ Braddock's road

Nequetank Indians, threatened by Paxtons, 105.

Newcomerstown, O., 314.

New Englanders, on Greenbrier, 57.

New France. _See_ French.

New Inverness, Ga., founded, 237.

New Martinsville, O., 417.

New Orleans, founded, 7; Spanish at, 130.

New Philadelphia, O., 261, 314.

Newport, Christopher, attempts western exploration, 64.

New river, first settlements on, 59; in Sandy-creek voyage, 82; Delaware and Mingo foray, 96-99. _See_ Great Kanawha.

New Schönbrunn, Moravian village, 314, 325, 326.

New York, Delawares in. 136; relinquishes Western land claim, 389.

Nicholas county, W. Va., 96; census (1830), 56.

Nicholson, ----, interpreter, 184.

Nicholson, Thomas, in Dunmore's campaign, 153.

North Bend, O., founded, 392.

North Branch, 63.

North Carolina, Cherokees in, 46; Boone in, 143, 144, 266; Henderson family in, 191-193; emigration from, 348, 384.

North river, early settlement on, 52.

Northwest Territory, early tribes in, 45; cession of land claims in, 131; ordinance of 1787, 389; St. Clair's arrival, 391, 392; first settlements in, 392, 393.

Norton, Thomas, _Journal_ of Sandy-creek voyage, 81, 82.

Nutter, John, early settler, 127.

O'Brien, Adam, 414.

Ochiltree, Alexander, killed by Indians, 245.

Oghkwaga, Delaware village, 136.

Ogle, Joseph, at seige of Wheeling, 221-224, 228; in Foreman's defeat, 230.

Oglethorpe, James, attitude toward slavery, 10.

Ohio (state), Indian mounds in, 41, 42; first settlements in, 392, 393.

Ohio Company, relations with French, 45; open Ohio valley to settlement, 64, 65, 67, 74, 77, 147.

Ohio Company of Associates, settles Marietta, 389, 390.

Ohio county. W. Va., census (1830), 55, 56, 63; during Revolution, 311.

Ohio river, 36, 40, 55, 78, 115, 117, 121, 123, 125; early Indians on, 45-47; Salling on, 49; Holston on, 59; as a war trail, 75; first English occupation, 63, 64; French and English rivalry for, 64-74, 95; Decker captivity, 78, 79; in Sandy-creek voyage, 83-85; Renick captivity, 91; Hannah Dennis's escape, 92, 93; character of early settlers on, 130, 131; in Dunmore's war, 134, 138, 145, 146, 148, 149, 151-153, 156, 162-165, 167-175, 179, 183; in Henderson's purchase, 192, 193; Shawnees on, 194, 195, 209, 211, 216, 219; during Revolution, 219, 220, 227, 230, 254, 257, 264, 266, 267, 271, 273, 285, 286, 294, 295, 297-300, 305, 320, 335, 347, 355, 360, 363, 384, 389, 390, 399, 411, 415, 417; after Revolution, 367, 372, 374, 380, 381, 383; as a race boundary, 412.

Old Town creek, 168, 170, 172; Shawnee village at, 85.

Oneco, chief of Mohicans, 32.

Orange county, Va., 55; early settlement of, 55, 66.

Ordinance of 1787, 389.

Orme, Robert, with Braddock, 68.

Osage Indians, stature of, 29.

Ottawa Indians, early strength of, 46: during Revolution, 347; at Ft. McIntosh treaty, 366, 388.

Ottawa river, early French on, 5.

Ouisconsin river. _See_ Wisconsin river.

Owens, James, killed by Indians, 247.

Owens, John, Sr., killed by Indians, 290.

Owens, John, Jr., attacked by Indians, 290, 343, 344.

Owens, Owen, attacked by Indians, 290.

Ox, Susan, captured by Indians, 161.

Pack, ----, trapper, 96.

Paint creek, Boone's expedition to, 267, 268; Shawnees on, 374; Waggoner on, 410.

Parsons, James, early settler, 126.

Parsons, Samuel H., treaty commissioner, 388.

Patterson, Robert, founds Lexington, Ky., 274; partner of Denman, 391; at battle of Blue Licks, 353.

Patton, Elizabeth, marries John Preston, 51.

Patton, James, early settler of Catawba, 51, 52, 68.

Patton, John W., 127.

Pattonsburgh, Va., 51.

Paul, Audley, son of Hugh, 53; at Ft. Redstone, 77, 78; in Sandy-creek voyage, 81, 83, 85; in James-river foray, 91; in New-river foray, 97-99; in Dunmore's war, 169.

Paul, Hugh, 53.

Paul, Polly, marries Gov. Matthews, 53.

Pauling, Henry, militia officer, 207.

Paull, James, at Redstone, 80.

Paxton boys, kill Canestoga Indians, 104, 105.

Paynter, Elias, killed by Indians, 341.

Pekillon, Delaware chief, 303, 304.

Pendleton county, W. Va., census (1830), 56; Seybert massacre, 87-89.

Penn, William, 124.

Pennsylvania, boundary dispute with Virginia, 74; Western settlements in, 74, 75, 123-125, 143; fur trade of, 101; Paxton boys, 104, 105; "Black-boys" uprising, 109-116; Findlay's adventures, 143; _Records_, 58; _Archives_, 323.

Pentecost, Dorsey, 323.

Peoria Indians, claim Kentucky, 142.

Perry, Thomas, killed by Indians, 89.

Perrysburgh, O., 372.

Peter, Captain, Indian chief, 135.

Petro, Leonard, captured by Indians, 232, 233.

Peyton, John L., _History of Augusta county_, 53, 246.

Philadelphia, 105, 109, 124.

Philip, chief of Narragansetts, 31, 32.

Phillips, Capt., ambuscaded, 97.

Phoebe's Falls, W. Va., settled, 52.

Pickaway plains, Indian treaty at, 183-186.

Pickering, Timothy, peace commissioner, 412.

Pike run, Indian foray on, 283.

Pindall, Rachel, chased by Indians, 344.

Pindall, Thomas, attacked by Indians, 344.

Piomingo, Chickasaw chief, 405.

Pipe, Delaware chief, 333.

Pipe, Wyandot chief, 316.

Pipe creek, massacre of Indians at, 134, 142, 148.

Piqua, Shawnee village, 273; Clark attacks, 305-309.

Pitman, ----, trapper, 96.

Pittsburg, 117, 120; French fort at, 45; treaties at, 66; Braddock's defeat, 68, 69, 106; in Forbes's campaign, 69-73, 77, 79, 80; Connolly at, 74; Dyer's escape, 87; in Bouquet's expedition, 107-109, 173; in Dunmore's war, 134, 141, 142, 145, 148, 150, 165, 167, 177-179, 181, 182; "Blackboys" uprising, 109; asked to aid Kentucky, 205; during Revolution, 220, 221, 224, 230, 254, 256, 262, 283, 318, 321-323, 335, 357, 362; arrival of peace news, 365; Hand's administration, 210, 211, 214, 216, 219; McIntosh's administration, 210, 237; warned by Moravians, 315, 317; Brodhead's expedition, 300, 301, 303, 304, 316.

Pittsylvania, proposed colony of, 145.

Pleasant creek, 118.

Pocahontas county, W. Va., census (1830), 56.

Poe, Adam, adventure with Indians, 362-364.

Poe, Andrew, adventure with Indians, 363, 364.

Point Pleasant, W. Va., battle of, 59, 60, 66, 143, 152, 165-178, 180, 182, 185-187, 189, 190, 208; Ft. Randolph at, 173, 291; surrender of Cornstalk at, 173, 209, 211-216; during Revolution, 237, 241-243.

Pointer, Dick, fights Indians, 243.

Pollens, Henry, fur trader, 109.

Pompey (negro), friend of Indians, 268.

Pontiac, uprising of, 73, 141, 172.

Poole, William F., on Clark's campaign, 254.

Port Washington, O., 301, 314.

Portsmouth, O., old Shawnee town at, 92.

Post, Charles F., Moravian missionary, 301.

Potomac river, 55; fur trade on, 77; Seybert massacre, 87-89.

Pottawattomie Indians, early strength of, 46; during Revolution, 347.

Powell, Richard, sons captured by Indians, 280, 281.

Powell's valley, 60; Walden in, 60; attack on Boones, 144, 145; Henderson's grant, 193.

Power, Major, shot at, 366.

Powers, John, early settler, 126.

Powers, William, 122.

Presbyterians, 50, 54, 57, 168.

Presque Isle, 65.

Preston county, W. Va., 280; census (1830), 56, 63.

Preston, James Patton, governor of Virginia, 51.

Preston, John, marries Elizabeth Patton, 51.

Preston, William, militia officer, 51; settles on Holston, 59; in Sandy-creek voyage, 81, 83; surveyor, 145, 146; in Dunmore's war, 152, 165; _Journal_, 82; _Register of Indian Depredations_, 57, 75, 87, 90.

Price, Maj., on Wayne's campaign, 425.

Price's settlement, Ky., 200.

Pricket, ----, killed by Indians, 245.

Pricket, Josiah, killed by Indians, 161.

Pricket's creek, 151.

Prince William county, Va., 71.

Pringle, Charity, 119.

Pringle, John and Samuel, adventures of, 117-122.

Prior, John, killed by Indians, 292.

Pritchet, John, killed by Indians, 243.

Province, John, early settler, 123.

Province, Mrs., buries Bald Eagle, 136.

Pryor, John, scouting adventure, 242, 243.

Purgatory creek, 89, 91.

Purgatory mountain, 89.

Putnam, Rufus, heads Marietta colonists, 389, 390; peace commissioner, 412.

Quakers, 124, 240.

Quebec, founded by Champlain, 4, 5.

Raccoon creek, 299.

Radcliff, Daniel, killed by Indians, 367.

Radcliff, John, early settler, 121, 122.

Radcliff, Stephen, attacked by Indians, 311.

Radcliff, William, early settler, 121, 122.

Ralston, James, killed by Indians, 287.

Ranck, Geo. W., 274.

Randolph, Beverly, peace commissioner, 412.

Randolph county, W. Va., census (1830), 56, 63; settled, 74.

Ray, James, adventures with Indians, 201.

Ray, William, killed by Indians, 201.

Read, John, finds Davisson, 283.

Red Hawk, Shawnee warrior, 209.

Red river, De Soto on, 8.

Redhawk, Delaware chief, 172.

Redstone (Brownsville, Pa.), first settled 77-80, 123, 216; De Villiers at, 74; Decker massacre, 77, 78; in Dunmore's war, 134, 141, 150; tory trials, 231, 232: militia from, 271; emigrants from, 390, 392; road to Marietta, 399.

Reece, ----, attacked by Indians, 239.

Reece, Miss, wounded by Indian, 239.

Renick family, attacked by Indians, 89-91.

Reynolds, ----, at seige of Bryant's station, 350, 351, 353, 354.

Rice, Daniel, attacked by Indians, 361.

Rich mountain, 126.

Richards, Arnold and Paul, killed by Indians, 345.

Richards, Conrad, attacked by Indians, 251, 252.

Richmond, Va., 62.

Riffle, ----, early settler, 126.

Roanoke county, Va., 61; Salling in, 49.

Roanoke river, 70; explored, 48; in New-river foray, 96, 99; settlements raided by Shawnees, 61, 81, 82.

Robertson, Dr., on origin of Indians, 25.

Robertson family, killed by Indians, 158.

Robertson, James, at Watauga treaty, 192.

Robinson, ----, explorer, 124; killed by Indians, 161.

Robinson, Mrs. Edward, discovers Hull's body, 383.

Robinson, Maj., searches for Mrs. Cunningham, 370.

Robinson, William, captured by Indians, 156-158.

Rockbridge county, Va., Salling in, 48; district of Augusta, 49; first settled, 53; census (1830), 56; militia of, 66, 174, 211, 212; massacre in, 172.

Rockcastle river, Boone on, 143, 192.

Rockford, Pa., 210.

Rockingham county, Va., census (1830), 56, 66.

Rogers, John, on Clark's campaign, 258, 259.

Rogers, Joseph, killed by Indians, 308.

Roney, Alexander, killed by Indians, 311, 312.

Roney, Mrs. Alexander, captured by Indians, 311, 312.

Roosevelt, Theodore, _Winning of the West_, 80, 130, 183, 184, 193, 261, 386.

Rooting creek, 217.

Ross, Tavenor, renegade, 168.

Rowell, Daniel, adventure with Indians, 411.

Royall, Ann, _Sketches_, 57, 95.

Ruddell, Isaac, arrival in Kentucky, 207; defeated by Bird, 295-297, 350.

Rule, Henry, early settler, 122.

Runner, Elijah, murders Bald Eagle, 135.

Runyan, John, daughter killed by Indians, 419.

Rush run, foray on, 380, 381.

Russell county, Va., census (1830), 56.

Russell, William, treaty commissioner, 66; in Dunmore's war, 152, 167, 170, 176.

Ryan, John, kills Indians, 135.

Ryswick, treaty of, 195.

St. Asaph's. _See_ Logan's station.

St. Clair, Arthur, arrives at Ft. Washington, 391, 392; names Cincinnati, 391, 392; reports on Harmar's campaign, 395; campaign against Miamis, 400-405, 407, 408, 413; resigns command, 412.

St. Clairsville, O., 338.

St. Joseph river, in Harmar's campaign, 393, 395.

St. Lawrence river, Champlain on, 5.

St. Louis, attacked by English, 254.

St. Mary's river, in Harmar's campaign, 393.

Salem, Va., Salling at, 49; in Sandy-creek voyage, 82.

Salem, Moravian village, 301, 302, 314, 319, 322, 325, 327.

Salisbury, N. C., 191.

Salling, Henry, brother of John Peter, 48.

Salling, John Peter, explorations of, 47-49: settles Augusta, 66.

Salt creek, 175.

Salt licks, in Kentucky, 48, 196, 199, 265, 266; in West Virginia, 265, 361; in Ohio, 267.

Salt river, foray on, 405.

Saluda Old Town, S. C., 59.

Sam (negro), at seige of Wheeling, 356, 357.

Sandusky, early Indians at, 46; in Dunmore's war, 187; McIntosh's expedition against, 252; Moravians at, 316, 317, 320, 327; Crawford's campaign, 327-339; Irvine's expedition, 355; Cozad at, 420.

"Sandy-creek voyage," against Shawnees, 81-86.

Sandy island, Iroquois defeat Shawnees at, 194, 195.

Sandy river, foray on, 373.

Sapoonie Indians, strength of, 46.

Sappington, John, murders Indians, 148, 149.

Sargent, Winthrop, expedition against Ft. Du Quesne, 68.

Savannah, Ga., 237.

Schoolcraft, Austin, killed by Indians, 290.

Schoolcraft, Henry A., _Indian Tribes_, 40.

Schoolcraft, John, family massacred, 284.

Schoolcraft, Leonard, captured by Indians, 282; turns renegade, 377-379.

Schoolcraft, Matthias, killed by Indians, 310.

Schoolcraft, Michael, captured by Indians, 310.

Schoolcraft, Simon, attacked by Indians, 288, 289; captured by Indians, 310.

Schönbrunn, Moravian village, 314, 319, 328, 329.

Scioto Company, settles Gallipolis, 60.

Scioto river, Shawnees on, 46; in Sandy-creek voyage, 82, 84; Renick captivity, 91; Hannah Dennis on, 92; in Pontiac's war, 172; Clendenning captivity, 173; in Dunmore's war, 170, 175, 180, 182, 183, 185; during Revolution, 329; military land-claims on, 366; Moore captivity, 374; in Harmar's campaign, 393.

Scoppathus, Mingo chief, 172.

Scotch and Scotch-Irish, on the border, 49, 54, 101, 104, 168; in Georgia, 237; in Pensylvania, 143; in Virginia, 191, 334: in West Virginia, 373.

Scott, Andrew, at seige of Wheeling. 356.

Scott, Capt., killed by Indians, 395.

Scott, Charles, campaign against Miami and Wabash Indians, 406-408; in Wayne's campaign, 426.

Scott county, Va., census (1830), 56.

Scott, David, daughters killed by Indians, 283.

Scott, Jacob, murders Bald Eagle, 135.

Scott, Molly, at seige of Wheeling, 356.

Seekonk, Mingo village, 185.

Seneca Indians, 194; at Easton treaty, 58; rob Findlay, 143. _See_ Mingo Indians.

Senseman, Gottlob, Moravian missionary, 314, 317.

Severns, Ebenezer, on Bullitt's survey, 146.

Sevier, John, at Watauga treaty, 192.

Sewell, Stephen, settles on Greenbrier, 57.

Seybert, Capt., defeated by Indians, 87-89.

Shabosh, killed by whites, 322, 326.

Shakers, 106.

Shamokin, Cayuga village, 155.

Shane manuscripts, 221.

Shawnee Indians, on Upper Ohio, 45; in Ohio, 46; attack Roanoke, 61, 81; Sandy-creek voyage, 82-86; Seybert massacre, 87-89; foray on James, 89-91; villages on Scioto, 92; Stroud massacre, 136, 137; Findlay among, 143; attack Boones, 145; in Dunmore's war, 134, 142, 166, 167, 172, 175-186, 253; murder of Cornstalk, 209-214; Clendenning captivity, 173; Bouquet's expedition, 173; in Kentucky, 194, 195, 201; raided by Clark, 123, 254; during Revolution, 219, 236, 265-268, 271, 273, 333, 334, 336, 347, 354, 355, 374; raided by Logan, 386-388; at Ft. Finney treaty, 388; raided by Wayne, 428.

Shawnee springs, 201.

Shelby, Evans, settles on Holston, 59; in Dunmore's war, 167, 168, 174.

Shelby, Isaac, in Dunmore's war, 169, 170, 174; at Watauga treaty, 192.

Shenandoah county, Va., census (1830), 56; militia of, 164.

Shenandoah valley, 66; explored, 47; early settlers in, 46, 50, 190; Borden grant, 50-53; Fairfax survey, 334; fur trade in, 76, 120; Mrs. Cunningham in, 373.

Shepherd, David, early settler, 125; militia officer, 221, 226, 228, 230; in Brodhead's expedition, 300, 301; at seige of Wheeling, 359; manuscripts of, 221.

Shepherd, Moses, 124.

Shesheequon, Pa., Moravian village. 319.

Shikellemus, Cayuga chief, 155.

Shingiss, Delaware chief, 45, 190, 194, 237.

Shinn, Benjamin, attacked by Indians, 247.

Shinnston, W. Va., 343.

Shiver, John, captured by Indians, 282, 283.

Shores, Thomas, captured by Indians, 201.

Short creek, settled on, 125.

Silver creek, 196.

Simcoe, John G., governor of Canada, 412.

Simpson's creek, 156, 247, 343; settled on, 118, 126; foray on, 366.

Simpson, John, adventures of, 118, 119.

Sims, Bernard, killed by Indians, 291.

Sims, John, attacked by Indians, 291, 383.

Six Nations. _See_ Iroquois.

Skegg's creek, foray on, 385.

Skidmore, John, in Dunmore's war, 170.

Skillern, George, in Hand's expedition, 210, 211.

Slaughter, Col., in Dunmore's war, 167, 175; commandant at Louisville, 291; in Piqua campaign, 305, 307; at Moravian massacre, 321.

Slavery, first importation of negroes, 9, 10.

Sleeth, Alexander and Thomas, early settlers, 121.

Slover, John, captured by Indians, 335-338; _Narrative_, 335.

Small pox, feared by Indians, 291.

Smally, James, killed by Indians, 282.

Smith, ----, of St. Asaph's, 205.

Smith, Ballard, 94.

Smith, Benjamin, killed by Indians, 91.

Smith, James, imprisoned by French, 67; captured by Indians, 79: chief of "Black-boys," 105, 106, 109-115; explores Kentucky, 115.

Smith, John, attempts western exploration, 64.

Smith, John, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81; militia officer, 90.

Smith, Thomas, killed by Indians, 89, 90.

Smith, Mrs. Thomas, imprisoned by Indians, 90.

Smith, William H., _St. Clair Papers_, 404.

Snake, John and Thomas, Wyandot chiefs, 316, 317.

Snip, Wyandot chief, 316.

Snodgrass, James, killed by Indians, 374.

Snowy creek, massacre on, 280.

Snyder, Jacob, killed by Indians, 102.

Sodousky, James, on Bullitt's survey, 146.

South Branch (or Fork) of Potomac, 75; Dunkard massacre on, 76, 77; Indians defeated on, 97; Seybert massacre, 87-89; emigrants from, 118-120, 122, 124-126; Indians massacred on, 135.

South Carolina, 46, 59, 160.

Spanish, territorial claims of, 5; colonizing efforts, 7; capture Salling, 48, 49; in Kentucky conspiracy, 130, 254, 258; attack on St. Louis, 254.

Speed, Thomas, _Wilderness Road_, 384.

Spottswood, Gov., crosses Blue ridge, 64.

Springfield, W. Va., 91.

Sprout run, Borden Manor on, 51.

Squissatego, Seneca brave, 58.

Stalnaker, ----, settles on New, 59.

Stalnaker, Adam, attacked by Indians, 343.

Stalnaker, Jacob, settles on Tygart, 126; attacked by Indians, 343.

Stamford, Ky., 197.

Station Camp creek, Boone on, 143.

Staunton, Va., 91; settlement near, 49, 50; _Spectator_, 53.

Steele, John, at Point Pleasant, 174.

Stephen, Adam, in Forbes's campaign, 70; in Sandy-creek voyage, 81; in Dunmore's war, 164.

Steeth, John, chases Indians, 246.

Steubenville, O., 78, 320.

Stewart, John, killed by Indians, 234.

Stites, ----, makes Miami purchase, 390.

Stone Coal creek, origin of name, 121.

Stone, Uriah, explores Kentucky, 115.

Stoner, Michael, explores Kentucky, 152, 190.

Stone's river, origin of name, 115.

Stout, Benjamin, 126.

Strait, Jacob, killed by Indians, 375.

Stroud, Adam, killed by Indians, 136-138.

Stuart, Betsy, marries Woods, 54.

Stuart, Charles A., 53.

Stuart, David, marries Jane Lynn, 53.

Stuart, James, killed by Indians, 280.

Stuart, John, pioneer on Greenbrier, 53, 54, 57-59; companion of Boone, 143, 144; in Dunmore's war, 159-161, 169, 170, 174; at murder of Cornstalk, 211, 212; defends Greenbrier, 243-245; _Memoir of Indian Wars_, 180.

Sullivan, John, campaign against New York Indians, 210.

Susquehanna river, 136; Munsees on, 46; forays on, 101-104.

Swan, John, early settler, 123, 125, 149; militia officer, 226-228; defends Wheeling, 360.

Swope, ----, trapper, 96.

Sycamore shoals, treaty at, 192.

Symmes, John Cleves, secures Miami land-grant, 390-392.

Tanner, Edward, captured by Indians, 342.

Tate, ----, at Point Pleasant, 174.

Tate's creek, 196.

Tawas. _See_ Ottawas.

Taylor, Capt., killed by Indians, 423.

Taylor, Hugh Paul, _Sketches_, 51, 53, 85.

Tazewell county, Va., census (1830), 55, 56.

Tazewell Court House, Va., raided by Indians, 373, 374.

Tecumseh, conspiracy of, 35, 36; in Waggoner massacre, 409-411.

Tegard, Abraham, early settler, 123.

Telford, Hugh, early settler, 52.

Tennessee, 75; stone graves in, 43; Salling in, 48, 49; early missions in, 106; Boone in, 144, 145.

Tennessee river, 253; Salling on, 48, 49; Holston on, 59; explored by Smith, 115; in Henderson's purchase, 193, 195.

Ten Mile creek, first settlement on, 190; in Dunmore's war, 151; forays on, 238-240, 381.

Terry, Cornet, killed by Indians, 423.

Thomas, Abraham, _Sketches_, 180.

Thomas, John, early settler, 122, 123; killed by Indians, 309, 310, 343.

Thompson, ----, surveys on Licking, 146.

Thompson, Jethro, house burned by Indians, 383.

Thompson, John, Indian go-between, 263.

Thompson, William, assists "Blackboys." 112, 113.

Todd, John, defends Kentucky, 200; killed at Blue Licks, 351, 353.

Todd, Levi, in Bowman's campaign, 271; in Wabash campaign, 386.

Tomlinson, Benjamin, 149; founds Moundsville, 230.

Tomlinson, Samuel, adventure with Indians, 222.

Tonty, Henri de, with La Salle, 6.

Trails, Warrior branch, 75, 399; Nemacolin's path, 77; Cumberland Gap, 143, 152, 192, 384; Wilderness road, 384.

Transylvania Company, settles Kentucky, 190-196.

Treaties, Ryswick, 195; Paris (1763), 7, 106, 139; Lancaster, 195; Easton, 58; Ft. Stanwix, 45, 70, 195; Lochaber, 195; Bouquet's, 91, 108, 134, 141, 179; Camp Charlotte, 145, 147, 173, 176-186, 195, 197; Watauga, 153, 192, 195; Paris (1782), 365, 384; Au Glaize, 374, 376; Ft. McIntosh, 97, 366, 388; Ft. Finney, 388; Greenville, 141, 147, 420, 430.

Trent, William, at Redstone, 77.

Trigg, Col., killed at Blue Licks, 353,

Triplett, William, killed by Indians, 411, 412.

Trueman, Maj., killed by Indians, 412.

Tugg river, origin of name, 85.

Turkey creek, 99.

Turkey run, 119, 121.

Turtle creek, scene of Braddock's defeat, 67.

Tuscarawas river, McIntosh's expedition, 256, 261; Moravian missions on, 219, 301, 313-317, 320, 336.

Tuscarora Indians, legend of, 18.

Twightee Indians, strength of, 46.

Twitty, William, at Watauga treaty, 192; killed by Indians, 196.

Tygart, David, settles in Tygart's valley, 74, 75.

Tygart's valley, first settled, 74, 126; Pringles in, 117-122; in Dunmore's war, 151; during Revolution, 284, 286, 287, 311; miscellaneous forays in, 232-235, 341, 343, 421, 422, 428.

Tyler county, W. Va., census (1830), 56, 63.

Unadilla river, Delawares on, 136.

Uniontown, Pa., 77.

Valley of Virginia, early Indians in, 46; Salling's exploration, 48, 49; McDowell's fight, 52; first settled, 61, 190; Mrs. Cunningham in, 373.

Valley river, 63; Pringles on, 118, 119; in Dunmore's war, 151; during Revolution, 287; forays on, 252, 311.

Van Meter, Jacob, early settler, 123.

Vause, ----, settles on New, 59.

Veech, James, _Monongahela of Old_, 79, 80.

Vernon, Maj., at Ft. Laurens, 265.

Vigo, M., assists Clark, 258.

Vincennes, Ind., in Clark's campaign, 253-255, 257-261, 386; Hamtramck at, 394.

Virginia, Indian mounds, 40; early tribes, 44-47; Borden manor, 50-53; Loyal Co., 49; Fairfax grant, 50, 51; characteristics of early settlers, 54; Salling's operations, 47-49; early explorations, 64; Ohio Co., 64, 65; Braddock's campaign, 65-69; Forbes's campaign, 69-73; boundary dispute with Pennsylvania, 74, 142; Pontiac's war, 97; New-river foray, 96-99; militia of, 100, 101; border settlements, 125; military land warrants, 145; Wapatomica campaign, 153-155; Dunmore's attitude toward, 179; relinquishes western land claim, 130, 389; _Dinwiddie Papers_, 86; _Calendar of State Papers_, 86.

Wabash Indians, raided by Hamtramck, 394; by Scott, 407, 408; agree to peace, 412.

Wabash river, in Clark's campaigns, 257-259, 385, 386; arrival of peace news, 365.

Wachatomakah, Indian village, 336.

Waggoner, John, family massacred by Indians, 408-411.

Waggoner, Peter, captured by Indians, 409-411.

Walden's creek, origin of name, 60.

Walden, Elisha, killed by Indians, 59, 60.

Walholling river, 314, 317.

Walker, Felix, at Watauga treaty, 192; wounded by Indians, 196.

Walker, Thomas, explores Kentucky, 81; _Journal_, 59.

Walker, William, educated Wyandot, 96, 97.

Wallace, ----, killed by Indians, 319.

Walpole, ----, interest in Pittsylvania, 145.

Wapatomica, McDonald's expedition against, 138, 153-155; Indian council at, 347.

Ward, Mrs., escapes from Indians, 422.

Warrior Branch, Indian trail, 75.

Wars, French and Indian, 65-74, 77-80, 100-106, 143, 190, 334, 387; McDowell's fight, 66; Sandy-creek voyage, 81-86; Bouquet's campaign, 106-109; Braddock's campaign, 143, 145, 147, 169; Forbes's campaign, 145, 150, 190; Pontiac's war, 73, 97, 141, 172; Dunmore's war, 66, 78, 127, 134-190, 209, 253, 334; Revolution, 66, 78, 86, 124, 145, 146, 177, 178, 182, 187-365, 382, 387; Hand's campaign. 209-211; Harmar's, 384, 393-395, 400, 408; St. Clair's, 400-405, 407, 408, 413; Wayne's, 412-428.

Warwick, ----, early settler, 126.

Warwick, Jacob, attacked by Indians, 286, 287.

Warwick, William, attacked by Indians, 287.

Washburn, Benjamin, attacked by Indians, 247.

Washburn, Charles, killed by Indians, 345.

Washburn, Isaac, killed by Indians, 241.

Washburn, James, tortured by Indians, 250, 251.

Washburn, Stephen, killed by Indians, 250.

Washington county, Ky., 106, 190.

Washington county. Pa., settled, 125; militia of, 320, 327, 328.

Washington county, Va., census (1830), 56; militia of, 165, 174, 268; threatened by Bird, 299.

Washington, George, in French and Indian war, 45, 65, 67, 69, 71, 74, 77, 100, 101, 145, 334; friendship for Andrew Lewis, 70; advises Sandy-creek voyage, 81; on Seybert massacre, 87; in Revolutionary war, 106; friend of Rufus Putman, 389; _Tour to the Ohio_, 73.

Watauga river, treaty with Indians on, 153, 192.

Waterford. O., founded, 393.

Wayne, Anthony, general of army, 412; campaign against Western Indians, 147, 412-428.

Webb, Jonas, early settler, 126.

Wells, Bazaleel, at Point Pleasant, 174.

Wells, Maj., on Shawnee campaign, 355.

Wellsburg, W. Va., 380.

Welsh, on the border, 49.

West, Alexander, 378; chases Indians, 246, 311; adventure with Indians, 287-290; on Lowther's expedition, 376, 377; sketch, 288.

West Augusta, district of, 63; first justice of peace, 127.

West, Charles, chases Indians, 246.

West, Edmund, Sr., attacked by Indians, 288; killed by Indians, 377-379.

West, Edmund, Jr., family attacked by Indians, 378, 379.

West Fork river, origin of name, 122; first settlements on, 126, 127; in Dunmore's war, 151, 156; during Revolution, 240, 311, 312, 343; miscellaneous forays on, 217, 218, 250, 251, 366, 367, 376, 400, 410, 411, 414, 419, 422, 428.

West Newton, Pa., departure of Marietta pilgrims, 389.

West Virginia, character of early Indians in, 36; mounds in, 40; early tribes in, 44-47; census (1830), 63; first settlements in (prior to 1774), 117-133.

Westfall, ----, early settler, 126.

Westfall, O., 176.

Westmoreland county, Pa., 115.

Westmoreland county, Va., militia of, 210, 327, 328; forays in, 301.

Wetzel county, W. Va., 279.

Wetzel, George, Indian fighter, 161.

Wetzel, Jacob, adventure with Indians, 161-163.

Wetzel, John, Indian fighter, 125, 161.

Wetzel, Lewis, Indian fighter, 125, 161-163, 338, 339; sketch, 161.

Wetzel, Martin, Indian fighter, 161.

Wheat, Betsy, at seige of Wheeling, 225.

Wheeling, W. Va., 40; founded, 124, 125; in Dunmore's war, 134, 146, 148, 149, 152-154, 163, 165, 179; first seige of, 219-228, 235; second seige, 224, 356-360; Foreman's defeat, 228-230; during Revolution, 237, 299, 301, 319, 336, 338, 362; McKee's foray, 316, 317.

Wheeling creek, in Dunmore's war, 151, 161.

White Eyes, Delaware chief, 150, 175, 176, 179, 180, 182, 183, 221, 302.

White, John, killed by Indians, 284.

White, William, murders Indians, 136, 137; captured by Indians, 232, 233; killed by Indians, 340.

Whiteman, ----, early settler, 126.

Whitley, Paul, early settler, 52; with Braddock, 66.

Whitley, William, arrival in Kentucky, 197; scout, 271; attacks Indians, 385, 386; _Narrative_, 203, 205.

Whitley, Mrs. William, adventure with Indians, 203.

Whittlesey, Charles, _Fugitive Essays_, 183.

Wilkinson, James, attacks Miamis, 407; builds Ft. Recovery, 419.

Williams and Mary college, 145.

Williams, Isaac, explorer, 124.

Williams, John, of Transylvania Co., 191.

Williamsburg, Va., 47, 86, 87, 159, 178; Salling at, 49; John Lewis at, 50; in Dunmore's war, 151, 154.

Williamson, David, expedition against Moravians, 314-318, 320-327; in Crawford's campaign, 327, 328, 331.

Williamson, Lieut., at Ft. Pitt, 78.

Williamson, Peter, captured by Indians, 101-104.

Will's creek, Ohio Co.'s post at, 67, 74, 77.

Wilson, ----, killed at Point Pleasant, 171.

Wilson, Benjamin, 184, 186, 234, 235, 247, 284, 311.

Winchester, Va., 56, 68, 71, 81, 121; fur trade at, 47, 48; threatened by Indians, 101; trial of White, 136; during Revolution, 252.

Wingenund, Delaware chief, 333.

Winston's Meadows, 99.

Wisconsin, Indian mounds in, 42.

Wisconsin Historical Society, manuscripts in library of, 49, 75, 81, 87, 170, 193, 203, 205, 221, 259, 260; _Collections_, 58.

Wisconsin river, explored by French, 6.

Wolf creek, 82, 392, 393, 396.

Wood, Abraham, discovers Great Kanawha, 64.

Wood county, W. Va., census (1830), 56, 63; first sheriff of, 127.

Wood, Nicholas, killed by Indians, 375.

Woodfin, John, killed by Indians, 249.

Woodford, Col., 72.

Woods, Richard, 54.

Woodson, Obadiah, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81.

Wright, ----, killed by Indians, 344.

Wyalusing, Pa., Moravian village, 319.

Wyandot Indians, early strength of, 46; in Kansas, 96, 97; in Dunmore's war, 172; at Foreman's defeat, 230; during Revolution, 219, 262, 316, 317, 320, 327, 332, 347, 362-364; at Ft. McIntosh treaty, 366, 388.

Wyllys, Maj., killed by Indians, 393, 394.

Wythe county, Va., census (1830), 55, 56.

Yadkin river, Boone on, 143, 144, 205.

Yellow creek, Logan massacre at, 134, 138, 148-150, 184.

Youghiogheny river, crossed by Braddock, 67; early settlements on, 74, 77, 113, 114, 118, 334; Marietta pilgrims on, 389.

Zane, Andrew, adventure with Indians, 222.

Zane, Ebenezer, 148; settles Wheeling, 124, 125; defends Wheeling, 225, 228, 230, 356-360; in Brodhead's expedition, 300.

Zane, Elizabeth, at seige of Wheeling, 359.

Zane, Isaac, captured by Indians, 124; daughter wounded, 418.

Zane, Jonathan, settles at Wheeling, 124; in Dunmore's war, 153.

Zane, Noah, 125, 225.

Zane, Silas, settles at Wheeling, 124; defends Wheeling, 356, 357.

Zanesville, O., 153.

Zeisberger, David, Moravian missionary, 301, 314, 315, 317.

The First American Frontier

An Arno Press/New York Times Collection

Agnew, Daniel.

A History of the Region of Pennsylvania North of the Allegheny River. 1887.

Alden, George H.

New Government West of the Alleghenies Before 1780. 1897.

Barrett, Jay Amos.

Evolution of the Ordinance of 1787. 1891.

Billon, Frederick.

Annals of St. Louis in its Early Days Under the French and Spanish Dominations. 1886.

Billon, Frederick.

Annals of St. Louis in its Territorial Days, 1804-1821. 1888.

Littel, William.

Political Transactions in and Concerning Kentucky. 1926.

Bowles, William Augustus.

Authentic Memoirs of William Augustus Bowles. 1916.

Bradley, A. G.

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Chronicles of Border Warfare

Alexander Scott Withers

Arno Press & The New York Times

Reprint Edition 1971 by Arno Press Inc.

Reprinted from a copy in

The State Historical Society of Wisconsin Library

LC # 75-146426

ISBN 0-405-02896-2

The First American Frontier

ISBN for complete set: 0-405-02820-2

See last pages of this volume for titles.

Manufactured in the United States of America

Transcriber's Note

Corrections in text:

Page Correction

vii early period, indentifying very large the sources of (identifying) xi whatever for his diligenee and labor in producing it (diligence) 8 adorned with spendid magnificence, who can feel surprised (splendid) 9 Yet, although the philanthopist must weep over (philanthropist) 10 Nothwithstanding those two great evils which have (Notwithstanding) 46 with an aggregate population ef 289,362. (population of) 51 visited Great Britian in 1737 (Britain) 101 Upen the earnest remonstrance and entreaty (Upon) 110 of the commanding officer a party of Higland soldiers (Highland) 112 they did not scruple to intercept the pussage of goods (passage) 113 from the entrace into the Fort, and three centinels on the (entrance) 120 hauch of the others. The low state of their little magazine (haunch) 126 bleeching in the sun, after their murder by the Indians, (bleaching) 160 house, had been dischaaged at them by Indian (discharged) 182 it would be more conconvenient (convenient) 203 draging his wounded body along (dragging) 211 place of rendezvous. This stock was nearly exhaused (exhausted) 216 naturally enough prompts to deeds of revangeful cruelty (revengeful) 309 was in vain. The tomahawk was uplifted, and stoke followed (stroke) 313 in the bloody deeds of their red brethern, yet that (brethren) 323 take upon themseves the entire responsibility (themselves) 345 A most schocking scene was exhibited some time before this (shocking) 345 purpose of washing. While thus engaged three guns (repeated word) 361 miles from its enterance into the Ohio, and was known (entrance) 375 Buffaloe, and as Levi Morgan was engaged in skining (skinning) 385 loss was severely felt thoughout the whole country. (throughout) 387 was the head chief with this three wives and children (his three) 393 if posssible, to a general engagement; and if this (possible) 417 a company which had been sta-stationed (printer's error) 421 assembled to witness the awful spectacle. The croud was (crowd)

Corrections in footnotes:

Introduction: Chapter 3 , Footnote 3 consider the running of the guantlet (gauntlet)

Introduction: Chapter 3 , Footnote 5 Kis faithful dog shall bear him company. (His)

## Chapter 1 , Footnote 13

Shehandoah, Frederick, 1772 767 19,750 4,922 (Shenandoah)

## Chapter 1 , Footnote 17

with his family to Culpeper coanty, which was (Culpeper county)

## Chapter 5 , Footnote 5

bitten, and the whole patrty suffered exceedingly. (party)

## Chapter 10 , Footnote 8

of the tribes west and sonthwest of Lake (southwest)

## Chapter 18 , Footnote 4

to Aprfl 30, 1793. The army was fancifully (April)